5077:
1665:
123:
510:
1712:
5084:
6497:
4321:
1251:
6058:
6063:
1359:
144:
5070:
832:. Following this, several authors began to recognize a greater degree of similarity between the European and North American birds, often placing both in the same order (†Gastornithiformes) or even family (†Gastornithidae). This newly-realized degree of similarity caused many scientists to, tentatively, accept the animals' synonymy—pending a comprehensive review of the anatomy of the birds. Consequently, the correct scientific name of the genus is
4315:
4309:
1558:
1170:
6557:
6503:
773:
845:
1610:
when
Desnoyers started to work there, and the last documented record of them deals with their presence in the geology exhibition of the MNHN in 1912. The largest of these footprints, although only consisting of a single toe's impression, was 40 cm (16 in) long. The large footprints from the
882:
lacked characteristic grooves and pits on the underlying bone. The 'lip' of the beak was straight, without a raptorial hook as found in the predatory phorusrhacids. The nostrils were small and positioned close to the front of the eyes about midway up the skull. The vertebrae were short and massive,
2272:
Angst D.; Lécuyer C.; Amiot R.; Buffetaut E.; Fourel F.; Martineau F.; Legendre S.; Abourachid A.; Herrel A. (2014). "Isotopic and anatomical evidence of an herbivorous diet in the Early
Tertiary giant bird Gastornis. Implications for the structure of Paleocene terrestrial ecosystems".
1933:"Annonce de la découverte d'un oiseau fossile de taille gigantesque, trouvé à la partie inférieure de l'argile plastique des terrains parisiens ["Announcement of the discovery of a fossil bird of gigantic size, found in the lower Argile Plastique formation of the Paris region"]"
1520:
Some of these fragments were complete enough to reconstruct a size of 24 by 10 cm (about 9.5 by 4 inches) with shells 2.3–2.5 mm (0.09–0.1 in) thick, roughly half again as large as an ostrich egg and very different in shape from the more rounded ratite eggs. If
1443:
by Thomas Tutken and colleagues showed no evidence that it had meat in its diet. The geochemical analysis further revealed that its dietary habits were similar to those of both herbivorous dinosaurs and mammals when it was compared to known fossil carnivores, such as
1684:
is known from remains almost as old as the Paris basin footprints (whose date never could be accurately determined), but in North
America the fossil record of unequivocal gastornithids seems to end even earlier than in Europe. However, in 2009, a landslide near
1193:, was named and described by Hébert in two 1855 papers. It is known from fossils found in western and central Europe, dating from the late Paleocene to the early Eocene. Other species previously considered distinct, but which are now considered synonymous with
1775:
feather has since been identified, also from the Green River
Formation. Unlike the filamentous plant material, this single isolated feather resembles the body feathers of flighted birds, being broad and vaned. It was tentatively identified as a possible
1605:
as an example of the incompleteness of the fossil record – no bones had been found associated with the footprints. Unfortunately, these fine specimens, which sometimes even preserved details of the skin structure, are now lost. They were brought to the
1791:
fossils are known from across western Europe, the western United States, and central China. The earliest (Paleocene) fossils all come from Europe, and it is likely that the genus originated there. Europe in this epoch was an island continent, and
1419:
as a carnivore that used its powerfully constructed beak to subdue struggling prey and crack open bones to extract marrow. Others have noted the apparent lack of predatory features in the skull, such as a prominently hooked beak, as evidence that
883:
even in the neck. The neck was relatively short, consisting of at least 13 massive vertebrae. The torso was relatively short. The wings were vestigial, with the upper wing-bones small and highly reduced, similar in proportion to the wings of the
1237:, however, other researchers have stated that there is currently insufficient evidence to synonymize the two, and that they should be kept separate at least pending a more detailed comparison of all gastornithids. The supposed small species
595:
fossils were unknown, other than nondescript fragments and several bones used in
Lemoine's illustration, which turned out to be those of other animals. Thus, this European specimen was long reconstructed as a sort of gigantic
1697:. Although these birds have long been considered to be predators or scavengers, the absence of raptor-like claws supports earlier suggestions that they were herbivores. The Chuckanut tracks are named as the ichnotaxon
932:
Recognizing the apparent close relationship between gastornithids and waterfowl, some researchers classify gastornithids within the anseriform group itself. Others restrict the name
Anseriformes only to the
1407:
analysis of the skull suggests that the jaw-closing musculature was enormous. The lower jaw is very deep, resulting in a lengthened moment arm of the jaw muscles. Both features strongly suggest that
1392:
was a predator, it would have certainly needed some other means of hunting prey through the dense forest. Alternatively, it could have used its strong beak for eating large or strong vegetation.
5076:
3388:
Buffetaut Eric, Angst
Delphine (2014). "Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications".
1432:
itself), described in 2012, showed that these birds lacked strongly hooked talons on the hind legs, another line of evidence suggesting that they did not have a predatory lifestyle.
2923:
2895:
2526:
2493:
2052:
1937:
2649:
6637:
1517:
then) and the latter is only known from the Late Eocene of North Africa, which also was separated by an (albeit less wide) stretch of the Tethys Ocean from Europe.
2919:"Gisements d'œufs d'Oiseaux de très grande taille dans l'Eocène de Provence ["Deposits of eggs from birds of very large size from the Eocene of Provence"]"
2207:
929:. A 2007 study showed that gastornithids were a very early-branching group of anseriformes, and formed the sister group to all other members of that lineage.
1296:. The species was named in honor of T. C. von Storch, who found the fossils remains in Princeton 1927 Expedition. The fossil bones originally described as
2891:"Sur des fragments de coquilles d'oeufs fossiles de l'Eocène de Basse-Provence ["On fossil eggshell fragments from the Eocene of Basse-Provence"]"
1428:) of some sort, perhaps having used its large beak to crack hard foods like nuts and seeds. Footprints attributed to gastornithids (possibly a species of
1834:
survived somewhat longer than their North
American and Asian counterparts. This seems to coincide with a period of increased isolation of the continent.
1618:
Another footprint record consists of a single imprint that still exists, though it has proven to be even more controversial. It was found in late Eocene
1607:
6701:
874:
was huge compared to the body and powerfully built. The beak was extremely tall and compressed (flattened from side to side). Unlike other species of
6624:
859:. These were generally very large birds, with huge beaks and massive skulls superficially similar to the carnivorous South American "terror birds" (
1644:
or genuine, this apparent impression of a single bird foot measures about 27 cm (11 in) wide by 32 cm (13 in) long and lacks a
1374:
is the interpretation of its diet. It has often been depicted as a predator of contemporary small mammals, which famously included the early horse
765:
and gave scientists their first clear picture of the bird. Matthew, Granger, and Stein (1917) classified this specimen as yet another new species,
1541:
by Mlíkovský in 2002. This would nicely match the remains of eggs a bit smaller than those of the living ostrich, which have also been found in
6706:
855:
is known from a large amount of fossil remains, but the clearest picture of the bird comes from a few nearly complete specimens of the species
3467:
1855:
1664:
937:
formed by all modern species, and label the larger group including extinct relatives of anseriformes, like the gastornithids, with the name
6721:
1615:
could also be divided into huge and merely large examples, much like the eggshells from southern France, which are 20 million years older.
1333:, China, is known only from a tibiotarsus (upper foot bone). It was originally described in 1980 as the only species in the distinct genus
122:
1384:
legs, the bird would have had to have been more agile to catch fast-moving prey than the fossils suggest it to have been. Consequently,
828:
were made more difficult by
Lemoine's incorrect skeletal illustration, the composite nature of which was not discovered until the early
3426:
6696:
1703:, inferred to belong to the extinct family Gastornithidae. At least 10 of the tracks are on display at Western Washington University.
750:
1337:. However, a re-evaluation of the fossil published in 2013 concluded that the differences between this specimen and the same bone in
6726:
4320:
3055:
3020:
1657:. Fourteen years after the initial discovery, the debate about the find's authenticity was still unresolved. The specimen is now at
1305:
674:
6496:
1815:
fossils in the early Eocene of western China, these birds may have spread east from Europe and crossed into North
America via the
2661:
6731:
6057:
5083:
2111:
917:
analysis of gastornithid relationships, consensus began to grow that they were close relatives of the lineage that includes
2167:
1780:
feather based on its size; the feather measured 240 mm (9.4 in) long and must have belonged to a gigantic bird.
1658:
694:), meaning "through a hole", in reference to the large foramina (perforations) that penetrated some of the foot bones. In
5069:
3070:
1653:
1623:
3091:
509:
2947:
Buffetaut, Eric (2004). "Footprints of Giant Birds from the Upper Eocene of the Paris Basin: An Ichnological Enigma".
6062:
3035:
3000:
2252:
445:
have been found in Europe, Asia and North America, with the North American specimens formerly assigned to the genus
6691:
1998:
Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series
1580:
867:
could reached about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in maximum height, and up to 175 kg (386 lb) in mass.
143:
4314:
2684:
1388:
has been suspected to have been an ambush hunter and/or used pack hunting techniques to pursue or ambush prey; if
969:, a recently extinct group of medium-sized flightless birds known from subfossil deposits in the Western Pacific.
4260:
3460:
2806:
Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb–Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series
1627:
1977:
6711:
4613:
3558:
3253:
2607:
1595:, these trace fossils were celebrated among French geologists of the late 19th century. They were discussed by
4308:
1861:
Nonetheless, the extended survival in Europe is thought to coincide with increased isolation of the landmass.
1711:
1823:
also may have spread both east and west, arriving separately in eastern Asia and in North America across the
1545:
deposits of Provence, were it not for the fact that these eggshell fossils also date from the Eocene, but no
6182:
5017:
1878:
1764:
559:, near Paris. The discovery was notable, due to the large size of the specimens, and because, at the time,
6577:
6560:
6159:
6103:
2219:
1686:
1592:
820:, though this would be debated by researchers throughout the 20th century. Meaningful comparisons between
1699:
1601:
457:
species were very large birds that were traditionally thought to have been predators of various smaller
6716:
6663:
6419:
4639:
4204:
3224:
3036:"Track Is Hoax, Paleontologists Say – Expert On Prehistoric Bird Casts Doubt On Discovery In State Park"
2452:
2407:
Buffetaut, E. (2002). "Giant ground birds at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Extinction or survival?"
1747:
1743:
1720:
1513:
are known from the Eocene, the former lived in South America (still separated from North America by the
1277:
710:
388:
6390:
545:
6736:
6502:
3453:
3397:
3195:
3137:
2956:
2836:
2766:
2337:
2282:
2228:
1897:
1316:
1308:
5391:
4916:
4782:
4417:
1690:
1265:
1250:
611:
288:
2371:
Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina."
6447:
5519:
5468:
5145:
4885:
4108:
3585:
3321:
3278:
2864:
2782:
2709:
2630:
2589:
2306:
2244:
1913:
1312:
758:
576:
478:
367:
138:
5296:
5236:
6668:
6347:
5731:
1501:
fossils, no other birds of sufficient size are known from that time and place; while the large
1358:
6650:
6642:
6299:
5643:
5498:
4771:
4556:
4160:
3527:
3352:
3249:
3049:
3014:
3001:"'Big Bird' Footprint Has Scientists Aflutter – If Proven, Fossil Find Would Be A State First"
2440:
2298:
2107:
1850:
did occur in faunas dominated by mammals, and did co-exist with several megafaunal forms like
1846:
is currently unclear. Competition with mammals has often been cited as a possible factor, but
1796:
was the largest terrestrial tetrapod of the landmass. This offers parallels with the Malagasy
1446:
946:
699:
615:
216:
198:
6655:
1800:, herbivorous birds that were similarly the largest land animals in the isolated landmass of
622:. Cope considered the fossils to be of a distinct genus and species of giant ground bird; in
6530:
6455:
6397:
5990:
5881:
5635:
5528:
5226:
4960:
4939:
4249:
4183:
4090:
3727:
3430:
3405:
3313:
3270:
3203:
3145:
2964:
2844:
2774:
2727:
Hou L (1980). "New form of the Gastornithidae from the Lower Eocene of the Xichuan, Honan".
2701:
2692:
2622:
2558:
2430:
2345:
2290:
2236:
2017:
Recherches sur les oiseaux fossiles des terrains tertiaires inférieurs des environs de Reims
1905:
899:
633:
540:, described as a "studious young man full of zeal", who had discovered the first fossils in
537:
6477:
6470:
6433:
6354:
6338:
5918:
5890:
5477:
5135:
4994:
4925:
4797:
4760:
4602:
4587:
4506:
4462:
4441:
4218:
4097:
4054:
3879:
3810:
3543:
2465:
1588:
1529:
remains as the only known animal that could have laid these eggs. At least one species of
1439:
was likely a true herbivore. Studies of the calcium isotopes in the bones of specimens of
966:
942:
426:
6615:
1693:. The anatomy and age (about 53.7 Ma old) of the tracks suggest that the track maker was
550:
3401:
3199:
3141:
3128:
Track from the Eocene of Washington: An Intriguing Case of Controversy and Skepticism".
2983:
2960:
2840:
2770:
2341:
2286:
2232:
1901:
1758:. Subsequent examination has shown the fossil material to not actually be feathers, but
563:
represented one of the oldest known birds. Additional bones of the first known species,
6520:
6462:
6426:
6323:
6255:
6230:
6203:
6171:
5815:
5785:
5590:
5429:
5347:
5246:
5006:
4932:
4895:
4393:
4190:
3949:
3845:
3784:
3763:
2650:"Catalogue of Fossil Birds: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)"
2549:(Fischer, 1978) from the Eocene Geiseltal Fossillagerstatte (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)".
1797:
1467:
1455:
1045:
997:
902:
860:
809:
608:
588:
2513:
2480:
2031:
1932:
1557:
1169:
761:, Wyoming) found the first nearly-complete skull and skeleton, which was described in
6685:
6540:
6535:
6404:
6264:
6148:
6092:
5771:
5690:
5657:
5621:
5574:
5544:
5491:
5484:
5370:
5361:
5175:
5155:
4698:
4687:
4573:
4542:
4499:
4448:
4434:
4128:
3860:
3838:
3823:
3741:
3261:
3208:
3183:
3075:
3040:
3005:
2849:
2824:
2350:
2325:
1917:
1824:
1807:
All other fossil remains are from the Eocene; however, it is not currently known how
1636:
1596:
1475:
1415:
was ‘overbuilt’ for a herbivorous diet and support the traditional interpretation of
1272:, dates from the middle Eocene of western North America. Its junior synonyms include
1093:
949:. A 2024 study however found little support for Gastornithiformes and instead places
938:
817:
754:
687:
80:
3409:
2865:"Terror bird's beak was worse than its bite: 'Terror bird' was probably a herbivore"
2786:
2562:
2310:
2248:
481:
of their bones, have caused scientists to now consider that these birds as probably
6550:
6412:
6139:
6013:
6006:
5945:
5863:
5650:
5536:
5415:
5327:
5256:
5215:
5165:
4983:
4836:
4821:
4806:
4740:
4628:
4580:
4492:
4382:
4237:
4197:
4176:
4169:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4082:
4067:
4003:
3960:
3921:
3791:
3770:
3701:
3679:
1724:
1514:
1451:
1404:
1243:
1214:
1186:
983:
958:
926:
914:
910:
702:
597:
587:, formed the basis for a widely- circulated and reproduced skeletal restoration by
490:
330:
248:
17:
2435:
1964:
from the Upper Paleocene of the eastern Paris Basin and the relationships between
1909:
2083:
Cope, Edward Drinker (1876). "On a gigantic bird from the Eocene of New Mexico".
1883:(Aves, Gastornithiformes) from the early Eocene of La Borie, southwestern France"
6609:
6375:
6285:
6220:
5961:
5911:
5842:
5794:
5559:
5505:
5453:
5400:
5286:
5266:
5205:
4969:
4719:
4709:
4372:
4211:
3976:
3935:
3906:
3899:
3867:
3777:
3711:
3651:
3638:
3597:
3476:
3165:
Paleofloristic Studies in the Paleogene Chuckanut Basin, Western Washington, USA
2176:
1619:
1612:
1584:
1503:
1411:
could generate a powerful bite. Some scientists have proposed that the skull of
954:
934:
55:
1811:
dispersed out of Europe and into North America and Asia. Given the presence of
1525:
is indeed correctly identified as a ratite (which is quite doubtful, however),
909:. However, the traditional concept of Gruiformes has since been shown to be an
6440:
6308:
6115:
5999:
5969:
5936:
5904:
5870:
5856:
5849:
5673:
5583:
5377:
5337:
5276:
5185:
5114:
5101:
5029:
4976:
4852:
4829:
4814:
4750:
4677:
4565:
4535:
4528:
4471:
4427:
4121:
4010:
3994:
3983:
3942:
3928:
3892:
3853:
3831:
3149:
2968:
2890:
2778:
2294:
2240:
1851:
1801:
1649:
1509:
1021:
906:
706:
619:
100:
65:
6600:
2918:
2444:
2421:
McInerney, Phoebe L.; Blokland, Jacob C.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2 June 2024). .
6545:
6525:
6361:
6278:
6271:
5828:
5761:
5741:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5611:
5445:
5438:
5407:
4902:
4729:
4521:
4403:
4075:
4017:
3969:
3913:
3799:
3668:
3570:
3518:
3099:
1634:
area in May–July 1992, being subject of at least two longer articles in the
1542:
1109:
1070:
918:
884:
772:
721:, it was recognized that this, too, could be considered a junior synonym of
498:
494:
482:
438:
430:
155:
105:
41:
2302:
1738:
has generally been depicted in art as a hair-like covering similar to some
6594:
6368:
6240:
5897:
5835:
5597:
5551:
5195:
4946:
4870:
4514:
4478:
4024:
3756:
3509:
3500:
1816:
1479:
1425:
1376:
1341:
species were minor, and that it should be considered an asian species of
962:
922:
533:
462:
175:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
1960:
Buffetaut, E., and Burrrraur, E. (1997). "New remains of the giant bird
1680:
has been found to be younger than about 45 million years. The enigmatic
6629:
6382:
6128:
5976:
5801:
5316:
4656:
4485:
4351:
4338:
4272:
3325:
3282:
2713:
2634:
1759:
1742:. This has been based in part on some fibrous strands recovered from a
1731:
1631:
1483:
1293:
1057:
730:
110:
85:
2593:
844:
796:, most new European specimens were referred to this genus, instead of
5953:
5751:
5628:
5306:
3690:
3494:
1739:
1645:
1576:
1573:
1471:
1400:
1289:
1230:
785:
571:. Somewhat more-complete specimens, then referred to the new species
556:
458:
442:
434:
165:
45:
6571:
3317:
3274:
2705:
2626:
812:
of the latter. In fact, this similarity was recognized as early as
465:. However, several lines of evidence, including the lack of hooked
3748:
3092:"Controversial Patterson "Diatryma footprint" slab has been moved"
1710:
1663:
1556:
1357:
1330:
1249:
1218:
1168:
843:
829:
771:
584:
568:
508:
422:
3427:"The unfinished story of the Early Tertiary giant bird Gastornis"
6080:
6025:
1676:
The problem with these early trace fossils is that no fossil of
1641:
813:
762:
746:
734:
718:
695:
623:
604:
541:
529:
474:
466:
185:
6575:
6078:
5099:
4336:
3636:
3487:
3449:
2208:"Biomechanics of the jaw apparatus of the gigantic Eocene bird
1587:
in the 19th century, from 1859 onwards. Described initially by
3445:
2800:
Andors, Allison (1992). "Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird
2085:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1630:. After its discovery, it raised considerable interest in the
3184:"Giant Eocene bird footprints from northwest Washington, USA"
2825:"Giant Eocene Bird Footprints From Northwest Washington, USA"
2326:"Giant Eocene bird footprints from northwest Washington, USA"
1568:
Several sets of fossil footprints are suspected to belong to
2138:
Matthew W.D.; Granger W.; Stein W. (1917). "The skeleton of
1988:
Martin L.D. (1992). "The status of the Late Paleocene birds
941:. Gastornithids are therefore sometimes placed in their own
583:), were found a decade later. These specimens, found in the
2823:
Mustoe, George E; Tucker David S; Kemplin, Keith L (2012).
2580:, a New Flightless Bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming".
2551:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
2391:
Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
2385:
Andors A.V. (1992). "Reappraisal of the Eocene ground bird
666:
660:
648:
642:
2545:
Hellmund M (2013). "Reappraisal of the bone inventory of
972:
A simplified version of the family tree found by Agnolin
1827:. Direct landbridges with North America are also known.
1323:, in which case it would be an even younger individual.
808:) were so similar that the former could be considered a
3340:
The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time
3119:
3117:
898:
and its close relatives are classified together in the
1689:
exposed at least 18 tracks on 15 blocks in the Eocene
905:, and were long considered to be members of the order
3182:
Mustoe, G. E.; Tucker, D. S.; Kemplin, K. L. (2012).
3124:
Patterson, John; Lockley, Martin (2004). "A Probable
2142:, a gigantic bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming".
2040:
de l'éocène inférieur des environs de Reims ["On
675:
636:
614:
discovered another fragmentary set of fossils at the
6335:
6296:
6252:
6236:
6226:
6216:
5987:
5933:
5812:
5782:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5686:
5608:
5571:
5516:
5465:
5426:
5388:
5358:
5343:
5333:
5323:
5312:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5003:
4957:
4913:
4882:
4865:
4794:
4778:
4767:
4756:
4746:
4736:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4694:
4683:
4673:
4625:
4599:
4553:
4459:
4414:
4399:
4389:
4378:
4368:
4246:
4051:
3724:
3707:
3697:
3686:
3675:
3664:
3071:"Big birds on the Green River? The debate continues"
2019:. Vol. 2. Matot-Braine, Reims. pp. 75–170.
657:
654:
639:
350:
337:
321:
308:
295:
278:
255:
6584:
6334:
6295:
6251:
6201:
6170:
6147:
6138:
6114:
6091:
6024:
5986:
5932:
5880:
5811:
5781:
5671:
5607:
5570:
5515:
5464:
5425:
5387:
5357:
5112:
5028:
5002:
4993:
4956:
4912:
4881:
4850:
4793:
4654:
4624:
4598:
4552:
4458:
4413:
4349:
4271:
4245:
4236:
4159:
4107:
4050:
3993:
3959:
3878:
3809:
3722:
3649:
3596:
3569:
3542:
1300:are now considered to be the remains of a juvenile
729:). Additional, fragmentary specimens were found in
663:
651:
3353:"Fossilized Feathers | Zoology, Division of Birds"
2144:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2106:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
2373:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
2942:
2940:
2938:
2685:"Fossil Bird Remains from the Eocene of Wyoming"
2161:
2159:
2157:
1877:Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Estelle Bourdon (2020).
1458:as the only major carnivorous flightless birds.
3429:. Geological Society of Denmark. Archived from
2917:Fabre-Taxy, Suzanne; Touraine, Fernand (1960).
2324:Mustoe G.E.; Tucker D.S.; Kemplin K.L. (2012).
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1572:. One set of footprints was reported from late
1205:(Newton, 1885). Additional European species of
2409:Special papers – Geological Society of America
2363:
2361:
2048:from the Lower Eocene of the Reims area"]"
1672:feathers which turned out to be plant material
1319:also seems to be a juvenile – perhaps also of
3461:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3254:"The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Diatryma"
3171:(Thesis). University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
1854:. Likewise, extreme climatic events like the
1804:, in spite of otherwise mammalian megafauna.
1750:, which were initially believed to represent
1493:. While no direct association exists between
1225:(Schaub, 1929) from the early-middle Eocene.
913:. Beginning in the late 1980s with the first
713:, and classified as a new genus and species:
485:, feeding on tough plant material and seeds.
8:
2757:Hou, 1980, from the Early Eocene of China".
1474:deposits of France, shell fragments of huge
1399:is massive in comparison to those of living
1233:, Germany, has been considered a synonym of
2169:Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe
645:
489:is, generally, agreed to be related to the
6572:
6209:
6144:
6120:
6088:
6075:
5820:
5679:
5124:
5120:
5109:
5096:
4999:
4858:
4666:
4662:
4361:
4357:
4346:
4333:
4242:
4113:
4059:
4047:
3884:
3815:
3733:
3657:
3646:
3633:
3575:
3548:
3539:
3484:
3468:
3454:
3446:
2071:The biologist's handbook of pronunciations
1288:was described based on fossils from lower
800:; however, after the initial discovery of
121:
31:
3225:"The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Bird
3207:
2848:
2434:
2349:
2212:: Implications for diet and mode of life"
513:Lemoine's incorrect 1881 illustration of
2206:Witmer, Lawrence; Rose, Kenneth (1991).
1424:was a specialized herbivore (or even an
3296:Becker, H. F. (1962). "Reassignment of
3223:Cockerell, Theodore Dru Alison (1923).
2744:
2742:
2201:
2199:
2197:
1869:
1856:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)
3047:
3012:
2461:
2450:
3306:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
2912:
2910:
2884:
2882:
2267:
2265:
2175:. Prague: Ninox Press. Archived from
1254:Holotype tibiotarsus (IVPP V5864) of
1185:are generally accepted as valid. The
7:
2749:Buffetaut E (2013). "The giant bird
2654:Bulletin of the Florida State Museum
1648:(hind toe); it was described as the
1608:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
1549:bones are yet known from that time.
804:, it soon became clear that it (and
3069:Doughton, Sandi (6 December 2004).
1533:is known to have been smaller than
1370:A long-standing debate surrounding
1217:, 1992) from the late Paleocene of
1086:
1063:
1037:
1012:
989:
979:
359:Mourer-Chauviré & Bourdon, 2020
2867:. Sciencedaily.com. 29 August 2013
1858:appear to have had little impact.
751:American Museum of Natural History
741:(also now considered a synonym of
25:
2483:Gastornis pariensis [sic]
2104:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
1879:"Description of a new species of
1842:The reason for the extinction of
1537:, and was initially described as
6702:Paleogene birds of North America
6556:
6555:
6501:
6495:
6061:
6056:
5082:
5075:
5068:
4319:
4313:
4307:
3209:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01195.x
2850:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01195.x
2351:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01195.x
1181:Today, at least five species of
709:was described by Cope's "rival"
632:
142:
3410:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001
2889:Dughi, R.; Sirugue, F. (1959).
953:as a member of the Galliformes
848:Restoration and size comparison
591:. The skulls of these original
3342:. University of Chicago Press.
3090:Bigelow, Phil (2 April 2006).
1482:. These were described as the
1435:Recent evidence suggests that
965:, being sister to the extinct
863:). The largest known species,
473:footprints), studies of their
461:, such as ancient, diminutive
1:
6707:Fossil taxa described in 1855
3054:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3034:Dietrich, B. (17 July 1992).
3019:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2436:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212
1910:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.10.002
1659:Western Washington University
976:in 2007 is reproduced below.
957:, as more closely related to
3169:Unpublished Phd Dissertation
3163:Breedlovestrout, R. (2011).
1654:Ornithoformipes controversus
1470:deposits of Spain and early
1380:. However, with the size of
1229:, from the middle Eocene of
6722:Paleocene first appearances
2999:Dietrich, B. (3 May 1992).
2683:Wetmore, Alexander (1933).
2563:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0345
2518:["Note on the femur of
2485:["Note on the tibia of
1762:and the species renamed as
1583:and other locations of the
1329:, from the early Eocene of
6753:
2988:(6th ed.). J. Murray.
1931:Prévost, Constant (1855).
1478:have turned up, namely in
733:in 1911, and assigned (in
429:that lived during the mid-
6697:Paleogene birds of Europe
6515:
6493:
6212:
6123:
6087:
6074:
6054:
5823:
5682:
5127:
5123:
5108:
5095:
5066:
4861:
4669:
4665:
4364:
4360:
4345:
4332:
4305:
4116:
4062:
4046:
3887:
3818:
3736:
3660:
3645:
3632:
3578:
3551:
3538:
3483:
3236:American Museum Novitates
3150:10.1080/10420940490442278
2969:10.1080/10420940490442287
2779:10.1134/s0031030113110051
2648:Brodkorb, Pierce (1967).
2576:Sinclair, W. J. (1928). "
2295:10.1007/s00114-014-1158-2
2241:10.1017/S0094837300010435
1974:N. Jb. Geol. Palâont. Mh.
1628:Black Diamond, Washington
1107:
1091:
1084:
1068:
1061:
1042:
1035:
1017:
1010:
994:
987:
792:After the description of
373:
366:
275:
270:
254:
247:
139:Scientific classification
137:
129:
120:
34:
6727:Eocene genus extinctions
2804:(Aves: Anserimorphae)".
2755:Zhongyuanus xichuanensis
2389:(Aves: Anserimorphae)".
2166:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002).
1561:Skeletal restoration of
1489:and are presumably from
1311:13258 from lower Eocene
567:, were found in the mid-
555:) formation deposits at
2982:Lyell, Charles (1865).
2759:Paleontological Journal
2753:in Asia: A revision of
2102:Feduccia, Alan (1999).
1640:. Variously declared a
725:(and therefore, later,
626:, he named the remains
528:was first described in
493:, the group containing
2924:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
2896:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
2729:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
2527:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
2514:"Note sur le fémur du
2494:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
2481:"Note sur le tibia du
2369:Brontornis burmeisteri
2053:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
1938:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
1727:
1687:Bellingham, Washington
1673:
1593:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
1565:
1403:of similar body size.
1367:
1362:Skull and mandible of
1327:Gastornis xichuanensis
1258:
1241:is considered to be a
1178:
849:
789:
522:
27:Extinct genus of birds
6732:Green River Formation
6664:Paleobiology Database
4205:Paralitherizinosaurus
3390:Earth-Science Reviews
3357:birds.fieldmuseum.org
3096:Dinosaur Mailing List
2582:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc
2547:Gastornis geiselensis
2516:Gastornis parisiensis
2367:Agnolin, F. (2007). "
2030:Lemoine, V. (1881b).
2015:Lemoine, V. (1881a).
1765:Cyperacites filiferus
1744:Green River Formation
1721:Green River Formation
1714:
1667:
1560:
1361:
1253:
1191:Gastornis parisiensis
1172:
847:
775:
737:) to the new species
711:Othniel Charles Marsh
536:. It was named after
512:
260:Gastornis parisiensis
3433:on 28 September 2007
2621:(4): 522–523. 1928.
2512:Hébert, E. (1855b).
2479:Hébert, E. (1855a).
1748:Roan Creek, Colorado
1715:Drawing of probable
1317:Park County, Wyoming
1298:Omorhamphus storchii
1282:Omorhamphus storchii
1201:(Lemoine, 1878) and
1073:(ducks & geese)
776:Life restoration of
130:Mounted skeleton of
5392:Patagopterygiformes
4917:Confuciusornithidae
4783:Scansoriopterygidae
4418:Scansoriopterygidae
3402:2014ESRv..138..394B
3338:Grande, L. (2013).
3200:2012Palgy..55.1293M
3142:2004Ichno..11..341P
2985:Elements of Geology
2961:2004Ichno..11..357B
2841:2012Palgy..55.1293M
2771:2013PalJ...47.1302B
2664:on 23 February 2008
2660:(3). Archived from
2608:"Recent Literature"
2342:2012Palgy..55.1293M
2287:2014NW....101..313A
2275:Naturwissenschaften
2233:1991Pbio...17...95W
2034:Gastornis Edwardsii
1902:2020Geobi..63...39M
1754:feathers and named
1700:Rivavipes giganteus
1691:Chuckanut Formation
1602:Elements of Geology
788:-like plumage, 1917
612:Edward Drinker Cope
532:from a fragmentary
519:G. parisiensis
479:isotopic signatures
18:Gastornis giganteus
5520:Songlingornithidae
5469:Hongshanornithidae
4886:Omnivoropterygidae
4798:Jeholornithiformes
4109:Therizinosauroidea
3250:Wetmore, Alexander
2423:Historical Biology
1817:Bering land bridge
1771:A second possible
1756:Diatryma? filifera
1728:
1674:
1591:, and later on by
1566:
1368:
1366:specimen AMNH 6169
1313:Willwood Formation
1302:Gastornis gigantea
1284:(Sinclair, 1928).
1268:, 1876), formerly
1262:Gastornis gigantea
1259:
1179:
911:unnatural grouping
850:
790:
759:Willwood Formation
753:expedition to the
575:(now considered a
523:
51:Selandian–Lutetian
6692:Gastornithiformes
6679:
6678:
6651:Open Tree of Life
6578:Taxon identifiers
6569:
6568:
6511:
6510:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6391:Lutetodontopteris
6300:Gastornithiformes
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6081:Aves / Neornithes
6070:
6069:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6026:Aves / Neornithes
5928:
5927:
5667:
5666:
5499:Parahongshanornis
5091:
5090:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
4846:
4845:
4772:Archaeopterygidae
4650:
4649:
4557:Archaeopterygidae
4328:
4327:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4161:Therizinosauridae
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3528:Maniraptoriformes
2765:(11): 1302–1307.
2038:Remiornis Heberti
1719:feather from the
1447:Tyrannosaurus rex
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
947:Gastornithiformes
784:) with outdated,
628:Diatryma gigantea
616:Wasatch Formation
515:G. eduardsii
414:
413:
408:
400:
392:
381:
360:
347:
334:
318:
305:
292:
243:
220:
199:Gastornithiformes
16:(Redirected from
6744:
6672:
6671:
6659:
6658:
6646:
6645:
6633:
6632:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6573:
6559:
6558:
6531:Deinonychosauria
6506:
6505:
6499:
6456:Protodontopteryx
6398:Macrodontopteryx
6337:
6298:
6254:
6238:
6228:
6218:
6210:
6145:
6121:
6089:
6076:
6065:
6060:
5991:Cimolopterygidae
5989:
5935:
5882:Hesperornithidae
5821:
5814:
5784:
5769:
5759:
5749:
5739:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5688:
5680:
5610:
5573:
5518:
5467:
5428:
5390:
5360:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5224:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5110:
5097:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5072:
5005:
5000:
4961:Jinguofortisidae
4959:
4940:Eoconfuciusornis
4915:
4884:
4867:
4859:
4796:
4780:
4769:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4696:
4685:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4627:
4601:
4555:
4461:
4416:
4401:
4391:
4380:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4347:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4261:Oviraptorosauria
4250:Oviraptorosauria
4248:
4243:
4184:Nanshiungosaurus
4114:
4091:Jianchangosaurus
4060:
4053:
4048:
3885:
3816:
3734:
3728:Alvarezsauroidea
3726:
3709:
3699:
3688:
3677:
3666:
3658:
3647:
3634:
3576:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3485:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3414:
3413:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3194:(6): 1293–1305.
3179:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3136:(3–4): 341–347.
3121:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3087:
3081:
3080:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2955:(3–4): 357–362.
2944:
2933:
2932:
2931:(23): 3870–3871.
2914:
2905:
2904:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2835:(6): 1293–1305.
2820:
2814:
2813:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2438:
2429:(6): 1093–1165.
2418:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2336:(6): 1293–1305.
2321:
2315:
2314:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2258:on 28 July 2010.
2257:
2251:. Archived from
2216:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2135:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1976:, (3): 179–190.
1958:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1887:
1874:
1682:"Diatryma" cotei
1087:
1064:
1038:
1013:
990:
980:
682:
678:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
554:
546:Argile Plastique
427:flightless birds
406:
398:
387:
379:
358:
352:
345:
339:
329:
323:
316:
310:
303:
297:
286:
280:
257:
237:
230:
215:
210:
197:
147:
146:
125:
115:
52:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6712:Paleocene birds
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6662:
6654:
6649:
6641:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6580:
6570:
6565:
6507:
6500:
6483:
6478:Tympanonesiotes
6471:Pseudodontornis
6434:Palaeochenoides
6355:Caspiodontornis
6339:Pelagornithidae
6330:
6291:
6247:
6189:
6166:
6134:
6110:
6083:
6066:
6040:
6020:
5982:
5924:
5919:Parahesperornis
5891:Asiahesperornis
5876:
5807:
5777:
5676:
5663:
5603:
5566:
5511:
5478:Archaeornithura
5460:
5421:
5383:
5353:
5136:Archaeorhynchus
5117:
5104:
5087:
5074:
5044:
5024:
4995:Ornithothoraces
4989:
4952:
4926:Changchengornis
4908:
4877:
4855:
4842:
4789:
4761:Anchiornithidae
4659:
4646:
4620:
4614:Dromaeosauridae
4603:Dromaeosauridae
4594:
4588:Anchiornithidae
4548:
4507:Liaoningvenator
4463:Anchiornithidae
4454:
4442:Scansoriopteryx
4409:
4354:
4341:
4324:
4287:
4267:
4224:
4219:Therizinosaurus
4155:
4103:
4098:Lingyuanosaurus
4055:Therizinosauria
4030:
3989:
3955:
3880:Parvicursorinae
3874:
3811:Alvarezsauridae
3805:
3730:
3718:
3654:
3641:
3612:
3592:
3565:
3559:Avemetatarsalia
3544:Avemetatarsalia
3534:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3387:
3386:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3318:10.2307/2482937
3295:
3294:
3290:
3275:10.2307/4075897
3256:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3102:on 3 March 2016
3089:
3088:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3011:
3009:. p. B1–2.
2998:
2997:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2706:10.2307/1363436
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2627:10.2307/4075674
2610:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2459:
2449:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:, n.s. 9, 15–25
2366:
2359:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2137:
2136:
2121:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1959:
1950:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1840:
1786:
1709:
1589:Jules Desnoyers
1555:
1539:Gastornis minor
1464:
1356:
1351:
1274:Barornis regens
1256:G. xichuanensis
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1096:(magpie geese)
967:Sylviornithidae
893:
842:
767:Diatryma steini
715:Barornis regens
680:
676:
635:
631:
607:, the American
548:
507:
342:G. xichuanensis
266:
263:
236:
228:
214:
208:
195:
141:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6750:
6748:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6684:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6660:
6647:
6634:
6621:
6606:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6521:Archaeornithes
6516:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6463:Protopelicanus
6459:
6452:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6427:Osteodontornis
6423:
6416:
6409:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:Dromornithidae
6320:
6313:
6304:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6258:
6256:Dromornithidae
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6234:
6231:Perplexicervix
6224:
6213:
6207:
6204:Incertae sedis
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6183:Pangalliformes
6176:
6174:
6172:Pangalliformes
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6097:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5941:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5818:
5816:Hesperornithes
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5788:
5786:Ichthyornithes
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5683:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5591:Similiyanornis
5587:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5432:
5430:Ambiortiformes
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5404:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5348:Zhongjianornis
5341:
5331:
5321:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5247:Jianchangornis
5240:
5230:
5220:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5139:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5018:Enantiornithes
5011:
5009:
5007:Enantiornithes
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4933:Confuciusornis
4929:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4896:Omnivoropteryx
4891:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4776:
4765:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4692:
4681:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4394:Pneumatoraptor
4387:
4376:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4191:Neimongosaurus
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3950:Trierarchuncus
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3846:Bonapartenykus
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3785:Shishugounykus
3781:
3774:
3767:
3764:Bonapartenykus
3760:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3695:
3684:
3673:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3421:
3420:External links
3418:
3416:
3415:
3369:
3344:
3331:
3312:(5): 319–330.
3288:
3269:(4): 579–580.
3241:
3215:
3174:
3155:
3113:
3082:
3061:
3026:
2991:
2974:
2934:
2906:
2878:
2856:
2815:
2792:
2738:
2719:
2700:(3): 115–118.
2675:
2640:
2599:
2568:
2557:(2): 203–220.
2537:
2520:G. parisiensis
2504:
2487:G. parisiensis
2471:
2413:
2400:
2377:
2357:
2316:
2281:(4): 313–322.
2261:
2193:
2182:on 20 May 2011
2153:
2150:(11): 307–354.
2119:
2112:
2094:
2075:
2063:
2022:
2007:
1980:
1948:
1923:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1839:
1836:
1798:elephant birds
1785:
1782:
1708:
1705:
1554:
1551:
1468:Late Paleocene
1463:
1460:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1227:G. geiselensis
1195:G. parisiensis
1175:G. geiselensis
1173:Reconstructed
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:Dromornithidae
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:Gastornithidae
993:
988:
986:
978:
903:Gastornithidae
892:
891:Classification
889:
841:
838:
810:junior synonym
609:paleontologist
581:G. parisiensis
565:G. parisiensis
506:
503:
477:structure and
437:epochs of the
421:is an extinct
412:
411:
410:
409:
401:
399:Sinclair, 1928
393:
382:
371:
370:
364:
363:
362:
361:
348:
335:
319:
313:G. geiselensis
306:
293:
273:
272:
271:Other species
268:
267:
264:
252:
251:
245:
244:
242:Prévost, 1855)
238:Hébert, 1855 (
226:
222:
221:
212:Gastornithidae
206:
202:
201:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6749:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6562:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:Odontornithes
6539:
6537:
6536:Odontognathae
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6504:
6498:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6265:Barawertornis
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6160:Anserimorphae
6157:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6149:Anserimorphae
6146:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6104:Palaeognathae
6101:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6093:Palaeognathae
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6064:
6059:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5772:Tingmiatornis
5766:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:Antarcticavis
5685:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5658:Shuilingornis
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:Changzuiornis
5619:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5575:Yanornithidae
5569:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:Songlingornis
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:Longicrusavis
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:Hongshanornis
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5371:Mengciusornis
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5362:Schizoouridae
5356:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5176:Changzuiornis
5170:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:Brevidentavis
5150:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5071:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:Cretaaviculus
4693:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:Archaeopteryx
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4543:Yixianosaurus
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:Fujianvenator
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:Epidexipteryx
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:Beipiaosaurus
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3861:Heptasteornis
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:Alvarezsaurus
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:Achillesaurus
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:Achillesaurus
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:Palaeontology
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:Seattle Times
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3044:. p. B4.
3043:
3042:
3041:Seattle Times
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3006:Seattle Times
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:(in French).
2926:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:(in French).
2898:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:Palaeontology
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:(in French).
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:(in French).
2496:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:Palaeontology
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:(2): 95–120.
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:(in French).
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:(in French).
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1825:Turgai Strait
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:Seattle Times
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:rocks in the
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:Charles Lyell
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:Ornitholithus
1492:
1488:
1487:Ornitholithus
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1456:bathornithids
1453:
1452:phorusrhacids
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:Biomechanical
1402:
1398:
1395:The skull of
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Berru, France
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Anseranatidae
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Anserimorphae
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
890:
888:
886:
881:
877:
873:
870:The skull of
868:
866:
862:
861:phorusrhacids
858:
854:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Elliott Coues
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Bighorn Basin
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Diatryma ajax
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Ancient Greek
685:
684:
671:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
601:
600:-like" bird.
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
547:
543:
539:
538:Gaston Planté
535:
531:
527:
520:
516:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
405:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
383:
378:
375:
374:
372:
369:
365:
357:
356:
349:
344:
343:
336:
332:
328:
327:
320:
317:Fischer, 1978
315:
314:
307:
302:
301:
294:
290:
285:
284:
277:
276:
274:
269:
262:
261:
253:
250:
246:
241:
235:
234:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6717:Eocene birds
6585:
6551:Unenlagiidae
6476:
6469:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6413:Odontopteryx
6411:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6239:
6229:
6219:
6202:
6140:Galloanserae
6127:
6014:Lamarqueavis
6012:
6007:Cimolopteryx
6005:
5998:
5975:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5946:Australornis
5944:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5869:
5864:Pasquiaornis
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5800:
5793:
5770:
5760:
5750:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5710:
5700:
5689:
5656:
5651:Khinganornis
5649:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5558:
5550:
5543:
5537:Piscivoravis
5535:
5527:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5452:
5444:
5437:
5416:Patagopteryx
5414:
5406:
5399:
5376:
5369:
5346:
5336:
5328:Xinghaiornis
5326:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5257:Jiuquanornis
5255:
5245:
5235:
5225:
5216:Gargantuavis
5214:
5204:
5194:
5184:
5174:
5166:Changmaornis
5164:
5154:
5144:
5134:
5073:
4984:Jinguofortis
4982:
4975:
4968:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4901:
4894:
4868:
4837:Neimengornis
4835:
4828:
4822:Jixiangornis
4820:
4813:
4807:Dalianraptor
4805:
4781:
4770:
4759:
4749:
4741:Yandangornis
4739:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4697:
4686:
4676:
4640:Troodontidae
4629:Troodontidae
4586:
4581:Wellnhoferia
4579:
4572:
4564:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4498:
4493:Eosinopteryx
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4402:
4392:
4383:Palaeopteryx
4381:
4371:
4312:
4238:Pennaraptora
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:Nothronychus
4196:
4189:
4182:
4177:Erlikosaurus
4175:
4170:Erliansaurus
4168:
4150:Suzhousaurus
4148:
4143:Martharaptor
4141:
4136:Enigmosaurus
4134:
4127:
4120:
4096:
4089:
4083:Fukuivenator
4081:
4074:
4068:Eshanosaurus
4066:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4004:Albertonykus
4002:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:Ceratonykini
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3922:Nemegtonykus
3920:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3798:
3792:Tugulusaurus
3790:
3783:
3776:
3771:Haplocheirus
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3740:
3710:
3702:Migmanychion
3700:
3689:
3680:Fukuivenator
3678:
3667:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3393:
3389:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3266:
3260:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3218:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3095:
3085:
3074:
3064:
3039:
3029:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2952:
2948:
2928:
2922:
2900:
2894:
2871:10 September
2869:. Retrieved
2859:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2697:
2691:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2657:
2653:
2643:
2618:
2614:
2602:
2588:(1): 51–65.
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2534:: 1214–1217.
2531:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2453:cite journal
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2278:
2274:
2253:the original
2224:
2220:Paleobiology
2218:
2209:
2184:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2168:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2060:: 1157–1159.
2057:
2051:
2045:
2042:G. edwardsii
2041:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1872:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1784:Distribution
1777:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1729:
1725:Darren Naish
1716:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1635:
1626:valley near
1617:
1600:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:Tethys Ocean
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1465:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1349:Paleobiology
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1280:, 1894) and
1273:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1244:nomen dubium
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1206:
1203:G. klaasseni
1202:
1199:G. edwardsii
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:type species
1182:
1180:
1174:
1112:(screamers)
1108:
1092:
1069:
1043:
1020:
1018:
995:
984:Anseriformes
973:
971:
959:Phasianoidea
950:
931:
927:Anseriformes
915:phylogenetic
895:
894:
879:
875:
871:
869:
864:
856:
852:
851:
833:
825:
821:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
781:
777:
766:
742:
738:
726:
722:
714:
700:gastornithid
691:
686:), from the
627:
602:
592:
580:
573:G. eduardsii
572:
564:
560:
525:
524:
518:
514:
491:Galloanserae
486:
470:
454:
453:
447:
446:
417:
416:
415:
403:
395:
384:
376:
354:
353:
341:
340:
325:
324:
312:
311:
304:Schaub, 1929
299:
298:
282:
281:
265:Hébert, 1855
259:
258:
249:Type species
239:
232:
231:
211:
131:
35:
29:
6737:Puget Group
6610:Wikispecies
6448:Proceriavis
6420:Odontoptila
6376:Gigantornis
6286:Ilbandornis
6221:Asteriornis
5962:Neogaeornis
5912:Hesperornis
5843:Chupkaornis
5795:Ichthyornis
5560:Yixianornis
5506:Tianyuornis
5454:Palintropus
5401:Alamitornis
5287:Meemannavis
5267:Juehuaornis
5206:Eogranivora
5146:Bellulornis
4970:Chongmingia
4720:Overoraptor
4710:Fukuipteryx
4373:Imperobator
4212:Segnosaurus
3977:Ceratonykus
3936:Parvicursor
3907:Khulsanurus
3900:Jaculinykus
3868:Patagonykus
3778:Patagonykus
3712:Yaverlandia
3652:Maniraptora
3639:Maniraptora
3598:Maniraptora
3477:Maniraptora
3396:: 394–408.
3362:22 February
3302:Cyperacites
2578:Omorhamphus
2091:(2): 10–11.
1760:root fibers
1746:deposit at
1624:Green River
1620:Puget Group
1613:Paris Basin
1585:Paris Basin
1581:Montmorency
1563:G. gigantea
1504:Diogenornis
1364:G. gigantea
1335:Zhongyuanus
1321:G. gigantea
1304:. Specimen
1286:O. storchii
1235:G. sarasini
1223:G. sarasini
955:crown group
935:crown group
880:G. gigantea
872:G. gigantea
865:G. gigantea
857:G. gigantea
840:Description
782:G. gigantea
743:G. gigantea
698:, a single
549: [
483:herbivorous
404:Zhongyuanus
396:Omorhamphus
355:G. laurenti
346:(Hou, 1980)
300:G. sarasini
283:G. gigantea
132:G. gigantea
6686:Categories
6519:See also:
6441:Pelagornis
6309:Brontornis
6116:Neognathae
6035:see below↓
6000:Ceramornis
5970:Polarornis
5937:Vegaviidae
5905:Fumicollis
5871:Potamornis
5857:Judinornis
5850:Enaliornis
5674:Ornithurae
5584:Abitusavis
5378:Schizooura
5338:Yumenornis
5297:Platanavis
5277:Kaririavis
5237:Horezmavis
5186:Chaoyangia
5115:Euornithes
5102:Euornithes
5039:see below↓
5030:Euornithes
4977:Cratonavis
4853:Pygostylia
4830:Kompsornis
4815:Jeholornis
4751:Zhongornis
4678:Alcmonavis
4566:Alcmonavis
4536:Xiaotingia
4529:Serikornis
4472:Anchiornis
4428:Ambopteryx
4282:see below↓
4122:Alxasaurus
4011:Linhenykus
3995:Mononykini
3984:Xixianykus
3943:Qiupanykus
3929:Ondogurvel
3893:Dzharaonyx
3854:Bradycneme
3832:Alnashetri
3607:see below↓
3510:Dinosauria
3238:(62): 1–4.
2903:: 959–961.
2812:: 109–125.
2735:: 111–115.
2501:: 579–582.
2462:|url=
2411:, 303–306.
2397:: 109–125.
2113:0300078617
2046:R. heberti
1945:: 554–557.
1865:References
1852:pantodonts
1838:Extinction
1802:Madagascar
1650:ichnotaxon
1553:Footprints
1510:Eremopezus
1450:, leaving
1211:G. russeli
1197:, include
1022:Brontornis
907:Gruiformes
707:New Jersey
690:διάτρημα (
620:New Mexico
469:(in known
425:of large,
380:Cope, 1876
326:G. russeli
217:Fürbringer
6616:Gastornis
6586:Gastornis
6546:Sauriurae
6526:Carinatae
6362:Cyphornis
6348:Aequornis
6317:Gastornis
6279:Genyornis
6272:Dromornis
5829:Baptornis
5762:Limenavis
5742:Iaceornis
5732:Guildavis
5722:Gallornis
5712:Cerebavis
5702:Apatornis
5612:Gansuidae
5446:Apsaravis
5439:Ambiortus
5408:Kuszholia
4903:Sapeornis
4730:Rahonavis
4522:Pedopenna
4404:Rahonavis
4076:Falcarius
4018:Mononykus
3970:Albinykus
3800:Xiyunykus
3669:Elopteryx
3586:Theropoda
3571:Theropoda
3519:Theropoda
3493:Kingdom:
2751:Gastornis
2445:0891-2963
2004:: 97–108.
1994:Remiornis
1990:Gastornis
1966:Gastornis
1962:Gastornis
1918:228975095
1896:: 39–46.
1881:Gastornis
1848:Gastornis
1844:Gastornis
1832:Gastornis
1830:European
1821:Gastornis
1813:Gastornis
1809:Gastornis
1794:Gastornis
1789:Gastornis
1778:Gastornis
1773:Gastornis
1752:Gastornis
1736:Gastornis
1717:Gastornis
1695:Gastornis
1678:Gastornis
1670:Gastornis
1668:Supposed
1570:Gastornis
1547:Remiornis
1543:Paleogene
1535:Gastornis
1531:Remiornis
1527:Gastornis
1523:Remiornis
1499:Gastornis
1491:Gastornis
1441:Gastornis
1437:Gastornis
1430:Gastornis
1422:Gastornis
1417:Gastornis
1413:Gastornis
1409:Gastornis
1397:Gastornis
1390:Gastornis
1386:Gastornis
1382:Gastornis
1372:Gastornis
1343:Gastornis
1339:Gastornis
1315:rocks of
1292:rocks of
1207:Gastornis
1183:Gastornis
1110:Anhimidae
1071:Anatoidea
963:megapodes
951:Gastornis
923:screamers
919:waterfowl
896:Gastornis
885:cassowary
876:Gastornis
853:Gastornis
834:Gastornis
822:Gastornis
806:Gastornis
798:Gastornis
778:G. steini
727:Gastornis
593:Gastornis
561:Gastornis
526:Gastornis
499:gamebirds
495:waterfowl
487:Gastornis
471:Gastornis
455:Gastornis
439:Paleogene
431:Paleocene
418:Gastornis
407:Hou, 1980
233:Gastornis
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
42:Paleocene
36:Gastornis
6595:Wikidata
6561:Category
6369:Dasornis
6241:Qinornis
5898:Canadaga
5836:Brodavis
5644:Iteravis
5636:Hollanda
5598:Yanornis
5552:Yanornis
5529:Hollanda
5227:Hollanda
5196:Dingavis
4947:Yangavis
4871:Proornis
4515:Ostromia
4479:Aurornis
4025:Shuvuuia
3757:Bannykus
3501:Chordata
3499:Phylum:
3495:Animalia
3437:11 April
3298:Eopuntia
3252:(1930).
3227:Diatryma
3126:Diatryma
3106:21 April
3050:cite web
3015:cite web
2802:Diatryma
2787:84611178
2668:21 April
2387:Diatryma
2311:18518649
2303:24563098
2249:18212799
2210:Diatryma
2186:21 April
2140:Diatryma
2032:"Sur le
1970:Diatryma
1707:Feathers
1480:Provence
1426:omnivore
1377:Eohippus
1270:Diatryma
1239:G. minor
1177:skeleton
961:than to
826:Diatryma
802:Diatryma
794:Diatryma
723:Diatryma
703:toe bone
692:diatrema
534:skeleton
448:Diatryma
441:period.
385:Barornis
377:Diatryma
368:Synonyms
205:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
6656:4947867
6643:1267730
6630:4847508
6601:Q131477
6383:Laornis
6129:Neoaves
5977:Vegavis
5802:Janavis
5317:Wyleyia
4657:Avialae
4486:Caihong
4352:Paraves
4339:Paraves
4273:Paraves
3398:Bibcode
3326:2482937
3283:4075897
3196:Bibcode
3138:Bibcode
2957:Bibcode
2837:Bibcode
2767:Bibcode
2714:1363436
2635:4075674
2615:The Auk
2522:"]"
2489:"]"
2464:value (
2338:Bibcode
2283:Bibcode
2229:Bibcode
1898:Bibcode
1890:Geobios
1740:ratites
1732:plumage
1632:Seattle
1599:in his
1484:ootaxon
1401:ratites
1294:Wyoming
1058:Anseres
731:Wyoming
589:Lemoine
577:synonym
505:History
459:mammals
443:Fossils
433:to mid-
291:, 1876)
225:Genus:
192:Order:
182:Class:
5954:Maaqwi
5752:Kookne
5629:Gansus
5307:Vorona
4688:Balaur
3691:Kakuru
3324:
3281:
3130:Ichnos
2949:Ichnos
2785:
2712:
2693:Condor
2633:
2594:984256
2592:
2460:Check
2443:
2309:
2301:
2247:
2110:
2073:(1960)
2036:et le
1916:
1646:hallux
1577:gypsum
1574:Eocene
1472:Eocene
1290:Eocene
1231:Messel
1221:, and
1215:Martin
974:et al.
925:, the
900:family
786:ratite
745:). In
557:Meudon
463:equids
435:Eocene
391:, 1894
333:, 1992
331:Martin
219:, 1888
46:Eocene
44:– mid
6669:39557
6638:IRMNG
3749:Aorun
3524:Clade
3515:Clade
3506:Clade
3322:JSTOR
3279:JSTOR
3257:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
2783:S2CID
2710:JSTOR
2688:(PDF)
2631:JSTOR
2611:(PDF)
2590:JSTOR
2586:LXVII
2307:S2CID
2256:(PDF)
2245:S2CID
2215:(PDF)
2180:(PDF)
2173:(PDF)
1914:S2CID
1886:(PDF)
1723:. By
1331:Henan
1278:Marsh
943:order
830:1980s
780:(now
749:, an
717:. In
705:from
598:crane
585:1870s
569:1860s
553:]
517:(now
467:claws
423:genus
389:Marsh
6625:GBIF
6405:Manu
6181:see
6158:see
6102:see
5016:see
4638:see
4612:see
4259:see
3584:see
3557:see
3439:2008
3364:2020
3108:2008
3056:link
3021:link
2873:2013
2670:2008
2466:help
2441:ISSN
2299:PMID
2188:2008
2108:ISBN
2044:and
1992:and
1968:and
1730:The
1642:hoax
1507:and
1497:and
1476:eggs
1462:Eggs
1454:and
1354:Diet
1266:Cope
1209:are
921:and
824:and
814:1884
763:1917
747:1916
735:1913
719:1911
696:1894
624:1876
605:1874
542:clay
530:1855
497:and
475:beak
289:Cope
240:vide
186:Aves
56:PreꞒ
3914:Kol
3406:doi
3394:138
3314:doi
3304:".
3300:to
3271:doi
3262:Auk
3204:doi
3146:doi
2965:doi
2929:250
2901:249
2845:doi
2775:doi
2702:doi
2623:doi
2559:doi
2555:269
2431:doi
2346:doi
2291:doi
2279:101
2237:doi
1996:".
1972:."
1906:doi
1734:of
1579:at
1466:In
1306:YPM
816:by
683:-mə
681:TRY
679:-ə-
603:In
579:of
6688::
6666::
6653::
6640::
6627::
6612::
6597::
4449:Yi
3526::
3517::
3508::
3404:.
3392:.
3372:^
3355:.
3320:.
3310:89
3308:.
3277:.
3267:47
3265:.
3259:.
3234:.
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3192:55
3190:.
3186:.
3167:.
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3094:.
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3048:{{
3038:.
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2951:.
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2843:.
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2827:.
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