1788:
gastritis. In 1993, a more complete investigation on the stomach and thyroid was published, reporting that the thyroid is, embryogenetically and phylogenetically, derived from a primitive stomach, and that the thyroid cells, such as primitive gastroenteric cells, migrated and specialized in uptake of iodide and in storage and elaboration of iodine compounds during vertebrate evolution. In fact, the stomach and thyroid share iodine-concentrating ability and many morphological and functional similarities, such as cell polarity and apical microvilli, similar organ-specific antigens and associated autoimmune diseases, secretion of glycoproteins (thyroglobulin and mucin) and peptide hormones, the digesting and readsorbing ability, and lastly, similar ability to form iodotyrosines by peroxidase activity, where iodide acts as an electron donor in the presence of H
911:
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70:
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296:
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1727:, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.
833:
1455:, rhythmic mixing waves force about 3 mL of chyme at a time through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. Release of a greater amount of chyme at one time would overwhelm the capacity of the small intestine to handle it. The rest of the chyme is pushed back into the body of the stomach, where it continues mixing. This process is repeated when the next mixing waves force more chyme into the duodenum.
1805:
2178:
692:
58:
2117:, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the esophagus.
1787:
This syndrome defines the association between thyroid disease and chronic gastritis, which was first described in the 1960s. This term was coined also to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of atrophic
1494:
remain in the stomach the longest. Since enzymes in the small intestine digest fats slowly, food can stay in the stomach for 6 hours or longer when the duodenum is processing fatty chyme. However, this is still a fraction of the 24 to 72 hours that full digestion typically takes from start to finish.
1211:
are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach. Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach
1493:
The contents of the stomach are completely emptied into the duodenum within two to four hours after the meal is eaten. Different types of food take different amounts of time to process. Foods heavy in carbohydrates empty fastest, followed by high-protein foods. Meals with a high triglyceride content
1287:
As the stomach rotates during early development, the dorsal and ventral mesentery rotate with it; this rotation produces a space anterior to the expanding stomach called the greater sac, and a space posterior to the stomach called the lesser sac. After this rotation the dorsal mesentery thins and
1992:
Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the esophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter.
988:
Outside of the submucosa lies the muscular layer. It consists of three layers of muscular fibres, with fibres lying at angles to each other. These are the inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers. The presence of the inner oblique layer is distinct from other parts of the
2909:
Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based
676:, and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food. In a newborn human baby the stomach will only be able to hold about 30 millilitres. The maximum stomach volume in adults is between 2 and 4 litres, although volumes of up to 15 litres have been observed in extreme circumstances.
1458:
Gastric emptying is regulated by both the stomach and the duodenum. The presence of chyme in the duodenum activates receptors that inhibit gastric secretion. This prevents additional chyme from being released by the stomach before the duodenum is ready to process it.
2328:
Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Band R, Williams JL, et al. (1998). "Respiratory system compliance decreases after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and stomach inflation: impact of large and small tidal volumes on calculated peak airway pressure".
1080:
1467:
The fundus stores both undigested food and gases that are released during the process of chemical digestion. Food may sit in the fundus of the stomach for a while before being mixed with the chyme. While the food is in the fundus, the digestive activities of
1443:
that mixes and softens the food with gastric juices to create chyme. The initial mixing waves are relatively gentle, but these are followed by more intense waves, starting at the body of the stomach and increasing in force as they reach the pylorus.
1698:
and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.
2705:
1715:(EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the
1256:. During the third week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the yolk sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. The sac is surrounded by a network of
2024:
Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here. Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in
3642:
Lahner, E.; Conti, L.; Cicone, F. ; Capriello, S; Cazzato, M; Centanni, M; Annibale, B; Virili, C. (2019). "Thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity: Pathophysiology and implications for patient management. A review".
1502:
Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:
1091:
Histology of normal fundic mucosa. Fundic glands are simple, branched tubular glands that extend from the bottom of the gastric pits to the muscularis mucosae; the more distinctive cells are parietal cells. H&E
2651:
2857:
Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
2502:
Transactions of the Royal
Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Volume 14, 1896, "Birmingham, A(mbrose), "Topographical anatomy of the spleen, pancreas, duodenum, kidneys, &c.", pages 363-385. Retrieved 29 February
2013:
fish have no stomach at all, with the esophagus opening directly into the intestine. These animals all consume diets that require little storage of food, no predigestion with gastric juices, or both.
719:
of the stomach. A horizontal line across from the cardiac notch gives the dome-shaped region called the fundus. The cardia is a very small region of the stomach that surrounds the esophageal opening.
1284:. The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.
1611:
causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by
1472:
continue until the food begins mixing with the acidic chyme. Ultimately, mixing waves incorporate this food with the chyme, the acidity of which inactivates salivary amylase and activates
486:
1100:
Histology of normal antral mucosa. Antral mucosa is formed by branched coiled tubular glands lined by secretory cells similar in appearance to the surface mucous cells. H&E stain.
824:. The term was introduced around 1896 by Philip Polson of the Catholic University School of Medicine, Dublin. However this was brought into disrepute by surgeon anatomist J Massey.
2113:
The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands and a posterior portion lined with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to
3899:
2378:
Morris D. Kerstein, Barry
Goldberg, Barry Panter, M. David Tilson, Howard Spiro, Gastric Infarction, Gastroenterology, Volume 67, Issue 6, 1974, Pages 1238–1239, ISSN 0016-5085,
3044:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 13, 2023).
2569:
1166:, which primarily secrete mucus. They are fewer in number than the other gastric glands and are more shallowly positioned in the mucosa. There are two kinds - either simple
997:
This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the
989:
gastrointestinal tract, which do not possess this layer. The stomach contains the thickest muscular layer consisting of three layers, thus maximum peristalsis occurs here.
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The pylorus, which holds around 30 mL of chyme, acts as a filter, permitting only liquids and small food particles to pass through the mostly, but not fully, closed
1615:
in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a
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267:
479:
3363:
De Araujo, Ivan E.; Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.; Sotnikova, Tatyana D.; Gainetdinov, Raul R.; Caron, Marc G.; Nicolelis, Miguel A.L.; Simon, Sidney A. (2008).
1439:
Within a few moments after food enters the stomach, mixing waves begin to occur at intervals of approximately 20 seconds. A mixing wave is a unique type of
1212:
are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include
3274:
Uematsu, A; Tsurugizawa, T; Kondoh, T; Torii, K. (2009). "Conditioned flavor preference learning by intragastric administration of L-glutamate in rats".
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and digestive enzymes. The glands contains a number of cells, with the function of the glands changing depending on their position within the stomach.
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4135:
1035:(Auerbach's plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing
472:
2257:
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2189:
1292:, which is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. The ventral mesentery forms the lesser omentum, and is attached to the developing
1012:
is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall, which is normally tonically constricted, forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete)
715:
into the cardiac orifice, the opening into the gastric cardia. A cardiac notch at the left of the cardiac orifice, marks the beginning of the
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4036:
4009:
3317:
Uematsu, A; Tsurugizawa, T; Uneyama, H; Torii, K. (2010). "Brain-gut communication via vagus nerve modulates conditioned flavor preference".
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3009:
2975:
2817:
2743:
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2304:
1675:(GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility. GIP is synthesized by K-cells, which are located in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa.
243:
4626:
4176:
4141:
1151:(this is a precursor to pepsin- the highly acidic environment converts the pepsinogen to pepsin), and neuroendocrine cells that secrete
3554:"An analysis of gastric parietal cell antibodies and thyroid cell antibodies in patients with pernicious anaemia and thyroid disorders"
3415:
Perez, C.; Ackroff, K.; Sclafani, A. (1996). "Carbohydrate- and protein conditioned flavor preferences: effects of nutrient preloads".
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3926:
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juice, which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine.
669:, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.
2573:
2523:
2472:
Habershon, S. H. "Diseases of the
Stomach: A Manual for Practitioners and Students,"Chicago Medical Book Company, 1909, page 11.
591:
4619:
4169:
3593:
Venturi, S.; Venturi, A.; Cimini, D., Arduini, C; Venturi, M; Guidi, A. (1993). "A new hypothesis: iodine and gastric cancer".
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2226:
1928:
699:
The human stomach can be divided into four sections, beginning at the cardia followed by the fundus, the body and the pylorus.
1667:
634:
2525:
The Dublin journal of medical science, Volume 114, page 353."Reviews and bibliographical notes." Retrieved 28 February 2012.
2514:
The Lancet, Volume 1, Part 1, 22 February 1902. page 524, "Royal
Academy of Medicine in Ireland." Retrieved 28 February 2012
2483:
Weber, John and
Shearer, Edwin Morrill "Shearer's manual of human dissection, Eighth Edition," McGraw Hill, 1999, page 157.
2177:
1260:. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the
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1927:
is stomach surgery in which the fundus is wrapped around the lower esophagus and stitched into place. It is used to treat
4971:
1843:
1839:
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262:
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and opening of the pyloric sphincter. The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the
1658:, which has the most effects on the pancreas, also diminishes acid secretion in the stomach. Secretin is synthesized by
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666:
662:
508:
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Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the
868:
849:
126:
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4026:
3501:
Doniach, D.; Roitt, I.M.; Taylor, K.B. (1965). "Autoimmunity in pernicious anemia and thyroiditis: a family study".
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2144:, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.
1269:
1265:
872:
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712:
638:
130:
1312:. Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the
5301:
5296:
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2121:, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with esophageal mucosa.
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1159:
1047:
is responsible for moving the semi-digested food towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening.
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615:
154:
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muscular contractions of the wall – reducing the volume of the bolus, before looping around the fundus and the
1233:
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superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the
226:
158:
35:
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5205:
5200:
5195:
4712:
4147:
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1895:
1712:
1476:. Lingual lipase then begins breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids, and mono- and diglycerides.
3458:
Ackroff, K.; Lucas, F.; Sclafani, A. (2005). "Flavor preference conditioning as a function of fat source".
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308:
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134:
75:
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1001:. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
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4685:
3893:
3680:
3622:
2236:
1924:
1921:. A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.
1479:
The breakdown of protein begins in the stomach through the actions of hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme
927:
905:
443:
2265:
1427:
activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into
1096:
1087:
4943:
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1640:, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of
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118:
69:
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a mucous membrane that forms the lining of the stomach. the membrane consists of an outer layer of
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162:
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190:
146:
1662:, which are located in the duodenal mucosa as well as in the jejunal mucosa in smaller numbers.
2761:"Histology of the mucosa of the oesophagogastric junction and the stomach in adult Rana perezi"
1842:
can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a
1127:. In general, these glands are lined by column-shaped cells that secrete a protective layer of
5127:
4921:
4106:
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3835:"The effect of strychnin in cardiectomized frogs with destroyed lymph hearts; a demonstration"
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superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the
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Venturi S.; Venturi M. (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health".
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are stimuli. In the stomach a chemical breakdown of food takes place by means of secreted
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403:
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2020:
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and lymph vessels as well as nerves. Arterial supply to all these structures is from the
1083:
Diagram showing gastric pits (13) gastric glands (12) lamina propria (10) epithelium (11)
3514:
673:
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Gastrointestinal physiology : development, principles and mechanisms of regulation
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2132:, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the
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refers to the structures upon which the stomach rests in mammals. These include the
626:(found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, and the
520:
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Sadler, T.W, (2011) Langman’s
Medical Embryology (12th edition), LWW, Baltimore, MD
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Glands differ where the stomach meets the esophagus and near the pylorus. Near the
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536:
512:
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101:
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1796:. In the following years, many researchers published reviews about this syndrome.
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2396:(12., internat. student version ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 937–942.
1300:, and act as an insulating and protective layer while also supplying organs with
231:
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1759:. The stomach can also sense, independently of tongue and oral taste receptors,
1756:
1585:
1553:
1519:
1508:
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Smooth mucosa along the inside of the lesser curvature forms a passageway - the
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30:
This article is about the internal organ. For the middle part of the body, see
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1296:. In the adult, these connective structures of omentum and mesentery form the
1217:
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1144:
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89:
17:
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2712:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 21 August 2009
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1917:. "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the
1898:
may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The
1862:
1847:
1809:
1593:
1556:. B12 is used in cellular metabolism and is necessary for the production of
1362:
1358:
1354:
1152:
974:
943:
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813:
708:
619:
543:
515:. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the
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106:
42:
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Layers of the gastrointestinal wall of which the stomach is a dilated part
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2002:
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Emptying of stomach chyme into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter
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2010:
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Essential
Clinical Anatomy (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins))
1723:. Salivary EGF, which also seems to be regulated by dietary inorganic
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4410:
4403:
4398:
4393:
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4277:
4257:
2446:
Brunicardi, F. Charles; Andersen, Dana K.; et al., eds. (2010).
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is considered the gold standard to assess the gastric emptying rate.
1724:
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located in the antrum of the pylorus. They secrete mucus, as well as
1051:
947:
931:
801:
418:
113:
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1871:
infection, and an association has been seen with the development of
57:
4004:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 345–349.
3885:
3804:"The survival of the circulation in the frog web after cardiectomy"
5058:
5017:
4574:
4554:
4504:
4484:
4474:
4430:
4376:
4366:
4352:
4309:
4237:
2200:
2034:
2019:
1918:
1815:
1803:
1748:
1695:
1571:
1398:
1313:
1301:
1293:
1128:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1017:
917:
909:
764:
The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the
690:
650:
555:
386:
374:
324:
202:
185:
169:
2136:, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the
1846:. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an
4579:
4569:
4559:
4489:
4342:
4324:
4242:
4227:
4222:
3839:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
2125:
1054:, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the
425:
141:
4615:
4165:
1974:(meaning 'related to the stomach') are both derived from Greek
1065:
that fast-tracks liquids entering the stomach, to the pylorus.
4584:
4549:
4456:
4294:
4289:
4272:
3751:"Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission"
2970:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
2450:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
2281:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
1772:
1272:. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the
3196:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
2029:(Tylopoda also have some cardiac glands opening onto ventral
859:
The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the
1857:
A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of
930:, the human stomach wall from inner to outer, consists of a
566:
takes over to move this through the rest of the intestines.
562:, the first and shortest part of the small intestine, where
1894:
procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A
1616:
1401:(partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the
1382:
684:"Cardia" redirects here. For the ancient Greek colony, see
3974:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Gastro, Gastric.
2710:
National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine
836:
Schematic image of the blood supply to the human stomach:
2834:"The human proteome in stomach - The Human Protein Atlas"
2151:, there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the
3365:"Food Reward in the Absence of Taste Receptor Signaling"
1619:
normally less than 4(high acid), as well as the hormone
748:
opens to the body of the stomach. The pylorus (from
985:
is in this layer interior to the oblique muscle layer.
41:"Gastric" redirects here. For the sauce flavoring, see
3874:"Surgical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease"
4028:
Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
3808:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2539:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
780:. Near the cardia is the lower esophageal sphincter.
4101:
Wilke, W. L.; Fails, A. D.; Frandson, R. D. (2009).
3192:"Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology"
527:
in which the sight and smell of food and the act of
511:
of humans and many other animals, including several
5222:
5161:
5138:
5075:
5057:
5048:
5016:
5000:
4962:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4779:
4741:
4663:
4654:
4535:
4455:
4446:
4351:
4323:
4213:
4199:
4000:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3700:Masaoka, Tatsuhiro; Tack, Jan (30 September 2009).
1580:Chyme from the stomach is slowly released into the
1548:of the human stomach are responsible for producing
730: 'bottom') is formed in the upper curved part.
261:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
196:
184:
168:
140:
112:
100:
88:
83:
50:
3967:
3921:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Stomach.
3914:
2292:
1812:of a normal stomach of a healthy 65-year-old woman
1123:Within the body and fundus of the stomach lie the
630:at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.
3898:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2392:Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2009).
2037:) Many other variations exist among the mammals.
1203:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
554:controls the passage of partially digested food (
3702:"Gastroparesis: Current Concepts and Management"
3163:McGuire, Michelle; Beerman, Kathy (2012-01-01).
3136:. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext. p. 129.
2183:Image showing the celiac artery and its branches
1389:to work. Food is churned by the stomach through
752: 'gatekeeper') connects the stomach to the
622:keep the contents of the stomach contained; the
4142:Site with details of how ruminants process food
3166:Nutritional Sciences: From Fundamentals to Food
2759:Gallego-Huidobro, J; Pastor, L M (April 1996).
1913:, and removal of the cardia area is a called a
1735:The human stomach has receptors responsive to
3080:(2nd ed.). pp. 41–70. Archived from
2441:
2439:
1116:. Gastric juice is an acidic fluid containing
914:The gastrointestinal wall of the human stomach
4627:
4177:
4136:Digestion of proteins in the stomach or tiyan
4052:Finegan, Esther J. & Stevens, C. Edward.
3169:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 419.
2961:
2959:
2957:
2729:
2727:
2432:(42nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 1160–1163
2380:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32710-6
480:
8:
4105:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 346.
3685:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3627:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2622:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 628.
2195:A human stomach at autopsy showing the many
2166:can be found under the respective articles.
1909:Surgical removal of the stomach is called a
1413:, where the extraction of nutrients begins.
1104:The mucosa lining the stomach is lined with
1050:To the outside of the muscular layer lies a
3872:Minjarez, Renee C.; Jobe, Blair A. (2006).
3048:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 23.4 The Stomach.
2364:Curtis, Helena & N. Sue Barnes (1994).
1979:
1961:
1951:
1552:, which is necessary for the absorption of
1252:, the ventral part of the embryo abuts the
741:is the main, central region of the stomach.
5054:
4911:
4902:
4660:
4634:
4620:
4612:
4452:
4184:
4170:
4162:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
1688:decreases both gastric acid and motility.
1540:(most are absorbed in the small intestine)
953:The inner part of the stomach wall is the
598:. The top of the stomach lies against the
487:
473:
290:
68:
56:
3766:
3725:
3569:
3380:
3358:
3356:
3207:
3000:Richard M. Gore; Marc S. Levine. (2007).
2784:
2535:Anne M. R. Agur; Moore, Keith L. (2007).
3410:
3408:
3071:"Absorption of Amino acids and Peptides"
2812:(32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 762.
2810:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
2738:(32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 777.
2736:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
2570:"University of Rochester medical center"
1598:
831:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
2295:Human physiology: from cells to systems
2248:
2173:
1882:is actually noise from the intestines.
879:, which arise from the splenic artery.
307:
4103:Anatomy and physiology of farm animals
3891:
3678:
3620:
3002:Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology
1929:gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
1900:anatomy of the stomach may be modified
1739:and this information is passed to the
278:
47:
4073:"The anatomy of the digestive system"
3995:
3993:
3991:
3768:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040
1353:food) enters the stomach through the
7:
3645:Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab
2394:Principles of anatomy and physiology
2140:. Beyond lies the powerful muscular
695:Diagram showing parts of the stomach
1820:Endoscopic image of a fundic gland
1139:that secrete hydrochloric acid and
1135:. Additional cells present include
542:The stomach is located between the
3523:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18990.x
2618:Welcome, Menizibeya Osain (2018).
2299:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
1397:as the boluses are converted into
1024:. This layer is concentric to the
606:. A large double fold of visceral
602:. Lying behind the stomach is the
25:
4054:"Digestive System of Vertebrates"
3944:. The New Testament Greek Lexicon
3552:Cruchaud, A.; Juditz, E. (1968).
2215:High-quality image of the stomach
2158:Information about the stomach in
1568:Control of secretion and motility
1016:, which controls the movement of
519:. The stomach is involved in the
3607:10.1097/00008469-199301000-00004
3331:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07136.x
3033: This article incorporates
3028:
2448:Schwartz's principles of surgery
2208:
2188:
2176:
2060:Esophageal (nonglandular) region
1779:value of foods to their tastes.
1775:. This allows the brain to link
1654:In a different and rare manner,
1536:To a small extent water-soluble
1490:, which can help digesting fat.
1308:, and venous drainage is by the
294:
3078:Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition
3069:Krehbiel, C.R.; Matthews, J.C.
3004:. Philadelphia, PA.: Saunders.
2227:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1528:(e.g. from alcoholic beverages)
1250:development of the human embryo
578:, the stomach lies between the
4818:
4813:
2262:Essentials of Human Physiology
1673:Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
1668:Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
1112:, secreted by between 2 and 7
973:. Beneath the mucosa lies the
1:
4808:
3970:The Oxford English dictionary
3917:The Oxford English dictionary
3472:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.05.006
2343:10.1016/S0300-9572(98)00095-1
1636:(CCK) has most effect on the
1560:, and the functioning of the
1486:The stomach can also produce
1419:in the stomach also contains
707:is where the contents of the
633:The stomach is surrounded by
62:Sections of the human stomach
3429:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02085-3
3382:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032
3288:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.054
3209:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041
3106:"Alcohol and the Human Body"
3076:. In D'Mello, J.P.F. (ed.).
2706:"How does the Stomach Work?"
1258:vitelline arteries and veins
926:Like the other parts of the
558:) from the stomach into the
509:upper gastrointestinal tract
358:Lower gastrointestinal tract
318:Upper gastrointestinal tract
4882:Enterochromaffin-like cells
4148:Control of Gastric Emptying
3792:at dictionary.reference.com
2912:Journal of Gastroenterology
2291:Sherwood, Lauralee (1997).
1731:Stomach as nutrition sensor
1197:Gene and protein expression
869:right gastroepiploic artery
850:right gastroepiploic artery
127:right gastro-omental artery
5318:
4144:(archived 27 October 2009)
4132:at the Human Protein Atlas
3956:. dictionary.reference.com
3657:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101373
3245:10.1177/026010600902000204
1865:, in humans are caused by
1831:
1377:, which kills or inhibits
1359:lower esophageal sphincter
1334:
1328:
1270:inferior mesenteric artery
1266:superior mesenteric artery
1200:
1072:
903:
873:left gastroepiploic artery
713:gastroesophageal sphincter
683:
624:lower esophageal sphincter
521:gastric phase of digestion
131:left gastro-omental artery
40:
29:
4025:William O. Reece (2005).
2968:Larsen's human embryology
2924:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7
2258:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"
1980:
1962:
1952:
1596:of the digestive system:
1349:(a small rounded mass of
1248:In the early part of the
1216:expressed in the mucosa;
1160:gastroesophageal junction
979:fibrous connective tissue
768:, the point at which the
766:gastroesophageal junction
273:
155:right gastroepiploic vein
67:
55:
4138:(archived 10 March 2007)
4077:onemedicine.tuskegee.edu
3718:10.5009/gnl.2009.3.3.166
3046:Anatomy & Physiology
1902:, or the stomach may be
1590:autonomic nervous system
1381:and provides the acidic
1234:gastric intrinsic factor
1045:outer longitudinal layer
159:left gastroepiploic vein
36:Stomach (disambiguation)
5206:External anal sphincter
5201:Intersphincteric groove
5196:Internal anal sphincter
4713:Pterygomandibular raphe
3966:Simpson, J. A. (1989).
3913:Simpson, J. A. (1989).
3833:Meltzer, S. J. (1913).
2872:10.1126/science.1260419
1713:Epidermal growth factor
1361:. The stomach releases
1181:. Near the pylorus lie
586:(the first part of the
4987:Duodenojejunal flexure
4982:Minor duodenal papilla
4977:Major duodenal papilla
4728:Pharyngobasilar fascia
4723:Buccopharyngeal fascia
4644:gastrointestinal tract
4193:Human regional anatomy
3888:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3851:10.3181/00379727-10-16
3802:Barlow, O. W. (1929).
3127:Debry, Gérard (1994).
2677:"SIU SOM Histology GI"
2572:. 2020. Archived from
2038:
1852:gastric emptying study
1824:
1813:
1577:
1507:Water, if the body is
1451:. In a process called
1343:human digestive system
1331:Human digestive system
1101:
1093:
1084:
1006:middle circular layer:
965:, and a thin layer of
923:
915:
877:short gastric arteries
856:
854:short gastric arteries
818:left crus of diaphragm
696:
576:human digestive system
454:Anatomical terminology
449:Human digestive system
309:Gastrointestinal tract
275:Anatomical terminology
208:ventriculus, stomachus
135:short gastric arteries
34:. For other uses, see
4944:Enteroendocrine cells
3755:Epidemiologic Reviews
2366:Invitation to Biology
2237:Proton-pump inhibitor
2023:
1840:series of radiographs
1819:
1807:
1800:Clinical significance
1783:Thyrogastric syndrome
1575:
1329:Further information:
1201:Further information:
1170:with short ducts or
1099:
1090:
1082:
928:gastrointestinal wall
921:
913:
906:Gastrointestinal wall
835:
694:
444:Gastrointestinal wall
78:, with stomach in red
3233:Nutrition and Health
3037:available under the
2838:www.proteinatlas.org
2368:(5 ed.). Worth.
2093:Pyloric gland region
2071:Cardiac gland region
1741:lateral hypothalamus
1584:through coordinated
1513:Medication, such as
1435:Mechanical digestion
1310:portal venous system
1209:protein-coding genes
995:inner oblique layer:
861:right gastric artery
842:right gastric artery
794:tail of the pancreas
784:Anatomical proximity
618:of the stomach. Two
614:hangs down from the
119:Right gastric artery
4877:Gastric chief cells
4002:The Vertebrate Body
3515:1965NYASA.124..605D
3108:. Intoximeters, Inc
2656:Medicine LibreTexts
2652:"22.5C: Muscularis"
2595:"Stomach histology"
2082:Fundic gland region
1956:), ultimately from
1868:Helicobacter pylori
1755:signal through the
1717:submandibular gland
1592:and by the various
1524:10–20% of ingested
1365:(protein-digesting
1226:gastric chief cells
1008:At this layer, the
959:columnar epithelium
891:drain the stomach.
889:gastric lymph nodes
871:inferiorly and the
865:left gastric artery
863:inferiorly and the
774:stratified squamous
592:left upper quadrant
163:short gastric veins
123:left gastric artery
4154:2019-11-12 at the
4071:Khalil, Muhammad.
3878:GI Motility Online
3749:Brown, LM (2000).
3190:Herbst RS (2004).
2808:Dorland's (2012).
2765:Journal of Anatomy
2734:Dorland's (2012).
2426:Standring, Susan,
2232:Gastric microbiota
2039:
1825:
1814:
1594:digestive hormones
1578:
1463:Chemical digestion
1288:forms the greater
1189:produced by their
1102:
1094:
1085:
924:
916:
883:Lymphatic drainage
857:
822:left colic flexure
697:
459:Outline of anatomy
303:Major parts of the
191:Celiac lymph nodes
147:Right gastric vein
5274:
5273:
5266:Muscularis mucosa
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5128:epiploic appendix
5044:
5043:
4972:Suspensory muscle
4934:Intestinal glands
4892:
4891:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4112:978-0-8138-1394-3
4038:978-0-7817-4333-4
4011:978-0-03-910284-5
3595:Eur J Cancer Prev
3202:(2 Suppl): 21–6.
3130:Coffee and Health
3055:978-1-947172-04-3
3011:978-1-4160-2332-6
2977:978-0-443-06811-9
2866:(6220): 1260419.
2819:978-1-4160-6257-8
2771:(Pt 2): 439–444.
2745:978-1-4160-6257-8
2629:978-3-319-91056-7
2546:978-0-7817-6274-8
2306:978-0-314-09245-8
2256:Nosek, Thomas M.
2170:Additional images
2111:
2110:
1904:bypassed entirely
1892:bariatric surgery
1692:
1691:
1449:pyloric sphincter
1425:Hydrochloric acid
1403:pyloric sphincter
1375:hydrochloric acid
1172:compound racemose
1118:hydrochloric acid
1026:longitudinal axis
1014:pyloric sphincter
983:Meissner's plexus
971:muscularis mucosa
758:pyloric sphincter
717:greater curvature
628:pyloric sphincter
616:greater curvature
552:pyloric sphincter
533:digestive enzymes
497:
496:
289:
288:
284:
151:left gastric vein
16:(Redirected from
5309:
5302:Organs (anatomy)
5297:Digestive system
5148:Transverse folds
5105:Descending colon
5095:Transverse colon
5055:
5009:No substructures
4992:Brunner's glands
4922:Intestinal villi
4912:
4903:
4802:Angular incisure
4718:Pharyngeal raphe
4686:retropharyngeal
4661:
4646:, excluding the
4636:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4453:
4384:Vertebral column
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4117:
4116:
4098:
4085:
4084:
4079:. Archived from
4068:
4062:
4061:
4056:. Archived from
4049:
4043:
4042:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3889:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3558:Clin Exp Immunol
3549:
3543:
3542:
3503:Ann N Y Acad Sci
3498:
3492:
3491:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3384:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2683:. Archived from
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:. Archived from
2253:
2212:
2192:
2180:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2046:
2016:
2015:
1983:
1982:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1943:is derived from
1890:In humans, many
1737:sodium glutamate
1599:
1550:intrinsic factor
1470:salivary amylase
1453:gastric emptying
1228:; and a gastric
1179:Brunner's glands
1141:intrinsic factor
1108:, which receive
1033:myenteric plexus
999:digestive system
977:, consisting of
887:The two sets of
810:transverse colon
806:suprarenal gland
637:(inhibitor) and
596:abdominal cavity
590:). It is in the
523:, following the
517:digestive system
489:
482:
475:
409:Descending colon
404:Transverse colon
298:
291:
281:edit on Wikidata
107:Digestive system
72:
60:
48:
21:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5210:
5157:
5134:
5100:Splenic flexure
5090:Hepatic flexure
5085:Ascending colon
5071:
5050:Large intestine
5040:
5036:Microfold cells
5031:Peyer's patches
5026:Ileocecal valve
5012:
4996:
4958:
4907:Small intestine
4888:
4775:
4737:
4691:parapharyngeal
4681:peripharyngeal
4650:
4642:Anatomy of the
4640:
4610:
4601:
4531:
4442:
4347:
4319:
4209:
4195:
4190:
4156:Wayback Machine
4126:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3982:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3890:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3677:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3619:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3043:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2424:
2411:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2204:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2044:
1990:
1937:
1888:
1836:
1834:Stomach disease
1830:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1705:
1634:Cholecystokinin
1629:Cholecystokinin
1570:
1558:red blood cells
1500:
1465:
1437:
1411:small intestine
1395:body of stomach
1339:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1246:
1236:, expressed in
1224:, expressed in
1205:
1199:
1174:resembling the
1077:
1071:
1028:of the stomach.
908:
902:
897:
885:
830:
786:
711:empty from the
689:
686:Cardia (Thrace)
682:
672:The stomach is
635:parasympathetic
612:greater omentum
588:small intestine
572:
548:small intestine
503:is a muscular,
493:
464:
463:
439:
431:
430:
399:Ascending colon
382:Large intestine
365:Small intestine
360:
350:
349:
320:
285:
79:
76:digestive tract
63:
46:
39:
28:
27:Digestive organ
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5315:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Circular folds
5253:
5248:
5246:Muscular layer
5243:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5191:Pectinate line
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Parietal cells
4869:
4867:Foveolar cells
4864:
4862:Pyloric glands
4859:
4854:
4852:Cardiac glands
4849:
4847:Gastric glands
4844:
4836:
4831:
4829:Gastric mucosa
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4733:Pyriform sinus
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:retrovisceral
4693:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4358:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4124:External links
4122:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4086:
4083:on 2010-11-30.
4063:
4060:on 2008-12-01.
4044:
4037:
4017:
4010:
3987:
3980:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3927:
3905:
3886:10.1038/gimo56
3864:
3825:
3794:
3782:
3741:
3712:(3): 166–173.
3692:
3634:
3585:
3544:
3493:
3466:(4): 448–460.
3460:Physiol. Behav
3450:
3423:(3): 467–474.
3417:Physiol. Behav
3404:
3352:
3325:(6): 1136–43.
3319:Eur J Neurosci
3309:
3276:Neurosci. Lett
3266:
3239:(2): 119–134.
3223:
3182:
3176:978-1133707387
3175:
3155:
3142:
3119:
3097:
3061:
3054:
3017:
3010:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2953:
2901:
2849:
2825:
2818:
2800:
2751:
2744:
2723:
2697:
2681:www.siumed.edu
2668:
2643:
2628:
2610:
2586:
2561:
2545:
2527:
2516:
2505:
2493:
2474:
2463:
2457:978-0071547703
2456:
2435:
2429:Gray's Anatomy
2409:
2402:
2384:
2371:
2356:
2320:
2305:
2283:
2271:
2268:on 2016-03-24.
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2134:proventriculus
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2040:
1989:
1986:
1936:
1933:
1925:Fundoplication
1887:
1884:
1880:stomach rumble
1873:stomach cancer
1844:barium swallow
1832:Main article:
1829:
1826:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1709:
1708:Effects of EGF
1704:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1686:Enteroglucagon
1683:
1681:Enteroglucagon
1677:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1569:
1566:
1562:nervous system
1546:parietal cells
1542:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1496:
1488:gastric lipase
1474:lingual lipase
1464:
1461:
1436:
1433:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1245:
1242:
1238:parietal cells
1222:gastric lipase
1198:
1195:
1183:pyloric glands
1168:tubular glands
1164:cardiac glands
1137:parietal cells
1114:gastric glands
1075:Gastric glands
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1002:
963:lamina propria
955:gastric mucosa
940:muscular layer
904:Main article:
901:
898:
896:
893:
884:
881:
829:
826:
798:splenic artery
785:
782:
762:
761:
742:
731:
720:
681:
678:
571:
568:
525:cephalic phase
495:
494:
492:
491:
484:
477:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
395:
394:
379:
378:
377:
372:
361:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
316:
315:
312:
311:
305:
304:
300:
299:
287:
286:
277:
271:
270:
265:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
175:Celiac ganglia
172:
166:
165:
144:
138:
137:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
18:Gastric fundus
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5110:Sigmoid colon
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Fundic glands
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:Microanatomy
4837:
4835:
4834:Gastric folds
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3981:9780198611868
3977:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3928:9780198611868
3924:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3761:(2): 283–97.
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:Gut and Liver
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:(6): 101373.
3650:
3646:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3564:(8): 771–81.
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:(2): 605–25.
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:(6): 930–41.
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
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3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3159:
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3145:
3143:9782742000371
3139:
3134:(PDF (eBook))
3132:
3131:
3123:
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3101:
3098:
3087:on 2015-07-15
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2737:
2730:
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2724:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2687:on 2021-01-11
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2576:on 2021-11-19
2575:
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2531:
2528:
2524:
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2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:0-07-134624-4
2486:
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2475:
2471:
2467:
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2442:
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2422:
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2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:9780470233474
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Resuscitation
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2238:
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2228:
2225:
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2220:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2169:
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2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:Other animals
1987:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1859:peptic ulcers
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:carbohydrates
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:limbic system
1742:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:parotid gland
1718:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
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1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Gastric juice
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:and into the
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:of 2 for the
1384:
1380:
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1364:
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1338:
1332:
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1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:celiac artery
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:About 20,000
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:that secrete
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:fundic glands
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:gastric juice
1107:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1063:gastric canal
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:smooth muscle
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
920:
912:
907:
899:
894:
892:
890:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
772:changes from
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
700:
693:
687:
679:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:blood vessels
645:(networks of
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:invertebrates
510:
506:
502:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
470:
468:
467:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
414:Sigmoid colon
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
314:
313:
310:
306:
302:
301:
297:
293:
292:
282:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
233:
230:
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224:
221:
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212:
209:
206:
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200:
195:
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183:
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176:
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171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5186:Anal sinuses
5176:Anal columns
4954:Paneth cells
4949:Goblet cells
4915:Microanatomy
4842:Gastric pits
4780:
4706:prevertebral
4333:Adam's apple
4102:
4081:the original
4076:
4066:
4058:the original
4047:
4027:
4020:
4001:
3969:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3916:
3908:
3894:cite journal
3877:
3867:
3845:(2): 23–24.
3842:
3838:
3828:
3818:February 24,
3816:. Retrieved
3811:
3807:
3797:
3785:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3681:cite journal
3648:
3644:
3637:
3623:cite journal
3601:(1): 17–23.
3598:
3594:
3588:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3420:
3416:
3372:
3368:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3282:(3): 190–3.
3279:
3275:
3269:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3165:
3158:
3147:. Retrieved
3129:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3100:
3089:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3077:
3064:
3045:
3027:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2967:
2918:(1): 46–57.
2915:
2911:
2910:profiling".
2904:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2735:
2714:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2680:
2671:
2660:. Retrieved
2658:. 2018-07-22
2655:
2646:
2619:
2613:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2564:
2536:
2530:
2519:
2508:
2496:
2477:
2466:
2447:
2428:
2393:
2387:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2337:(2): 113–8.
2334:
2330:
2323:
2294:
2286:
2279:The Stomach
2274:
2266:the original
2261:
2251:
2157:
2146:
2130:crocodilians
2123:
2112:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1896:gastric band
1889:
1877:
1866:
1856:
1837:
1786:
1753:palatability
1734:
1711:
1693:
1685:
1672:
1655:
1638:gall bladder
1633:
1621:somatostatin
1608:
1607:The hormone
1579:
1543:
1501:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1466:
1457:
1446:
1438:
1429:polypeptides
1415:
1340:
1337:Gastric acid
1306:celiac trunk
1286:
1247:
1214:gastrokine-1
1206:
1182:
1163:
1157:
1124:
1122:
1106:gastric pits
1103:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:and mixing).
1005:
994:
987:
952:
925:
895:Microanatomy
886:
858:
828:Blood supply
789:
787:
763:
738:
734:
723:
704:
703:The gastric
698:
671:
641:(stimulant)
632:
573:
541:
537:gastric acid
505:hollow organ
500:
498:
339:
244:A05.5.01.001
219:
207:
5181:Anal valves
5118:taenia coli
5114:Continuous
4939:Enterocytes
4788:Curvatures
4750:Sphincters
3790:cardiectomy
2160:echinoderms
2009:, and some
1984:) 'belly'.
1966:) 'mouth'.
1915:cardiectomy
1911:gastrectomy
1777:nutritional
1757:vagus nerve
1586:peristalsis
1554:vitamin B12
1520:Amino acids
1441:peristalsis
1391:peristaltic
1244:Development
1145:chief cells
1133:bicarbonate
1037:peristalsis
969:called the
790:stomach bed
674:distensible
639:sympathetic
610:called the
564:peristalsis
197:Identifiers
179:vagus nerve
5281:Categories
5236:Adventitia
5163:Anal canal
4927:Microvilli
4500:Fingernail
3814:(1): 17–24
3149:2015-04-26
3091:2015-04-25
2843:2017-09-25
2691:2021-01-09
2662:2024-02-09
2638:1042217248
2604:2021-01-09
2580:2021-12-19
2243:References
2007:lungfishes
1719:, and the
1642:pancreatic
1509:dehydrated
1498:Absorption
1421:pepsinogen
1335:See also:
1298:peritoneum
1218:pepsinogen
1149:pepsinogen
1056:peritoneum
820:, and the
816:, and the
770:epithelium
726:(from
620:sphincters
608:peritoneum
74:Scheme of
5251:Submucosa
5241:Subserosa
4743:Esophagus
4416:Genitalia
4031:. Wiley.
3673:209446096
3039:CC BY 4.0
2932:0944-1174
2880:0036-8075
2777:0021-8782
2555:172964542
2119:Ruminants
2099:Dark blue
2050:Esophagus
2031:reticulum
2003:chimaeras
1999:hagfishes
1993:However,
1948:stomachos
1939:The word
1935:Etymology
1863:gastritis
1848:endoscope
1810:endoscopy
1387:proteases
1363:proteases
1355:esophagus
1351:chewed up
1325:Digestion
1153:serotonin
1020:into the
975:submucosa
944:subserosa
936:submucosa
814:mesocolon
709:esophagus
659:posterior
657:gastric,
600:diaphragm
580:esophagus
570:Structure
544:esophagus
335:Esophagus
90:Precursor
43:Gastrique
5067:Appendix
4964:Duodenum
4545:Buttocks
4465:Shoulder
4300:Mandible
4233:Forehead
4152:Archived
3859:76506379
3777:11218379
3736:20431741
3665:31864909
3539:39456072
3480:15990126
3445:23422504
3399:47453450
3391:18367093
3347:23319470
3339:20377626
3304:21764940
3296:19146916
3261:25710052
3253:19835108
3218:15142631
3041:license.
2948:21302849
2940:24789573
2888:25613900
2559:; p. 150
2315:35270048
2221:See also
2164:molluscs
2104:Duodenum
2027:Tylopoda
1995:lampreys
1953:στόμαχος
1828:Diseases
1769:proteins
1656:secretin
1650:Secretin
1582:duodenum
1538:vitamins
1532:Caffeine
1407:duodenum
1379:bacteria
1369:such as
1357:via the
1320:Function
1254:yolk sac
1176:duodenal
1022:duodenum
812:and its
778:columnar
754:duodenum
680:Sections
667:inferior
663:superior
655:anterior
643:plexuses
604:pancreas
584:duodenum
582:and the
560:duodenum
546:and the
438:See also
392:Appendix
345:Duodenum
220:στόμαχος
5292:Abdomen
5287:Stomach
5153:Ampulla
5123:haustra
5002:Jejunum
4824:Pylorus
4792:greater
4781:Stomach
4677:Spaces
4673:Muscles
4665:Pharynx
4590:Toenail
4480:Forearm
4426:Scrotum
4372:Midriff
4362:Abdomen
4355:(Trunk)
4305:Occiput
4248:Eyebrow
4130:Stomach
3942:gasth/r
3727:2852706
3615:8428171
3580:4180858
3571:1578967
3531:5320499
3511:Bibcode
3488:7875868
3437:8700948
3112:30 July
2860:Science
2795:8621343
2786:1167580
2716:16 June
2351:9863573
2149:insects
2142:gizzard
2115:mammals
2011:teleost
1972:gastric
1968:Gastro-
1941:stomach
1886:Surgery
1761:glucose
1747:in the
1660:S-cells
1613:G cells
1609:gastrin
1603:Gastrin
1526:ethanol
1515:aspirin
1409:of the
1373:), and
1367:enzymes
1341:In the
1290:omentum
1282:hindgut
1274:foregut
1191:G cells
1187:gastrin
1010:pylorus
804:, left
800:, left
756:at the
746:pylorus
653:in the
594:of the
574:In the
550:. The
529:chewing
507:in the
501:stomach
370:Jejunum
340:Stomach
330:Pharynx
232:D013270
95:Foregut
84:Details
51:Stomach
32:Abdomen
5261:Mucosa
5232:Serosa
5140:Rectum
4819:Fundus
4809:Cardia
4797:lesser
4766:glands
4701:danger
4525:Little
4515:Middle
4495:Finger
4470:Axilla
4411:Pelvis
4404:Nipple
4399:Breast
4394:Thorax
4338:Throat
4315:Temple
4278:Tongue
4258:Eyelid
4109:
4035:
4008:
3978:
3954:gaster
3925:
3857:
3775:
3734:
3724:
3671:
3663:
3613:
3578:
3568:
3537:
3529:
3486:
3478:
3443:
3435:
3397:
3389:
3369:Neuron
3345:
3337:
3302:
3294:
3259:
3251:
3216:
3173:
3140:
3052:
3008:
2974:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2896:802377
2894:
2886:
2878:
2816:
2793:
2783:
2775:
2742:
2636:
2626:
2599:Kenhub
2553:
2543:
2487:
2454:
2400:
2349:
2313:
2303:
2153:midgut
2066:Purple
2045:Yellow
1981:γαστήρ
1976:gaster
1861:, and
1771:, and
1725:iodine
1481:pepsin
1371:pepsin
1280:, and
1278:midgut
1268:, and
1230:ATPase
1092:stain.
1069:Glands
1052:serosa
948:serosa
932:mucosa
802:kidney
739:corpus
724:fundus
705:cardia
651:nerves
419:Rectum
114:Artery
102:System
5077:Colon
5059:Cecum
5018:Ileum
4898:Lower
4759:lower
4754:upper
4656:Upper
4648:mouth
4575:Ankle
4555:Thigh
4510:Index
4505:Thumb
4485:Wrist
4475:Elbow
4448:Limbs
4431:Vulva
4421:Penis
4377:Navel
4367:Waist
4353:Torso
4310:Scalp
4283:Tooth
4268:Mouth
4238:Cheek
3855:S2CID
3669:S2CID
3535:S2CID
3484:S2CID
3441:S2CID
3395:S2CID
3343:S2CID
3300:S2CID
3257:S2CID
3085:(PDF)
3074:(PDF)
2944:S2CID
2892:S2CID
2503:2011.
2201:rugae
2197:folds
2126:birds
2055:Green
2035:rumen
1963:στόμα
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