741:
132:
201:
785:. High exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to bile acids can occur in several different settings, but most significantly is prevalent among individuals who have a high dietary fat intake. High bile acid exposure has been implicated in several cancers of both the upper and lower digestive tract. The deleterious effects on cells of elevated bile acid exposure include induction of
467:
140:
extends from northeastern China through central Asia to northern Iran. Ethiopia also has a notably high incidence. There are two main types of esophageal cancer—adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Worldwide, the incidence of each type is about the same, but in developed countries like North
America and Europe adenocarcinoma is the more common.
170:, also called gastric cancer, is the fourth-most-common type of cancer and the second-highest cause of cancer death globally. Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) is a high-risk area for gastric cancer, and North America, Australia, New Zealand and western and northern Africa are areas with low risk. The most common type of gastric cancer is
99:, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires
240:
Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and the seventh most-common in Europe. In 2008, globally there were 280,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer reported and 265,000 deaths. These cancers are classified as endocrine or nonendocrine tumors. The
151:
of 90% or above. By the time esophageal cancer is usually detected, though, it might have spread beyond the esophageal wall, and the survival rate drops significantly. In China, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced esophageal cancer is about 20%, and in the United States it is about 15%.
744:
Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps. Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones
139:
Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing. Some three to five males are affected for each female. An "esophageal cancer belt", in which the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is more than a hundred times that of adjacent areas,
765:
tumors. As shown by
Hofstad et al., when polyps are allowed to remain in the colon and are observed for three years, about 40% of polyps are seen to grow larger, likely progressing towards cancer. Luo et al. summarized the substantial body of evidence that field cancerization occurs in the colon,
637:
is a rare, slow-growing form of cancer that affects certain cells in the lining of the stomach and intestines. The cells it affects make hormones that regulate the production of digestive juices and muscles that move food through the stomach and intestines. This kind of cancer usually occurs in the
111:
Overall, the GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion (pancreas, liver, gall bladder) are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body. There is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastrointestinal cancers.
1253:
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan; Allen, Victoria B; Kalia, Amun; Davidson, Brian R; Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan (2011). "Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy for assessing the resectability in pancreatic and periampullary cancer". In
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan (ed.).
732:), non-tumor tissue adjacent to a gastric cancer, and gastric cancer tissue. Greater than five-fold reductions were found in four miRNAs in tumor-adjacent tissues and gastric cancers as compared to those miRNA levels in normal gastric tissues.
1620:
Scherübl H, Steinberg J, Schwertner C, Mir-Salim P, Stölzel U, de
Villiers EM (June 2008). "'Field cancerization' im oberen Aerodigestivtrakt" [Coincidental squamous cell cancers of the esophagus, head, and neck: risk and screening].
2027:
269:
of less than 5%. By the time the cancer is diagnosed, it is usually at an advanced, inoperable stage. Only one in about fifteen to twenty patients is curative surgery attempted. Pancreatic cancer tends to be aggressive, and it resists
1229:
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan; Kumar, Senthil; Davidson, Brian R; Fusai, Giuseppe; Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan (2012). "Resection versus other treatments for locally advanced pancreatic cancer". In
Gurusamy, Kurinchi Selvan (ed.).
650:" is a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer. Field defects occur in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers. These field defects may contain visible gross manifestations,
107:
of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere. These factors also determine the prognosis.
249:
or other conditions may also be involved in their development. Early pancreatic cancer does not tend to result in any symptoms, but when a tumor is advanced, a patient may experience severe pain in the upper
582:
becomes skin). Anal cancers located above this line (towards the head) are more likely to be carcinomas, whilst those located below (towards the feet) are more likely to be squamous cell carcinomas that may
740:
801:
in the short term and selection for apoptosis resistance over the long term. High levels of bile acids also alter the microbiome and act as signaling molecules, altering the microenvironment of the colon.
724:: these lesions represent the cancerization field in which (intestinal-type) gastric cancers develop. In one study, the field defect was clearly demonstrated in gastric carcinogenesis using
638:
appendix, small intestine, or rectum. Its presence is associated with an increased risk of cancers affecting the other parts of the digestive system. It is usually treated with surgery.
2074:
405:, and the presence of polyps within the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer may manifest with weight loss, jaundice, and pain in the upper right of. It is typically diagnosed with
1732:
Assumpção MB, Moreira FC, Hamoy IG, Magalhães L, Vidal A, Pereira A, Burbano R, Khayat A, Silva A, Santos S, Demachki S, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â, Assumpção P (2015).
2305:
1066:
Wagner, Anna
Dorothea; Syn, Nicholas LX; Moehler, Markus; Grothe, Wilfried; Yong, Wei Peng; Tai, Bee-Choo; Ho, Jingshan; Unverzagt, Susanne (2017-08-29).
2000:
2330:
495:
2067:
1697:
Rugge M, Capelle LG, Cappellesso R, Nitti D, Kuipers EJ (2013). "Precancerous lesions in the stomach: from biology to clinical patient management".
174:, which causes about 750,000 deaths each year. Important factors that may contribute to the development of gastric cancer include diet, smoking and
2555:
147:
is often detected late inasmuch as there are typically no early symptoms. Nevertheless, if the cancer is caught soon enough, patients can have a
2415:
1390:
1362:
1329:
1289:
1031:
O'Connor, A; McNamara, D; O'Moráin, CA (Sep 23, 2013). "Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer".
837:
486:, and risk factors include diets low in vegetable fibre and high in fat. If a younger person gets such a cancer, it is often associated with
393:
Cancers of the gallbladder are typically adenocarcinomas, and are common in elderly women. Gallbladder cancer is strongly associated with
2604:
2560:
2060:
1658:"Revisit of field cancerization in squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract: better risk assessment with epigenetic markers"
868:
Bjelakovic, G; Nikolova, D; Simonetti, RG; Gluud, C (Jul 16, 2008). "Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers".
625:, or with external beam radiotherapy and adjunctive chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate with the latter procedure is above 70%.
241:
most common is ductal adenocarcinoma. The most significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer are advanced age (over 60) and smoking.
206:
217:
2167:
426:
899:
2625:
2463:
1988:
790:
634:
592:
1656:
Lee YC, Wang HP, Wang CP, Ko JY, Lee JM, Chiu HM, Lin JT, Yamashita S, Oka D, Watanabe N, Matsuda Y, Ushijima T, Wu MS (2011).
221:
219:
2565:
2368:
2325:
2296:
499:
432:
213:
2276:
220:
207:
222:
204:
96:
2594:
2268:
2181:
2091:
1734:"High-Throughput miRNA Sequencing Reveals a Field Effect in Gastric Cancer and Suggests an Epigenetic Network Mechanism"
92:
227:
2534:
2310:
2286:
1414:
131:
2272:
669:, a red patch of tissue in the generally pink lower esophagus. A diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is confirmed by a
2550:
2291:
2145:
491:
205:
1577:
Priante AV, Castilho EC, Kowalski LP (April 2011). "Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer".
2458:
2387:
2083:
757:, is removed, the area adjacent to the cancer (and removed with it) may show additional neoplasia in the form of
410:
930:
Yang, S; Wu, S; Huang, Y; Shao, Y; Chen, XY; Xian, L; Zheng, J; Wen, Y; Chen, X; Li, H; Yang, C (Dec 12, 2012).
2410:
2264:
674:
287:
225:
1997:
704:
exposure). A field defect associated with progression towards squamous cell carcinoma can be identified with
2599:
2348:
2117:
786:
266:
148:
210:
208:
192:. Chemotherapy improves survival compared to best supportive care, however the optimal regimen is unclear.
2440:
2228:
2190:
2100:
1783:"Growth of colorectal polyps: redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years"
666:
73:
1538:"Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma"
223:
721:
398:
211:
2300:
1067:
224:
2445:
693:
519:
212:
761:(see image). This is visual evidence of a field defect. Some of these polyps may be premalignant
697:
647:
329:
180:
1536:
Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A (2012).
216:
209:
2505:
2487:
2427:
2256:
2252:
1602:
717:
651:
610:, or may be felt as a palpable mass, although it may occasionally present as an ulcerative form.
588:
443:
388:
364:
185:
175:
56:
214:
2572:
2524:
2515:
2238:
2140:
2109:
1964:
1915:
1861:
1812:
1763:
1714:
1679:
1638:
1594:
1559:
1518:
1467:
1396:
1386:
1358:
1335:
1325:
1295:
1285:
1208:
1154:
1100:
1048:
1010:
961:
881:
843:
833:
754:
511:
471:
461:
348:
235:
218:
189:
126:
41:
226:
2373:
2247:
2162:
2150:
1954:
1946:
1905:
1895:
1851:
1843:
1802:
1794:
1753:
1745:
1706:
1669:
1630:
1586:
1549:
1508:
1498:
1457:
1449:
1324:. Illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1259:
1235:
1198:
1190:
1144:
1136:
1090:
1082:
1040:
1000:
992:
951:
943:
873:
758:
515:
503:
376:
215:
46:
728:
high throughput data from normal gastric mucosa (from patients who had never had a gastric
178:, genetic aspects (including a number of heritable syndromes) and infections (for example,
2215:
2198:
2004:
1992:
1935:"Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system"
750:
607:
575:
526:
17:
956:
931:
2529:
2492:
2422:
2320:
2260:
2203:
2132:
2122:
1959:
1934:
1910:
1883:
1856:
1831:
1807:
1782:
1758:
1733:
1554:
1537:
1513:
1486:
1462:
1437:
1203:
1178:
1149:
1124:
1095:
1005:
980:
682:
662:
567:
483:
171:
161:
900:"Death and DALY estimates for 2004 by cause for WHO Member States (Persons, all ages)"
2619:
2473:
2155:
1985:
1606:
689:
545:
422:
328:). A person may feel an enlarging mass, or the cancer might be revealed by abnormal
135:
Age-standardised death rates from esophageal cancer, as reported by the WHO in 2004.
2435:
1781:
Hofstad B, Vatn MH, Andersen SN, Huitfeldt HS, Rognum T, Larsen S, Osnes M (1996).
1674:
1657:
1487:"Recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of Barrett's esophagus"
1194:
1140:
1086:
1044:
996:
947:
877:
622:
603:
549:
439:
368:
275:
271:
242:
76:
1381:
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2008).
1453:
1123:
Arcidiacono, PG; Calori, G; Carrara, S; McNicol, ED; Testoni, PA (Mar 16, 2011).
2500:
2453:
2396:
2340:
705:
561:
537:
522:
356:
305:
301:
64:
1177:
Moss, AC; Morris, E; Mac
Mathuna, P (Apr 19, 2006). MacMathuna, Padraic (ed.).
2586:
1950:
1710:
1634:
1590:
1263:
1239:
701:
670:
579:
571:
487:
406:
402:
352:
313:
2052:
1503:
1400:
1339:
1299:
847:
552:. Colorectal cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early.
2482:
2405:
2223:
2040:
2036:
1847:
1417:. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. 1980-01-01
832:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 603, 1028.
798:
778:
774:
466:
394:
360:
309:
262:
144:
100:
88:
1968:
1919:
1865:
1767:
1718:
1683:
1642:
1598:
1563:
1522:
1471:
1212:
1158:
1104:
1052:
1014:
965:
885:
1816:
2545:
1798:
794:
762:
729:
725:
716:
Gastric cancer develops within areas (field defects) of the stomach with
678:
372:
321:
317:
255:
246:
49:
2019:
1900:
1832:"Field cancerization in the colon: a role for aberrant DNA methylation?"
677:
mucosa with intestinal metaplasia. Barrett's esophagus is the dominant
1749:
618:
479:
344:
325:
251:
167:
1884:"Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer"
2031:
614:
541:
530:
507:
336:
104:
67:
1320:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
739:
584:
465:
347:, and a patient might be monitored through blood tests (including
130:
2542:
1438:"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers"
1436:
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (2008).
1179:"Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic carcinoma"
2056:
316:. Liver cancer may bring about yellowing of the skin and eyes (
199:
782:
599:
595:
502:. Colorectal cancer can be detected through the bleeding of a
340:
570:(dentate line), which is located about 1–2 cm from the
544:
can reveal the extent of the involvement of the bowel wall.
254:, possibly radiating to the back. Another symptom might be
1882:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K (July 2009).
1125:"Celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain in adults"
435:
represent from 1% to 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies.
355:. These cancers are typically treated according to their
688:
Esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas may occur as second
665:
of the esophagus tend to arise in a field defect called
981:"Endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer"
1224:
1222:
566:
An important anatomic landmark in anal cancer is the
27:
Organ system cancer located in gastrointestinal tract
2009:
2585:
2514:
2472:
2395:
2386:
2361:
2339:
2237:
2214:
2189:
2180:
2131:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2013:
55:
40:
35:
1026:
1024:
1284:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
1118:
1116:
1114:
673:change of the esophageal mucosa from squamous to
1877:
1875:
1385:(17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
1376:
1374:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
863:
861:
859:
857:
527:A constant feeling of having to go to the toilet
413:. The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is poor.
324:), or cause a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (
203:
1355:The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery
1322:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1275:
1273:
2068:
8:
1986:Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer Resource Centre
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
685:, and has prevalent epigenetic alterations.
548:is necessary for treatment, with or without
230:Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract
1183:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1172:
1170:
1168:
1129:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1033:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
985:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
979:Bennett, C; Wang, Y; Pan, T (Oct 7, 2009).
936:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
870:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
777:are synthesized in the liver to facilitate
2392:
2186:
2105:
2096:
2075:
2061:
2053:
2010:
1383:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
1353:Bruce G. Wolff; et al., eds. (2007).
1068:"Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer"
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
587:. Anal cancer is strongly associated with
32:
2331:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
1958:
1933:Bernstein H, Bernstein C (January 2023).
1909:
1899:
1855:
1806:
1757:
1673:
1553:
1512:
1502:
1461:
1202:
1148:
1094:
1004:
955:
828:Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al. (2009).
533:might also point to this kind of cancer.
496:hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
335:An attending practitioner might order a
2556:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
1280:Vinay Kumar; et al., eds. (2007).
1256:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1232:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1075:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
811:
766:often due to aberrant DNA methylation.
700:(i.e. a regional reaction to long-term
1485:Halland M, Katzka D, Iyer PG (2015).
292:People get liver cancer (also called
7:
258:, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
2605:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
745:that were precursors to the tumors.
2306:Polymerase proofreading-associated
1415:"Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor"
932:"Screening for oesophageal cancer"
478:Colorectal cancer is a disease of
25:
2168:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
1998:Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment
1699:Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
1357:. New York: Springer. p. 1.
593:sexually transmissible infections
546:Removal of a section of the colon
482:. It typically originates in the
427:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
2464:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
635:gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor
629:Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor
602:. Anal cancer may be a cause of
613:Anal cancer is investigated by
433:Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
2566:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
2369:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
2326:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1830:Luo Y, Yu M, Grady WM (2014).
1675:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0096
1195:10.1002/14651858.CD004200.pub4
1141:10.1002/14651858.CD007519.pub2
1087:10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4
1045:10.1002/14651858.CD009322.pub2
997:10.1002/14651858.CD004276.pub3
948:10.1002/14651858.CD007883.pub2
878:10.1002/14651858.CD004183.pub3
540:can find these cancers, and a
500:familial adenomatous polyposis
484:secretory cells lining the gut
1:
2374:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
363:is present. Options include
294:hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC
261:Pancreatic cancer has a poor
97:accessory organs of digestion
2595:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
2269:traditional serrated adenoma
1454:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027
830:Textbook of gastroenterology
308:infection or as a result of
2535:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
300:typically from a prolonged
2642:
2551:Serous microcystic adenoma
2146:Signet ring cell carcinoma
2084:Digestive system neoplasia
559:
459:
386:
351:, liver-function tests or
285:
233:
159:
124:
18:Gastrointestinal neoplasms
2459:Focal nodular hyperplasia
1951:10.1177/15353702221131858
1711:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.12.007
1635:10.1007/s00106-007-1616-7
1591:10.1007/s11912-010-0147-7
1264:10.1002/14651858.CD009323
1240:10.1002/14651858.CD010244
429:, usually in the stomach.
2561:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
2411:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2265:sessile serrated adenoma
1579:Current Oncology Reports
1504:10.3748/wjg.v21.i21.6479
288:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2626:Gastrointestinal cancer
2600:Peritoneal mesothelioma
2349:Squamous cell carcinoma
2118:Squamous cell carcinoma
1836:Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)
1738:Bioinform Biol Insights
1662:Cancer Prev Res (Phila)
1282:Robbins basic pathology
787:reactive oxygen species
470:Example of an invasive
267:five-year survival rate
149:five-year survival rate
85:Gastrointestinal cancer
36:Gastrointestinal cancer
2441:Hepatocellular adenoma
2229:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1939:Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
1491:World J. Gastroenterol
749:When a segment of the
746:
652:epigenetic alterations
617:and may be treated by
475:
231:
136:
93:gastrointestinal tract
74:Coffee ground vomiting
1888:World J Gastroenterol
1848:10.1093/gastro/got039
1542:Int J Clin Exp Pathol
743:
722:intestinal metaplasia
681:lesion of esophageal
646:A "field defect" or "
469:
451:Lower digestive tract
399:porcelain gallbladder
229:
134:
116:Upper digestive tract
2446:Cavernous hemangioma
2297:Familial adenomatous
2284:Polyposis syndromes:
1799:10.1136/gut.39.3.449
694:head and neck cancer
330:liver function tests
243:Chronic pancreatitis
1901:10.3748/wjg.15.3329
797:, and induction of
698:field cancerization
667:Barrett's esophagus
648:field cancerization
514:or the biopsy of a
425:is a cancer of the
359:and whether or not
181:Helicobacter pylori
176:alcohol consumption
2506:Gallbladder cancer
2488:Cholangiocarcinoma
2428:Liver angiosarcoma
2362:Upper and/or lower
2311:Serrated polyposis
2003:2023-01-20 at the
1991:2017-12-13 at the
1750:10.4137/BBI.S24066
747:
730:malignant neoplasm
718:atrophic gastritis
654:and/or mutations.
589:ulcerative colitis
476:
444:cholangiocarcinoma
389:Gallbladder cancer
383:Gallbladder cancer
365:surgical resection
232:
186:Epstein-Barr virus
137:
91:conditions of the
2613:
2612:
2581:
2580:
2573:Pancreatoblastoma
2525:exocrine pancreas
2382:
2381:
2357:
2356:
2176:
2175:
2141:Gastric carcinoma
2050:
2049:
1392:978-0-07-147692-8
1364:978-0-387-24846-2
1331:978-0-7020-3085-7
1291:978-1-4160-2973-1
839:978-1-4051-6911-0
755:colorectal cancer
512:bowel obstruction
472:colorectal cancer
462:Colorectal cancer
456:Colorectal cancer
349:alpha-fetoprotein
236:Pancreatic cancer
196:Pancreatic cancer
190:pernicious anemia
127:Esophageal cancer
121:Esophageal cancer
82:
81:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2633:
2393:
2292:MUTYH-associated
2277:Cronkhite–Canada
2248:Colorectal polyp
2187:
2163:Linitis plastica
2151:Gastric lymphoma
2106:
2097:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2011:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1008:
976:
970:
969:
959:
927:
912:
911:
909:
907:
896:
890:
889:
865:
852:
851:
825:
692:associated with
409:and staged with
377:liver transplant
202:
47:Gastroenterology
33:
21:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2577:
2510:
2468:
2378:
2353:
2335:
2233:
2210:
2199:Duodenal cancer
2191:Small intestine
2172:
2127:
2086:
2081:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2022:
2005:Wayback Machine
1993:Wayback Machine
1982:
1977:
1976:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1894:(27): 3329–40.
1881:
1880:
1873:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1668:(12): 1982–92.
1655:
1654:
1650:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1497:(21): 6479–90.
1484:
1483:
1479:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1189:(2): CD004200.
1176:
1175:
1166:
1135:(3): CD007519.
1122:
1121:
1112:
1081:(8): CD004064.
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1039:(9): CD009322.
1030:
1029:
1022:
991:(4): CD004276.
978:
977:
973:
929:
928:
915:
905:
903:
898:
897:
893:
872:(3): CD004183.
867:
866:
855:
840:
827:
826:
813:
808:
789:, induction of
772:
753:, containing a
751:large intestine
738:
736:Large intestine
714:
663:Adenocarcinomas
660:
644:
631:
564:
558:
490:syndromes like
464:
458:
453:
438:Cancers of the
419:
391:
385:
290:
284:
238:
228:
200:
198:
164:
158:
129:
123:
118:
95:(GI tract) and
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:Adenocarcinoma
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2493:Klatskin tumor
2490:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:Hepatoblastoma
2420:
2419:
2418:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Adenocarcinoma
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:Adenocarcinoma
2195:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2123:Adenocarcinoma
2120:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:Classification
2008:
2007:
1995:
1981:
1980:External links
1978:
1975:
1974:
1925:
1871:
1822:
1773:
1724:
1689:
1648:
1612:
1569:
1528:
1477:
1428:
1406:
1391:
1370:
1363:
1345:
1330:
1305:
1290:
1269:
1245:
1218:
1164:
1110:
1058:
1020:
971:
913:
891:
853:
838:
810:
809:
807:
804:
771:
768:
737:
734:
713:
710:
690:primary tumors
683:adenocarcinoma
659:
656:
643:
640:
630:
627:
568:pectinate line
560:Main article:
557:
554:
510:bowel pain, a
492:Peutz-Jegher's
460:Main article:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
436:
430:
418:
415:
401:appearance on
387:Main article:
384:
381:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
234:Main article:
197:
194:
172:adenocarcinoma
166:Cancer of the
162:Stomach cancer
160:Main article:
157:
156:Stomach cancer
154:
143:Cancer of the
125:Main article:
122:
119:
117:
114:
103:, followed by
80:
79:
59:
53:
52:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2474:Biliary tract
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:Fibrolamellar
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:Peutz–Jeghers
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:MALT lymphoma
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:(3): 449–56.
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:(2): 205–23.
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:(in German).
1624:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1548:(5): 382–96.
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(1–2): 1–10.
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
901:
895:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
812:
805:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
679:pre-malignant
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
642:Field defects
641:
639:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
463:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:MALT lymphoma
421:
420:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:from chronic
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
281:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
244:
237:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
163:
155:
153:
150:
146:
141:
133:
128:
120:
115:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2541:
2523:
2499:
2481:
2452:
2434:
2404:
2317:
2283:
2257:hyperplastic
2246:
2239:Colon/rectum
2026:
1945:(1): 79–89.
1942:
1938:
1928:
1891:
1887:
1842:(1): 16–20.
1839:
1835:
1825:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1629:(6): 603–8.
1626:
1622:
1615:
1585:(2): 132–7.
1582:
1578:
1572:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1382:
1354:
1348:
1321:
1281:
1255:
1248:
1231:
1186:
1182:
1132:
1128:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1036:
1032:
988:
984:
974:
942:: CD007883.
939:
935:
904:. Retrieved
894:
869:
829:
773:
748:
715:
702:carcinogenic
687:
661:
645:
632:
623:radiotherapy
612:
604:constipation
565:
550:chemotherapy
535:
477:
442:, including
440:biliary tree
392:
369:embolisation
334:
320:), itching (
297:
293:
291:
282:Liver cancer
276:chemotherapy
272:radiotherapy
260:
239:
179:
165:
142:
138:
110:
84:
83:
77:Hematochezia
70:
61:
2501:gallbladder
2454:hyperplasia
1442:Cancer Lett
793:leading to
781:of dietary
671:metaplastic
576:anal mucosa
574:(where the
562:Anal cancer
556:Anal cancer
538:colonoscope
523:colonoscopy
302:Hepatitis B
65:Hematemesis
2587:Peritoneum
1421:15 October
906:12 October
806:References
791:DNA damage
775:Bile acids
763:neoplastic
706:epigenetic
580:anal canal
572:anal verge
488:hereditary
407:ultrasound
403:ultrasound
395:gallstones
353:ultrasound
314:alcoholism
87:refers to
2546:neoplasms
2483:bile duct
2406:malignant
2388:Accessory
2318:Neoplasm:
2301:Gardner's
2224:Carcinoid
2110:Esophagus
1744:: 111–7.
1607:207335139
1401:237889182
1340:455157186
1300:804094752
848:404100761
799:apoptosis
779:digestion
708:markers.
696:, due to
658:Esophagus
536:Use of a
520:screening
361:cirrhosis
357:TNM stage
310:cirrhosis
298:hepatoma)
265:, with a
263:prognosis
145:esophagus
101:endoscopy
89:malignant
42:Specialty
2620:Category
2516:Pancreas
2287:Juvenile
2261:juvenile
2216:Appendix
2092:GI tract
2001:Archived
1989:Archived
1969:36408538
1920:19610133
1866:24760232
1768:26244015
1719:23809241
1684:21952583
1643:17928979
1599:21234721
1564:22808291
1523:26074687
1472:18164807
1213:16625598
1159:21412903
1105:28850174
1053:24062262
1015:19821324
966:23235651
957:11091427
886:18677777
795:mutation
770:Etiology
675:columnar
608:tenesmus
591:and the
585:ulcerate
373:ablation
322:pruritus
318:jaundice
256:jaundice
247:diabetes
57:Symptoms
50:oncology
2253:adenoma
2133:Stomach
1960:9989147
1911:2712893
1857:3920999
1817:8949653
1808:1383355
1759:4496000
1555:3396065
1514:4458759
1463:2744582
1204:6769023
1150:6464722
1096:6483552
1006:7199372
712:Stomach
619:surgery
578:of the
508:colicky
480:old age
345:CT scan
326:ascites
252:abdomen
168:stomach
2543:cystic
2436:benign
1967:
1957:
1918:
1908:
1864:
1854:
1815:
1805:
1766:
1756:
1717:
1682:
1641:
1605:
1597:
1562:
1552:
1521:
1511:
1470:
1460:
1399:
1389:
1361:
1338:
1328:
1298:
1288:
1211:
1201:
1157:
1147:
1103:
1093:
1051:
1013:
1003:
964:
954:
884:
846:
836:
759:polyps
615:biopsy
542:biopsy
531:anemia
337:biopsy
188:) and
105:biopsy
68:Melena
2397:Liver
2182:Lower
2101:Upper
1603:S2CID
1071:(PDF)
902:. WHO
726:miRNA
518:at a
516:polyp
504:polyp
498:, or
417:Other
375:or a
343:or a
339:, an
71:lower
62:upper
2341:Anus
1965:PMID
1916:PMID
1862:PMID
1813:PMID
1764:PMID
1715:PMID
1680:PMID
1639:PMID
1595:PMID
1560:PMID
1519:PMID
1468:PMID
1423:2013
1397:OCLC
1387:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1336:OCLC
1326:ISBN
1296:OCLC
1286:ISBN
1209:PMID
1187:2006
1155:PMID
1133:2019
1101:PMID
1079:2017
1049:PMID
1011:PMID
989:2009
962:PMID
908:2013
882:PMID
844:OCLC
834:ISBN
783:fats
720:and
621:and
598:and
397:, a
274:and
2041:C26
2037:C15
2028:ICD
1955:PMC
1947:doi
1943:248
1906:PMC
1896:doi
1852:PMC
1844:doi
1803:PMC
1795:doi
1787:Gut
1754:PMC
1746:doi
1707:doi
1670:doi
1631:doi
1623:HNO
1587:doi
1550:PMC
1509:PMC
1499:doi
1458:PMC
1450:doi
1446:260
1260:doi
1236:doi
1199:PMC
1191:doi
1145:PMC
1137:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1041:doi
1001:PMC
993:doi
952:PMC
944:doi
874:doi
606:or
600:HIV
596:HPV
529:or
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