738:
873:(swollen lymph nodes) is uncommon (<10%) and thus imaging usually shows absence of lymph node enlargement. If metastases are not present, other radiologic features suggesting malignancy include: size (>5 cm), heterogeneous enhancement after contrast administration, and ulcerations. Also, overtly malignant behavior (in distinction to malignant potential of lesser degree) is less commonly seen in gastric tumors, with a ratio of behaviorally benign to overtly malignant of 3-5:1. Even if radiographic malignant features are present, these findings may also represent other tumors and definitive diagnosis must be made
673:
730:
abnormal, an MRI or CT scan must follow since it is impossible to evaluate abdominal cavities and other abdominal organs with a barium swallow alone. In a CT scan, abnormalities may be seen in 87% of patients and it should be made with both oral and intravenous contrast. Among imaging studies, MRI has the best tissue contrast, which aids in the identification of masses within the GI tract (intramural masses). Intravenous contrast material is needed to evaluate lesion vascularity.
886:
158:) would be reclassified as GISTs on the basis of immunohistochemical staining. All GIST tumors are now considered to have malignant potential, and no GIST tumor can be definitively classified as "benign". Hence, all GISTs are eligible for cancer staging in the AJCC (7th edition) / UICC. Nonetheless, different GISTs have different risk assessments of their tendency to recur or to metastasize, dependent on their site of origin, size, and number of mitotic figures.
906:
specialized instruments, has been shown to be effective for removal of these tumors without needing large incisions. Resection of the tumor with a 1-cm margin is sufficient and more radical resections add morbidity without benefit. The clinical issues of exact surgical indications for tumor size are controversial. The decision of appropriate laparoscopic surgery is affected by tumor size, location, and growth pattern.
32:
689:
976:
assessment based on pathological factors such as tumor size, mitotic rate and location, can be used to predict the risk of recurrence in GIST patients. Tumors <2 cm with a mitotic rate of <5/50 HPF have been shown to have lower risk of recurrence than larger or more aggressive tumors. Following surgical resection of GISTs,
556:
541:
1015:
Adult GISTs are rare before age 40. Pediatric GISTs are considered to be biologically distinct. Unlike GISTs at other ages, pediatric GISTs are more common in girls and young women. They appear to lack oncogenic activating tyrosine kinase mutations in both KIT and PDGFRA. Pediatric GISTs are treated
614:
to identify the characteristics of GISTs (spindle cells in 70-80%, epitheloid aspect in 20-30%). Smaller tumors can usually be confined to the muscularis propria layer of the intestinal wall. Large ones grow, mainly outward, from the bowel wall until the point where they outstrip their blood supply
782:
studies, these GISTs most commonly present with smooth borders forming right or obtuse angles with the nearby bowel wall, as seen with any other intramural mass. The mucosal surface is usually intact except for areas of ulceration, which are generally present in 50% of GISTs. Ulcerations fill with
729:
are commonly used to evaluate the patient with abdominal complaints. Barium swallow images show abnormalities in 80% of GIST cases. However, some GISTs may be located entirely outside the lumen of the bowel and will not be appreciated with a barium swallow. Even in cases when the barium swallow is
665:. Features of GIST vary depending on tumor size and organ of origin. The diameter can range from a few millimeters to more than 30 cm. Larger tumors usually cause symptoms in contrast to those found incidentally which tend to be smaller and have better prognosis. Large tumors tend to exhibit
145:
of GIST, particularly c-KIT. Historically, literature reviews prior to the molecular definition of GIST, and for a short time thereafter, asserted that 70-80% of GISTs were benign. The identification of a molecular basis for GIST led to the exclusion of many tumors that had been considered as GIST
905:
may be considered in small tumors in carefully selected situations. Post-surgical adjuvant treatment may be recommended. Lymph node metastases are rare, and routine removal of lymph nodes is typically not necessary. Laparoscopic surgery, a minimally invasive abdominal surgery using telescopes and
531:
Lesser numbers of GISTs appear to be associated with neither c-KIT nor PDGFR-Îą abnormalities. About 10-15% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) carry wild-type sequences in all hot spots of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) (wt-GISTs). These tumors are currently
975:
A substantial proportion of GIST tumors have a high risk of recurrence as estimated by a number of validated risk stratification schemes, and can be considered for adjuvant therapy. The selection criteria underpinning the decision for possible use of imatinib in these settings, including a risk
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of the bowel. In that case, barium swallow may show an air, air-fluid levels or oral contrast media accumulation within these areas. Mucosal ulcerations may also be present. In contrast-enhanced CT images, large GISTs appear as heterogeneous masses due to areas of living tumor cells surrounding
963:
treatment setting, the majority of GIST tumors are cured by surgery, and do not need adjuvant therapy. An exception to this is where the anatomical position of the tumour means that surgery is technically difficult or complex. For example, rectal GIST often requires radical surgery to achieve
733:
Preferred imaging modalities in the evaluation of GISTs are CT and MRI, and, in selected situations, endoscopic ultrasound. CT advantages include its ability to demonstrate evidence of nearby organ invasion, ascites, and metastases. The ability of an MRI to produce images in multiple planes is
1016:
differently from adult GISTs. Although the generally accepted definition of pediatric GIST is a tumor that is diagnosed at the age of 18 years or younger, "pediatric-type" GISTs can be seen in adults, which affects risk assessment, the role of lymph node resection, and choice of therapy.
1004:
GISTs occur in 10-20 per one million people. The true incidence might be higher, as novel laboratory methods are much more sensitive in diagnosing GISTs. The estimated incidence of GIST in the United States is approximately 5000 cases annually. This makes GIST the most common form of
795:
As the tumor grows it may project outside the bowel (exophytic growth) and/or inside the bowel (intraluminal growth), but they most commonly grow exophytically such that the bulk of the tumor projects into the abdominal cavity. If the tumor outstrips its blood supply, it can
813:
studies, the degree of necrosis and bleeding affects the signal intensity pattern. Areas of bleeding within the tumor will vary its signal intensity depending on how long ago the bleeding occurred. The solid portions of the tumor are typically low signal intensity on
993:-1-associated wild-type GIST. A specific subtype of PDGFRA mutation, D842V, is also insensitive to imatinib. Recently, in PDGFRA-mutated GIST, avapritinib has been approved by FDA. Now there are real-world data coming for avapritinib as well
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in GIST, which is negative as there is only staining of cytoplasm but not of cell nuclei. Negative nuclear β-catenin staining is seen in approximately 95% of GIST cases, and helps in distinguishing such tumors from β-catenin positive
1434:"The triad of paragangliomas, gastric stromal tumours and pulmonary chondromas (Carney triad), and the dyad of paragangliomas and gastric stromal sarcomas (Carney-Stratakis syndrome): molecular genetics and clinical implications"
2054:
Lee, Chung-Ho; Hyun, Myung-Han; Kwon, Ye-Ji; Cho, Sung-Il; Park, Sung-Soo (2012). "Deciding
Laparoscopic Approaches for Wedge Resection in Gastric Submucosal Tumors: A Suggestive Flow Chart Using Three Major Determinants".
138:, and later CD117, were identified as markers that could distinguish the various types. Additionally, in the absence of specific therapy, the diagnostic categorization had only a limited influence on prognosis and therapy.
1334:
Parab, Trisha M.; DeRogatis, Michael J.; Boaz, Alexander M.; Grasso, Salvatore A.; Issack, Paul S.; Duarte, David A.; Urayeneza, Olivier; Vahdat, Saloomeh; Qiao, Jian-Hua; Hinika, Gudata S. (February 2019).
2781:
Serrano C, MartĂn-Broto J, Asencio-Pascual JM, LĂłpez-Guerrero JA, RubiĂł-Casadevall J, BaguĂŠ S, GarcĂa-Del-Muro X, FernĂĄndez-HernĂĄndez JĂ, Herrero L, LĂłpez-Pousa A, Poveda A, MartĂnez-MarĂn V (August 2023).
1180:
Burkill GJ, Badran M, Al-Muderis O, Meirion Thomas J, Judson IR, Fisher C, Moskovic EC (2003). "Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor: distribution, imaging features, and pattern of metastatic spread".
983:
Imatinib was approved for metastatic and unresectable GIST by the US FDA, February 1, 2002. The two-year survival of patients with advanced disease has risen to 75â80% following imatinib treatment.
3609:
2638:
Rege TA, Wagner AJ, Corless CL, Heinrich MC, Hornick JL (Apr 2011). ""Pediatric-type" gastrointestinal stromal tumors in adults: distinctive histology predicts genotype and clinical behavior".
2324:"Approval summary: imatinib mesylate for one or three years in the adjuvant treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA"
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2407:
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Carlson JW, Fletcher CD (2007). "Immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions: analysis of a series and review of the literature".
3046:
972:. In these situations, the use of neoadjuvant imatinib can significantly decrease both tumour size and mitotic activity, and permit less radical sphincter-preserving surgery.
996:
Regorafenib (Stivarga) was FDA-approved in 2013 for advanced GISTs that cannot be surgically removed and that no longer respond to imatinib (Gleevec) and sunitinib (Sutent).
989:
The effectiveness of imatinib and sunitinib depend on the genotype. c-KIT- and PDGFRA-mutation negative GIST tumors are usually resistant to treatment with imatinib, as is
493:
KIT-p.D419del (exon 8) â A subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors previously regarded as wild-type tumors carries somatic activating mutations in KIT exon 8 (p.D419del).
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treatment with imatinib reduces the risk of disease recurrence in higher risk groups. In selected higher risk adjuvant situations, imatinib is recommended for 3 years.
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Huss, S; KĂźnstlinger, H; Wardelmann, E; Kleine, M. A.; Binot, E; Merkelbach-Bruse, S; RĂźdiger, T; Mittler, J; Hartmann, W; BĂźttner, R; Schildhaus, H. U. (2013).
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mass altering the shape of the gastric air shadow. Intestinal GISTs may displace loops of bowel and larger tumors may obstruct the bowel and films will show an
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positively for KIT (CD117). Most (66%) occur in the stomach and gastric GISTs have a lower malignant potential than tumors found elsewhere in the GI tract.
737:
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are not very helpful in the evaluation of GISTs. If an abnormality is seen, it will be an indirect sign due to the tumor mass effect on adjacent organs. On
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Kelly L, Bryan K, Kim SY, Janeway KA, Killian JK, Schildhaus HU, Miettinen M, Helman L, Meltzer PS, van de Rijn M, Debiec-Rychter M, O'Sullivan M (2013).
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Shojaku H, Futatsuya R, Seto H, et al. (1997). "Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine: radiologic-pathologic correlation".
4114:
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4018:
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1245:"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors--definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis"
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3039:
1486:"A subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors previously regarded as wild-type tumors carries somatic activating mutations in KIT exon 8 (p.D419del)"
1921:
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Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006). "Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis".
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If the CD117 stain is negative and suspicion remains that the tumor is a GIST, the newer antibody DOG-1 (Discovered On GIST-1) can be used. Also,
2860:
1639:
Pidhorecky I, Cheney RT, Kraybill WG, Gibbs JF (2000). "Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management".
3387:
1290:
Raut, Chandrajit; Dematteo, Ronald (March 2008). "Evidence-Guided
Surgical Management of GIST: Beyond a Simple Case of Benign and Malignant".
4155:
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3998:
2686:"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): c-KIT mutations, CD117 expression, differential diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy with Imatinib"
2104:
1117:
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mutations and PDGFRA mutations other than D842V, and is useful in treating GISTs in several situations. Imatinib has been used in selected
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3867:
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3532:
3032:
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2476:"Avapritinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor: case series and review of the literature from a tertiary care center in India"
2230:
Joensuu, Heikki (2012-10-22). "Adjuvant therapy for high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumour: considerations for optimal management".
1012:
The majority of GISTs present at ages 50â70 years. Across most of the age spectrum, the incidence of GIST is similar in men and women.
3993:
447:, leading to a high cell division rate and possibly genomic instability. Additional mutations are likely "required" for a cell with a
1792:
Levine MS, Buck JL, Pantongrag-Brown L, et al. (1996). "Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus: radiographic findings in 10 patients".
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If resistance to imatinib is encountered, the multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (marketed as Sutent) can be considered.
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helpful in determining the bowel as the organ of origin (which is difficult when the tumor is very large), facilitating diagnosis.
2371:
Patel
Shreyaskumar R; Wong Patrick (2009). "The Efficacy of Imatinib in Unresectable/Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors".
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bleeding, necrosis or cysts, which is radiographically seen as a peripheral enhancement pattern with a low attenuation center. In
4399:
4191:
4179:
3435:
2581:"Post-Transcriptional Dysregulation by miRNAs Is Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor [GIST]"
2123:
Wilkinson MJ, Fitzgerald JE, Strauss DC, Hayes AJ, Thomas JM, Messiou C, Fisher C, Benson C, Tekkis PP, Judson I (August 2015).
692:
Non-enhanced CT image of a small GIST in the posterior stomach wall (arrow). The lesion appears subserosal. Incidental finding.
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medications, with responses in less than 5%. However, several medications have been identified for clinical benefit in GIST:
583:
in cell nuclei is a consistent finding in uterine leiomyomas, and helps in distinguishing such tumors from β-catenin positive
161:
Due to the change in definition, clinical pathways of care before the year 2000 are largely uninformative in the current era.
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519:
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NCCN Clinical
Practice Guidelines in Oncology Soft Tissue Sarcomas, version 3.2012. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
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defined by having no mutations in exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 of the KIT gene and exons 12, 14, and 18 of the PDGFRA gene.
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2011:
Nguyen SQ, Divino CM, Wang JL, Dikman SH (May 2006). "Laparoscopic management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors".
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92:
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245:(in 30% of cases). Less common areas of metastasis include the lungs, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes or bones.
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previously, and also the incorporation of a much larger number of tumors that had been labeled as other types of
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and necrose (die) on the inside, forming a cavity that may eventually come to communicate with the bowel lumen.
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696:
253:
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Nishida T, Hirota S (2000). "Biological and clinical review of stromal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract".
4089:
3924:
3571:
3320:
3089:
2730:"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a model for molecule-based diagnosis and treatment of solid tumors"
1891:"Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up"
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perspective), small GIST imaging usually suggest a submucosal process or a mass within the bowel wall. In
521:
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were unable to specifically distinguish among types now known to be dissimilar molecularly. Subsequently,
56:
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1535:"Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in uterine leiomyoma: role in tumor biology and targeting opportunities"
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When GIST is suspected—as opposed to other causes for similar tumors—the pathologist can use
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3618:
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SPAEN (Sarcoma
Patients EuroNet) - European Network of Sarcoma, GIST and Desmoid Patient Advocacy Groups
2172:
Joensuu, Heikki (2012-06-01). "Adjuvant treatment of GIST: patient selection and treatment strategies".
1386:
Agaimy A, Hartmann A (2010). "Hereditary and non-hereditary syndromic gastointestinal stromal tumours".
1108:
Demetri, G. (2011). "Gastrointestinal
Stromal Tumor". In DeVita, L; Lawrence, TS; Rosenberg, SA (eds.).
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The purpose of radiologic imaging is to locate the lesion, evaluate for signs of invasion and detect
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108:
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4028:
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885:
787:, small GISTs are seen as smooth, sharply defined intramural masses with homogeneous attenuation.
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and undifferentiated carcinomas. For example, some previous diagnoses of stomach and small bowel
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39:
Histopathologic image of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach. Hematoxylin-eosin stain.
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feasible, surgery is the primary treatment of choice. Surgery can be potentially curative, but
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familial or idiopathic multitumor syndromes. These include, in descending order of frequency,
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and protrudes intraluminally. Upper GI bleeding led to endoscopy, finding an ulcerated mass.
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2125:"Surgical treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour of the rectum in the era of imatinib"
2064:
2020:
1993:
1953:
1945:
1902:
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1827:
Tervahartiala P, Halavaara J (1998). "Radiology of GIST. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours".
1801:
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Radiotherapy has not historically been effective for GISTs and GISTs do not respond to most
902:
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428:
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370:
269:
95:, or similar cells. They are defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by mutations in the
61:
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3187:
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2529:
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874:
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842:
819:
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400:. The c-KIT product/CD117 is expressed on ICCs and a large number of other cells, mainly
234:
218:
185:
is rare, due to the tumor's outward pattern of growth. Often, there is a history of vague
2940:
2808:
2783:
2756:
2729:
2596:
1589:
Hersh MR, Choi J, Garrett C, Clark R (2005). "Imaging
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors".
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2500:
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1958:
1933:
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Ulusan S, Koc Z, Kayaselcuk F (2008). "Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: CT findings".
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1458:
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862:
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779:
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630:—see below). 95% of all GISTs are CD117-positive (other possible markers include
611:
479:
397:
238:
186:
151:
131:
2068:
1765:
Lehnert T (1998). "Gastrointestinal sarcoma (GIST)--a review of surgical management".
4393:
4262:
3952:
3714:
3587:
3445:
3127:
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1984:
Rice, Daniel; Rattner, David (2024). "Laparoscopic resection of gastric GIST tumor".
1743:
1449:
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960:
826:. Signal-intensity voids are present if there is gas within areas of necrotic tumor.
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291:
155:
88:
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or discomfort, and the tumor has become rather large by time the diagnosis is made.
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2720:
2430:"News: Genetic Variations in GI Tumors Determine Which Medications Are Efficacious"
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of the gene itself; a smaller subset of c-KIT-associated GISTs are associated with
325:
206:
141:
The understanding of GIST biology changed significantly with identification of the
2457:"FDA approves avapritinib for gastrointestinal stromal tumor with a rare mutation"
2408:"The Use of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)"
1668:
745:
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119:
GIST was introduced as a diagnostic term in 1983. Until the late 1990s, many non-
3472:
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956:
930:
922:
607:
401:
104:
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Verma S, Reddy R, Chandrashekhara SH, Shamim SA, Tripathy S, Rastogi S (2021).
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31:
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Pappo AS, Janeway KA (Feb 2009). "Pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors".
2384:
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2024:
1949:
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barium causing a bull's eye or target lesion appearance. In contrast-enhanced
715:
are present, plain radiographs will show collections of air within the tumor.
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behavior but small GISTs may also demonstrate clinically aggressive behavior.
662:
409:
210:
178:
120:
96:
77:
3024:
2251:
2193:
598:, percutaneously with CT or ultrasound guidance or at the time of surgery. A
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1907:
1890:
1353:
1110:
DeVita, Hellman, and
Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology
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771:
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is an unusual feature of GIST but if present can be visible on plain films.
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242:
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170:
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2076:
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1967:
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1202:
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688:
1840:
1813:
1778:
1698:
1260:
4304:
4138:
4010:
3517:
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2522:
Pazdur, Richard. FDA Approval for
Regorafenib. National Cancer Institute.
1112:(9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1032:
Yuan, Z; Chen, J; Zheng, Q; Huang, XY; Yang, Z; Tang, J (7 August 2009).
914:
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80:
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1997:
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Same GIST seen on forward view of the endoscope showing overlying clot.
548:
288:
226:
214:
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147:
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exon 17 are responsible for resistance to targeted therapy drugs like
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and several others. In the gut, however, a mass staining positive for
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internally, creating a central fluid-filled cavity with bleeding and
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309:
100:
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is important in the medical therapy for GISTs, as described below.
889:
4362:
4338:
3964:
3764:
3729:
2844:
969:
884:
838:
837:
is characterized by local invasion and metastases, usually to the
736:
687:
671:
627:
555:
554:
540:
539:
413:
357:
305:
230:
123:
2836:
256:
of the intestine. They serve a pacemaker function in controlling
4325:
4249:
4225:
3855:
3810:
3514:
2966:
854:
631:
459:
344:
336:
3591:
3028:
2831:
2849:
1934:"Updates on the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors"
431:, and an intracellular part. Mutations generally occur in the
225:. Small tumors are generally not aggressive, especially when
443:. Mutations make c-KITfunction independent of activation by
1533:
El Sabeh M, Saha SK, Afrin S, Islam MS, Borahay MA (2021).
435:
encoding the intracellular part (exon 11), which acts as a
1337:"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive review"
2281:
Reichardt P, Blay JY, Boukovinas I, et al. (2012).
355:
Approximately 85% GISTs are associated with an abnormal
320:
of hereditary GIST and paraganglioma, that is caused by
268:
Most GISTs are sporadic. Less than 5% occur as part of
804:
that can eventually ulcerate and communicate into the
653:
of KIT and PDGFRA can be used to prove the diagnosis.
229:
rate is slow. GIST tumors commonly metastasize to the
4319:
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia
2784:"GEIS Guidelines for gastrointestinal stromal tumors"
455:
mutation is probably the first step of this process.
2871:
2283:"Adjuvant therapy in primary GIST: state-of-the-art"
1034:"Heterotopic pancreas in the gastrointestinal tract"
510:), which is a related tyrosine kinase. Mutations in
4286:
4213:
4128:
4075:
4046:
3983:
3845:
3829:
3802:
3779:
3756:
3641:
3626:
3557:
3486:
3444:
3367:
3358:
3333:
3311:
3209:
3186:
3161:
3152:
3103:
3080:
3071:
3062:
2998:
2875:
55:
43:
24:
2322:Cohen MH, Johnson JR, Justice R, Pazdur R (2012).
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1009:, which constitutes more than 70 types of cancer.
506:instead have a mutation in another gene, PDGFR-Îą (
2090:
2088:
2086:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
502:Most GIST cells with wildtype (i.e. not mutated)
3958:Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
1427:
1425:
1103:
1101:
1099:
416:is likely to be a GIST, arising from ICC cells.
2095:Kantarjian, HM; Wolff, RA; Koller, CA. (2011).
1479:
1477:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
130:were called "gastrointestinal stromal tumors".
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
1680:
1678:
762:Since GISTs arise from the bowel layer called
642:). Other cells that show CD117 positivity are
3603:
3040:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
508:platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
8:
3703:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity
2728:Kitamura Y, Hirota S, Nishida T (Apr 2003).
2539:
2537:
2434:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
4119:Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
2057:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1979:
1977:
893:For localized, resectable adult GISTs, if
4204:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 1A
3842:
3687:Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity
3638:
3610:
3596:
3588:
3364:
3158:
3077:
3068:
3047:
3033:
3025:
2872:
2867:Cancer.Net: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
2097:The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology
861:have been seen. In distinction to gastric
30:
21:
4368:X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
4144:TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
3303:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
2807:
2755:
2745:
2614:
2604:
2499:
2347:
2298:
2140:
1957:
1906:
1558:
1509:
1457:
1362:
1352:
1059:
1049:
451:mutation to develop into a GIST, but the
2857:International GIST Advocacy Organization
849:. However, cases of metastases to bone,
610:physician. The pathologist examines the
590:The definitive diagnosis is made with a
381:pathway most commonly (85%) arises from
4156:Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency 2
3747:Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease
3528:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
2118:
2116:
1024:
4331:EDAR hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
4259:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4
3816:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 1
602:sample will be investigated under the
4023:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
3999:Persistent MĂźllerian duct syndrome II
3770:Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
822:and enhanced after administration of
680:. The lesion appears submucosal, is
466:gene are known to occur in GIST. The
316:. The Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a
252:(ICC), that are normally part of the
7:
4344:Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome
3793:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
1432:Stratakis CA, Carney JA (Jul 2009).
1341:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
4107:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 4
3577:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
4356:BMPR1A juvenile polyposis syndrome
4277:LDLR Familial hypercholesterolemia
3278:Polymerase proofreading-associated
2747:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01439.x
462:11, 9 and rarely 13 and 17 of the
14:
3667:Luteinizing hormone insensitivity
3140:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
2174:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
2069:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.07.009
1038:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3735:Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 1
3436:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
2244:10.2165/11635590-000000000-00000
1744:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02794.x
1450:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02110.x
703:, stomach GISTs may appear as a
248:GISTs are thought to arise from
233:(in 28% of cases) and/or to the
3675:Male-limited precocious puberty
2340:10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0109
948:inhibition, also inhibits both
818:, are high signal intensity on
70:Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
4062:Leber's congenital amaurosis 1
3974:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
3538:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
3341:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
3298:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1243:Miettinen M, Lasota J (2001).
964:complete resection, involving
936:Imatinib (Glivec/Gleevec), an
568:
490:, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
25:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1:
3346:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
2863:Patient Guide to GIST tumors.
2099:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
566:is often undertaken (see the
365:is a gene that encodes for a
107:kinase (rare). 95% of GISTs
3567:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
3241:traditional serrated adenoma
2684:de Silva CM, Reid R (2003).
2652:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31820e5f7d
2606:10.1371/journal.pone.0064102
1152:10.5858/2006-130-1466-GSTROM
942:chronic myelogenous leukemia
940:drug initially marketed for
207:most gastrointestinal tumors
3655:Congenital hypothyroidism 1
3507:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
2546:Hematol Oncol Clin North Am
1889:Casali PG, Blay JY (2010).
547:image of GIST in fundus of
369:for a growth factor termed
250:interstitial cells of Cajal
4416:
4314:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
4294:Immunoglobulin superfamily
3946:RabsonâMendenhall syndrome
3628:G protein-coupled receptor
3523:Serous microcystic adenoma
3118:Signet ring cell carcinoma
3056:Digestive system neoplasia
2850:GIST Support International
1603:10.1177/107327480501200206
1551:10.1007/s11010-021-04174-6
966:abdominoperineal resection
676:CT image of a GIST in the
93:interstitial cell of Cajal
4168:Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3
3431:Focal nodular hyperplasia
2838:Surgery Questions in GIST
2800:10.1177/17588359231192388
2558:10.1016/j.hoc.2008.11.005
2385:10.17925/ohr.2009.05.1.61
2186:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.74
2025:10.1007/s00464-005-0435-8
1950:10.1016/j.soc.2011.12.004
1806:10.2214/ajr.167.1.8659399
1653:10.1007/s10434-000-0705-6
1502:10.1038/modpathol.2013.47
1400:10.1007/s00292-010-1354-6
1304:10.1245/s10434-008-9817-1
1195:10.1148/radiol.2262011880
314:Carney-Stratakis syndrome
221:and less than 10% in the
213:. About 70% occur in the
175:gastrointestinal bleeding
38:
29:
4243:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
4085:Type I cytokine receptor
3723:Hirschsprung's disease 2
3533:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
3383:Hepatocellular carcinoma
3237:sessile serrated adenoma
2406:Okuno, S (14 Sep 2011).
766:(which is deeper to the
626:that stain the molecule
594:, which can be obtained
254:autonomic nervous system
4400:Gastrointestinal cancer
3925:Thanatophoric dysplasia
3719:Waardenburg syndrome 4a
3572:Peritoneal mesothelioma
3321:Squamous cell carcinoma
3090:Squamous cell carcinoma
2861:American Cancer Society
1354:10.21037/jgo.2018.08.20
865:or gastric/small bowel
551:, seen on retroflexion.
518:are mutually exclusive
333:succinate dehydrogenase
276:Recklinghausen (NF-1),
181:(mainly in the liver).
169:GISTs may present with
4379:cell surface receptors
4231:DonnaiâBarrow syndrome
3905:JacksonâWeiss syndrome
3893:AntleyâBixler syndrome
3877:KAL2 Kallmann syndrome
3831:Enzyme-linked receptor
3671:Leydig cell hypoplasia
3413:Hepatocellular adenoma
3201:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
2841:ESUN (August 15, 2006)
2492:10.2144/fsoa-2020-0178
890:
830:Features of malignancy
754:
693:
685:
560:
552:
367:transmembrane receptor
331:pathway involving the
183:Intestinal obstruction
128:gastrointestinal tract
85:gastrointestinal tract
76:) are the most common
57:Differential diagnosis
16:Human disease (cancer)
3691:XX gonadal dysgenesis
3619:Cell surface receptor
2794:: 17588359231192388.
2412:Contemporary Oncology
2300:10.1093/annonc/mds198
1908:10.1093/annonc/mdq208
1901:(suppl 5): v98âv102.
1261:10.1007/s004280000338
888:
740:
691:
675:
558:
543:
429:transmembrane segment
387:constitutive activity
329:tumor suppressor gene
87:. GISTs arise in the
4037:LoeysâDietz syndrome
3418:Cavernous hemangioma
3269:Familial adenomatous
3256:Polyposis syndromes:
1938:Surg Oncol Clin N Am
1868:10.1259/bjr/90134736
742:Immunohistochemistry
620:immunohistochemistry
577:immunohistochemistry
425:extracellular domain
197:GISTs are tumors of
154:(malignant tumor of
2597:2013PLoSO...864102K
1932:Bamboat ZM (2012).
1794:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1140:Arch Pathol Lab Med
1051:10.3748/wjg.15.3701
938:orally administered
723:Barium fluoroscopic
709:obstructive pattern
4007:TGF beta receptors
3478:Gallbladder cancer
3460:Cholangiocarcinoma
3400:Liver angiosarcoma
3334:Upper and/or lower
3283:Serrated polyposis
2999:External resources
2788:Ther Adv Med Oncol
2705:10.1007/BF03033708
2528:2014-07-05 at the
2287:Annals of Oncology
1895:Annals of Oncology
1218:Histol Histopathol
891:
820:T2-weighted images
816:T1-weighted images
764:muscularis propria
755:
694:
686:
561:
553:
439:to activate other
322:germline mutations
171:trouble swallowing
165:Signs and symptoms
4387:
4386:
4071:
4070:
3921:Hypochondroplasia
3897:Pfeiffer syndrome
3873:Pfeiffer syndrome
3825:
3824:
3585:
3584:
3553:
3552:
3545:Pancreatoblastoma
3497:exocrine pancreas
3354:
3353:
3329:
3328:
3148:
3147:
3113:Gastric carcinoma
3022:
3021:
2463:. 9 January 2020.
2293:(11): 2776â2781.
2106:978-0-07-170106-8
1998:10.24296/jomi/129
1829:Ann Chir Gynaecol
1767:Ann Chir Gynaecol
1119:978-1-4511-0545-2
991:neurofibromatosis
959:settings. In the
725:examinations and
697:Plain radiographs
488:imatinib mesylate
458:Mutations in the
423:comprises a long
394:enzymatic pathway
274:neurofibromatosis
199:connective tissue
132:Histopathologists
67:
66:
19:Medical condition
4407:
3941:Donohue syndrome
3901:Crouzon syndrome
3861:Robinow syndrome
3843:
3639:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3365:
3264:MUTYH-associated
3249:CronkhiteâCanada
3220:Colorectal polyp
3159:
3135:Linitis plastica
3123:Gastric lymphoma
3078:
3069:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
2873:
2821:
2811:
2777:
2759:
2749:
2724:
2693:Pathol Oncol Res
2690:
2672:
2671:
2640:Am J Surg Pathol
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2541:
2532:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2142:10.1002/bjs.9818
2120:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1862:(968): 618â623.
1851:
1845:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1539:Mol Cell Biochem
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1490:Modern Pathology
1481:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1298:(5): 1542â1543.
1292:Ann. Surg. Oncol
1287:
1281:
1280:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1029:
903:watchful waiting
875:immunochemically
527:Wild-type tumors
498:PDGFRA mutations
377:). The abnormal
371:stem cell factor
299:gain-of-function
62:Ectopic pancreas
34:
22:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4287:Other/ungrouped
4282:
4263:Osteopetrosis 1
4209:
4124:
4067:
4042:
3979:
3929:Muenke syndrome
3835:
3833:
3821:
3798:
3775:
3752:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3586:
3581:
3549:
3482:
3440:
3350:
3325:
3307:
3205:
3182:
3171:Duodenal cancer
3163:Small intestine
3144:
3099:
3058:
3053:
3023:
3018:
3017:
2994:
2993:
2884:
2855:Life Raft Group
2828:
2780:
2727:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2678:General sources
2675:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2530:Wayback Machine
2521:
2517:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2446:ASCO-SEP 3rd ed
2445:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:. Spring 2011.
2405:
2404:
2400:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2238:(15): 1953â63.
2229:
2228:
2217:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1224:(4): 1293â301.
1215:
1214:
1210:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1146:(10): 1466â78.
1137:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1077:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1002:
953:tyrosine kinase
899:physiologically
883:
871:lymphadenopathy
859:retroperitoneum
832:
793:
760:
701:abdominal x-ray
659:
538:
529:
500:
480:point mutations
468:tyrosine kinase
437:tyrosine kinase
353:
351:c-KIT mutations
335:(SDH) subunits
280:(gastric GIST,
266:
235:greater omentum
219:small intestine
195:
193:Pathophysiology
167:
152:leiomyosarcomas
143:molecular basis
117:
103:gene (10%), or
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4255:Worth syndrome
4246:
4234:
4217:
4215:
4214:Lipid receptor
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4095:Laron syndrome
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4026:
4003:
4002:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:KIT Piebaldism
3961:
3949:
3943:
3932:
3917:Achondroplasia
3908:
3889:Apert syndrome
3880:
3864:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3706:
3694:
3678:
3658:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3502:Adenocarcinoma
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3465:Klatskin tumor
3462:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Hepatoblastoma
3392:
3391:
3390:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Adenocarcinoma
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:Adenocarcinoma
3167:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3095:Adenocarcinoma
3092:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2969:
2958:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:Classification
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2832:GIST Cancer UK
2827:
2826:External links
2824:
2823:
2822:
2778:
2725:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2646:(4): 495â504.
2630:
2571:
2533:
2515:
2466:
2448:
2439:
2436:. 13 Nov 2008.
2421:
2398:
2363:
2334:(7): 992â997.
2314:
2273:
2215:
2164:
2135:(8): 965â971.
2112:
2105:
2082:
2063:(6): 831â840.
2046:
2003:
1973:
1924:
1881:
1846:
1819:
1784:
1773:(4): 297â305.
1757:
1732:Histopathology
1722:
1704:
1674:
1641:Ann Surg Oncol
1624:
1597:(2): 111â115.
1591:Cancer Control
1574:
1545:(9): 3513â36.
1525:
1496:(7): 1004â12.
1473:
1421:
1378:
1347:(1): 144â154.
1326:
1317:
1282:
1235:
1208:
1165:
1125:
1118:
1075:
1044:(29): 3701â3.
1023:
1021:
1018:
1001:
998:
968:and permanent
882:
879:
863:adenocarcinoma
831:
828:
792:
789:
780:barium swallow
759:
756:
678:gastric cardia
658:
655:
612:histopathology
596:endoscopically
537:
534:
528:
525:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
398:immunoblotting
352:
349:
278:Carney's triad
265:
262:
239:lesser omentum
209:, they are non
194:
191:
187:abdominal pain
166:
163:
116:
115:Classification
113:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4412:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:growth factor
3832:
3828:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:ABCD syndrome
3712:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3446:Biliary tract
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:Fibrolamellar
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:PeutzâJeghers
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:MALT lymphoma
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2740:(4): 315â20.
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:(5): e64102.
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:(4): FSO676.
2485:
2481:
2480:Future Sci OA
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:J Med Insight
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:(2): 301â16.
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:(4): 509â14.
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:(3): 189â92.
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:(9): 705â12.
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:(in German).
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Virchows Arch
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:(2): 527â32.
1188:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
999:
997:
994:
992:
987:
984:
981:
979:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
896:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
807:
803:
799:
790:
788:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
718:
717:Calcification
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
683:
682:hypervascular
679:
674:
670:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
579:staining for
578:
573:
571:
570:
565:
557:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
526:
524:
522:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
326:mitochondrial
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:paraganglioma
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:cell division
224:
220:
217:, 20% in the
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:smooth muscle
153:
149:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:gene (85%),
98:
94:
90:
89:smooth muscle
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4270:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4197:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4130:TNF receptor
4100:
4088:
4055:
3992:
3973:
3963:
3951:
3934:
3910:
3882:
3866:
3854:
3809:
3786:
3763:
3740:
3728:
3708:
3696:
3680:
3660:
3648:
3621:deficiencies
3513:
3495:
3471:
3453:
3424:
3406:
3376:
3340:
3289:
3255:
3229:hyperplastic
3218:
3211:Colon/rectum
3006:
2982:
2971:
2960:
2945:
2930:
2915:
2888:
2837:
2791:
2787:
2737:
2733:
2696:
2692:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2552:(1): 15â34.
2549:
2545:
2518:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2235:
2231:
2180:(6): 351â8.
2177:
2173:
2167:
2132:
2128:
2096:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2019:(5): 713â6.
2016:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1985:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1835:(4): 291â2.
1832:
1828:
1822:
1800:(1): 27â32.
1797:
1793:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1644:
1640:
1594:
1590:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1493:
1489:
1444:(1): 43â52.
1441:
1438:J Intern Med
1437:
1394:(6): 430â7.
1391:
1387:
1381:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1143:
1139:
1109:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1014:
1011:
1003:
1000:Epidemiology
995:
988:
985:
982:
974:
949:
935:
911:chemotherapy
908:
895:anatomically
892:
869:, malignant
833:
794:
761:
751:spindle cell
732:
721:
695:
660:
648:
617:
589:
585:spindle cell
574:
567:
562:
530:
515:
511:
503:
501:
483:
471:
470:function of
463:
457:
452:
448:
444:
418:
390:
378:
374:
362:
356:
354:
267:
247:
196:
168:
160:
140:
118:
73:
69:
68:
3631:(including
3473:gallbladder
3426:hyperplasia
2699:(1): 13â9.
2379:(1): 61â4.
2373:US Oncology
2013:Surg Endosc
1856:Br J Radiol
1324:AJCC manual
1255:(1): 1â12.
957:neoadjuvant
931:avapritinib
923:regorafenib
802:cavitations
791:Large GISTs
758:Small GISTs
713:cavitations
608:pathologist
564:CT scanning
410:melanocytes
402:bone marrow
396:, found by
78:mesenchymal
3834:(including
3559:Peritoneum
2984:DiseasesDB
2734:Cancer Sci
2328:Oncologist
1687:Radiat Med
927:ripretinib
881:Management
847:peritoneum
835:Malignancy
824:gadolinium
705:radiopaque
663:metastasis
651:sequencing
644:mast cells
624:antibodies
622:(specific
604:microscope
572:section).
545:Endoscopic
478:KIT-D816V
419:The c-KIT
406:mast cells
312:, and the
287:and extra-
270:hereditary
211:epithelial
179:metastases
121:epithelial
91:pacemaker
4187:TNFRSF13B
4175:TNFRSF13C
4151:TNFRSF13B
3518:neoplasms
3455:bile duct
3378:malignant
3360:Accessory
3290:Neoplasm:
3273:Gardner's
3196:Carcinoid
3082:Esophagus
2252:0012-6667
2194:1759-4782
2129:Br J Surg
1388:Pathologe
1183:Radiology
1020:Citations
944:based on
919:sunitinib
772:submucosa
746:β-catenin
667:malignant
634:, DOG-1,
581:β-catenin
575:Negative
569:radiology
536:Diagnosis
361:pathway.
302:mutations
285:chondroma
282:pulmonary
243:mesentery
223:esophagus
205:; unlike
81:neoplasms
45:Specialty
4394:Category
4375:See also
4305:Integrin
4139:TNFRSF1A
4077:JAK-STAT
4011:Endoglin
3488:Pancreas
3259:Juvenile
3233:juvenile
3188:Appendix
3064:GI tract
3008:Orphanet
2818:37655207
2809:10467260
2774:31070671
2766:12824897
2757:11160165
2713:12704441
2668:40111082
2660:21358303
2625:23717541
2585:PLOS ONE
2566:19248968
2526:Archived
2510:33815822
2393:78453531
2358:22643537
2309:22831984
2268:43794982
2260:22994537
2210:12733166
2202:22525709
2151:25970743
2077:22951033
2041:12838290
2033:16502196
1968:22365521
1917:20555113
1876:18628330
1752:17711447
1661:11034250
1619:26071847
1611:15855894
1569:33999334
1520:23599150
1468:19522824
1408:20848108
1373:30788170
1312:12586147
1269:11213830
1230:11005253
1203:12563150
1160:17090188
1070:19653355
978:adjuvant
961:adjuvant
915:imatinib
867:lymphoma
640:vimentin
587:tumors.
421:molecule
383:mutation
296:germline
264:Genetics
258:motility
203:sarcomas
148:sarcomas
50:Oncology
4298:AGM3, 6
4199:TNFRSF6
4163:TNFRSF5
3803:Class F
3780:Class C
3757:Class B
3642:Class A
3633:hormone
3225:adenoma
3105:Stomach
2978:D046152
2956:M8936/3
2952:M8936/0
2721:3814815
2616:3663836
2593:Bibcode
2501:8015663
2349:3399657
2159:2810885
1992:(129).
1959:3386646
1841:9891768
1814:8659399
1779:9891770
1699:9278378
1560:9235413
1511:3701292
1459:3129547
1416:9295361
1364:6351301
1277:7598241
1061:2721251
1007:sarcoma
946:bcr-abl
843:omentum
798:necrose
776:luminal
774:from a
753:tumors.
657:Imaging
549:stomach
441:enzymes
404:cells,
389:of the
324:in the
289:adrenal
215:stomach
201:, i.e.
126:of the
83:of the
4351:BMPR1A
4102:CSF2RA
4057:GUCY2D
4033:TGFBR2
4029:TGFBR1
3742:PTGER2
3515:cystic
3408:benign
2967:606764
2911:2F7A.0
2903:2B5F.2
2816:
2806:
2772:
2764:
2754:
2719:
2711:
2666:
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2623:
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1966:
1956:
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1669:663887
1667:
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1371:
1361:
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1267:
1228:
1201:
1158:
1116:
1068:
1058:
851:pleura
768:mucosa
638:, and
636:desmin
600:biopsy
592:biopsy
516:PDGFrA
310:PDGFRA
124:tumors
101:PDGFRA
4363:IL2RG
4339:PTCH1
4192:CVID2
4180:CVID4
4019:SMAD4
4015:Alk-1
3994:AMHR2
3953:NTRK1
3912:FGFR3
3884:FGFR2
3868:FGFR1
3765:PTH1R
3730:AVPR2
3710:EDNRB
3698:GnRHR
3662:LHCGR
3369:Liver
3154:Lower
3073:Upper
3013:44890
2989:33849
2947:ICD-O
2941:C49.A
2936:10-CM
2770:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2689:(PDF)
2664:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2264:S2CID
2232:Drugs
2206:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2037:S2CID
1665:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1412:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1273:S2CID
970:stoma
950:c-KIT
855:lungs
839:liver
806:lumen
711:. If
628:CD117
606:by a
512:c-KIT
504:c-KIT
484:c-KIT
472:c-KIT
464:c-KIT
460:exons
453:c-KIT
449:c-KIT
414:CD117
379:c-KIT
363:c-KIT
358:c-KIT
306:c-KIT
241:, or
231:liver
177:, or
109:stain
74:GISTs
4326:EDAR
4309:LAD1
4272:LDLR
4250:LRP5
4238:LRP4
4226:LRP2
3985:STPK
3936:INSR
3856:ROR2
3811:FZD4
3788:CASR
3682:FSHR
3650:TSHR
3313:Anus
2973:MeSH
2962:OMIM
2907:2E87
2899:2B5B
2814:PMID
2762:PMID
2709:PMID
2656:PMID
2621:PMID
2562:PMID
2506:PMID
2354:PMID
2305:PMID
2256:PMID
2248:ISSN
2198:PMID
2190:ISSN
2147:PMID
2101:ISBN
2073:PMID
2029:PMID
1990:2024
1964:PMID
1913:PMID
1872:PMID
1837:PMID
1810:PMID
1775:PMID
1748:PMID
1695:PMID
1657:PMID
1607:PMID
1565:PMID
1516:PMID
1464:PMID
1404:PMID
1369:PMID
1265:PMID
1226:PMID
1199:PMID
1156:PMID
1114:ISBN
1066:PMID
929:and
897:and
857:and
845:and
770:and
744:for
632:CD34
514:and
427:, a
345:SDHB
343:and
341:SDHC
337:SDHD
318:dyad
136:CD34
105:BRAF
4221:LRP
4115:MPL
3965:KIT
3847:RTK
2932:ICD
2926:D37
2917:ICD
2890:ICD
2804:PMC
2796:doi
2752:PMC
2742:doi
2701:doi
2648:doi
2611:PMC
2601:doi
2554:doi
2496:PMC
2488:doi
2461:FDA
2381:doi
2344:PMC
2336:doi
2295:doi
2240:doi
2182:doi
2137:doi
2133:102
2065:doi
2061:215
2021:doi
1994:doi
1954:PMC
1946:doi
1903:doi
1864:doi
1802:doi
1798:167
1740:doi
1649:doi
1599:doi
1555:PMC
1547:doi
1543:476
1506:PMC
1498:doi
1454:PMC
1446:doi
1442:266
1396:doi
1359:PMC
1349:doi
1300:doi
1257:doi
1253:438
1191:doi
1187:226
1148:doi
1144:130
1056:PMC
1046:doi
811:MRI
482:in
445:scf
433:DNA
391:KIT
375:scf
304:in
294:),
97:KIT
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