Gaucho - Knowledge

867: 611: 1423:(MTG) has an active participation of two million people, and claims to be the largest popular culture movement in the Western world. Essentially urban, rooted in nostalgia for rural life, the MTG fosters gaúcho culture. There are 2,000 Centres for Gaúcho Traditions, not only in the state, but elsewhere, even Los Angeles and Osaka, Japan. Gaúcho products include television and radio programs, articles, books, dance halls, performers, records, theme restaurants, and clothing. The movement was founded by intellectuals, apparently sons of downwardly mobile small landowners who had moved to the cities to study. Since gaúcho culture was seen as male, only later were women invited to participate. Though the real gaúchos of history lived in the Campanha (plains region), some of the first to join were of German or Italian ethnicity from outside that area, a social class who had idealised the gaúcho rancher as a type superior to themselves. 781: 2209: 2398: 1257: 891: 816: 1065: 715: 1508:, recorded that the gauchos of his childhood used to say that a man without a horse was a man without legs. He described meeting a blind gaucho who was obliged to beg for his food yet behaved with dignity and went about on horseback. Richard W. Slatta, the author of a scholarly work about gauchos, notes that the gaucho used horses to collect, mark, drive or tame cattle, to draw fishing nets, to hunt ostriches, to snare partridges, to draw well water, and even—with the help of his friends—to ride to his own burial. 848:

fellow. On the other hand, many robberies are committed, and there is much bloodshed: the habit of constantly wearing the knife is the chief cause of the latter. It is lamentable to hear how many lives are lost in trifling quarrels. In fighting, each party tries to mark the face of his adversary by slashing his nose or eyes; as is often attested by deep and horrid-looking scars. Robberies are a natural consequence of universal gambling, much drinking, and extreme indolence. At

2257: 1136: 1277:. Far from being a barbarian, the gaucho was the hero who did what the Spanish Empire could not — civilise the pampa by subjugating the Indian. To be a gaucho demanded "composure, courage, ingenuity, meditation, sobriety, vigour; all this made him a free man". But in that case, asked Lugones, why did the gaucho disappear? Because, together with his virtues, he had inherited two defects from his Indian and Spanish ancestors: laziness and pessimism. 2366: 1602: 1455: 569:, another class of people, most appropriately called gauchos or gauderios. Commonly all are criminals escaped from the jails of Spain and Brazil, or they belong to the number of those who, because of their atrocities, have had to flee to the wilderness... When the gaucho has some necessity or caprice to satisfy, he steals a few horses or cows, takes them to Brazil where he sells them and where he gets whatever it is he needs. 879: 2333: 1731: 524: 2228: 1385: 2349: 1333: 2317: 1714: 2301: 1432: 768:"Gaucho" was an insult; yet it was possible to use the word to refer, without animosity, to country people in general. Furthermore the gaucho's skills, though useful in banditry or smuggling, were just as useful for serving in the frontier police. The Spanish administration recruited its antismuggling Cuerpo de Blandengues from among the outlaws themselves. The Uruguayan patriot 2287: 2194: 2378: 2273: 1031: 2182: 38: 2414: 1634:. Two horsemen galloping at full speed charged each other head on. The shock of the collision tumbled the men and perhaps the horses. The object was to recover and charge again and again until prevented by exhaustion or injury. "Pechando provided an opportunity for a gaucho to exhibit his courage and indifference to death or injury." 2518:(vegetable). "All the Auracanian dialects, including the Quíchua, Tehuelchë, Aimarâ, are rich in the double dental consonant ch, and there is, therefore, no reason to presume that the Indian would mispronounce a word so adaptable to his own tongue, and return it in a mutilated form to the Spanish-speaking races": Gibson 1892. 1328:

gaucho's disinterestedness, stoicism and spiritual bohemianism, characteristics that had previously been conceptualized as his proverbial laziness and lack of industry. For instance, playing on the guitar, which had previously been regarded as a symptom of idleness, was now seen as an expression of the gaucho's soul.

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could throw his hat on the ground and scoop it up while galloping his horse, without touching the saddle with his hand. For the gaucho, the horse was absolutely essential to his survival for, said Hudson: "he must every day traverse vast distances, see quickly, judge rapidly, be ready at all times to

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The Gauchos, or countrymen, are very superior to those who reside in the towns. The Gaucho is invariably most obliging, polite, and hospitable: I did not meet with even one instance of rudeness or inhospitality. He is modest, both respecting himself and country, but at the same time a spirited, bold

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Brazilian inheritance laws compelled landowners to leave their lands in equal shares to their sons and daughters, and since they were numerous, and those laws were hard to evade, great landholdings fractured in a few generations. There were not the huge cattle estates of Buenos Aires province where,

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Already in 1845 a local dialect dictionary, by a knowledgeable compiler, gave "gaucho" as meaning any kind of rural worker, including one who cultivated the soil. To refer to the wandering sort, one had to specify further. Documentary research has shown the great majority of rural workers in Buenos

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The gauchos were men that knew the country, well mounted and armed... They approached the troop with such confidence, relaxation, and coolness that they caused great admiration among the European military men, who were seeing for the first time these extraordinary horsemen whose excellent qualities

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with its plethora of cattle, horses, ostriches, and other wild game, meant that a skilled horseman and hunter could live without permanent employment by selling hides, feathers, pelts, and eating free beef. This pampean largess shaped the gaucho's independent, migratory existence and his aversion to

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of Argentina) used the gaucho as a symbol against corruption and of Argentine national tradition, pitted against Europeanising tendencies. Martín Fierro, the hero of the poem, is drafted into the Argentine military for a border war, deserts, and becomes an outlaw and fugitive. The image of the free

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The invention of national types, as is well known, involves a fair amount of idealization and fantasy, but the Argentine case presents an idiosyncratic feature: the mythical gaucho seems to have been drawn as an inverted image of the immigrant. Thus, the immigrant's rapacity was contrasted with the

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They never conceive any attachment either for the soil or for a master: however well he may pay, and however kindly he may treat them, they leave him at any moment when they take it into their heads, most frequently without even bidding him adieu, or at most saying, "I am going, because I have been

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The gaucho, from the poorest worker on horseback to the largest owner of lands and cattle, has, or had in those days, a fancy for having all his riding-horses of one colour. Every man as a rule had his tropilla — his own half a dozen or a dozen or more saddle-horses, and he would have them all as

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North of the Río Negro mobile gauchos survived rather longer. A Scottish anthropologist in the central region (1882) saw many of them as unsettled. European immigration to the countryside was smaller. The central government failed to consolidate its power over the countryside, and gaucho-manned

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Thus, the social pyramid of the borderland was divided into rough thirds: at the top, Portuguese landowners and their families; then the agregados, whose racial origins varied; and, at the bottom, the enslaved Africans whose large numbers distinguish the Brazilian borderland from similar ranching

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to go into town, the second goes there flaunting his trappings. The first is a cultivator, oxcart driver, cattle drover, herdsman, a peon. The second hires himself out for cattle branding. The first has been a soldier several times. The second was once part of a squadron and as soon as he saw his

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Writing in the early 1920s, observed that the old gaucho equestrian practices had disappeared. No riders now performed the daring and dangerous maroma or pialar. found that the ranch peon on the modern estancia could not "sit a really bad horse". He had lost the finely honed riding skills that

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is achieved. If he has a claim, he drops it because he thinks it is frankly a waste of time. In a word, the first is a useful man for industry and work — the second is a dangerous inhabitant anywhere. If he resorts to the courts, it is because he has the instinct to believe that they will do him

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the myth of the gaúcho was carefully constructed, and he was portrayed not as a poor herder, living a dangerous and dirty life, but as something much more appealing: he was praised as free, yet honest and loyal to his patron, a skilled man, even a hero in the official accounts of regional wars.

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The iconic gaucho gained traction in popular culture because he appealed to diverse social groups: displaced rural workers; European immigrants anxious to assimilate; traditional ruling classes wanting to affirm their own legitimacy. At a time when the elite was extolling Argentina as a "white"

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Many explanations have been proposed, but no-one really knows how the word "gaucho" originated. Already in 1933 an author counted 36 different theories; more recently, over fifty. They can proliferate because "there is no documentation of any sort that will fix its origin to any time, place or

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who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and was a migratory horseman, and adept in cattle work". In Argentina and Uruguay today, gaucho can refer to any "country person, experienced in traditional livestock farming". Because historical

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Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural

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guerrilla group used the figure of the gaucho as a symbol of a rebel tradition since the early days of the country’s independence. This is just one example of the use and abuse for political purposes of the mythical contradictory figure of the gaucho, an integral part of the Argentine national

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Land-hungry Rio Grande cattlemen bought up estates cheaply in neighbouring Uruguay until they owned about 30% of that country, which they ranched with their slaves and cattle. The border area was fluid, bilingual and lawless. Though slavery was abolished in Uruguay in 1846, and there were laws

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armies continued to defy it until 1904. The turbulent gaucho leaders e.g. the Saravias had connections with the cattlemen over the Brazilian border, where there was much less European immigration; Wire fences did not become common in the borderland until the close of the 19th century.

1319:, he destroys and founds vast realms, but these are fleeting. It is from the cultivator we get the word "culture"; from cities, "civilisation"; but this horseman is a passing storm... In this regard Capelle observes that the Greeks, the Romans, the Germans were tillers of the soil. 1048:

Unlike Argentina, cattlemen in Rio Grande do Sul did not have vagrancy laws to tie gaúchos to their ranches. However, slavery was legal in Brazil; in Rio Grande do Sul it existed until 1884; and perhaps a majority of permanent ranch workers were enslaved. Thus many horse-riding

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to forced enlistment, irregular pay and harsh discipline. However, some resisted. "In words and deeds, soldiers contested the state's disciplinary model", frequently deserting. Deserters often fled to the Indian frontier, or even took refuge with the Indians themselves.

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gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly, the word is also applied metaphorically to mean "noble, brave and generous", but also "one who is skillful in subtle tricks, crafty". In Portuguese the word gaúcho means "an inhabitant of the plains of Rio Grande do Sul or the

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against human trafficking, weak governments poorly enforced those laws. Often Brazilian ranchers simply ignored them, even crossing and re-crossing the border with their slaves and cattle. An 1851 extradition treaty required Uruguay to return fugitive Brazilian slaves.

5278: 79:. Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legend, folklore, and literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in the 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers. 902:

As cattle estates grew bigger the freely wandering gaucho became a nuisance to landed proprietors, except when his casual labour was wanted e.g. at branding. Furthermore his services were needed in the armies that were fighting on the Indian frontiers, or in the

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The Portuguese Crown, in order to conquer southern Brazil — it was disputed with the Spanish Empire — distributed vast tracts of land to a few hundred families. Labour in this region was scarce, so great landowners acquired it by allowing a social class, called

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Once political stability was achieved the results were dramatic. From around 1875 a flood of immigrants altered the country's ethnic composition. In 1914, 40% of Argentina's residents were foreign-born. Today, Italian surnames are more common than Spanish.

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with you long enough". * * * They are extremely hospitable; they furnish any traveller that applies to them with lodging and food, and scarcely ever think of inquiring who he is, or whither he is going, even though he may remain with them for several months.

1656:, a particularly dangerous sport. One man galloped through a group of gauchos who lassoed his horse's legs. This threw the horse, but the man had to land on his feet holding the reins. This skill was useful for survival because the pampa was riddled with 1160:, after whom a Buenos Aires street is named, and who had lived as a gaucho in the 1870s, returned in 1914 to "his first love, Argentina" and found it had greatly changed. "Progress, which he constantly lambasted, had rendered the gaucho virtually extinct". 1090:

of 1893 gaúcho-manned armies led by elite families fought each other with exceptional barbarity. Powerful Brazilian-Uruguayan families, like the Saraivas, led mounted insurrections in both countries, even in the 20th century. In the satirical cartoon (1904)

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Rona, himself born on a language frontier in pre-Holocaust Europe, was a pioneer of the concept of linguistic borders, and studied the dialects of northern Uruguay where Portuguese and Spanish intermingle. Rona thought that, of the two forms —

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and of Brazil". Summarised one scholar: "Fundamentally was a colonial bootlegger whose business was contraband trade in cattle hides. His work was highly illegal; his character lamentably reprehensible; his social standing exceedingly low.

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says it is time for "another little revolution": they have been at peace long enough and are starting to look ridiculous. This time, however, his mobile, lance-wielding horsemen were put down, and decisively, by Uruguayan troops armed with

837:. ("Their features are particularly Spanish, uncrossed by that mixture observable in the citizens of Buenos Ayres"). They are not horsemen: they are oxcart drivers, and may or may not have called themselves gauchos in their home province. 4603: 1073:

Ranching requires mounted workers who are not easily supervised and have ample opportunities to escape. To hold on to their slaves, estancieiros considered the dictates of humanity the most economical policy. They could easily afford it.

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Crowding. Two men would spur their horses to shove against each other, each man's object being to drive his opponent to a particular place. In a variant, they raced along a narrow track; if one man could crowd the other off it, he

866: 1116:, to encourage European immigration. The purpose, which was not concealed, was to supplant the "lower races" of the sparsely populated interior, including gauchos, whom the elite believed to be hopelessly backward. Famously, 1778:

Gauchos were generally reputed to be strong, honest, silent types, but proud and capable of violence when provoked. The gaucho tendency to violence over petty matters is also recognized as a typical trait. Gauchos' use of the

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Barbed wire, cheap from 1876, fenced the pampa "and thus eliminated the need for gaucho cowboys". Gauchos were forced off the land, drifting into rural towns to look for work, though a few were retained as peon labourers.

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The first has the instincts of civilization; he imitates the man of the cities in his dress, in his customs. The second loves tradition; he hates foreigners; his luxury is his spurs, his flash gear, his leather sash, his

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Picturesque illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, consisting of twenty-four views: accompanied with descriptions of the scenery and of the costumes, manners, &c. of the inhabitants of those cities and their

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consists of branding the animal with the owner's sign. The taming of animals was another of their usual activities. Taming was a trade especially appreciated throughout Argentina and competitions to domesticate wild

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The Argentine military dictatorship used the figure of the gaucho in its propaganda to promote the 1978 FIFA world cup games and the image of Argentina as a peaceful and orderly country. At the same time, the

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Richard W. Slatta collected instances of extreme equestrian sports practised by 19th century gauchos. To perform these required and developed skills and courage that helped gauchos to survive on the pampas.

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The Charrua language became extinct in the 19th century, as did the people, but Rona points out that, most unusually for an indigenous language, it contained the phoneme /rr/, as its very name testifies:

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Wote S. Samuel Trifilo (1964): "The gaucho of today working on the pampas of Argentina is no more a real gaucho than is our own present-day cowboy the cowboy of the Wild West; both have gone forever."

1253:. Their answer was to go back to values that could be attributed to the old-time gaucho. However, the gaucho they chose was not the one who cultivated the land, but the one who galloped across it. 1637:

Jumping the bar. A bar was placed above a corral gate with just enough headroom for a horse to pass. A gaucho galloped through, and as he did, he jumped over the bar and landed back in the saddle.

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I asked two men why they did not work. One gravely said the days were too long; the other that he was too poor. The number of horses and the profusion of food are the destruction of all industry.

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However, wrote a Mexican scholar, in exalting this gaucho Lugones and others were not recreating a real historical character, they were weaving a nationalist myth, for political purposes.

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origin, which meant something like "old indian" or "contemptible person", and is actually found in the historical record. However in the Portuguese-based dialects of northern Uruguay the

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noted in 1882, "He has taken his first lessons in riding before he is well able to walk". Without a horse the gaucho himself felt unmanned. During the wars of the 19th century in the

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In Rio Grande do Sul the gaúcho has been mythified too, not in reaction to massive immigration as in Argentina, but to give the state a regional identity. The main celebration is the

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with its quarreling gaucho protagonist, had official support: the president of the Republic and his cabinet attended them, as did prominent members of the traditional ruling classes.

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In the 20th century urban intellectuals promoted the gaucho as the Argentine national icon; it was a reaction to massive European immigration and a rapidly changing way of life.

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justice out of fear – and there are examples, if they don't do it he takes revenge — he wounds or kills. The former makes up the Argentine social mass; the second is disappearing.

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Itinerant horsemen, hunting wild cattle on the pampas, originated as a social class during the 17th century. "The great natural abundance of the pampa", wrote Richard W. Slatta,

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Gauchos north of the Río de la Plata were similar to their Argentine counterparts; however there were some differences, particularly in the region straddling Brazil and Uruguay.

1675:. Carrying a lance, a galloping horseman had to impale a small ring dangling from a thread. Introduced from Spain, this sport is still practised in Spanish-speaking countries. 749:) ancestry in the female line but, in the male line, a higher proportion of Spanish ancestry than is usual in Brazil. However, gauchos were a social class, not an ethnic group. 6851: 4893:

Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N.

1899:. A leather belt, sometimes decorated with coins and elaborate buckles, is often worn over the sash. During winters, gauchos wore heavy wool ponchos to protect against cold. 1643:. A variant in which the gaucho jumped from the bar onto the back of a racing wild horse or wild steer. He had to stay on until the horse was broken or the steer was killed. 805:

Knowing "gaucho" to be an insult, the Spanish hurled it at the patriot militias; Güemes, however, picked it up as a badge of honour, referring to his troops as "my gauchos".

6303: 1128:(provincial strongmen) — were obstacles to national unity. The population was so thinly spread it was impossible to educate. They were barbarians, inimical to progress. 1011:

Aires province were not herdsmen, but cultivators or shepherds. Thus, the gaucho that survives in today's popular imagination — the galloping horseman — was not typical.

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country, a fourth group, those who possessed dark skins, felt validated by the gaucho's elevation, seeing that his non-white ancestry was too well known to be concealed.

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Hence in Argentina, vagrancy laws required rural workers to carry employment documents. Some restrictions on the gaucho's freedom of movement were imposed under Spanish

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José Pedro Rona thought the origin of the word was to be sought "on the frontier zone between Spanish and Portuguese, which goes from northern Uruguay to the Argentine

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Gauchos are first mentioned by name in the Spanish colonial records for present-day Uruguay, often in connection with smuggling to Brazil (see below, Origins). Thus

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But Paullada observes: "There may be some basis for this claim since from the earliest times of the colony the clandestine trading in hides was carried on by the

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nearly alike as possible, so that one man had chestnuts, another browns, bays, silver- or iron-greys, duns, fawns, cream-noses, or blacks, or whites, or piebalds.

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Visitors to the newly emergent Argentina and Uruguay perceived that a "gaucho" was a country person or herdsman: seldom was there a pejorative significance.

1027:, to settle on their land with their own animals. Values were martial and paternalistic, for the territory went back and forth between Portugal and Spain. 6581: 5254: 5590:

Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866".

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said most of these theories were "not worthy of discussion". Of the following explanations, Rona said that only #5, #8 and #9 might be taken seriously.

1628:, tail to tail; the rope was tied to their saddles. "This contest grew out of the need for mounts strong enough to pull against a wild, lassoed steer". 5116:

Goebel, Michael (2010). "Gauchos, Gringos and Gallegos: the assimilation of Italian and Spanish immigrants in the making of modern Uruguay 1880-1930".

539:, where the indigenous languages were quite different and there is a Portuguese influence. Two facts that any theory could usefully account for are: 4619: 6672: 3190:, in the tri-border area. An angry marauder, sacking the local church, tore the earrings off a statue of the BV Mary, saying (in Portuguese) "this 1787:—a large knife generally tucked into the rear of the gaucho's sash—is legendary, often associated with considerable bloodletting. Historically, the 99:

of Argentina of European and indigenous American descent who devotes himself to lassoing and raising cattle and horses"; gaúcho has also acquired a

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established the canonical view regarding the Martín Fierro as Argentina's national epic. The consequences of these considerations are discussed by

960:(country worker) has a home, a fixed abode, work habits, respect for authority, on whose side he will always be, even against his better feelings. 5838:

Rein, Raanan (2021). "Review: El gaucho indómito. De Martín Fierro a Perón, el emblema imposible de una nación desgarrada by Ezequiel Adamovsky".

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but conjectured that it had been a Spanish word meaning "cattle pole wielder"; this meaning is nowhere attested. (There is indeed a Spanish word

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The gaucho plays an important symbolic role in the nationalist feelings of this region, especially that of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The

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Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil".

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DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina".

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Also espoused by Paul Groussac in his lecture to the World's Folk-Lore Congress at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition on 14 July 1893:

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Ces hommes sans religion et sans morale, le plus part indiens ou métis, que les Portugais désignaient sous le nom de "Garruchos ou Gahuchos".

6846: 1124:) that gauchos, although audacious and skilled in country lore, were brutal, feckless, lived indolently in squalor, and — by upholding the 5772:

Plesch, Melanie (2013). "Demonizing and redeeming the gaucho: social conflict, xenophobia and the invention of Argentine national music".

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Black gauchos were commonplace in the Brazil-Uruguay borderlands, though rarely publicised. An exceptional early 20th century photograph.

946:(1872), a great popular success in the countryside. One estimate was that renegade gauchos comprised half of all Indian raiding parties. 85: 6412: 6344: 4891: 1170:, and this part was fenced most intensively in the decade 1870-1880. The gaucho was marginalised and was frequently driven to live in 6021: 6009: 2714: 6172: 6072: 5305: 4577: 2397: 871: 71:) is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, 5505: 5098: 673:

The native Spanish-speakers of these borderlands, however, could not process the phoneme /h/, and would render it as a null, thus

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The gaucho in some respects resembled members of other nineteenth century rural, horse-based cultures such as the North American

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The gaucho was a born cavalryman, and his bravery in the patriot cause in the wars of independence, especially under Artigas and

6113:"Gaúcho and gaucho: comparative sócio-economic and demographic change in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires Province, 1869-1920" 5432:

Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen".

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gaucho is often contrasted to the slaves who worked the northern Brazilian lands. Further literary descriptions are found in

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This new glorification of the once-despised plainsman came at moment when the gaucho had all but disappeared from the pampa.

341: 6047:(46, Subaltern studies in the Americas). Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan: 197–216. 6597: 1755: 1482: 939: 789: 5631: 5065: 1608:, a modern sport akin to bronco riding. He must stay on for 15 seconds; real gaucho sports could be much more dangerous. 752:

Gauchos are first mentioned by name in the 18th century records of the Spanish colonial authorities who administered the

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The historical "gaucho" is elusive, because there has been more than one kind. Mythologisation has obscured the topic.

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in Portuguese)—three leather-bound rocks tied together with leather straps. The typical gaucho outfit would include a

1053:(cowboys) were black slaves. They enjoyed sharply better living conditions than the slaves who worked in the brutal 815: 5262: 1902:

Their tasks were to move the cattle between grazing fields, or to market sites such as the port of Buenos Aires. The

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signification in Brazil, meaning anyone, even an urban dweller, who is a citizen of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

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Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America".

922:. Those who did not carry the documentation could be sentenced to years in the military. From 1822 to 1873 even 6806: 6634: 6618: 6082:

Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province".

5041: 1465:. "They scarcely know how to walk ... they remain on horseback, though the conversation may last several hours." 1356:(The indomitable gaucho: from Martín Fierro to Perón, the impossible emblem of a torn nation), Raanan Rein wrote: 5376: 6750: 6720: 6680: 5359: 1469:

For many, an essential attribute of a gaucho is that he is a skilled horseman. Scottish physician and botanist

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Political factions have competed to appropriate the gaucho icon and interpret him their way. In a review of

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doesn't need them any more". The parish priest, a learned man, explained that the word meant "old indian":

2012: 1443: 949: 792:, earned admiration and improved his image. The Spanish general García Gamba, who fought against Güemes in 31: 5145:

Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario".

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According to Marxist and other scholars the gaucho became "proletarianized", preferring life as a salaried

6724: 6706: 6700: 6690: 6686: 6646: 6017: 5896: 5469: 5400: 4986:

Linguistic practices and the linguistic landscape along the U.S.-Mexico border: Translanguaging in Tijuana

4771:(1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". 4588: 2657: 1167: 651: 379: 6465: 6460: 6363:

Walker, John (1970). "Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: Gaucho Apologist and Costumbrist of the Pampa".

6866: 6816: 6555: 4768: 2355: 2101: 1664:

Gauchos routinely maltreated their horses since these were plentiful. Even a poor gaucho usually had a

1505: 1129: 1087: 1058: 291: 5045: 2162: 5861:"Formação das enfermeiras para a parturição: implantação de um hospital universitário na década de 80" 5178: 1913:

remained in force at festivals. The majority of gauchos were illiterate and considered as countrymen.

6770: 6666: 6623: 6540: 6500: 6455: 6138:

Slatta, Richard W. (1986). "The Demise of the Gaucho and the Rise of Equestrian Sport in Argentina".

5329: 5315: 3593:" in original; but in Argentina this meant any kind of foreigner. Thus e.g. an Italian was a gringo. 2432: 2119: 2092: 2009:

is a 2,316-line epic poem by the Argentine writer José Hernández on the life of the eponymous gaucho.

1988: 1764: 1519: 1497: 1261: 1250: 1211: 1083: 919: 915: 904: 5928:

Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social".

2543:, far from metathesising, is still a living word in Hispanic America; why should it have changed to 6696: 2560:

The asterisk denotes that the word is conjectural i.e. it is not attested in any historical record.

2133: 2058: 1481:

on all sides were composed almost entirely of gauchos. In Argentina, gaucho armies such as that of

733:

women, although he might also have African ancestry. A DNA analysis study of rural inhabitants of

580: 67: 4737: 2688: 2551:

has not metathesised in Argentine Spanish either; it remains in vigorous use, and means "bastard".

6380: 6340: 6328: 6259: 6251: 6222: 6147: 6099: 6048: 5988: 5980: 5945: 5916: 5847: 5826: 5818: 5789: 5735: 5706: 5671: 5615: 5607: 5578: 5557: 5541: 5489: 5457: 5449: 5420: 5363: 5241: 5162: 5133: 4971: 4963: 4934: 4926: 4873: 4861: 4853: 4824: 4788: 4717: 4552: 4544: 4493: 2653: 2278: 2152: 2147: 2129: 1833:

Gauchos dressed and wielded tools quite distinct from North American cowboys. In addition to the

1770: 1349: 1281:

That he vanished is good for the country, because his Indian blood contained an inferior element.

1157: 1002: 809: 642:/rr/ is not easily pronounced, and so is rendered as /h/ (sounding rather like English h). Thus 615: 566: 225: 161: 3615:

Voces usadas con generalidad en las Repûblicas del Plata, la Argentina y la Oriental del Uruguay

1238: 1135: 536: 6039:

Salvatore, Richard D. (1994). "Stories of Proletarianization in Rural Argentina, 1820 - 1860".

5510:. Colección de autores españoles.t. XXXVIII-XXXIX (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Brockhaus 5344: 1818:

was heated short of boiling on a stove in a kettle, and traditionally served in a hollowed-out

1267:

For Lugones (1913), to discern a people's true character, one had to read its epic poetry; and

681:

originated in the Uruguay-Brazil dialect borderlands, deriving from a derisive indigenous word

661:(Those men without religion or morals, mostly indians or half-breeds, that the Portuguese call 6657: 6608: 6530: 6280: 6199: 6178: 6168: 6068: 5627: 5549: 5377:"La crisis argentina y la prosperidad chilena: una mirada desde Sarmiento, Hernández y Borges" 5301: 4749: 4682: 4660: 4638: 4611: 4573: 2661: 2040: 1296: 1182: 1045:

as an extreme example, the Anchorena family owned 958,000 hectares (2,370,000 acres) in 1864.

923: 849: 757: 746: 734: 719: 555: 76: 72: 4738:"What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil" 2752: 2750: 2748: 6856: 6372: 6320: 6243: 6124: 6091: 5970: 5937: 5908: 5899:(2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". 5882: 5872: 5810: 5781: 5727: 5696: 5663: 5599: 5533: 5481: 5441: 5412: 5231: 5154: 5125: 5082: 4955: 4918: 4845: 4816: 4800: 4780: 4709: 4536: 3627: 2649: 2339: 2048: 2004: 1749: 1470: 1407: 1269: 1246: 1230: 1092: 943: 654:, travelling in Uruguay during the Artigas insurgency, wrote in his diary (16 October 1820): 54: 6001: 1601: 1410:; politicians have reinterpreted it as democratic movement. Hence, wrote Luciano Bornholdt, 1354:

El gaucho indómito. De Martín Fierro a Perón, el emblema imposible de una nación desgarrada

124:

and guessing that it changed to its present form, perhaps without awareness that there are

6639: 6234:

Solberg, Carl (1974). "Farm Workers and the Myth of Export-Led Development in Argentina".

6213:

Slatta, Richard W.; Auld, Ku'ulani; Melrose, Maile (2004). "Cradle of Hawaiʻi's Paniolo".

2599: 2437: 2365: 2263: 2256: 2113: 2097: 2019: 1657: 1454: 1234: 385: 3496:, p. 63. Some Argentine provincials said "gaucho" was just a Buenos Aires expression 1796:

The gaucho diet was composed almost entirely of beef while on the range, supplemented by

1569:

It was the gaucho's passion to own all his steeds in matching colours. Hudson recalled:

1523:

encounter hunger and fatigue, violent changes of temperature, great and sudden perils".

1185:, who disarmed the private gaúcho armies and prohibited the carrying of guns in public. 6746: 6740: 6716: 6273: 6192: 5748: 5333: 4887: 4524: 3147: 2771: 2156: 2076: 2067: 1708: 1682: 1660:

burrows that threw horses; loss of one's mount was probable death for a solitary rider.

1403: 1374: 1242: 968: 952:(1877) thought he could discern two types of gaucho in the soldiers under his command: 840: 793: 756:(present-day Uruguay). For them, he is an outlaw, cattle thief, robber and smuggler. 753: 723: 129: 5975: 5958: 2589:

The theory was originally proposed by the poet Juan Escayola, but without elaboration.

878: 6790: 6764: 6730: 6710: 6515: 6263: 6161: 5992: 5830: 5793: 5619: 5461: 5245: 5236: 5219: 5196: 5174: 4975: 4938: 4865: 4721: 4697: 4566: 4556: 4497: 2442: 2384: 1759: 1529: 1474: 1286: 1219: 895: 576: 535:

A different approach is to consider that the word might have originated north of the

419: 6146:(2, Special Issue: Hispanic American Sports). University of Illinois Press: 97–110. 6129: 5877: 5860: 5561: 1730: 603:, than the other way round. Thus the problem came down to explaining the origin of 523: 5569:

Miller, Elbert E. (1979). "The Frontier and the Development of Argentine Culture".

4877: 2332: 2286: 2028: 2024: 1799: 1337: 1312: 5298:

Gauchos and Foreigners: Glossing Culture and Identity in the Argentine Countryside

3187: 1384: 5785: 5200: 4713: 2053:

was a 1942 Argentine film set during the Gaucho war against Spanish royalists in

595:— the former probably came first, because it was linguistically more natural for 252: 6566: 6485: 3287: 2323: 2227: 2081: 1332: 1207: 729:

The original gaucho was typically descended from unions between Iberian men and

128:

that describe how languages and words really evolve over time. The etymologist

5319: 2348: 1888: 1713: 1685:

on horseback, but ranging over miles of terrain. Banned in its original form,

120:

Most seem to have been conjured up by finding a word that looks something like

6628: 6182: 5053: 4959: 4922: 4849: 4540: 4505:

Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"

2316: 2085: 2035: 1805: 1625: 1431: 1362: 1340:(possibly a bandit killed by police), a cult prudently tolerated by the Church 1300: 1215: 1068:

The last of the Uruguayan gaucho insurrections, satirised in this 1904 cartoon

974: 834: 742: 730: 562: 266: 241:

is unattested. That Indians could not have pronounced "chaucho" is untenable.

125: 5912: 5731: 5367: 4753: 4615: 4589:"De la fama y de la infamia: Borges en el contexto literario latinoamericano" 3229:, but this refers to an item of nautical equipment, and is therefore remote). 843:

observed life on the pampas for six months and reflected in his diary (1833):

801:

for guerilla warfare and swift surprise they had to endure on many occasions.

6520: 6440: 5701: 5684: 5086: 2300: 1950: 1880: 1744: 1488: 1398: 1316: 1181:

The revolutionary battles in Brazil ended by 1930 under the dictatorship of

257: 5553: 5129: 4404: 3221:

Here his theory differs from Caravaglia's (#9, above), who also postulated

2580:(cattle pole) is not attested in the historical record: hence the asterisk. 2193: 5641:(in Spanish). Vol. 24. Montevideo: Editores Reunidos y Editorial Arca 5603: 5416: 2377: 1030: 6535: 5685:"Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina" 5061: 4809:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

1872: 1864: 1825: 1782: 1693:

The higher skills were lost as the gaucho was marginalised, wrote Slatta:

1514: 1144: 1140: 1125: 984: 934: 6397: 6151: 6052: 5984: 5851: 5710: 5611: 5582: 5545: 5424: 5137: 3724: 3722: 2531:, p. 12. He later abandoned it for a theory of his own, see below. 2272: 942:

described the bitter fate of just such a gaucho protagonist in his poem

327:> gaucho is an improbable metathesis. Theory does not explain Braz. 37: 6550: 6545: 6525: 6510: 6490: 6450: 6332: 6226: 6103: 5887: 5822: 5675: 5493: 5453: 5166: 4828: 4815:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. 4792: 3396: 3394: 2457: 2181: 2105: 1972: 1958: 1928: 1885:

or a poncho or blanket wrapped around the loins like a diaper called a

1478: 1121: 870:

Gaucho soldiers of Juan Manuel de Rosas, sketched by the French artist

639: 635: 296: 100: 91: 6384: 6255: 5949: 5920: 5739: 5537: 5007:"For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo" 4967: 4930: 4857: 4568:

Amor tirano: antología del cancionero tradicional amoroso de Argentina

4548: 17: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6445: 6429: 5639:

Enciclopedia Uruguaya: Historia Ilustrada de la Civilización Uruguaya

3965:, pp. 38, 43–4, 45–6. San Jorge lies just south of the Río Negro 3590: 2447: 2388: 2307: 1980: 1922: 1858: 1724: 1501: 1308: 1132:, deviser of the Constitution, held that "to govern is to populate". 1097: 988: 96: 6324: 6095: 5814: 5667: 5485: 5445: 5158: 4820: 4804: 4784: 1668:

of perhaps a dozen. Most of those sports were banned by the elite.

484:

Cattle pole origin implausible speculation; negroid theory untenable

6376: 6247: 5941: 5073:

Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (2003). "Gauchos: identidad, identidades".

2413: 2244: 2015:

1968 Argentine film based upon José Hernández's poem Martín Fierro.

1646:

Recado. The horseman galloped across the pampa while he undid his

481:, a cattle pole) > gaúcho, "under negroid influence" > gaucho 6760: 6756: 6651: 6505: 5726:(1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. 4681:(in Spanish) (Kindle ed.). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad. 2064:

The third segment of Disney's 1942 animated feature package film,

2054: 1936: 1840: 1834: 1819: 1809: 1729: 1712: 1600: 1587:

described the low point of his life as "In Chile − and on foot!" (

1453: 1430: 1383: 1331: 1255: 1134: 1101: 1063: 1029: 889: 877: 865: 820: 819:

Tucumán gauchos visiting Buenos Aires — the first depiction of an

814: 812:, the first artist to paint gauchos, noted their mobility (1820): 779: 713: 609: 522: 6279:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 6736: 5577:(90). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 183–198. 2572:

exists in Spanish as a specialist nautical term, but Caviglia's

1910: 1793:

was typically the only eating instrument that a gaucho carried.

1686: 930: 6570: 6401: 5255:"Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos" 1698:

allowed his gaucho predecessor to stay on virtually any mount.

455:

unattested, linguistically improbable. Unlikely transition to

3151: 1536: 1307:

The icon of the man on horseback is secretly pathetic. Under

6311:

Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image".

5598:(1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. 5261:. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from 2735: 2057:, northern Argentina, in 1817. It is considered a classic of 5031: 3799: 3797: 1861:, which doubled as a saddle blanket and as sleeping gear; a 1493:

relied on gaucho armies to control the Argentine provinces.

3626:

Francisco Muñiz, a country doctor who had practised around

2756: 5524:

Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil".

5358:(1). Medellín: Escuela Interamericana de Bibliotecología, 2914: 2912: 2875: 2873: 75:

in Brazil, the southern part of Bolivia, and the south of

5205:(in Spanish). Vol. 1a ser. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez 4742:(Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social 3886: 3884: 2797: 2795: 1734:

Segundo Ramírez, who inspired Ricardo Güiraldes to write

620:

Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video

244:

Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Trifilo 1964; Gibson 1892;

6065:

El Chacho: último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos

5345:"El gaucho en Uruguay y su contribución a la literatura" 4077:, pp. 444, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454–5, 456–8, 445–6. 3776: 3728: 2812: 2810: 1120:, Argentina's second elected president, had written (in 461:

Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Hollinger 1928; Rona 1964

333:

Groussac 1893; Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Rona 1964;

6006:

Biografías y Vidas. La enciclopedia biográfica en línea

6000:

Ruiza, Miguel; Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004).

5081:(Mémoire et culture en Amérique latine, V.1): 143–151. 1210:

for the problems of modernity; thus, the sentiment was

5202:

El viaje intelectual: impresiones de naturaleza y arte

5180:

Popular Customs and Beliefs of the Argentine Provinces

1206:

Jeane DeLaney has argued that the immigrant was being

3815: 3788: 3713: 3517: 3400: 2122:

is an Argentinean humor comics series about a gaucho.

1689:

was gentrified and is now Argentina's national sport.

1438:

horses were small but tough. From Antonio Gazzano's

6198:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 5654:

Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho".

4400: 2493:

has never been known in Spain" (Paul Groussac). 2.

1370:

Today a popular movement celebrates gaucho culture.

1225:

Writers variously reflecting this tendency included

1112:

It was official government policy, enshrined in the

1104:

cannon, efficiently deployed by telegraph and rail.

833:

Vidal also painted visiting gauchos from up-country

506:(in math. & architecture, "not level", "warped") 1406:(1835–45), an elite-led separatist war against the 685:, then in Spanish lands evolved by accent-shift to 6272: 6191: 6160: 5014: 4565: 4292: 2497:is never found in colonial texts — "it is always 5335:Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life 4604:Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas 4476: 1396:, a week of festivities, mass horseback parades, 41:Gaucho from Argentina, photographed in Peru, 1868 4316: 2693:Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Paraguay 2598:In the town of Lučenec, on the Slovak-Hungarian 1986: 1852: 918:, and were enforced more vigorously still under 310:(orphan, abandoned, maverick) > colonial Sp. 5959:"Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués" 5403:(1928). "Le mot 'Gaucho': Son origine gitane". 3385: 3337: 3014: 1695: 1412: 1358: 1325: 1305: 1279: 1200: 1071: 1037: 845: 826: 798: 741:, has claimed to discern, not only Amerindian ( 707: 656: 561:There is in that land, and particularly around 559: 175:Earliest theory (1820), dismissed as "humorous" 4679:Historia del gaucho. El gaucho: ser y quehacer 4657:Historia del gaucho: el gaucho, ser y quehacer 4635:Pilchas criollas: usos y costumbres del gaucho 4602:. São Paulo: Departamento de Letras Modernas, 1970: 1812:rich in caffeine and nutrients. The water for 967:(out-and-out gaucho) is the typical wandering 630:originated in northern Uruguay, and came from 614:The earliest depiction of a Uruguayan gaucho ( 6582: 6413: 5013:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 4698:"Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina" 3863: 3839: 3325: 3250: 2160: 2111: 2065: 2046: 2002: 1978: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1846: 1838: 1823: 1813: 1804:, an herbal infusion made from the leaves of 1797: 1788: 1780: 1768: 1747: 1735: 1718: 1588: 1579: 1527: 1512: 1486: 1485:, slowed Spanish advances. Furthermore, many 543:The word actually exists in two forms: Port. 83: 8: 5147:Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 4882:(in Spanish). London: Wertheimer, Lea y Cía. 4163:A classic thesis developed by Adolfo Prieto. 280:No proof that it was not the other way round 6852:Horse-related professions and professionals 4805:"The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay" 4110: 4098: 4017:, the ranching region of Rio Grande do Sul. 2547:in the Plata region alone? For that matter 760:(1790) said gauchos were "the dregs of the 438:(low person, cattle rustler) > derisive 6589: 6575: 6567: 6420: 6406: 6398: 6242:(2). Cambridge University Press: 121–138. 5809:(1). Cambridge University Press: 140–141. 5440:(4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. 4948:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4917:(3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. 4911:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4844:(1). Cambridge University Press: 208–210. 4564:Arnoldi, Henry; Hernández, Isabel (1986). 4535:(2). Cambridge University Press: 401–402. 4244: 3962: 3665: 2292:Gauchos in Corrientes province, Argentina. 2199:Argentine Pampas gauchos training for the 2159:in Argentina. It was adapted into a film, 2080:is the name of the 1980 album by American 1822:and sipped through a metal straw called a 1299:thought their choice of gaucho was a poor 914:, but they were greatly intensified under 509:Elite technical word unknown to the masses 434:(peasant, one who enjoys life) > Urug. 90:, in its historical sense a gaucho was a " 6128: 5974: 5930:Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies 5907:(May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. 5886: 5876: 5801:Reber, Vera Blinn (July 1984). "Review". 5700: 5352:Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecología 5235: 5124:(208). Oxford University Press: 191–229. 4696:Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). 4416: 4352: 4208: 4196: 4172: 4038: 3605:, pp. 130–1. (Knowledge translation) 3565: 3541: 3493: 3086: 3038: 3002: 2942: 2088:, which featured a song by the same name. 1082:Governments found it hard to establish a 6215:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 6167:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 5199:(1904). "A propósito de americanismos". 4464: 4127: 4086: 4026: 3989:, pp. 176, 190, 196, 198, 199, 201. 3875: 3803: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3602: 3436: 3122: 3074: 3026: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2918: 2903: 2879: 2852: 2840: 2801: 2528: 1723:and playing the guitar in the Argentine 1511:By reputation the quintessential gaucho 1166:Two-thirds of Uruguay lies south of the 987:(dagger-sword). The first takes off his 136:Some proposed explanations for "gaucho" 134: 36: 6221:(2). Montana Historical Society: 2–19. 6084:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5859:Rocha, T.A.; Bonilha, A.L.D.L. (2008). 5656:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5474:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5405:Journal de la Société des américanistes 5058:Dicionário Online Priberam de Português 4773:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4702:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 4139: 4123: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4010: 3926: 3902: 3851: 3577: 3529: 3448: 3424: 3412: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3313: 3301: 3186:(2) An incident in 1817 in the town of 3098: 2891: 2816: 2773:Dicionário Online Priberam de Português 2680: 2629: 2625: 2469: 1108:European immigration; fencing the pampa 772:made precisely that career transition. 5749:"Some Observations on the word Gaucho" 5183:. Chicago: Donohue, Hennebery & Co 5103:. Vol. 1. London: John C. Francis 5005:Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). 4992:(PhD diss.). University of Southampton 4452: 4440: 4428: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4340: 4328: 4304: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4223:, pp. 128–131, 133, 135–6, 140–2. 4220: 4151: 4142:, p. 142. (Knowledge translation) 4065:, pp. 434–6, 440–1, 447–8, 455–8. 3974: 3914: 3890: 3505: 2930: 2786: 2739: 2731: 2141:University of California Santa Barbara 1402:, rodeos and dances. It refers to the 583:and the Brazilian area between them". 5480:(3). Duke University Press: 586–587. 4836:Collier, Simon (May 1988). "Review". 4405:Trinidad, "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)" 4232: 3950: 3938: 3481: 3469: 2637: 2633: 677:. In sum, according to this theory, 66: 53: 7: 5695:(1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. 5689:Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 5507:Una escursión a los indios ranqueles 5338:. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company. 5218:Guazzelli, Dante Guimaraens (2019). 4184: 3998: 3986: 3827: 3777:Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013 3729:Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013 3553: 3274: 3262: 3238: 3209: 3195: 3150:mocking the besiegers of Montevideo 3134: 3110: 3062: 3050: 2990: 2864: 2828: 1877:; and loose-fitting trousers called 1174:(rural slums, literally rat towns). 784:Güemes and his gauchos: re-enactment 6023:Voyage a Rio-Grande do Sul (Brésil) 4736:Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). 4637:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé. 650:, and indeed the French naturalist 6194:Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier 6067:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Lingkua. 4874:Cunninghame Graham, Robert Bontine 4401:Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro 2004 4013:, p. 195. This refers to the 1869:(dagger); a leather whip called a 1323:Wrote musicologist Melanie Plesch: 776:Wars of emancipation; independence 25: 5976:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738 5100:Notes and Queries (Eighth Series) 5037:Diccionario de la lengua española 4896:(2 ed.). London: John Murray 4838:Journal of Latin American Studies 4572:(in Spanish). Ediciones del Sol. 4529:Journal of Latin American Studies 3816:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3789:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3714:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3518:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3401:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 2338:Argentine gauchos in the city of 86:Diccionario de la lengua española 27:Skilled horseman in South America 6306:from the original on 2020-01-23. 6012:from the original on 2021-01-26. 5283:(MA diss.). University of Kansas 5237:10.23925/2176-2767.2019v66p44-80 5068:from the original on 2021-02-18. 5048:from the original on 2021-03-25. 4625:from the original on 2018-12-21. 2412: 2396: 2376: 2364: 2347: 2331: 2315: 2299: 2285: 2271: 2255: 2243: 2226: 2207: 2192: 2180: 1442:(1873), oil on canvas (detail), 1421:Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho 1122:Facundo: Civilización y Barbarie 857:Controlling the wandering gaucho 398:(bohemian, wanderer) > Arg. 195:(rough, uncouth) > Argentine 6130:10.15448/1980-864X.1980.2.30624 6002:"Biografia de Leopoldo Lugones" 5878:10.1590/S1414-81452008000400007 5300:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 4477:Slatta, Auld & Melrose 2004 3460:See the article on that artist. 2691:[Paraguayan Folklore]. 2514:The Indians had their own word 1955:, the Venezuelan and Colombian 1941:of Central Chile, the Peruvian 1548:mi mujer que no me hace falta. 1461:, 1861, a careful depiction by 979:(armed rabble) if it shows up. 882:Woodcut from the title page of 512:Assunção 2011; Hollinger 1928. 202:French little spoken in region. 5277:Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). 5040:(in Spanish) (23rd ed.). 3146:Two examples are: (1) An 1813 2624:The work has been reviewed by 2576:, supposedly one who wields a 2250:Gauchos in Buenos Aires, 1880. 1893:, belted with a sash called a 1114:Argentine Constitution of 1853 634:, a derisive word possibly of 626:As to that, Rona thought that 358:) (countryman or cowboy) > 346:Chilean Quichua or Araucanian 283:Paullada 1961; Hollinger 1928 1: 6842:National symbols of Argentina 6598:National symbols of Argentina 5324:. London: Chapman & Hall. 3656:In censuses and farm records. 3532:, pp. 450, 455, 459–461. 2695:(in Spanish). August 22, 2022 2128:is the name of a song by the 1147:, Buenos Aires Province, 1882 1040:areas in the Rio de la Plata. 599:to evolve by accent-shift to 6812:Culture in Rio Grande do Sul 6797:Animal husbandry occupations 6190:Slatta, Richard W. (1992) . 6111:Slatta, Richard W. (1980b). 5786:10.1080/0031322X.2013.845425 5683:Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). 4714:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153 4587:Arrigucci, Davi Jr. (1999). 4317:Arnoldi & Hernández 1986 2666:his essay "El Martín Fierro" 2236:by Juan León Pallière (1858) 2108:directed by Lester Orlebeck. 1285:Lugones' lectures, where he 1273:was the Argentine epic poem 894:Some gauchos flaunted their 394:(foreigner) > Andalusian 274:(astute man) > Argentine 178:Paullada 1961; Trifilo 1964 6847:Horse history and evolution 6296:"Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)" 6159:Slatta, Richard W. (1990). 6061:Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 5075:América: Cahiers du CRICCAL 3779:, pp. 7–11, 15, 21–22. 1561:For I don't need my woman. 1388:A Semana Farroupilha parade 1086:in the border area. In the 823:(Emeric Essex Vidal, 1820) 519:The dialect frontier theory 6888: 6275:The Invention of Argentina 5747:Paullada, Stephen (1961). 5321:The Naturalist in La Plata 4983:Escandón, Alfredo (2019). 2039:was a 1927 film starring 1706: 1372: 1118:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 231:> guttural Amerindian 147:Alleged root and evolution 29: 6681:National personifications 6604: 6436: 6313:Pacific Historical Review 6271:Shumway, Nicolas (1993). 6008:(in Spanish). Barcelona. 5957:Rona, José Pedro (1964). 5472:(August 1984). "Review". 5411:(nouvelle série): 103–5. 5343:Lacasagne, Pablo (2009). 5296:Huberman, Ariana (2011). 5259:The Aston Martin Magazine 4960:10.1017/S0010417500012561 4923:10.1017/S0010417500020016 4850:10.1017/S0022216X00002613 4608:Universidade de São Paulo 4596:Cuadernos de Recienvenido 4541:10.1017/S0022216X0000482X 4029:, pp. 748, 749 n.26. 3864:Bastia & vom Hau 2014 3840:Bastia & vom Hau 2014 1546:el caballo que se vuelva, 469:Buenaventura Caviglia, Jr 6667:Father of the Fatherland 6635:Himno Nacional Argentino 6140:Journal of Sport History 6117:Estudos Ibero-Americanos 5732:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128 5637:. In Rama, Ángel (ed.). 5360:Universidad de Antioquia 4659:(in Spanish). Claridad. 4379:, pp. 100–2, 104–5. 4211:, pp. 26–27, 29–31. 3155: 1758:(considered by some the 1540: 1311:, scourge of God, under 1057:(beef-salting plants). 6862:Ethnic groups in Brazil 6837:South American folklore 6832:Latin American folklore 6163:Cowboys of the Americas 6026:. Orléans: H. Herluison 6018:Saint-Hilaire, Augustin 5963:Revista de Antropologia 5702:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783 5632:"La estancia alambrada" 5375:Lacoste, Pablo (2003). 5253:Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). 5097:(1892). "The Gauchos". 5087:10.3406/ameri.2003.1615 4293:Cunninghame Graham 1914 3161:lograrán los garruchos, 2736:Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys" 1971: 1681:. A game resembling 1483:Martín Miguel de Güemes 1444:Fortabat Art Collection 950:Lucio Victorio Mansilla 790:Martín Miguel de Güemes 737:, who style themselves 32:Gaucho (disambiguation) 6673:Effigy of the Republic 6350:. London: R. Ackermann 5913:10.1093/past/167.1.176 5042:Real Academia Española 4769:Chasteen, John Charles 4527:(May 1993). "Review". 3668:, pp. 144, 145–6. 3328:, pp. 160, 168–9. 3170:When Auntie Candelaria 3168: 3065:, pp. 88, 92, 95. 2262:Traditional Argentine 2161: 2112: 2066: 2047: 2003: 1987: 1979: 1965: 1957: 1949: 1943: 1935: 1927: 1904: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1871: 1863: 1853: 1847: 1839: 1824: 1814: 1798: 1789: 1781: 1769: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1719: 1700: 1609: 1597:Extreme equestrianship 1589: 1580: 1576: 1553: 1528: 1513: 1500:, who was born on the 1487: 1466: 1451: 1417: 1389: 1368: 1341: 1330: 1321: 1283: 1264: 1227:José María Ramos Mejía 1204: 1148: 1076: 1069: 1042: 1035: 1008: 899: 887: 875: 854: 831: 824: 803: 785: 726: 712: 710:a sedentary regimen". 671: 652:Augustin Saint-Hilaire 623: 581:province of Corrientes 571: 532: 408:Transition unexplained 84: 42: 5774:Patterns of Prejudice 5604:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003 5592:Luso-Brazilian Review 5417:10.3406/jsa.1928.3642 5330:Hudson, William Henry 5316:Hudson, William Henry 4675:Assunção, Fernando O. 4653:Assunção, Fernando O. 4631:Assunção, Fernando O. 3953:, pp. 62, 74–79. 3157:Cuando Tía Candelaria 2371:Riograndenses dancing 2356:Federalist Revolution 2219:Prilidiano Pueyrredón 1985:, and the Portuguese 1733: 1716: 1604: 1571: 1555:My horse and my woman 1542:Mi caballo y mi mujer 1506:Buenos Aires province 1463:Prilidiano Pueyrredón 1457: 1434: 1387: 1335: 1259: 1189:The gaucho as an icon 1138: 1130:Juan Bautista Alberdi 1088:Federalist Revolution 1067: 1059:John Charles Chasteen 1033: 954: 893: 881: 869: 818: 783: 770:José Gervasio Artigas 717: 646:would be rendered as 613: 551:, both long attested. 526: 411:Lehmann-Nitsche 1928 292:Martiniano Leguizamón 166:Same root as English 40: 6701:National forest tree 5753:New Mexico Quarterly 5720:American Ethnologist 5130:10.1093/pastj/gtp037 4367:, pp. 101, 104. 3818:, pp. 590, 610. 3743:, pp. 741, 742. 3386:Rodríguez Molas 1964 3364:, pp. 420, 417. 3338:Rodríguez Molas 1964 3015:Lehmann-Nitsche 1928 2689:"Folklore Paraguayo" 2480:with British ships". 2234:La Posta de San Luis 2120:Roberto Fontanarrosa 2096:was a 1941 American 2093:Gauchos of El Dorado 1559:May the horse return 1544:viajaron para Salta, 1520:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1498:William Henry Hudson 1262:San Antonio de Areco 1260:Gaucho reenactment, 1084:monopoly of violence 995:The first is always 992:chance he deserted. 920:Juan Manuel de Rosas 916:Bernardino Rivadavia 575:Hence the Uruguayan 558:wrote (around 1784): 496:Fernando O. Assunção 116:Resemblance theories 30:For other uses, see 6647:En unión y libertad 6341:Vidal, Emeric Essex 6294:Trinidad, Zunilda. 5401:Lehmann-Nitsche, R. 5381:Si Somos Americanos 5011:National Geographic 4494:Adamovsky, Ezequiel 4130:, pp. 147–166. 3692:, pp. 737–743. 3568:, pp. 202–213. 3544:, pp. 197–201. 3286:A reference to the 2969:, pp. 407–416. 2654:"El Payador" (1916) 2215:Un alto en el campo 2151:is a 1910 novel by 2134:Away From the World 2023:1952 film starring 1446:. Notice gaucho's 1440:El Tambo de Quirino 905:frequent civil wars 428:(I enjoy) > Sp. 137: 6827:Brazilian folklore 6822:Uruguayan folklore 6802:Argentine folklore 6663:José de San Martín 6300:todo-argentina.net 5901:Past & Present 5571:Revista Geográfica 5502:Mansilla, Lucio V. 5118:Past & Present 4879:El Río de la Plata 4126:, pp. 445–6; 3326:Marrero et al 2007 3251:Saint-Hilaire 1887 3125:, pp. 20, 29. 2993:, pp. 88, 90. 2894:, p. 397 n.9. 2760:, "gaucho, gaucha" 2279:Pedro II of Brazil 2163:Los Gauchos judíos 2153:Alberto Gerchunoff 2148:The Jewish Gauchos 2139:The Gaucho is the 2132:on the 2012 album 2130:Dave Matthews Band 1997:In popular culture 1771:Don Segundo Sombra 1741: 1737:Don Segundo Sombra 1728: 1610: 1467: 1452: 1394:Semana Farroupilha 1390: 1350:Ezequiel Adamovsky 1342: 1265: 1158:Cunninghame Graham 1149: 1070: 1036: 1015:Brazil and Uruguay 1003:universal suffrage 924:internal passports 912:Viceroy Sobremonte 900: 888: 876: 825: 810:Emeric Essex Vidal 786: 727: 624: 616:Emeric Essex Vidal 533: 226:Andalusian Spanish 172:(awkward, uncouth) 162:Emeric Essex Vidal 135: 43: 6784: 6783: 6771:Our Lady of Luján 6564: 6563: 6286:978-0-520-08284-7 6205:978-0-8032-9215-4 5867:(in Portuguese). 5538:10.1159/000102989 5226:(in Portuguese). 5060:(in Portuguese). 4801:Christison, David 4688:978-1-61860-020-2 4666:978-950-620-205-7 4644:978-950-04-1121-9 4283:, pp. 25–27. 4199:, pp. 27–29. 4113:, pp. 312–3. 4001:, pp. 565–7. 3977:, pp. 197–8. 3941:, p. 66, 77. 3854:, pp. 442–4. 3806:, pp. 755–9. 3755:, pp. 750–1. 3352:, pp. 396–7. 3185: 3184: 3137:, pp. 89–90. 3041:, pp. 18–19. 3029:, pp. 410–4. 3017:, pp. 105–5. 3005:, pp. 17–18. 2981:, pp. 153–4. 2662:Jorge Luis Borges 2102:Three Mesquiteers 2041:Douglas Fairbanks 1963:, the Ecuadorian 1765:Ricardo Güiraldes 1717:Gauchos drinking 1624:. An equestrian 1590:En Chile y a pie. 1567: 1566: 1557:Went off to Salta 1297:Jorge Luis Borges 1251:Ricardo Güiraldes 898:sash decorations. 735:Rio Grande do Sul 718:Spanish official 516: 515: 384:Gitano (i.e. Sp. 82:According to the 77:Chilean Patagonia 73:Rio Grande do Sul 55:[ˈɡawtʃo] 16:(Redirected from 6879: 6807:Chilean folklore 6733:(National stone) 6591: 6584: 6577: 6568: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6399: 6388: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6336: 6307: 6290: 6278: 6267: 6230: 6209: 6197: 6186: 6166: 6155: 6134: 6132: 6107: 6078: 6056: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6013: 5996: 5978: 5953: 5924: 5892: 5890: 5880: 5865:Escola Anna Nery 5855: 5834: 5797: 5780:(4–5): 337–358. 5768: 5766: 5764: 5743: 5714: 5704: 5679: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5636: 5623: 5586: 5565: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5497: 5465: 5428: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5371: 5349: 5339: 5325: 5311: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5249: 5239: 5224:Projeto História 5214: 5212: 5210: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5170: 5141: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5090: 5069: 5049: 5032:"gaucho, gaucha" 5027: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4979: 4942: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4883: 4869: 4832: 4796: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4692: 4670: 4648: 4626: 4624: 4593: 4583: 4571: 4560: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4502: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4111:Olea Franco 1990 4108: 4102: 4099:Olea Franco 1990 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3340:, pp. 81–2. 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3277:, pp. 93–4. 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3198:, pp. 95–6. 3179:take this town. 3163:tomar la plaza. 3152: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2868: 2867:, pp. 37–8. 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2685: 2669: 2650:Leopoldo Lugones 2647: 2641: 2622: 2616: 2611:Hispanicized as 2609: 2603: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2416: 2400: 2380: 2368: 2351: 2335: 2319: 2303: 2289: 2275: 2259: 2247: 2230: 2211: 2196: 2184: 2166: 2117: 2071: 2059:Argentine cinema 2052: 2049:La Guerra Gaucha 2008: 1992: 1984: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1932: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1876: 1868: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1829: 1817: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1774: 1753: 1739: 1722: 1592: 1583: 1537: 1533: 1518: 1492: 1471:David Christison 1408:Brazilian Empire 1247:Leopoldo Lugones 1245:, and above all 1172:pueblos de ratas 1093:Aparicio Saravia 477:(supp. from Sp. 138: 89: 70: 68:[ɡaˈuʃu] 65: 57: 52: 21: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6765:National dishes 6751:National liquor 6721:National animal 6640:National anthem 6600: 6595: 6565: 6560: 6432: 6426: 6396: 6391: 6362: 6353: 6351: 6339: 6325:10.2307/3636040 6310: 6293: 6287: 6270: 6233: 6212: 6206: 6189: 6175: 6158: 6137: 6110: 6096:10.2307/2513269 6081: 6075: 6059: 6038: 6029: 6027: 6016: 5999: 5956: 5927: 5895: 5858: 5837: 5815:10.2307/1006958 5800: 5771: 5762: 5760: 5746: 5717: 5682: 5668:10.2307/2507331 5653: 5644: 5642: 5634: 5628:Nahum, Benjamín 5626: 5589: 5568: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5500: 5486:10.2307/2514963 5468: 5446:10.2307/1008485 5431: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5374: 5347: 5342: 5328: 5314: 5308: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5266: 5252: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5195: 5186: 5184: 5173: 5159:10.2307/4530971 5153:(47): 147–166. 5144: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5093: 5072: 5052: 5030: 5022: 5020: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4945: 4908: 4899: 4897: 4888:Darwin, Charles 4886: 4872: 4835: 4821:10.2307/2841497 4799: 4785:10.2307/2515762 4767: 4758: 4756: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4667: 4651: 4645: 4629: 4622: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4563: 4525:Adelman, Jeremy 4523: 4514: 4512: 4500: 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2584: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2438:Gaucho sheepdog 2429: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2405:Gaucho Oriental 2401: 2393: 2392: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2354:Gauchos in the 2352: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2201:Esgrima Criolla 2197: 2189: 2188: 2187:Gaucho clothing 2185: 2174: 2114:Inodoro Pereyra 2020:Way of a Gaucho 1999: 1969:, the Hawaiian 1919: 1837:, gauchos used 1711: 1705: 1599: 1585:Chacho Peñaloza 1563: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1496:The naturalist 1450:(dagger-sword). 1429: 1382: 1377: 1303:for Argentines. 1239:José Ingenieros 1235:Rafael Obligado 1212:antimodernistic 1196: 1191: 1110: 1017: 926:were required. 864: 859: 778: 762:Rio de la Plata 703: 695: 537:Río de la Plata 529:Río de la Plata 521: 380:Lehmann-Nitsche 371:Hollinger 1928 342:Vicuña Mackenna 214:Emilio Daireaux 186:Monlau and Diez 118: 109: 63: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6885: 6883: 6875: 6874: 6872:Gaucho culture 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6789: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6754: 6744: 6741:National sport 6734: 6728: 6714: 6704: 6694: 6684: 6670: 6660: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6428:Mounted stock 6427: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6395: 6394:External links 6392: 6390: 6389: 6377:10.2307/338719 6371:(1): 102–107. 6360: 6337: 6319:(4): 395–403. 6308: 6302:(in Spanish). 6291: 6285: 6268: 6248:10.2307/980634 6231: 6210: 6204: 6187: 6173: 6156: 6135: 6123:(2): 191–202. 6108: 6090:(3): 450–472. 6079: 6073: 6057: 6036: 6014: 5997: 5969:(1/2): 87–98. 5965:(in Spanish). 5954: 5942:10.2307/164930 5932:(in Spanish). 5925: 5893: 5856: 5840:Iberoamericana 5835: 5798: 5769: 5744: 5715: 5691:(in Spanish). 5680: 5662:(3): 417–424. 5651: 5624: 5587: 5566: 5532:(3): 160–171. 5526:Human Heredity 5520: 5498: 5466: 5429: 5397: 5372: 5354:(in Spanish). 5340: 5326: 5312: 5306: 5293: 5274: 5250: 5215: 5197:Groussac, Paul 5193: 5175:Groussac, Paul 5171: 5149:(in Spanish). 5142: 5113: 5091: 5077:(in Spanish). 5070: 5050: 5028: 5002: 4980: 4954:(4): 587–620. 4943: 4906: 4884: 4870: 4833: 4797: 4779:(4): 737–760. 4765: 4733: 4708:(3): 475–492. 4693: 4687: 4671: 4665: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4598:(in Spanish). 4584: 4578: 4561: 4521: 4507:(in Spanish). 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4417:Arrigucci 1999 4409: 4393: 4391:, p. 107. 4381: 4369: 4357: 4353:Sarmiento 2008 4345: 4343:, p. 160. 4333: 4321: 4319:, p. 177. 4309: 4307:, p. 356. 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4209:Bornholdt 2010 4201: 4197:Bornholdt 2010 4189: 4187:, p. 341. 4177: 4173:Adamovsky 2014 4165: 4156: 4154:, p. 351. 4144: 4132: 4115: 4103: 4101:, p. 322. 4091: 4089:, p. 153. 4079: 4067: 4055: 4053:, p. 435. 4043: 4039:Bornholdt 2010 4031: 4019: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3929:, p. 403. 3919: 3917:, p. 103. 3907: 3905:, p. 122. 3895: 3893:, p. 195. 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3830:, p. 566. 3820: 3808: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 751. 3757: 3745: 3733: 3718: 3716:, p. 620. 3706: 3704:, p. 743. 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3649: 3632: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3582: 3580:, p. 463. 3570: 3566:Salvatore 1994 3558: 3556:, p. 183. 3546: 3542:Salvatore 1994 3534: 3522: 3520:, p. 600. 3510: 3508:, p. 156. 3498: 3494:Adamovsky 2014 3486: 3474: 3462: 3453: 3451:, p. 401. 3441: 3439:, p. 160. 3429: 3427:, p. 399. 3417: 3415:, p. 454. 3405: 3403:, p. 604. 3390: 3378: 3376:, p. 398. 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 421. 3306: 3304:, p. 452. 3294: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. 160. 3243: 3231: 3214: 3200: 3183: 3182: 3174:Then will the 3166: 3159:mellizos para, 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3101:, p. 419. 3091: 3087:Hollinger 1928 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3039:Hollinger 1928 3031: 3019: 3007: 3003:Hollinger 1928 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2943:Hollinger 1928 2935: 2933:, p. 436. 2923: 2921:, p. 153. 2908: 2906:, p. 410. 2896: 2884: 2882:, p. 152. 2869: 2857: 2855:, p. 155. 2845: 2833: 2821: 2819:, p. 396. 2806: 2804:, p. 151. 2791: 2789:, p. 129. 2779: 2764: 2744: 2724: 2705: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2642: 2630:Collier (1988) 2626:Adelman (1993) 2617: 2604: 2591: 2582: 2562: 2553: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2482: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2395: 2394: 2385:Criollo horses 2382: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2157:Jewish gauchos 2144: 2137: 2123: 2109: 2089: 2073: 2068:Saludos Amigos 2062: 2044: 2032: 2016: 2010: 1998: 1995: 1977:, the Mexican 1918: 1915: 1756:José Hernández 1709:Gaucho culture 1707:Main article: 1704: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1683:rugby football 1676: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1619: 1598: 1595: 1565: 1564: 1551: 1428: 1425: 1404:Ragamuffin War 1381: 1378: 1375:Gaucho culture 1373:Main article: 1275:par excellence 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183:Getúlio Vargas 1109: 1106: 1061:explained why: 1016: 1013: 958:paisano gaucho 940:José Hernández 863: 860: 858: 855: 841:Charles Darwin 777: 774: 758:Félix de Azara 754:Banda Oriental 720:Félix de Azara 702: 699: 694: 691: 573: 572: 552: 520: 517: 514: 513: 510: 507: 498: 493: 489: 488: 485: 482: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 450: 422: 417: 413: 412: 409: 406: 382: 377: 373: 372: 369: 366: 344: 339: 335: 334: 331: 322: 294: 289: 285: 284: 281: 278: 255: 250: 246: 245: 242: 235: 224:(herder) > 216: 211: 207: 206: 205:Paullada 1961 203: 200: 187: 184: 180: 179: 176: 173: 164: 159: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 130:Joan Corominas 117: 114: 108: 105: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6884: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6731:Rhodochrosite 6729: 6726: 6725:National bird 6722: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6711:Floral emblem 6708: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6697:Red Quebracho 6695: 6692: 6691:National tree 6688: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6613:List of flags 6610: 6609:National flag 6607: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6277: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6174:9780300045291 6170: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6074:9788498973518 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5407:(in French). 5406: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5307:9780739149065 5303: 5299: 5294: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5265:on 2021-03-24 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5019:on 2021-03-23 5017: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4579:9789509413030 4575: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4465:Huberman 2011 4461: 4458: 4455:, p. 78. 4454: 4449: 4446: 4443:, p. 74. 4442: 4437: 4434: 4431:, p. 14. 4430: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4355:, p. 14. 4354: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4331:, p. 28. 4330: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4271:, p. 24. 4270: 4265: 4262: 4259:, p. 23. 4258: 4253: 4250: 4247:, p. 39. 4246: 4241: 4238: 4235:, p. 81. 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4175:, p. 51. 4174: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4128:Goodrich 1998 4125: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4087:Goodrich 1998 4083: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4041:, p. 29. 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4027:Chasteen 1991 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876:Goodrich 1998 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804:Chasteen 1991 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3765:Chasteen 1991 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753:Chasteen 1991 3749: 3746: 3742: 3741:Chasteen 1991 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702:Chasteen 1991 3698: 3695: 3691: 3690:Chasteen 1991 3686: 3683: 3679: 3678:Chasteen 1991 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645:gaucho alzado 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3603:Mansilla 1877 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3484:, p. 89. 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472:, p. 79. 3471: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3437:Paullada 1961 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3388:, p. 87. 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3265:, p. 95. 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 93. 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3212:, p. 96. 3211: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3177: 3167: 3164: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123:Escandón 2019 3119: 3116: 3113:, p. 88. 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089:, p. 16. 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075:Assunção 2011 3071: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3053:, p. 91. 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027:Groussac 1904 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979:Paullada 1961 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967:Groussac 1904 2963: 2960: 2957:, p. 12. 2956: 2955:Groussac 1893 2951: 2948: 2945:, p. 17. 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919:Paullada 1961 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:Groussac 1904 2900: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880:Paullada 1961 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853:Paullada 1961 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841:Assunção 2011 2837: 2834: 2831:, p. 37. 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Paullada 1961 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742:, p. 31. 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2713:Tribuno, El. 2709: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:Ricardo Rojas 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529:Groussac 1893 2524: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2443:Criollo horse 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2383:Gaúchos with 2379: 2367: 2357: 2350: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2258: 2246: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013:Martín Fierro 2011: 2007: 2006: 2005:Martín Fierro 2001: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1933:in Spanish), 1931: 1930: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1761: 1760:national epic 1757: 1752: 1751: 1750:Martín Fierro 1746: 1738: 1732: 1726: 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