Gaucho - Knowledge (XXG)

856: 600: 1412:(MTG) has an active participation of two million people, and claims to be the largest popular culture movement in the Western world. Essentially urban, rooted in nostalgia for rural life, the MTG fosters gaúcho culture. There are 2,000 Centres for Gaúcho Traditions, not only in the state, but elsewhere, even Los Angeles and Osaka, Japan. Gaúcho products include television and radio programs, articles, books, dance halls, performers, records, theme restaurants, and clothing. The movement was founded by intellectuals, apparently sons of downwardly mobile small landowners who had moved to the cities to study. Since gaúcho culture was seen as male, only later were women invited to participate. Though the real gaúchos of history lived in the Campanha (plains region), some of the first to join were of German or Italian ethnicity from outside that area, a social class who had idealised the gaúcho rancher as a type superior to themselves. 770: 2198: 2387: 1246: 880: 805: 1054: 704: 1497:, recorded that the gauchos of his childhood used to say that a man without a horse was a man without legs. He described meeting a blind gaucho who was obliged to beg for his food yet behaved with dignity and went about on horseback. Richard W. Slatta, the author of a scholarly work about gauchos, notes that the gaucho used horses to collect, mark, drive or tame cattle, to draw fishing nets, to hunt ostriches, to snare partridges, to draw well water, and even—with the help of his friends—to ride to his own burial. 837:

fellow. On the other hand, many robberies are committed, and there is much bloodshed: the habit of constantly wearing the knife is the chief cause of the latter. It is lamentable to hear how many lives are lost in trifling quarrels. In fighting, each party tries to mark the face of his adversary by slashing his nose or eyes; as is often attested by deep and horrid-looking scars. Robberies are a natural consequence of universal gambling, much drinking, and extreme indolence. At

2246: 1125: 1266:. Far from being a barbarian, the gaucho was the hero who did what the Spanish Empire could not — civilise the pampa by subjugating the Indian. To be a gaucho demanded "composure, courage, ingenuity, meditation, sobriety, vigour; all this made him a free man". But in that case, asked Lugones, why did the gaucho disappear? Because, together with his virtues, he had inherited two defects from his Indian and Spanish ancestors: laziness and pessimism. 2355: 1591: 1444: 558:, another class of people, most appropriately called gauchos or gauderios. Commonly all are criminals escaped from the jails of Spain and Brazil, or they belong to the number of those who, because of their atrocities, have had to flee to the wilderness... When the gaucho has some necessity or caprice to satisfy, he steals a few horses or cows, takes them to Brazil where he sells them and where he gets whatever it is he needs. 868: 2322: 1720: 513: 2217: 1374: 2338: 1322: 2306: 1703: 2290: 1421: 757:"Gaucho" was an insult; yet it was possible to use the word to refer, without animosity, to country people in general. Furthermore the gaucho's skills, though useful in banditry or smuggling, were just as useful for serving in the frontier police. The Spanish administration recruited its antismuggling Cuerpo de Blandengues from among the outlaws themselves. The Uruguayan patriot 2276: 2183: 2367: 2262: 1020: 2171: 27: 2403: 1623:. Two horsemen galloping at full speed charged each other head on. The shock of the collision tumbled the men and perhaps the horses. The object was to recover and charge again and again until prevented by exhaustion or injury. "Pechando provided an opportunity for a gaucho to exhibit his courage and indifference to death or injury." 2507:(vegetable). "All the Auracanian dialects, including the Quíchua, Tehuelchë, Aimarâ, are rich in the double dental consonant ch, and there is, therefore, no reason to presume that the Indian would mispronounce a word so adaptable to his own tongue, and return it in a mutilated form to the Spanish-speaking races": Gibson 1892. 1317:

gaucho's disinterestedness, stoicism and spiritual bohemianism, characteristics that had previously been conceptualized as his proverbial laziness and lack of industry. For instance, playing on the guitar, which had previously been regarded as a symptom of idleness, was now seen as an expression of the gaucho's soul.

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could throw his hat on the ground and scoop it up while galloping his horse, without touching the saddle with his hand. For the gaucho, the horse was absolutely essential to his survival for, said Hudson: "he must every day traverse vast distances, see quickly, judge rapidly, be ready at all times to

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The Gauchos, or countrymen, are very superior to those who reside in the towns. The Gaucho is invariably most obliging, polite, and hospitable: I did not meet with even one instance of rudeness or inhospitality. He is modest, both respecting himself and country, but at the same time a spirited, bold

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Brazilian inheritance laws compelled landowners to leave their lands in equal shares to their sons and daughters, and since they were numerous, and those laws were hard to evade, great landholdings fractured in a few generations. There were not the huge cattle estates of Buenos Aires province where,

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Already in 1845 a local dialect dictionary, by a knowledgeable compiler, gave "gaucho" as meaning any kind of rural worker, including one who cultivated the soil. To refer to the wandering sort, one had to specify further. Documentary research has shown the great majority of rural workers in Buenos

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The gauchos were men that knew the country, well mounted and armed... They approached the troop with such confidence, relaxation, and coolness that they caused great admiration among the European military men, who were seeing for the first time these extraordinary horsemen whose excellent qualities

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with its plethora of cattle, horses, ostriches, and other wild game, meant that a skilled horseman and hunter could live without permanent employment by selling hides, feathers, pelts, and eating free beef. This pampean largess shaped the gaucho's independent, migratory existence and his aversion to

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of Argentina) used the gaucho as a symbol against corruption and of Argentine national tradition, pitted against Europeanising tendencies. Martín Fierro, the hero of the poem, is drafted into the Argentine military for a border war, deserts, and becomes an outlaw and fugitive. The image of the free

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The invention of national types, as is well known, involves a fair amount of idealization and fantasy, but the Argentine case presents an idiosyncratic feature: the mythical gaucho seems to have been drawn as an inverted image of the immigrant. Thus, the immigrant's rapacity was contrasted with the

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They never conceive any attachment either for the soil or for a master: however well he may pay, and however kindly he may treat them, they leave him at any moment when they take it into their heads, most frequently without even bidding him adieu, or at most saying, "I am going, because I have been

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The gaucho, from the poorest worker on horseback to the largest owner of lands and cattle, has, or had in those days, a fancy for having all his riding-horses of one colour. Every man as a rule had his tropilla — his own half a dozen or a dozen or more saddle-horses, and he would have them all as

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North of the Río Negro mobile gauchos survived rather longer. A Scottish anthropologist in the central region (1882) saw many of them as unsettled. European immigration to the countryside was smaller. The central government failed to consolidate its power over the countryside, and gaucho-manned

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Thus, the social pyramid of the borderland was divided into rough thirds: at the top, Portuguese landowners and their families; then the agregados, whose racial origins varied; and, at the bottom, the enslaved Africans whose large numbers distinguish the Brazilian borderland from similar ranching

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to go into town, the second goes there flaunting his trappings. The first is a cultivator, oxcart driver, cattle drover, herdsman, a peon. The second hires himself out for cattle branding. The first has been a soldier several times. The second was once part of a squadron and as soon as he saw his

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Writing in the early 1920s, observed that the old gaucho equestrian practices had disappeared. No riders now performed the daring and dangerous maroma or pialar. found that the ranch peon on the modern estancia could not "sit a really bad horse". He had lost the finely honed riding skills that

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is achieved. If he has a claim, he drops it because he thinks it is frankly a waste of time. In a word, the first is a useful man for industry and work — the second is a dangerous inhabitant anywhere. If he resorts to the courts, it is because he has the instinct to believe that they will do him

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the myth of the gaúcho was carefully constructed, and he was portrayed not as a poor herder, living a dangerous and dirty life, but as something much more appealing: he was praised as free, yet honest and loyal to his patron, a skilled man, even a hero in the official accounts of regional wars.

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The iconic gaucho gained traction in popular culture because he appealed to diverse social groups: displaced rural workers; European immigrants anxious to assimilate; traditional ruling classes wanting to affirm their own legitimacy. At a time when the elite was extolling Argentina as a "white"

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Many explanations have been proposed, but no-one really knows how the word "gaucho" originated. Already in 1933 an author counted 36 different theories; more recently, over fifty. They can proliferate because "there is no documentation of any sort that will fix its origin to any time, place or

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who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and was a migratory horseman, and adept in cattle work". In Argentina and Uruguay today, gaucho can refer to any "country person, experienced in traditional livestock farming". Because historical

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Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural

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guerrilla group used the figure of the gaucho as a symbol of a rebel tradition since the early days of the country’s independence. This is just one example of the use and abuse for political purposes of the mythical contradictory figure of the gaucho, an integral part of the Argentine national

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Land-hungry Rio Grande cattlemen bought up estates cheaply in neighbouring Uruguay until they owned about 30% of that country, which they ranched with their slaves and cattle. The border area was fluid, bilingual and lawless. Though slavery was abolished in Uruguay in 1846, and there were laws

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armies continued to defy it until 1904. The turbulent gaucho leaders e.g. the Saravias had connections with the cattlemen over the Brazilian border, where there was much less European immigration; Wire fences did not become common in the borderland until the close of the 19th century.

1308:, he destroys and founds vast realms, but these are fleeting. It is from the cultivator we get the word "culture"; from cities, "civilisation"; but this horseman is a passing storm... In this regard Capelle observes that the Greeks, the Romans, the Germans were tillers of the soil. 1037:

Unlike Argentina, cattlemen in Rio Grande do Sul did not have vagrancy laws to tie gaúchos to their ranches. However, slavery was legal in Brazil; in Rio Grande do Sul it existed until 1884; and perhaps a majority of permanent ranch workers were enslaved. Thus many horse-riding

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to forced enlistment, irregular pay and harsh discipline. However, some resisted. "In words and deeds, soldiers contested the state's disciplinary model", frequently deserting. Deserters often fled to the Indian frontier, or even took refuge with the Indians themselves.

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gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly, the word is also applied metaphorically to mean "noble, brave and generous", but also "one who is skillful in subtle tricks, crafty". In Portuguese the word gaúcho means "an inhabitant of the plains of Rio Grande do Sul or the

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against human trafficking, weak governments poorly enforced those laws. Often Brazilian ranchers simply ignored them, even crossing and re-crossing the border with their slaves and cattle. An 1851 extradition treaty required Uruguay to return fugitive Brazilian slaves.

5267: 68:. Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legend, folklore, and literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in the 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers. 891:

As cattle estates grew bigger the freely wandering gaucho became a nuisance to landed proprietors, except when his casual labour was wanted e.g. at branding. Furthermore his services were needed in the armies that were fighting on the Indian frontiers, or in the

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The Portuguese Crown, in order to conquer southern Brazil — it was disputed with the Spanish Empire — distributed vast tracts of land to a few hundred families. Labour in this region was scarce, so great landowners acquired it by allowing a social class, called

990:, the second is no longer anything. The first still believes in something; the second believes in nothing. He has suffered more than the city slicker, and so has been disillusioned quicker. He votes, because the Commander or the Mayor tells him to, and with that 1140:

Once political stability was achieved the results were dramatic. From around 1875 a flood of immigrants altered the country's ethnic composition. In 1914, 40% of Argentina's residents were foreign-born. Today, Italian surnames are more common than Spanish.

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with you long enough". * * * They are extremely hospitable; they furnish any traveller that applies to them with lodging and food, and scarcely ever think of inquiring who he is, or whither he is going, even though he may remain with them for several months.

1645:, a particularly dangerous sport. One man galloped through a group of gauchos who lassoed his horse's legs. This threw the horse, but the man had to land on his feet holding the reins. This skill was useful for survival because the pampa was riddled with 1149:, after whom a Buenos Aires street is named, and who had lived as a gaucho in the 1870s, returned in 1914 to "his first love, Argentina" and found it had greatly changed. "Progress, which he constantly lambasted, had rendered the gaucho virtually extinct". 1079:

of 1893 gaúcho-manned armies led by elite families fought each other with exceptional barbarity. Powerful Brazilian-Uruguayan families, like the Saraivas, led mounted insurrections in both countries, even in the 20th century. In the satirical cartoon (1904)

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Rona, himself born on a language frontier in pre-Holocaust Europe, was a pioneer of the concept of linguistic borders, and studied the dialects of northern Uruguay where Portuguese and Spanish intermingle. Rona thought that, of the two forms —

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and of Brazil". Summarised one scholar: "Fundamentally was a colonial bootlegger whose business was contraband trade in cattle hides. His work was highly illegal; his character lamentably reprehensible; his social standing exceedingly low.

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says it is time for "another little revolution": they have been at peace long enough and are starting to look ridiculous. This time, however, his mobile, lance-wielding horsemen were put down, and decisively, by Uruguayan troops armed with

826:. ("Their features are particularly Spanish, uncrossed by that mixture observable in the citizens of Buenos Ayres"). They are not horsemen: they are oxcart drivers, and may or may not have called themselves gauchos in their home province. 4592: 1062:

Ranching requires mounted workers who are not easily supervised and have ample opportunities to escape. To hold on to their slaves, estancieiros considered the dictates of humanity the most economical policy. They could easily afford it.

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Crowding. Two men would spur their horses to shove against each other, each man's object being to drive his opponent to a particular place. In a variant, they raced along a narrow track; if one man could crowd the other off it, he

855: 1105:, to encourage European immigration. The purpose, which was not concealed, was to supplant the "lower races" of the sparsely populated interior, including gauchos, whom the elite believed to be hopelessly backward. Famously, 1767:

Gauchos were generally reputed to be strong, honest, silent types, but proud and capable of violence when provoked. The gaucho tendency to violence over petty matters is also recognized as a typical trait. Gauchos' use of the

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Barbed wire, cheap from 1876, fenced the pampa "and thus eliminated the need for gaucho cowboys". Gauchos were forced off the land, drifting into rural towns to look for work, though a few were retained as peon labourers.

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The first has the instincts of civilization; he imitates the man of the cities in his dress, in his customs. The second loves tradition; he hates foreigners; his luxury is his spurs, his flash gear, his leather sash, his

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Picturesque illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, consisting of twenty-four views: accompanied with descriptions of the scenery and of the costumes, manners, &c. of the inhabitants of those cities and their

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consists of branding the animal with the owner's sign. The taming of animals was another of their usual activities. Taming was a trade especially appreciated throughout Argentina and competitions to domesticate wild

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The Argentine military dictatorship used the figure of the gaucho in its propaganda to promote the 1978 FIFA world cup games and the image of Argentina as a peaceful and orderly country. At the same time, the

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Richard W. Slatta collected instances of extreme equestrian sports practised by 19th century gauchos. To perform these required and developed skills and courage that helped gauchos to survive on the pampas.

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The Charrua language became extinct in the 19th century, as did the people, but Rona points out that, most unusually for an indigenous language, it contained the phoneme /rr/, as its very name testifies:

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Wote S. Samuel Trifilo (1964): "The gaucho of today working on the pampas of Argentina is no more a real gaucho than is our own present-day cowboy the cowboy of the Wild West; both have gone forever."

1242:. Their answer was to go back to values that could be attributed to the old-time gaucho. However, the gaucho they chose was not the one who cultivated the land, but the one who galloped across it. 1626:

Jumping the bar. A bar was placed above a corral gate with just enough headroom for a horse to pass. A gaucho galloped through, and as he did, he jumped over the bar and landed back in the saddle.

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I asked two men why they did not work. One gravely said the days were too long; the other that he was too poor. The number of horses and the profusion of food are the destruction of all industry.

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However, wrote a Mexican scholar, in exalting this gaucho Lugones and others were not recreating a real historical character, they were weaving a nationalist myth, for political purposes.

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origin, which meant something like "old indian" or "contemptible person", and is actually found in the historical record. However in the Portuguese-based dialects of northern Uruguay the

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noted in 1882, "He has taken his first lessons in riding before he is well able to walk". Without a horse the gaucho himself felt unmanned. During the wars of the 19th century in the

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In Rio Grande do Sul the gaúcho has been mythified too, not in reaction to massive immigration as in Argentina, but to give the state a regional identity. The main celebration is the

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with its quarreling gaucho protagonist, had official support: the president of the Republic and his cabinet attended them, as did prominent members of the traditional ruling classes.

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In the 20th century urban intellectuals promoted the gaucho as the Argentine national icon; it was a reaction to massive European immigration and a rapidly changing way of life.

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justice out of fear – and there are examples, if they don't do it he takes revenge — he wounds or kills. The former makes up the Argentine social mass; the second is disappearing.

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Itinerant horsemen, hunting wild cattle on the pampas, originated as a social class during the 17th century. "The great natural abundance of the pampa", wrote Richard W. Slatta,

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Gauchos north of the Río de la Plata were similar to their Argentine counterparts; however there were some differences, particularly in the region straddling Brazil and Uruguay.

1664:. Carrying a lance, a galloping horseman had to impale a small ring dangling from a thread. Introduced from Spain, this sport is still practised in Spanish-speaking countries. 738:) ancestry in the female line but, in the male line, a higher proportion of Spanish ancestry than is usual in Brazil. However, gauchos were a social class, not an ethnic group. 6840: 4882:

Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N.

1888:. A leather belt, sometimes decorated with coins and elaborate buckles, is often worn over the sash. During winters, gauchos wore heavy wool ponchos to protect against cold. 1632:. A variant in which the gaucho jumped from the bar onto the back of a racing wild horse or wild steer. He had to stay on until the horse was broken or the steer was killed. 794:

Knowing "gaucho" to be an insult, the Spanish hurled it at the patriot militias; Güemes, however, picked it up as a badge of honour, referring to his troops as "my gauchos".

6292: 1117:(provincial strongmen) — were obstacles to national unity. The population was so thinly spread it was impossible to educate. They were barbarians, inimical to progress. 1000:

Aires province were not herdsmen, but cultivators or shepherds. Thus, the gaucho that survives in today's popular imagination — the galloping horseman — was not typical.

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country, a fourth group, those who possessed dark skins, felt validated by the gaucho's elevation, seeing that his non-white ancestry was too well known to be concealed.

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Hence in Argentina, vagrancy laws required rural workers to carry employment documents. Some restrictions on the gaucho's freedom of movement were imposed under Spanish

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José Pedro Rona thought the origin of the word was to be sought "on the frontier zone between Spanish and Portuguese, which goes from northern Uruguay to the Argentine

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Gauchos are first mentioned by name in the Spanish colonial records for present-day Uruguay, often in connection with smuggling to Brazil (see below, Origins). Thus

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But Paullada observes: "There may be some basis for this claim since from the earliest times of the colony the clandestine trading in hides was carried on by the

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nearly alike as possible, so that one man had chestnuts, another browns, bays, silver- or iron-greys, duns, fawns, cream-noses, or blacks, or whites, or piebalds.

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Visitors to the newly emergent Argentina and Uruguay perceived that a "gaucho" was a country person or herdsman: seldom was there a pejorative significance.

1016:, to settle on their land with their own animals. Values were martial and paternalistic, for the territory went back and forth between Portugal and Spain. 6570: 5243: 5579:

Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866".

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said most of these theories were "not worthy of discussion". Of the following explanations, Rona said that only #5, #8 and #9 might be taken seriously.

1617:, tail to tail; the rope was tied to their saddles. "This contest grew out of the need for mounts strong enough to pull against a wild, lassoed steer". 5105:

Goebel, Michael (2010). "Gauchos, Gringos and Gallegos: the assimilation of Italian and Spanish immigrants in the making of modern Uruguay 1880-1930".

528:, where the indigenous languages were quite different and there is a Portuguese influence. Two facts that any theory could usefully account for are: 4608: 6661: 3179:, in the tri-border area. An angry marauder, sacking the local church, tore the earrings off a statue of the BV Mary, saying (in Portuguese) "this 1776:—a large knife generally tucked into the rear of the gaucho's sash—is legendary, often associated with considerable bloodletting. Historically, the 88:

of Argentina of European and indigenous American descent who devotes himself to lassoing and raising cattle and horses"; gaúcho has also acquired a

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established the canonical view regarding the Martín Fierro as Argentina's national epic. The consequences of these considerations are discussed by

949:(country worker) has a home, a fixed abode, work habits, respect for authority, on whose side he will always be, even against his better feelings. 5827:

Rein, Raanan (2021). "Review: El gaucho indómito. De Martín Fierro a Perón, el emblema imposible de una nación desgarrada by Ezequiel Adamovsky".

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but conjectured that it had been a Spanish word meaning "cattle pole wielder"; this meaning is nowhere attested. (There is indeed a Spanish word

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The gaucho plays an important symbolic role in the nationalist feelings of this region, especially that of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The

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Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil".

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DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina".

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Also espoused by Paul Groussac in his lecture to the World's Folk-Lore Congress at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition on 14 July 1893:

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Ces hommes sans religion et sans morale, le plus part indiens ou métis, que les Portugais désignaient sous le nom de "Garruchos ou Gahuchos".

6835: 1113:) that gauchos, although audacious and skilled in country lore, were brutal, feckless, lived indolently in squalor, and — by upholding the 5761:

Plesch, Melanie (2013). "Demonizing and redeeming the gaucho: social conflict, xenophobia and the invention of Argentine national music".

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Black gauchos were commonplace in the Brazil-Uruguay borderlands, though rarely publicised. An exceptional early 20th century photograph.

935:(1872), a great popular success in the countryside. One estimate was that renegade gauchos comprised half of all Indian raiding parties. 74: 6401: 6333: 4880: 1159:, and this part was fenced most intensively in the decade 1870-1880. The gaucho was marginalised and was frequently driven to live in 6010: 5998: 2703: 6161: 6061: 5294: 4566: 2386: 860: 60:) is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, 5494: 5087: 662:

The native Spanish-speakers of these borderlands, however, could not process the phoneme /h/, and would render it as a null, thus

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The gaucho in some respects resembled members of other nineteenth century rural, horse-based cultures such as the North American

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The gaucho was a born cavalryman, and his bravery in the patriot cause in the wars of independence, especially under Artigas and

6102:"Gaúcho and gaucho: comparative sócio-economic and demographic change in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires Province, 1869-1920" 5421:

Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen".

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gaucho is often contrasted to the slaves who worked the northern Brazilian lands. Further literary descriptions are found in

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This new glorification of the once-despised plainsman came at moment when the gaucho had all but disappeared from the pampa.

330: 6036:(46, Subaltern studies in the Americas). Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan: 197–216. 6586: 1744: 1471: 928: 778: 5620: 5054: 1597:, a modern sport akin to bronco riding. He must stay on for 15 seconds; real gaucho sports could be much more dangerous. 741:

Gauchos are first mentioned by name in the 18th century records of the Spanish colonial authorities who administered the

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The historical "gaucho" is elusive, because there has been more than one kind. Mythologisation has obscured the topic.

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in Portuguese)—three leather-bound rocks tied together with leather straps. The typical gaucho outfit would include a

1042:(cowboys) were black slaves. They enjoyed sharply better living conditions than the slaves who worked in the brutal 804: 5251: 1891:

Their tasks were to move the cattle between grazing fields, or to market sites such as the port of Buenos Aires. The

5209:"ENTRE APLAUSOS E DENÚNCIAS: AS ENTIDADES DE ADVOGADOS GAÚCHOS E A INSTALAÇÃO DA DITADURA CIVIL-MILITAR (1964-1966)" 92:

signification in Brazil, meaning anyone, even an urban dweller, who is a citizen of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

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Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America".

911:. Those who did not carry the documentation could be sentenced to years in the military. From 1822 to 1873 even 6795: 6623: 6607: 6071:

Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province".

5030: 1454:. "They scarcely know how to walk ... they remain on horseback, though the conversation may last several hours." 1345:(The indomitable gaucho: from Martín Fierro to Perón, the impossible emblem of a torn nation), Raanan Rein wrote: 5365: 6739: 6709: 6669: 5348: 1458:

For many, an essential attribute of a gaucho is that he is a skilled horseman. Scottish physician and botanist

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Political factions have competed to appropriate the gaucho icon and interpret him their way. In a review of

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doesn't need them any more". The parish priest, a learned man, explained that the word meant "old indian":

2001: 1432: 938: 781:, earned admiration and improved his image. The Spanish general García Gamba, who fought against Güemes in 20: 5134:

Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario".

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According to Marxist and other scholars the gaucho became "proletarianized", preferring life as a salaried

6713: 6695: 6689: 6679: 6675: 6635: 6006: 5885: 5458: 5389: 4975:

Linguistic practices and the linguistic landscape along the U.S.-Mexico border: Translanguaging in Tijuana

4760:(1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". 4577: 2646: 1156: 640: 368: 6454: 6449: 6352:

Walker, John (1970). "Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: Gaucho Apologist and Costumbrist of the Pampa".

6855: 6805: 6544: 4757: 2344: 2090: 1653:

Gauchos routinely maltreated their horses since these were plentiful. Even a poor gaucho usually had a

1494: 1118: 1076: 1047: 280: 5034: 2151: 5850:"Formação das enfermeiras para a parturição: implantação de um hospital universitário na década de 80" 5167: 1902:

remained in force at festivals. The majority of gauchos were illiterate and considered as countrymen.

6759: 6655: 6612: 6529: 6489: 6444: 6127:

Slatta, Richard W. (1986). "The Demise of the Gaucho and the Rise of Equestrian Sport in Argentina".

5318: 5304: 3582:" in original; but in Argentina this meant any kind of foreigner. Thus e.g. an Italian was a gringo. 2421: 2108: 2081: 1998:

is a 2,316-line epic poem by the Argentine writer José Hernández on the life of the eponymous gaucho.

1977: 1753: 1508: 1486: 1250: 1239: 1200: 1072: 908: 904: 893: 5917:

Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social".

2532:, far from metathesising, is still a living word in Hispanic America; why should it have changed to 6685: 2549:

The asterisk denotes that the word is conjectural i.e. it is not attested in any historical record.

2122: 2047: 1470:

on all sides were composed almost entirely of gauchos. In Argentina, gaucho armies such as that of

722:

women, although he might also have African ancestry. A DNA analysis study of rural inhabitants of

569: 56: 4726: 2677: 2540:

has not metathesised in Argentine Spanish either; it remains in vigorous use, and means "bastard".

6369: 6329: 6317: 6248: 6240: 6211: 6136: 6088: 6037: 5977: 5969: 5934: 5905: 5836: 5815: 5807: 5778: 5724: 5695: 5660: 5604: 5596: 5567: 5546: 5530: 5478: 5446: 5438: 5409: 5352: 5230: 5151: 5122: 4960: 4952: 4923: 4915: 4862: 4850: 4842: 4813: 4777: 4706: 4541: 4533: 4482: 2642: 2267: 2141: 2136: 2118: 1822:

Gauchos dressed and wielded tools quite distinct from North American cowboys. In addition to the

1759: 1338: 1270:

That he vanished is good for the country, because his Indian blood contained an inferior element.

1146: 991: 798: 631:/rr/ is not easily pronounced, and so is rendered as /h/ (sounding rather like English h). Thus 604: 555: 214: 150: 3604:

Voces usadas con generalidad en las Repûblicas del Plata, la Argentina y la Oriental del Uruguay

1227: 1124: 525: 6028:

Salvatore, Richard D. (1994). "Stories of Proletarianization in Rural Argentina, 1820 - 1860".

5499:. Colección de autores españoles.t. XXXVIII-XXXIX (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Brockhaus 5333: 1807:

was heated short of boiling on a stove in a kettle, and traditionally served in a hollowed-out

1256:

For Lugones (1913), to discern a people's true character, one had to read its epic poetry; and

670:

originated in the Uruguay-Brazil dialect borderlands, deriving from a derisive indigenous word

650:(Those men without religion or morals, mostly indians or half-breeds, that the Portuguese call 6646: 6597: 6519: 6269: 6188: 6167: 6157: 6057: 5616: 5538: 5366:"La crisis argentina y la prosperidad chilena: una mirada desde Sarmiento, Hernández y Borges" 5290: 4738: 4671: 4649: 4627: 4600: 4562: 2650: 2029: 1285: 1171: 1034:

as an extreme example, the Anchorena family owned 958,000 hectares (2,370,000 acres) in 1864.

912: 838: 746: 735: 723: 708: 544: 65: 61: 4727:"What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil" 2741: 2739: 2737: 6845: 6361: 6309: 6232: 6113: 6080: 5959: 5926: 5897: 5888:(2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". 5871: 5861: 5799: 5770: 5716: 5685: 5652: 5588: 5522: 5470: 5430: 5401: 5220: 5143: 5114: 5071: 4944: 4907: 4834: 4805: 4789: 4769: 4698: 4525: 3616: 2638: 2328: 2037: 1993: 1738: 1459: 1396: 1258: 1235: 1219: 1081: 932: 643:, travelling in Uruguay during the Artigas insurgency, wrote in his diary (16 October 1820): 43: 5990: 1590: 1399:; politicians have reinterpreted it as democratic movement. Hence, wrote Luciano Bornholdt, 1343:

El gaucho indómito. De Martín Fierro a Perón, el emblema imposible de una nación desgarrada

113:

and guessing that it changed to its present form, perhaps without awareness that there are

6628: 6223:

Solberg, Carl (1974). "Farm Workers and the Myth of Export-Led Development in Argentina".

6202:

Slatta, Richard W.; Auld, Ku'ulani; Melrose, Maile (2004). "Cradle of Hawaiʻi's Paniolo".

2588: 2426: 2354: 2252: 2245: 2102: 2086: 2008: 1646: 1443: 1223: 374: 3485:, p. 63. Some Argentine provincials said "gaucho" was just a Buenos Aires expression 1785:

The gaucho diet was composed almost entirely of beef while on the range, supplemented by

1558:

It was the gaucho's passion to own all his steeds in matching colours. Hudson recalled:

1512:

encounter hunger and fatigue, violent changes of temperature, great and sudden perils".

1174:, who disarmed the private gaúcho armies and prohibited the carrying of guns in public. 6735: 6729: 6705: 6262: 6181: 5737: 5322: 4876: 4513: 3136: 2760: 2145: 2065: 2056: 1697: 1671: 1649:

burrows that threw horses; loss of one's mount was probable death for a solitary rider.

1392: 1363: 1231: 957: 941:(1877) thought he could discern two types of gaucho in the soldiers under his command: 829: 782: 745:(present-day Uruguay). For them, he is an outlaw, cattle thief, robber and smuggler. 742: 712: 118: 5964: 5947: 2578:

The theory was originally proposed by the poet Juan Escayola, but without elaboration.

867: 6779: 6753: 6719: 6699: 6504: 6252: 6150: 5981: 5819: 5782: 5608: 5450: 5234: 5225: 5208: 5185: 5163: 4964: 4927: 4854: 4710: 4686: 4555: 4545: 4486: 2431: 2373: 1748: 1518: 1463: 1275: 1208: 884: 565: 524:

A different approach is to consider that the word might have originated north of the

408: 6135:(2, Special Issue: Hispanic American Sports). University of Illinois Press: 97–110. 6118: 5866: 5849: 5550: 1719: 592:, than the other way round. Thus the problem came down to explaining the origin of 512: 5558:

Miller, Elbert E. (1979). "The Frontier and the Development of Argentine Culture".

4866: 2321: 2275: 2017: 2013: 1788: 1326: 1301: 5287:

Gauchos and Foreigners: Glossing Culture and Identity in the Argentine Countryside

3176: 1373: 5774: 5189: 4702: 2042:

was a 1942 Argentine film set during the Gaucho war against Spanish royalists in

584:— the former probably came first, because it was linguistically more natural for 241: 6555: 6474: 3276: 2312: 2216: 2070: 1321: 1196: 718:

The original gaucho was typically descended from unions between Iberian men and

117:

that describe how languages and words really evolve over time. The etymologist

5308: 2337: 1877: 1702: 1674:

on horseback, but ranging over miles of terrain. Banned in its original form,

109:

Most seem to have been conjured up by finding a word that looks something like

6617: 6171: 5042: 4948: 4911: 4838: 4529: 4494:

Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"

2305: 2074: 2024: 1794: 1614: 1420: 1351: 1329:(possibly a bandit killed by police), a cult prudently tolerated by the Church 1289: 1204: 1057:

The last of the Uruguayan gaucho insurrections, satirised in this 1904 cartoon

963: 823: 731: 719: 551: 255: 230:

is unattested. That Indians could not have pronounced "chaucho" is untenable.

114: 5901: 5720: 5356: 4742: 4604: 4578:"De la fama y de la infamia: Borges en el contexto literario latinoamericano" 3218:, but this refers to an item of nautical equipment, and is therefore remote). 832:

observed life on the pampas for six months and reflected in his diary (1833):

790:

for guerilla warfare and swift surprise they had to endure on many occasions.

6509: 6429: 5690: 5673: 5075: 2289: 1939: 1869: 1733: 1477: 1387: 1305: 1170:

The revolutionary battles in Brazil ended by 1930 under the dictatorship of

246: 5542: 5118: 4393: 3210:

Here his theory differs from Caravaglia's (#9, above), who also postulated

2569:(cattle pole) is not attested in the historical record: hence the asterisk. 2182: 5630:(in Spanish). Vol. 24. Montevideo: Editores Reunidos y Editorial Arca 5592: 5405: 2366: 1019: 6524: 5674:"Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina" 5050: 4798:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

1861: 1853: 1814: 1771: 1682:

The higher skills were lost as the gaucho was marginalised, wrote Slatta:

1503: 1133: 1129: 1114: 973: 923: 6386: 6140: 6041: 5973: 5840: 5699: 5600: 5571: 5534: 5413: 5126: 3713: 3711: 2520:, p. 12. He later abandoned it for a theory of his own, see below. 2261: 931:

described the bitter fate of just such a gaucho protagonist in his poem

316:> gaucho is an improbable metathesis. Theory does not explain Braz. 26: 6539: 6534: 6514: 6499: 6479: 6439: 6321: 6215: 6092: 5876: 5811: 5664: 5482: 5442: 5155: 4817: 4804:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. 4781: 3385: 3383: 2446: 2170: 2094: 1961: 1947: 1917: 1874:

or a poncho or blanket wrapped around the loins like a diaper called a

1467: 1110: 859:

Gaucho soldiers of Juan Manuel de Rosas, sketched by the French artist

628: 624: 285: 89: 80: 6373: 6244: 5938: 5909: 5728: 5526: 4996:"For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo" 4956: 4919: 4846: 4557:

Amor tirano: antología del cancionero tradicional amoroso de Argentina

4537: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6434: 6418: 5628:

Enciclopedia Uruguaya: Historia Ilustrada de la Civilización Uruguaya

3954:, pp. 38, 43–4, 45–6. San Jorge lies just south of the Río Negro 3579: 2436: 2377: 2296: 1969: 1911: 1847: 1713: 1490: 1297: 1121:, deviser of the Constitution, held that "to govern is to populate". 1086: 977: 85: 6313: 6084: 5803: 5656: 5474: 5434: 5147: 4809: 4793: 4773: 1657:

of perhaps a dozen. Most of those sports were banned by the elite.

473:

Cattle pole origin implausible speculation; negroid theory untenable

6365: 6236: 5930: 5062:

Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (2003). "Gauchos: identidad, identidades".

2402: 2233: 2004:

1968 Argentine film based upon José Hernández's poem Martín Fierro.

1635:

Recado. The horseman galloped across the pampa while he undid his

470:, a cattle pole) > gaúcho, "under negroid influence" > gaucho 6749: 6745: 6640: 6494: 5715:(1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. 4670:(in Spanish) (Kindle ed.). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad. 2053:

The third segment of Disney's 1942 animated feature package film,

2043: 1925: 1829: 1823: 1808: 1798: 1718: 1701: 1589: 1576:

described the low point of his life as "In Chile − and on foot!" (

1442: 1419: 1372: 1320: 1244: 1123: 1090: 1052: 1018: 878: 866: 854: 809: 808:

Tucumán gauchos visiting Buenos Aires — the first depiction of an

803: 801:, the first artist to paint gauchos, noted their mobility (1820): 768: 702: 598: 511: 6268:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 6725: 5566:(90). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 183–198. 2561:

exists in Spanish as a specialist nautical term, but Caviglia's

1899: 1782:

was typically the only eating instrument that a gaucho carried.

1675: 919: 6559: 6390: 5244:"Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos" 1687:

allowed his gaucho predecessor to stay on virtually any mount.

444:

unattested, linguistically improbable. Unlikely transition to

3140: 1525: 1296:

The icon of the man on horseback is secretly pathetic. Under

6300:

Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image".

5587:(1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. 5250:. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from 2724: 2046:, northern Argentina, in 1817. It is considered a classic of 5020: 3788: 3786: 1850:, which doubled as a saddle blanket and as sleeping gear; a 1482:

relied on gaucho armies to control the Argentine provinces.

3615:

Francisco Muñiz, a country doctor who had practised around

2745: 5513:

Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil".

5347:(1). Medellín: Escuela Interamericana de Bibliotecología, 2903: 2901: 2864: 2862: 64:

in Brazil, the southern part of Bolivia, and the south of

5194:(in Spanish). Vol. 1a ser. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez 4731:(Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social 3875: 3873: 2786: 2784: 1723:

Segundo Ramírez, who inspired Ricardo Güiraldes to write

609:

Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video

233:

Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Trifilo 1964; Gibson 1892;

6054:

El Chacho: último caudillo de la montonera de los llanos

5334:"El gaucho en Uruguay y su contribución a la literatura" 4066:, pp. 444, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454–5, 456–8, 445–6. 3765: 3717: 2801: 2799: 1109:, Argentina's second elected president, had written (in 450:

Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Hollinger 1928; Rona 1964

322:

Groussac 1893; Groussac 1904; Paullada 1961; Rona 1964;

5995:

Biografías y Vidas. La enciclopedia biográfica en línea

5989:

Ruiza, Miguel; Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004).

5070:(Mémoire et culture en Amérique latine, V.1): 143–151. 1199:

for the problems of modernity; thus, the sentiment was

5191:

El viaje intelectual: impresiones de naturaleza y arte

5169:

Popular Customs and Beliefs of the Argentine Provinces

1195:

Jeane DeLaney has argued that the immigrant was being

3804: 3777: 3702: 3506: 3389: 2111:

is an Argentinean humor comics series about a gaucho.

1678:

was gentrified and is now Argentina's national sport.

1427:

horses were small but tough. From Antonio Gazzano's

6187:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 5643:

Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho".

4389: 2482:

has never been known in Spain" (Paul Groussac). 2.

1359:

Today a popular movement celebrates gaucho culture.

1214:

Writers variously reflecting this tendency included

1101:

It was official government policy, enshrined in the

1093:

cannon, efficiently deployed by telegraph and rail.

822:

Vidal also painted visiting gauchos from up-country

495:(in math. & architecture, "not level", "warped") 1395:(1835–45), an elite-led separatist war against the 674:, then in Spanish lands evolved by accent-shift to 6261: 6180: 6149: 5003: 4554: 4281: 2486:is never found in colonial texts — "it is always 5324:Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life 4593:Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas 4465: 1385:, a week of festivities, mass horseback parades, 30:Gaucho from Argentina, photographed in Peru, 1868 4305: 2682:Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Paraguay 2587:In the town of Lučenec, on the Slovak-Hungarian 1975: 1841: 907:, and were enforced more vigorously still under 299:(orphan, abandoned, maverick) > colonial Sp. 5948:"Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués" 5392:(1928). "Le mot 'Gaucho': Son origine gitane". 3594:, pp. 130–1. (Knowledge (XXG) translation) 3374: 3326: 3003: 1684: 1401: 1347: 1314: 1294: 1268: 1189: 1060: 1026: 834: 815: 787: 730:, has claimed to discern, not only Amerindian ( 696: 645: 550:There is in that land, and particularly around 548: 164:Earliest theory (1820), dismissed as "humorous" 4668:Historia del gaucho. El gaucho: ser y quehacer 4646:Historia del gaucho: el gaucho, ser y quehacer 4624:Pilchas criollas: usos y costumbres del gaucho 4591:. São Paulo: Departamento de Letras Modernas, 1959: 1801:rich in caffeine and nutrients. The water for 956:(out-and-out gaucho) is the typical wandering 619:originated in northern Uruguay, and came from 603:The earliest depiction of a Uruguayan gaucho ( 6571: 6402: 5002:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 4687:"Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina" 3852: 3828: 3314: 3239: 2149: 2100: 2054: 2035: 1991: 1967: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1931: 1923: 1915: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1835: 1827: 1812: 1802: 1793:, an herbal infusion made from the leaves of 1786: 1777: 1769: 1757: 1736: 1724: 1707: 1577: 1568: 1516: 1501: 1475: 1474:, slowed Spanish advances. Furthermore, many 532:The word actually exists in two forms: Port. 72: 8: 5136:Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 4871:(in Spanish). London: Wertheimer, Lea y Cía. 4152:A classic thesis developed by Adolfo Prieto. 4131:, p. 142. (Knowledge (XXG) translation) 269:No proof that it was not the other way round 6841:Horse-related professions and professionals 4794:"The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay" 4099: 4087: 4006:, the ranching region of Rio Grande do Sul. 2536:in the Plata region alone? For that matter 749:(1790) said gauchos were "the dregs of the 427:(low person, cattle rustler) > derisive 6578: 6564: 6556: 6409: 6395: 6387: 6231:(2). Cambridge University Press: 121–138. 5798:(1). Cambridge University Press: 140–141. 5429:(4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. 4937:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4906:(3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. 4900:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4833:(1). Cambridge University Press: 208–210. 4553:Arnoldi, Henry; Hernández, Isabel (1986). 4524:(2). Cambridge University Press: 401–402. 4233: 3951: 3654: 2281:Gauchos in Corrientes province, Argentina. 2188:Argentine Pampas gauchos training for the 2148:in Argentina. It was adapted into a film, 2069:is the name of the 1980 album by American 1811:and sipped through a metal straw called a 1288:thought their choice of gaucho was a poor 903:, but they were greatly intensified under 498:Elite technical word unknown to the masses 423:(peasant, one who enjoys life) > Urug. 79:, in its historical sense a gaucho was a " 6117: 5963: 5919:Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies 5896:(May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. 5875: 5865: 5790:Reber, Vera Blinn (July 1984). "Review". 5689: 5341:Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecología 5224: 5113:(208). Oxford University Press: 191–229. 4685:Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). 4405: 4341: 4197: 4185: 4161: 4027: 3554: 3530: 3482: 3075: 3027: 2991: 2931: 2077:, which featured a song by the same name. 1071:Governments found it hard to establish a 6204:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 6156:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 5188:(1904). "A propósito de americanismos". 4453: 4116: 4075: 4015: 3978:, pp. 176, 190, 196, 198, 199, 201. 3864: 3792: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3591: 3425: 3111: 3063: 3015: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2907: 2892: 2868: 2841: 2829: 2790: 2517: 1712:and playing the guitar in the Argentine 1500:By reputation the quintessential gaucho 1155:Two-thirds of Uruguay lies south of the 976:(dagger-sword). The first takes off his 125:Some proposed explanations for "gaucho" 123: 25: 6210:(2). Montana Historical Society: 2–19. 6073:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5848:Rocha, T.A.; Bonilha, A.L.D.L. (2008). 5645:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5463:The Hispanic American Historical Review 5394:Journal de la Société des américanistes 5047:Dicionário Online Priberam de Português 4762:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4691:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 4128: 4112: 4063: 4051: 4039: 3999: 3915: 3891: 3840: 3566: 3518: 3437: 3413: 3401: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3302: 3290: 3175:(2) An incident in 1817 in the town of 3087: 2880: 2805: 2762:Dicionário Online Priberam de Português 2669: 2618: 2614: 2458: 1097:European immigration; fencing the pampa 761:made precisely that career transition. 5738:"Some Observations on the word Gaucho" 5172:. Chicago: Donohue, Hennebery & Co 5092:. Vol. 1. London: John C. Francis 4994:Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). 4981:(PhD diss.). University of Southampton 4441: 4429: 4417: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4329: 4317: 4293: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4212:, pp. 128–131, 133, 135–6, 140–2. 4209: 4140: 4054:, pp. 434–6, 440–1, 447–8, 455–8. 3963: 3903: 3879: 3494: 2919: 2775: 2728: 2720: 2130:University of California Santa Barbara 1391:, rodeos and dances. It refers to the 572:and the Brazilian area between them". 5469:(3). Duke University Press: 586–587. 4825:Collier, Simon (May 1988). "Review". 4394:Trinidad, "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)" 4221: 3939: 3927: 3470: 3458: 2626: 2622: 666:. In sum, according to this theory, 55: 42: 7: 5684:(1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. 5678:Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 5496:Una escursión a los indios ranqueles 5327:. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company. 5207:Guazzelli, Dante Guimaraens (2019). 4173: 3987: 3975: 3816: 3766:Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013 3718:Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013 3542: 3263: 3251: 3227: 3198: 3184: 3139:mocking the besiegers of Montevideo 3123: 3099: 3051: 3039: 2979: 2853: 2817: 1866:; and loose-fitting trousers called 1163:(rural slums, literally rat towns). 773:Güemes and his gauchos: re-enactment 6012:Voyage a Rio-Grande do Sul (Brésil) 4725:Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). 4626:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé. 639:, and indeed the French naturalist 6183:Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier 6056:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Lingkua. 4863:Cunninghame Graham, Robert Bontine 4390:Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro 2004 4002:, p. 195. This refers to the 1858:(dagger); a leather whip called a 1312:Wrote musicologist Melanie Plesch: 765:Wars of emancipation; independence 14: 5965:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738 5089:Notes and Queries (Eighth Series) 5026:Diccionario de la lengua española 4885:(2 ed.). London: John Murray 4827:Journal of Latin American Studies 4561:(in Spanish). Ediciones del Sol. 4518:Journal of Latin American Studies 3805:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3778:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3703:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3507:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 3390:Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978 2327:Argentine gauchos in the city of 75:Diccionario de la lengua española 16:Skilled horseman in South America 6295:from the original on 2020-01-23. 6001:from the original on 2021-01-26. 5272:(MA diss.). University of Kansas 5226:10.23925/2176-2767.2019v66p44-80 5057:from the original on 2021-02-18. 5037:from the original on 2021-03-25. 4614:from the original on 2018-12-21. 2401: 2385: 2365: 2353: 2336: 2320: 2304: 2288: 2274: 2260: 2244: 2232: 2215: 2196: 2181: 2169: 1431:(1873), oil on canvas (detail), 1410:Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho 1111:Facundo: Civilización y Barbarie 846:Controlling the wandering gaucho 387:(bohemian, wanderer) > Arg. 184:(rough, uncouth) > Argentine 6119:10.15448/1980-864X.1980.2.30624 5991:"Biografia de Leopoldo Lugones" 5867:10.1590/S1414-81452008000400007 5289:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 4466:Slatta, Auld & Melrose 2004 3449:See the article on that artist. 2680:[Paraguayan Folklore]. 2503:The Indians had their own word 1944:, the Venezuelan and Colombian 1930:of Central Chile, the Peruvian 1537:mi mujer que no me hace falta. 1450:, 1861, a careful depiction by 968:(armed rabble) if it shows up. 871:Woodcut from the title page of 501:Assunção 2011; Hollinger 1928. 191:French little spoken in region. 5266:Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). 5029:(in Spanish) (23rd ed.). 3135:Two examples are: (1) An 1813 2613:The work has been reviewed by 2565:, supposedly one who wields a 2239:Gauchos in Buenos Aires, 1880. 1882:, belted with a sash called a 1103:Argentine Constitution of 1853 623:, a derisive word possibly of 615:As to that, Rona thought that 347:) (countryman or cowboy) > 335:Chilean Quichua or Araucanian 272:Paullada 1961; Hollinger 1928 1: 6831:National symbols of Argentina 6587:National symbols of Argentina 5313:. London: Chapman & Hall. 3645:In censuses and farm records. 3521:, pp. 450, 455, 459–461. 2684:(in Spanish). August 22, 2022 2117:is the name of a song by the 1136:, Buenos Aires Province, 1882 1029:areas in the Rio de la Plata. 588:to evolve by accent-shift to 6801:Culture in Rio Grande do Sul 6786:Animal husbandry occupations 6179:Slatta, Richard W. (1992) . 6100:Slatta, Richard W. (1980b). 5775:10.1080/0031322X.2013.845425 5672:Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). 4703:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153 4576:Arrigucci, Davi Jr. (1999). 4306:Arnoldi & Hernández 1986 2655:his essay "El Martín Fierro" 2225:by Juan León Pallière (1858) 2097:directed by Lester Orlebeck. 1274:Lugones' lectures, where he 1262:was the Argentine epic poem 883:Some gauchos flaunted their 383:(foreigner) > Andalusian 263:(astute man) > Argentine 167:Paullada 1961; Trifilo 1964 6836:Horse history and evolution 6285:"Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)" 6148:Slatta, Richard W. (1990). 6050:Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 5064:América: Cahiers du CRICCAL 3768:, pp. 7–11, 15, 21–22. 1550:For I don't need my woman. 1377:A Semana Farroupilha parade 1075:in the border area. In the 812:(Emeric Essex Vidal, 1820) 508:The dialect frontier theory 6879: 6264:The Invention of Argentina 5736:Paullada, Stephen (1961). 5310:The Naturalist in La Plata 4972:Escandón, Alfredo (2019). 2028:was a 1927 film starring 1695: 1361: 1107:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 220:> guttural Amerindian 136:Alleged root and evolution 18: 6670:National personifications 6593: 6425: 6302:Pacific Historical Review 6260:Shumway, Nicolas (1993). 5997:(in Spanish). Barcelona. 5946:Rona, José Pedro (1964). 5461:(August 1984). "Review". 5400:(nouvelle série): 103–5. 5332:Lacasagne, Pablo (2009). 5285:Huberman, Ariana (2011). 5248:The Aston Martin Magazine 4949:10.1017/S0010417500012561 4912:10.1017/S0010417500020016 4839:10.1017/S0022216X00002613 4597:Universidade de São Paulo 4585:Cuadernos de Recienvenido 4530:10.1017/S0022216X0000482X 4018:, pp. 748, 749 n.26. 3853:Bastia & vom Hau 2014 3829:Bastia & vom Hau 2014 1535:el caballo que se vuelva, 458:Buenaventura Caviglia, Jr 6656:Father of the Fatherland 6624:Himno Nacional Argentino 6129:Journal of Sport History 6106:Estudos Ibero-Americanos 5721:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128 5626:. In Rama, Ángel (ed.). 5349:Universidad de Antioquia 4648:(in Spanish). Claridad. 4368:, pp. 100–2, 104–5. 4200:, pp. 26–27, 29–31. 3144: 1747:(considered by some the 1529: 1300:, scourge of God, under 1046:(beef-salting plants). 6851:Ethnic groups in Brazil 6826:South American folklore 6821:Latin American folklore 6152:Cowboys of the Americas 6015:. Orléans: H. Herluison 6007:Saint-Hilaire, Augustin 5952:Revista de Antropologia 5691:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783 5621:"La estancia alambrada" 5364:Lacoste, Pablo (2003). 5242:Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). 5086:(1892). "The Gauchos". 5076:10.3406/ameri.2003.1615 4282:Cunninghame Graham 1914 3150:lograrán los garruchos, 2725:Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys" 1960: 1670:. A game resembling 1472:Martín Miguel de Güemes 1433:Fortabat Art Collection 939:Lucio Victorio Mansilla 779:Martín Miguel de Güemes 726:, who style themselves 21:Gaucho (disambiguation) 6662:Effigy of the Republic 6339:. London: R. Ackermann 5902:10.1093/past/167.1.176 5031:Real Academia Española 4758:Chasteen, John Charles 4516:(May 1993). "Review". 3657:, pp. 144, 145–6. 3317:, pp. 160, 168–9. 3159:When Auntie Candelaria 3157: 3054:, pp. 88, 92, 95. 2251:Traditional Argentine 2150: 2101: 2055: 2036: 1992: 1976: 1968: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1893: 1884: 1876: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1828: 1813: 1803: 1787: 1778: 1770: 1758: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1708: 1689: 1598: 1586:Extreme equestrianship 1578: 1569: 1565: 1542: 1517: 1502: 1489:, who was born on the 1476: 1455: 1440: 1406: 1378: 1357: 1330: 1319: 1310: 1272: 1253: 1216:José María Ramos Mejía 1193: 1137: 1065: 1058: 1031: 1024: 997: 888: 876: 864: 843: 820: 813: 792: 774: 715: 701: 699:a sedentary regimen". 660: 641:Augustin Saint-Hilaire 612: 570:province of Corrientes 560: 521: 397:Transition unexplained 73: 31: 5763:Patterns of Prejudice 5593:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003 5581:Luso-Brazilian Review 5406:10.3406/jsa.1928.3642 5319:Hudson, William Henry 5305:Hudson, William Henry 4664:Assunção, Fernando O. 4642:Assunção, Fernando O. 4620:Assunção, Fernando O. 3942:, pp. 62, 74–79. 3146:Cuando Tía Candelaria 2360:Riograndenses dancing 2345:Federalist Revolution 2208:Prilidiano Pueyrredón 1974:, and the Portuguese 1722: 1705: 1593: 1560: 1544:My horse and my woman 1531:Mi caballo y mi mujer 1495:Buenos Aires province 1452:Prilidiano Pueyrredón 1446: 1423: 1376: 1324: 1248: 1178:The gaucho as an icon 1127: 1119:Juan Bautista Alberdi 1077:Federalist Revolution 1056: 1048:John Charles Chasteen 1022: 943: 882: 870: 858: 807: 772: 759:José Gervasio Artigas 706: 635:would be rendered as 602: 540:, both long attested. 515: 400:Lehmann-Nitsche 1928 281:Martiniano Leguizamón 155:Same root as English 29: 6690:National forest tree 5742:New Mexico Quarterly 5709:American Ethnologist 5119:10.1093/pastj/gtp037 4356:, pp. 101, 104. 3807:, pp. 590, 610. 3732:, pp. 741, 742. 3375:Rodríguez Molas 1964 3353:, pp. 420, 417. 3327:Rodríguez Molas 1964 3004:Lehmann-Nitsche 1928 2678:"Folklore Paraguayo" 2469:with British ships". 2223:La Posta de San Luis 2109:Roberto Fontanarrosa 2085:was a 1941 American 2082:Gauchos of El Dorado 1548:May the horse return 1533:viajaron para Salta, 1509:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1487:William Henry Hudson 1251:San Antonio de Areco 1249:Gaucho reenactment, 1073:monopoly of violence 984:The first is always 981:chance he deserted. 909:Juan Manuel de Rosas 905:Bernardino Rivadavia 564:Hence the Uruguayan 547:wrote (around 1784): 485:Fernando O. Assunção 105:Resemblance theories 19:For other uses, see 6636:En unión y libertad 6330:Vidal, Emeric Essex 6283:Trinidad, Zunilda. 5390:Lehmann-Nitsche, R. 5370:Si Somos Americanos 5000:National Geographic 4483:Adamovsky, Ezequiel 4119:, pp. 147–166. 3681:, pp. 737–743. 3557:, pp. 202–213. 3533:, pp. 197–201. 3275:A reference to the 2958:, pp. 407–416. 2643:"El Payador" (1916) 2204:Un alto en el campo 2140:is a 1910 novel by 2123:Away From the World 2012:1952 film starring 1435:. Notice gaucho's 1429:El Tambo de Quirino 894:frequent civil wars 417:(I enjoy) > Sp. 126: 6816:Brazilian folklore 6811:Uruguayan folklore 6791:Argentine folklore 6652:José de San Martín 6289:todo-argentina.net 5890:Past & Present 5560:Revista Geográfica 5491:Mansilla, Lucio V. 5107:Past & Present 4868:El Río de la Plata 4115:, pp. 445–6; 3315:Marrero et al 2007 3240:Saint-Hilaire 1887 3114:, pp. 20, 29. 2982:, pp. 88, 90. 2883:, p. 397 n.9. 2749:, "gaucho, gaucha" 2268:Pedro II of Brazil 2152:Los Gauchos judíos 2142:Alberto Gerchunoff 2137:The Jewish Gauchos 2128:The Gaucho is the 2121:on the 2012 album 2119:Dave Matthews Band 1986:In popular culture 1760:Don Segundo Sombra 1730: 1726:Don Segundo Sombra 1717: 1599: 1456: 1441: 1383:Semana Farroupilha 1379: 1339:Ezequiel Adamovsky 1331: 1254: 1147:Cunninghame Graham 1138: 1059: 1025: 1004:Brazil and Uruguay 992:universal suffrage 913:internal passports 901:Viceroy Sobremonte 889: 877: 865: 814: 799:Emeric Essex Vidal 775: 716: 613: 605:Emeric Essex Vidal 522: 215:Andalusian Spanish 161:(awkward, uncouth) 151:Emeric Essex Vidal 124: 32: 6773: 6772: 6760:Our Lady of Luján 6553: 6552: 6275:978-0-520-08284-7 6194:978-0-8032-9215-4 5856:(in Portuguese). 5527:10.1159/000102989 5215:(in Portuguese). 5049:(in Portuguese). 4790:Christison, David 4677:978-1-61860-020-2 4655:978-950-620-205-7 4633:978-950-04-1121-9 4272:, pp. 25–27. 4188:, pp. 27–29. 4102:, pp. 312–3. 3990:, pp. 565–7. 3966:, pp. 197–8. 3930:, p. 66, 77. 3843:, pp. 442–4. 3795:, pp. 755–9. 3744:, pp. 750–1. 3341:, pp. 396–7. 3174: 3173: 3126:, pp. 89–90. 3030:, pp. 18–19. 3018:, pp. 410–4. 3006:, pp. 105–5. 2994:, pp. 17–18. 2970:, pp. 153–4. 2651:Jorge Luis Borges 2091:Three Mesquiteers 2030:Douglas Fairbanks 1952:, the Ecuadorian 1754:Ricardo Güiraldes 1706:Gauchos drinking 1613:. An equestrian 1579:En Chile y a pie. 1556: 1555: 1546:Went off to Salta 1286:Jorge Luis Borges 1240:Ricardo Güiraldes 887:sash decorations. 724:Rio Grande do Sul 707:Spanish official 505: 504: 373:Gitano (i.e. Sp. 71:According to the 66:Chilean Patagonia 62:Rio Grande do Sul 44:[ˈɡawtʃo] 6868: 6796:Chilean folklore 6722:(National stone) 6580: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6377: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6325: 6296: 6279: 6267: 6256: 6219: 6198: 6186: 6175: 6155: 6144: 6123: 6121: 6096: 6067: 6045: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6002: 5985: 5967: 5942: 5913: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5854:Escola Anna Nery 5844: 5823: 5786: 5769:(4–5): 337–358. 5757: 5755: 5753: 5732: 5703: 5693: 5668: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5625: 5612: 5575: 5554: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5486: 5454: 5417: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5360: 5338: 5328: 5314: 5300: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5238: 5228: 5213:Projeto História 5203: 5201: 5199: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5159: 5130: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5079: 5058: 5038: 5021:"gaucho, gaucha" 5016: 5014: 5013: 5007: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4968: 4931: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4872: 4858: 4821: 4785: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4681: 4659: 4637: 4615: 4613: 4582: 4572: 4560: 4549: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4491: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4100:Olea Franco 1990 4097: 4091: 4088:Olea Franco 1990 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329:, pp. 81–2. 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3266:, pp. 93–4. 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187:, pp. 95–6. 3168:take this town. 3152:tomar la plaza. 3141: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2856:, pp. 37–8. 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2732: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2674: 2658: 2639:Leopoldo Lugones 2636: 2630: 2611: 2605: 2600:Hispanicized as 2598: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2405: 2389: 2369: 2357: 2340: 2324: 2308: 2292: 2278: 2264: 2248: 2236: 2219: 2200: 2185: 2173: 2155: 2106: 2060: 2048:Argentine cinema 2041: 2038:La Guerra Gaucha 1997: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1865: 1857: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1818: 1806: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1763: 1742: 1728: 1711: 1581: 1572: 1526: 1522: 1507: 1481: 1460:David Christison 1397:Brazilian Empire 1236:Leopoldo Lugones 1234:, and above all 1161:pueblos de ratas 1082:Aparicio Saravia 466:(supp. from Sp. 127: 78: 59: 57:[ɡaˈuʃu] 54: 46: 41: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6754:National dishes 6740:National liquor 6710:National animal 6629:National anthem 6589: 6584: 6554: 6549: 6421: 6415: 6385: 6380: 6351: 6342: 6340: 6328: 6314:10.2307/3636040 6299: 6282: 6276: 6259: 6222: 6201: 6195: 6178: 6164: 6147: 6126: 6099: 6085:10.2307/2513269 6070: 6064: 6048: 6027: 6018: 6016: 6005: 5988: 5945: 5916: 5884: 5847: 5826: 5804:10.2307/1006958 5789: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5735: 5706: 5671: 5657:10.2307/2507331 5642: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5617:Nahum, Benjamín 5615: 5578: 5557: 5511: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5475:10.2307/2514963 5457: 5435:10.2307/1008485 5420: 5388: 5379: 5377: 5363: 5336: 5331: 5317: 5303: 5297: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5255: 5241: 5206: 5197: 5195: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5148:10.2307/4530971 5142:(47): 147–166. 5133: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5061: 5041: 5019: 5011: 5009: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4934: 4897: 4888: 4886: 4877:Darwin, Charles 4875: 4861: 4824: 4810:10.2307/2841497 4788: 4774:10.2307/2515762 4756: 4747: 4745: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4656: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4611: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4552: 4514:Adelman, Jeremy 4512: 4503: 4501: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4234:Christison 1882 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3952:Christison 1882 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3867:, pp. 148. 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831:, pp. 2–3. 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3780:, pp. 590. 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669:, pp. 741. 3665: 3661: 3655:Garavaglia 2003 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3619:for many yeara. 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3191: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2637: 2633: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2589:language border 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2427:Gaucho sheepdog 2418: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2394:Gaucho Oriental 2390: 2382: 2381: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2343:Gauchos in the 2341: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2190:Esgrima Criolla 2186: 2178: 2177: 2176:Gaucho clothing 2174: 2163: 2103:Inodoro Pereyra 2009:Way of a Gaucho 1988: 1958:, the Hawaiian 1908: 1826:, gauchos used 1700: 1694: 1588: 1574:Chacho Peñaloza 1552: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1485:The naturalist 1439:(dagger-sword). 1418: 1371: 1366: 1292:for Argentines. 1228:José Ingenieros 1224:Rafael Obligado 1201:antimodernistic 1185: 1180: 1099: 1006: 915:were required. 853: 848: 767: 751:Rio de la Plata 692: 684: 526:Río de la Plata 518:Río de la Plata 510: 369:Lehmann-Nitsche 360:Hollinger 1928 331:Vicuña Mackenna 203:Emilio Daireaux 175:Monlau and Diez 107: 98: 52: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6864: 6863: 6861:Gaucho culture 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6743: 6733: 6730:National sport 6723: 6717: 6703: 6693: 6683: 6673: 6659: 6649: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6417:Mounted stock 6416: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6383:External links 6381: 6379: 6378: 6366:10.2307/338719 6360:(1): 102–107. 6349: 6326: 6308:(4): 395–403. 6297: 6291:(in Spanish). 6280: 6274: 6257: 6237:10.2307/980634 6220: 6199: 6193: 6176: 6162: 6145: 6124: 6112:(2): 191–202. 6097: 6079:(3): 450–472. 6068: 6062: 6046: 6025: 6003: 5986: 5958:(1/2): 87–98. 5954:(in Spanish). 5943: 5931:10.2307/164930 5921:(in Spanish). 5914: 5882: 5845: 5829:Iberoamericana 5824: 5787: 5758: 5733: 5704: 5680:(in Spanish). 5669: 5651:(3): 417–424. 5640: 5613: 5576: 5555: 5521:(3): 160–171. 5515:Human Heredity 5509: 5487: 5455: 5418: 5386: 5361: 5343:(in Spanish). 5329: 5315: 5301: 5295: 5282: 5263: 5239: 5204: 5186:Groussac, Paul 5182: 5164:Groussac, Paul 5160: 5138:(in Spanish). 5131: 5102: 5080: 5066:(in Spanish). 5059: 5039: 5017: 4991: 4969: 4943:(4): 587–620. 4932: 4895: 4873: 4859: 4822: 4786: 4768:(4): 737–760. 4754: 4722: 4697:(3): 475–492. 4682: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4638: 4632: 4616: 4587:(in Spanish). 4573: 4567: 4550: 4510: 4496:(in Spanish). 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4406:Arrigucci 1999 4398: 4382: 4380:, p. 107. 4370: 4358: 4346: 4342:Sarmiento 2008 4334: 4332:, p. 160. 4322: 4310: 4308:, p. 177. 4298: 4296:, p. 356. 4286: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4198:Bornholdt 2010 4190: 4186:Bornholdt 2010 4178: 4176:, p. 341. 4166: 4162:Adamovsky 2014 4154: 4145: 4143:, p. 351. 4133: 4121: 4104: 4092: 4090:, p. 322. 4080: 4078:, p. 153. 4068: 4056: 4044: 4042:, p. 435. 4032: 4028:Bornholdt 2010 4020: 4008: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3918:, p. 403. 3908: 3906:, p. 103. 3896: 3894:, p. 122. 3884: 3882:, p. 195. 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3819:, p. 566. 3809: 3797: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3756:, p. 751. 3746: 3734: 3722: 3707: 3705:, p. 620. 3695: 3693:, p. 743. 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3638: 3621: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3571: 3569:, p. 463. 3559: 3555:Salvatore 1994 3547: 3545:, p. 183. 3535: 3531:Salvatore 1994 3523: 3511: 3509:, p. 600. 3499: 3497:, p. 156. 3487: 3483:Adamovsky 2014 3475: 3463: 3451: 3442: 3440:, p. 401. 3430: 3428:, p. 160. 3418: 3416:, p. 399. 3406: 3404:, p. 454. 3394: 3392:, p. 604. 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 398. 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 421. 3295: 3293:, p. 452. 3283: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3242:, p. 160. 3232: 3220: 3203: 3189: 3172: 3171: 3163:Then will the 3155: 3148:mellizos para, 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3090:, p. 419. 3080: 3076:Hollinger 1928 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3028:Hollinger 1928 3020: 3008: 2996: 2992:Hollinger 1928 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2932:Hollinger 1928 2924: 2922:, p. 436. 2912: 2910:, p. 153. 2897: 2895:, p. 410. 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 152. 2858: 2846: 2844:, p. 155. 2834: 2822: 2810: 2808:, p. 396. 2795: 2793:, p. 151. 2780: 2778:, p. 129. 2768: 2753: 2733: 2713: 2694: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2631: 2619:Collier (1988) 2615:Adelman (1993) 2606: 2593: 2580: 2571: 2551: 2542: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2471: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2383: 2374:Criollo horses 2371: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2213: 2202: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2146:Jewish gauchos 2133: 2126: 2112: 2098: 2078: 2062: 2057:Saludos Amigos 2051: 2033: 2021: 2005: 1999: 1987: 1984: 1966:, the Mexican 1907: 1904: 1745:José Hernández 1698:Gaucho culture 1696:Main article: 1693: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1672:rugby football 1665: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1608: 1587: 1584: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1417: 1414: 1393:Ragamuffin War 1370: 1367: 1364:Gaucho culture 1362:Main article: 1264:par excellence 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1172:Getúlio Vargas 1098: 1095: 1050:explained why: 1005: 1002: 947:paisano gaucho 929:José Hernández 852: 849: 847: 844: 830:Charles Darwin 766: 763: 747:Félix de Azara 743:Banda Oriental 709:Félix de Azara 691: 688: 683: 680: 562: 561: 541: 509: 506: 503: 502: 499: 496: 487: 482: 478: 477: 474: 471: 459: 456: 452: 451: 448: 439: 411: 406: 402: 401: 398: 395: 371: 366: 362: 361: 358: 355: 333: 328: 324: 323: 320: 311: 283: 278: 274: 273: 270: 267: 244: 239: 235: 234: 231: 224: 213:(herder) > 205: 200: 196: 195: 194:Paullada 1961 192: 189: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 162: 153: 148: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 119:Joan Corominas 106: 103: 97: 94: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6874: 6873: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6720:Rhodochrosite 6718: 6715: 6714:National bird 6711: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6700:Floral emblem 6697: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6686:Red Quebracho 6684: 6681: 6680:National tree 6677: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602:List of flags 6599: 6598:National flag 6596: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6163:9780300045291 6159: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6063:9788498973518 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396:(in French). 5395: 5391: 5387: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5296:9780739149065 5292: 5288: 5283: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5254:on 2021-03-24 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5008:on 2021-03-23 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4568:9789509413030 4564: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454:Huberman 2011 4450: 4447: 4444:, p. 78. 4443: 4438: 4435: 4432:, p. 74. 4431: 4426: 4423: 4420:, p. 14. 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4344:, p. 14. 4343: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4320:, p. 28. 4319: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4263: 4260:, p. 24. 4259: 4254: 4251: 4248:, p. 23. 4247: 4242: 4239: 4236:, p. 39. 4235: 4230: 4227: 4224:, p. 81. 4223: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4164:, p. 51. 4163: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117:Goodrich 1998 4114: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4076:Goodrich 1998 4072: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4030:, p. 29. 4029: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016:Chasteen 1991 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:Goodrich 1998 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3793:Chasteen 1991 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3754:Chasteen 1991 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742:Chasteen 1991 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730:Chasteen 1991 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691:Chasteen 1991 3687: 3684: 3680: 3679:Chasteen 1991 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667:Chasteen 1991 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634:gaucho alzado 3631: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3592:Mansilla 1877 3588: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3473:, p. 89. 3472: 3467: 3464: 3461:, p. 79. 3460: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426:Paullada 1961 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3377:, p. 87. 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3254:, p. 95. 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3230:, p. 93. 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3201:, p. 96. 3200: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3166: 3156: 3153: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3112:Escandón 2019 3108: 3105: 3102:, p. 88. 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3078:, p. 16. 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064:Assunção 2011 3060: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042:, p. 91. 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016:Groussac 1904 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968:Paullada 1961 2964: 2961: 2957: 2956:Groussac 1904 2952: 2949: 2946:, p. 12. 2945: 2944:Groussac 1893 2940: 2937: 2934:, p. 17. 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908:Paullada 1961 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:Groussac 1904 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2869:Paullada 1961 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842:Paullada 1961 2838: 2835: 2831: 2830:Assunção 2011 2826: 2823: 2820:, p. 37. 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Paullada 1961 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2731:, p. 31. 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2702:Tribuno, El. 2698: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:Ricardo Rojas 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518:Groussac 1893 2513: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432:Criollo horse 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2372:Gaúchos with 2368: 2356: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2298: 2291: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2247: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2191: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002:Martín Fierro 2000: 1996: 1995: 1994:Martín Fierro 1990: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1922:in Spanish), 1920: 1919: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1750: 1749:national epic 1746: 1741: 1740: 1739:Martín Fierro 1735: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1691: 1688: 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