Knowledge (XXG)

Gaussian rational

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can be generalized from the rational numbers to the Gaussian rationals, giving Ford spheres. In this construction, the complex numbers are embedded as a plane in a three-dimensional
406: 437: 351: 551: 229:, and for each Gaussian rational point in this plane one constructs a sphere tangent to the plane at that point. For a Gaussian rational represented in lowest terms as 211: 503: 475: 255: 301: 277: 709: 130: 616: 589: 733: 702: 569: 728: 695: 179: 83: 356: 647: 602: 118: 52: 637: 413: 308: 508: 612: 606: 585: 442: 122: 679: 184: 581: 152: 145: 103: 91: 64: 226: 87: 48: 480: 452: 232: 651: 286: 262: 141: 28: 722: 675: 573: 164: 137: 136:
As with cyclotomic fields more generally, the field of Gaussian rationals is neither
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Wonders of Numbers: Adventures in Mathematics, Mind, and Meaning
51:. The set of all Gaussian rationals forms the Gaussian rational 605:(2001), "Chapter 103. Beauty and Gaussian Rational Numbers", 305:
are relatively prime), the radius of this sphere should be
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The field of Gaussian rationals is also a two-dimensional
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The field of Gaussian rationals provides an example of an
683: 511: 483: 455: 416: 359: 311: 289: 265: 235: 187: 553:, and otherwise they do not intersect each other. 545: 497: 469: 431: 400: 345: 295: 271: 249: 205: 703: 611:, Oxford University Press, pp. 243–246, 8: 200: 188: 710: 696: 641: 532: 512: 510: 487: 482: 459: 454: 418: 417: 415: 387: 386: 374: 369: 360: 358: 337: 332: 323: 315: 310: 288: 264: 239: 234: 186: 163:). The set of all Gaussian rationals is 117:of order two, in this case generated by 562: 16:Complex number with rational components 102:). Like all quadratic fields it is a 7: 664: 662: 401:{\displaystyle |q|^{2}=q{\bar {q}}} 682:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 14: 666: 449:for pairs of Gaussian rationals 533: 513: 423: 392: 370: 361: 333: 324: 1: 63:), obtained by adjoining the 445:. The resulting spheres are 408:is the squared modulus, and 750: 661: 432:{\displaystyle {\bar {q}}} 346:{\displaystyle 1/2|q|^{2}} 70:to the field of rationals 632:Northshield, Sam (2015), 546:{\displaystyle |Pq-pQ|=1} 144:(as a metric space). The 634:Ford Circles and Spheres 578:Algebraic Number Theory 206:{\displaystyle \{1,i\}} 78:Properties of the field 678:-related article is a 547: 499: 471: 433: 402: 347: 297: 273: 251: 207: 84:algebraic number field 603:Pickover, Clifford A. 548: 500: 472: 434: 403: 348: 298: 274: 252: 208: 509: 481: 453: 414: 357: 309: 287: 263: 233: 185: 734:Number theory stubs 652:2015arXiv150300813N 498:{\displaystyle p/q} 470:{\displaystyle P/Q} 250:{\displaystyle p/q} 119:complex conjugation 543: 495: 467: 429: 398: 343: 293: 269: 247: 203: 165:countably infinite 729:Cyclotomic fields 691: 690: 443:complex conjugate 426: 395: 296:{\displaystyle q} 272:{\displaystyle p} 146:Gaussian integers 123:abelian extension 121:, and is thus an 25:Gaussian rational 741: 712: 705: 698: 670: 663: 656: 654: 645: 629: 623: 621: 599: 593: 582:Chapman and Hall 567: 552: 550: 549: 544: 536: 516: 504: 502: 501: 496: 491: 476: 474: 473: 468: 463: 440: 438: 436: 435: 430: 428: 427: 419: 407: 405: 404: 399: 397: 396: 388: 379: 378: 373: 364: 352: 350: 349: 344: 342: 341: 336: 327: 319: 304: 302: 300: 299: 294: 280: 278: 276: 275: 270: 256: 254: 253: 248: 243: 212: 210: 209: 204: 153:ring of integers 104:Galois extension 92:cyclotomic field 65:imaginary number 49:rational numbers 749: 748: 744: 743: 742: 740: 739: 738: 719: 718: 717: 716: 660: 659: 631: 630: 626: 619: 601: 600: 596: 568: 564: 559: 507: 506: 479: 478: 451: 450: 412: 411: 409: 368: 355: 354: 331: 307: 306: 285: 284: 282: 261: 260: 258: 231: 230: 227:Euclidean space 221:The concept of 219: 183: 182: 88:quadratic field 86:that is both a 80: 17: 12: 11: 5: 747: 745: 737: 736: 731: 721: 720: 715: 714: 707: 700: 692: 689: 688: 671: 658: 657: 624: 617: 594: 561: 560: 558: 555: 542: 539: 535: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 515: 494: 490: 486: 466: 462: 458: 425: 422: 394: 391: 385: 382: 377: 372: 367: 363: 340: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 292: 268: 246: 242: 238: 218: 215: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 79: 76: 29:complex number 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 746: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 724: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 693: 687: 685: 681: 677: 676:number theory 672: 669: 665: 653: 649: 644: 639: 635: 628: 625: 620: 618:9780195348002 614: 610: 609: 604: 598: 595: 591: 590:0-412-13840-9 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:David O. Tall 571: 566: 563: 556: 554: 540: 537: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 492: 488: 484: 464: 460: 456: 448: 444: 420: 389: 383: 380: 375: 365: 338: 328: 320: 316: 312: 290: 266: 244: 240: 236: 228: 224: 216: 214: 197: 194: 191: 181: 178:with natural 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:root of unity 97: 93: 89: 85: 77: 75: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 35: +  34: 30: 26: 22: 684:expanding it 673: 633: 627: 607: 597: 577: 565: 223:Ford circles 220: 217:Ford spheres 175: 172:vector space 169: 160: 156: 148: 135: 126: 112:Galois group 107: 95: 81: 71: 67: 60: 56: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31:of the form 27:number is a 24: 18: 570:Ian Stewart 21:mathematics 723:Categories 643:1503.00813 557:References 55:, denoted 592:. Chap.3. 524:− 424:¯ 393:¯ 151:form the 131:conductor 98:is a 4th 47:are both 584:, 1979, 142:complete 94:(since 39:, where 648:Bibcode 447:tangent 441:is the 439:⁠ 410:⁠ 303:⁠ 283:⁠ 279:⁠ 259:⁠ 138:ordered 129:, with 615:  588:  353:where 257:(i.e. 115:cyclic 90:and a 674:This 638:arXiv 505:with 180:basis 174:over 110:with 53:field 680:stub 613:ISBN 586:ISBN 477:and 281:and 140:nor 43:and 23:, a 155:of 133:4. 125:of 106:of 19:In 725:: 646:, 636:, 580:, 576:, 572:, 213:. 167:. 74:. 37:qi 711:e 704:t 697:v 686:. 655:. 650:: 640:: 622:. 541:1 538:= 534:| 530:Q 527:p 521:q 518:P 514:| 493:q 489:/ 485:p 465:Q 461:/ 457:P 421:q 390:q 384:q 381:= 376:2 371:| 366:q 362:| 339:2 334:| 329:q 325:| 321:2 317:/ 313:1 291:q 267:p 245:q 241:/ 237:p 201:} 198:i 195:, 192:1 189:{ 176:Q 161:i 159:( 157:Q 149:Z 127:Q 108:Q 96:i 72:Q 68:i 61:i 59:( 57:Q 45:q 41:p 33:p

Index

mathematics
complex number
rational numbers
field
imaginary number
algebraic number field
quadratic field
cyclotomic field
root of unity
Galois extension
Galois group
cyclic
complex conjugation
abelian extension
conductor
ordered
complete
Gaussian integers
ring of integers
countably infinite
vector space
basis
Ford circles
Euclidean space
complex conjugate
tangent
Ian Stewart
David O. Tall
Chapman and Hall
ISBN

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