History of homosexuality - Knowledge (XXG)

1179: 1590:. Those who favour the practice say that this can highlight such issues as discriminatory historiography by, for example, putting into relief the extent to which same-sex sexual experiences are excluded from biographies of noted figures, or to which sensibilities resulting from same-sex attraction are excluded from literary and artistic consideration of important works, and so on. As well as that, an opposite situation is possible in the modern society: some LGBT-supportive researchers stick to the homosexual theories, excluding other possibilities. 1344: 1268:

describe homosexuality. The Pali Cannon, written in Sri Lanka between 600 BC and 100 BC, states that sexual relations, whether of homosexual or of heterosexual nature, is forbidden in the monastic code, and states that any acts of soft homosexual sex (such as masturbation and interfemural sex) does not entail a punishment but must be confessed to the monastery. These codes apply to monks only and not to the general population. The Kama Sutra written in India around 200 AD also described numerous homosexual sex acts positively.

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the majority of the ancient sources prior to the onset of the Abrahamic religions present homosexuality in the form of male domination or rape. Abrahamic religions played a key role in the spread of homophobia in further Asia, such as Islam through the Mongol Empire (where homosexuality was banned) to parts of Central Asia, Southern Asia and the Sinosphere, or Christianity through the numerous colonial adventures of European nations.

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sexual behavior may reveal rather negative thoughts and views, the tomb inscription of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep may instead suggest that homosexuality was likewise accepted. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. And no Ancient Egyptian document mentions that homosexual acts were set under penalty. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic.

5189: 857: 742: 804: 53: 1610:) are routinely used in anachronistic contexts as mere descriptors or for ease of modern understanding; thus they have no qualms doing the same for sexual orientation. Academic works usually specify which words will be used and in which context. Readers are cautioned to avoid making assumptions about the identity of historical figures based on the use of the terms mentioned above. 1636:. Though slave boys could be bought, free boys had to be courted, and ancient materials suggest that the father also had to consent to the relationship. Such relationships did not replace marriage between man and woman, but occurred before and during the marriage. A mature man would not usually have a mature male mate (though there were exceptions, among whom 4315: 1518:, lesbians, street queens, and other street people fought back in the spirit of the civil rights movements of the era. This riot ended on the morning of 28 June, but smaller demonstrations occurred in the neighborhood throughout the remainder of the week. In the aftermath of the riots, many gay rights organizations formed such as the 1648:(loved one). Dover suggests that it was considered improper for the eromenos to feel desire, as that would not be masculine. Driven by desire and admiration, the erastes would devote himself unselfishly by providing all the education his eromenos required to thrive in society. In recent times, Dover's theory suggests that 1682:'s political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others; for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile. As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have 2692: 1313:

for example, even viewed heterosexuality as sinful and celebrated homosexuality instead. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe)

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There are a handful of accounts by Arab travelers to Europe during the mid-1800s. Two of these travelers, Rifa'ah al-Tahtawi and Muhammad al-Saffar, show their surprise that the French sometimes deliberately mis-translated love poetry about a young boy, instead referring to a young woman, to maintain

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instituted the first law against consensual, non-monetized homosexuality in China. However, the punishment designated, which included a month in prison and 100 heavy blows, was actually the lightest punishment which existed in the Qing legal system. Homosexuality started to become eliminated in China

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was the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions of the emperors in official documents. During these dynasties, the general attitude toward homosexuality was still tolerant, but male lovers started to be seen as less legitimate compared to wives and men are usually expected to get married

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South Asia has a recorded and verifiable history of homosexuality going back to at least 1200 BC. Hindu medical texts written in India from this period document homosexual acts and attempt to explain the cause in a neutral/scientific manner. Numerous artworks and literary works from this period also

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It is thought that ancient Assyria (2nd millennium BC to 1st millennium AD) viewed homosexuality as negative and at least criminal, with the religious codes of Zoroastrianism forbidding homosexuality, and the rise of Judaism, Christianity and Islam leading to homophobia in much of the western world;

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in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along with the classical pattern of Greece and Rome. But even as many of the male population were engaging in same-sex relationships, the authorities,

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made homosexuality a legally punishable offense for the passive partner: "All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging

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was invented in the 20th century as sexual identities became defined by the predominant sex to which people are attracted and thus a label was needed for those who are not predominantly attracted to one sex. This points out that the history of sexuality is not solely the history of different-sex

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It remains unclear what exact view the Ancient Egyptians fostered about homosexuality. Any document and literature that actually contains sexually orientated stories never name the nature of the sexual deeds, but instead uses stilted and flowery paraphrases. While the stories about Seth and his

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Egyptologists and historians disagree about how to interpret the paintings of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep. Some scholars believe that the paintings reflect an example of homosexuality between two married men and prove that the Ancient Egyptians accepted same-sex relationships. Other scholars

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Homosexuality was generally accepted in many ancient and medieval eastern cultures such as those influenced by Buddhism, Hinduism, and Taoism. Homophobia in the eastern world is often discussed in the context of being an import from the western world, with some contending that definitions of

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Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place. Attitudes to male homosexuality have varied from requiring males to engage in same-sex relationships to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law

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On homoeroticism in Florence and Savonarola's campaign against it, Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1996). More generally, on youth culture, see Richard Trexler, Public Life in Renaissance Florence (New York,

993:, served to highlight the issue, including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now;...Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" 1161:

was convicted of "gross indecency" in the United Kingdom, and lurid details from the trials (especially those involving young male sex workers) led to increased scrutiny of all facets of relationships between men. The most destructive backlash occurred when the

1096:, published in 1896, challenged theories that homosexuality was abnormal, as well as stereotypes, and insisted on the ubiquity of homosexuality and its association with intellectual and artistic achievement. Although medical texts like these (written partly in 1238:

Some ancient religious Assyrian texts may have contained prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships, though the same source acknowledges that homosexuality was regarded as reprehensible, and no less than criminal. Freely pictured art of

1499:, the different-sex sexual ideal became completely separated from procreation, yet at the same time was distanced from same-sex sexuality. Many people viewed this freeing of different-sex sexuality as leading to more freedom for same-sex sexuality. 302:". This new term has not been universally accepted, having been criticized by traditional communities who already have their own terms for the people being grouped under this "urban neologism", and by those who reject what they call the "western" 1593:

However, many, especially in the academic world, regard the use of modern labels as problematic, owing to differences in the ways that different societies constructed sexual orientation identities and to the connotations of modern words like

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Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China by Bret Hinsch; Review by: Frank Dikötter. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 1(1992), Cambridge University Press, p.

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The complete Kāma Sūtra : the first unabridged modern translation of the classic Indian text by Vātsyāyana : including the Jayamangalā commentary from the Sanskrit by Yashodhara and extracts from the Hindi commentary by Devadatta

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Greek men had great latitude in their sexual expression, but their wives were severely restricted and could hardly move about the town unsupervised if she was old enough that people would ask whose mother she was, not whose wife she was.

4925: 2424:: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 6 April 2016 2054:

2. Male-to-male Intercourse as an Act of Domination. The majority of ancient sources present sexual-erotic intercation between people of same sex as an (often coerced) act of domination between the penetrating and the penetrated

1230:, asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. Gay people may live in Iran, however they are forced to keep their sexuality veiled from the society, funded and encouraged by government legislation and traditional norms. 472:

had a homosexual relationship with a Muslim leader named Sayyid Husain. In later Ming Dynasty, homosexuality began to be referred to as the "southern custom" due to the fact that Fujian was the site of a unique system of

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Homosexuality was deemed to be a psychiatric disorder for many years, although the studies this theory was based on were later determined to be flawed. In 1973 homosexuality was declassified as a mental illness in the

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had one or more male sex partners. However, except in unusual cases, such as Emperor Ai, the men named for their homosexual relationships in the official histories appear to have had active heterosexual lives as well.

1023:, was published, but was suppressed almost immediately. It includes the passage: "Unnatural Desire is a Contradiction in Terms; downright Nonsense. Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts." Around 1785 972:" centered around an enigmatic and deceptive character who is also at one point described as "a gelding or a mare", suggesting that the narrator thought the Pardoner to be either a eunuch ("gelding") or a homosexual. 2928:

Procopius: Secret History: XIX. HOW HE SEIZED ALL THE WEALTH OF THE ROMANS AND THREW IT AWAY IN THE SEA AND ON THE BARBARIANS, translated by Richard Atwater, (Chicago: P. Covici, 1927; New York: Covici Friede, 1927)

460:, China became increasingly influenced by the sexual mores of foreigners from Western and Central Asia, and female companions began to replace male companions in terms of power and familial standings. The following 1565:

sexuality plus the history of same-sex sexuality, but a broader conception viewing of historical events in light of our modern concept or concepts of sexuality taken at its most broad and/or literal definitions.

448:(董賢); when Emperor Ai woke up later, he carefully cut off his sleeve, so as not to awake Dongxian, who had fallen asleep on top of it. Scholar Pan Guangdan (潘光旦) came to the conclusion that many emperors in the 663:

are, since it is apparently not in best interests of such rulers to have great ideas engendered in their subjects, or powerful friendships or physical unions, all of which love is particularly apt to produce".

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tomb. In this mastaba, several paintings depict both men embracing each other and touching their faces nose-on-nose. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in Ancient Egypt the

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prior to European colonization, a number of Nations had respected ceremonial and social roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming individuals in their communities; in many contemporary

4915: 1385:(c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of their own with children and wives, but when they died their families apparently decided to bury them together in one and the same 3398: 4575: 4349: 4417: 1154:, among others, argued that neither predominantly different- nor same-sex sexuality were the norm, instead that what is called "bisexuality" is the normal human condition thwarted by society. 306:

implications, such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female". However, it has generally met with more acceptance than the anthropological term it replaced.

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over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty. Many Melanesian societies, however, have become hostile towards same-sex relationships since the introduction of

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and attitudes towards it varied through time, location, and social class. Chinese literature recorded multiple anecdotes of men engaging in homosexual relationships. In the story of

2194:, Studies in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1996; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195093032.003.0005, accessed 17 Aug. 2024. 1457:

to review the country's anti-sodomy laws; the final report advised decriminalizing consensual homosexual conduct, though the laws were not actually changed for another ten years.

1466: 2588:. Quoted by Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre. "Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557), 4910: 3245: 1405:. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death. 1146: 1966: 2371: 4704: 4570: 3612:

Penrose, Walter (2001). Hidden in History: Female Homoeroticism and Women of a "Third Nature" in the South Asian Past, Journal of the History of Sexuality 10.1 (2001), p.4

1150:. His aim was to broaden the public perspective of homosexuality beyond its being viewed simply as a medical or biological issue, but also as an ethical and cultural one. 903:

and Allan A. Tulchin have argued that these arrangements amounted to an early form of same-sex marriage. This interpretation of these arrangements remains controversial.

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communities, these roles still exist. While each Indigenous culture has their own names for these individuals, a modern, pan-Indian term that was adopted in 1990 is "

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In 1867 he became the first self-proclaimed homosexual person to speak out publicly in defense of homosexuality when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in

189:, though homophobia remained rampant in both secular and religious governments in an attempt to uphold the "highest moral standards". The 19th century later saw the 2810: 2396: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5031: 4616: 4580: 4015: 3703: 2806: 899:("embrotherment") in France that allowed two men to share living quarters and pool their resources, sharing "one bread, one wine, one purse." Historians such as 4628: 1289:: "There are also third-sex citizens, sometimes greatly attached to one another and with complete faith in one another, who get married together." (KS 2.9.36). 3581: 1277:, the foundational work of Hindu law, mentions a "third sex", members of which may engage in nontraditional gender expression and homosexual activities. The 986: 1013:

includes a homosexual scene, but this was removed in its 1750 edition. Also in 1749, the earliest extended and serious defense of homosexuality in English,

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enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. In addition, it has varied as to whether any negative attitudes towards

4932: 4831: 2986: 5021: 4651: 4633: 4422: 1247:, dated from the 3rd millennium BC and onwards. Homosexual relationships with royal attendants, between soldiers, and those where a social better was 821: 70: 5026: 4606: 4885: 5152: 4900: 4836: 1367:. Only a handful of direct hints have survived to this day and many possible indications are only vague and offer plenty of room for speculation. 990: 2353:

Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century

275:. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting 364:

The Spanish conquerors were horrified to discover sodomy openly practiced among native peoples, and attempted to crush it out by subjecting the

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argument is that no one in antiquity or the Middle Ages experienced homosexuality as an exclusive, permanent, or defining mode of sexuality.

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in light of massive evidence of ancient art and love poetry, a more emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to acknowledge.

4310: 117: 5016: 4611: 4596: 4407: 4344: 4230: 778:

expanded the proscription to the active partner as well, warning that such conduct can lead to the destruction of cities through the "

287: 3249: 2092: 89: 4051: 3991: 3727: 3665: 3229: 3191: 3034: 3012: 2782: 2668: 2447: 2284: 1105: 843: 383: 136: 1826:(2). Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada: Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS): 73–82 – via Phil. 3327: 5142: 5137: 4982: 4815: 3904:(Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the 2368: 1470: 550:, or "ladyboys," have been a feature of Thai society for many centuries, and Thai kings had male as well as female lovers. While 185:

European Enlightenment ideas contributed to the French revolutionaries indirectly decriminalising gay sex in 1789 as part of the

4987: 2717: 96: 5147: 4798: 4721: 4668: 4663: 4280: 2417: 1619: 584: 193:

in Germany particularly in the aftermath of World War 1. The modern LGBTQ rights movement emerged in the 20th century with the

2658: 2550: 1694:, was disparaged, and in some circumstances penalized harshly. The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the 1602:

identify with any of the modern related terms, and that terms for other modern constructed or medicalized identities (such as

872:. Historians debate if there were any prominent homosexuals and bisexuals at this time, but it is argued that figures such as 4999: 4783: 4684: 3739:"Long-Distance Trade and Foreign Contact". Uganda. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1990. Retrieved 6 June 2009. 3632: 1356: 825: 74: 4880: 3442: 2919:

Joseph Robert Thornton, Bowers v. Hardrick: An Incomplete Constitutional Analysis, 65 U.N.C. L. Rev. 1100, 1100 n. 11 (1987)

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Today, governments in the Middle East often ignore, deny the existence of, or criminalize homosexuality. Iranian President

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countries, same-sex intercourse officially carries the death penalty in several nations, including Saudi Arabia and Iran.

588: 440:(衛靈公) in which Mizi Xia shared an especially delicious peach with his lover. The story of the cut sleeve(断袖) recorded the 103: 2392: 1112:, as well as a much more informal, unpublicized movement among British intellectuals and writers, led by such figures as 868:

Through the medieval period in Europe, homosexuality was generally condemned and thought to be the moral of the story of

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Gertz, Stephen J. "The Wages Of Sin: $ 80,000 For Rare Fanny Hill." Booktryst. Oct. 2012. Retrieved 15 July. 2017. <

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These developments suffered several setbacks, both coincidental and deliberate. For example, in 1895, famed playwright

5051: 4905: 4808: 4716: 4527: 4455: 4372: 4339: 4194: 3820:(Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to 1773:, there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against men who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense. 613: 494: 391: 1967:"Queer in the Age of the Queen: Gender and Sexuality of the Mid Modern Period in Victorian England and North America" 349: 85: 1816:"BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS" 1343: 5131: 4758: 4356: 4149: 4081: 2259: 2205: 1371: 34: 5004: 4866: 3353:"Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc" 3139: 2190:

Sibalis, Michael David, 'The Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 1789–1815',

814: 63: 5066: 4500: 4471: 4445: 4189: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1709: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1661: 1599: 1248: 190: 159: 151: 2327: 4892: 4392: 4295: 4204: 4184: 1628:

Men could also seek adolescent boys as partners as shown by some of the earliest documents concerning same-sex

1551: 1486: 900: 425: 387: 42: 3425: 1065: 2990: 2142: 5118: 5009: 4397: 4300: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4240: 4235: 4225: 3309:"Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt" 1713: 295: 3289:

Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11

5225: 5220: 5193: 4951: 4476: 4402: 4377: 4334: 4324: 4305: 4290: 4285: 4275: 4255: 4245: 4209: 4199: 4174: 4133: 2633: 1490: 1382: 1363:: historians and egyptologists alike debate what kind of view the Ancient Egyptian society fostered about 1319: 1117: 1020: 969: 787: 619:

The formal practice, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a free-born (i.e. not a slave or

509: 414: 235: 231: 3508: 3469: 1015: 4854: 4846: 4481: 4450: 4329: 4270: 4179: 4159: 4154: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4074: 3025: 1556: 1535: 1338: 1305:, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The 1100:

to obscure the sexual details) were not widely read by the general public, they did lead to the rise of

1077: 929: 877: 1838: 1069: 722:) came to be applied to female homosexuality beginning in the 19th century. Sappho's poetry centers on 3846:

Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in

2116: 110: 4486: 4382: 4169: 4164: 4059:

Gwen J. Broude and Sarah J. Greene, "Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices",

3863:(Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the 2067: 1519: 944:

a good portion of that population. Many of the prominent artists who defined the Renaissance such as

873: 671:, dismissed Plato's ideas about abolishing homosexuality (2.4); he explains that barbarians like the 334: 209: 5084: 3153:

In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified"

3068: 5043: 4974: 2526: 1637: 1547: 1514:. The riot began on Friday, June 27, 1969, during a routine police raid, when trans women and men, 1227: 1223: 1198: 961: 593: 338: 155: 3264: 639:

praised its benefits in his early writings but in his late works proposed its prohibition. In the

259: 5113: 4859: 4009: 3487: 3269: 2968: 2800: 2319: 1726:(of no social standing) were acceptable sex partners for the dominant male citizen to penetrate. 1370:

The best known case of possible homosexuality in Ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials

1137: 881: 869: 779: 632: 482: 272: 3169: 1047: 2474: 757:

were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex. The

5124: 4047: 3997: 3987: 3780: 3723: 3661: 3638: 3628: 3589: 3380: 3372: 3225: 3187: 3165: 3030: 3008: 2788: 2778: 2664: 2546: 2486: 2443: 2280: 2007: 1947: 1908: 1679: 1511: 1496: 1435: 1101: 949: 864:

and Anton Mätzler, accused of sodomy burned at the stake, Zurich 1482 (Zurich Central Library)

723: 474: 441: 322: 3107:

Kimmel, Michael S. "Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson."

2773:

International Bar Association. Conference (2000 : Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2014-05-22).

2003: 786:

of boys available for homosexual sex continued to be collected until the end of the reign of

4964: 4027: 3758: 3364: 2960: 2482: 2470: 2045: 1999: 1991: 1939: 1900: 1454: 1302: 1240: 1132:

wrote a string of pro-homosexual articles and pamphlets, and "came out" in 1916 in his book

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Florentine proverb, ca. 1480. After Sabadino Degli Arienti in Le Porretane. Michael Rocke,

5074: 4937: 4037: 3882:

Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate

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and then published in two pamphlets in 1869. These became the standard terms when used by

1503: 1465:. In 1986 all references to homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder were removed from the 1402: 699: 609: 469: 330: 227: 194: 2584: 2351: 1000:

was published in 1723 in England and was presumed by some modern scholars to be a novel.

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Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep – Evidence of Gay Relationships Exists as Early as 2400 B.C.?

3120: 1790: 1568:

Historical personalities are often described using modern sexual identity terms such as

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disagree and interpret the scenes as an evidence that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep were

952:

are believed to have had relationships with men. The decline of this period of relative

682: 5079: 3813: 1675: 1671: 1633: 1462: 1450: 1390: 1093: 1055: 1024: 957: 937: 892: 478: 174:

has historically been given less acknowledgment, explicit acceptance, and opposition.

163: 3069:

Monica E. McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How It Matters"; critical study.

1737:

that would precisely translate these concepts. A male citizen who willingly performed

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of sexuality foreign to their times, though others challenge this. A common thread of

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and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians

856: 734:

and love (sometimes requited, sometimes not) for various women, but descriptions of

370:(as the Spanish called them) under their rule to severe penalties, including public 4753: 3368: 3127: 2873: 2851: 2562: 2291:

The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as

1766: 1334: 1322: 1315: 1306: 1163: 1004: 945: 941: 770: 758: 750: 567: 563: 559: 489: 461: 457: 268: 239: 167: 38: 2623:

Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.

741: 520:, has been documented for over one thousand years and had some connections to the 3900:

288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in

3352: 2435: 2274: 230:, have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary 2555:

glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture

1762: 1603: 1598:. Other academics acknowledge that, for example, even in the modern day not all 1574: 1310: 1281:, written in the 4th century, describes techniques by which homosexuals perform 1216: 1158: 1051: 1032: 933: 912: 803: 775: 731: 608:

The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and

598: 449: 222: 52: 3140:

http://www.booktryst.com/2012/10/the-wages-of-sin-80000-for-rare-fanny.html?m=1

2944: 4022:

D. L. Davis and R. G. Whitten, "The Cross-Cultural Study of Human Sexuality",

2748: 2034:"Homosexuality : I. Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament" 1607: 1482: 1360: 1286: 1278: 1009: 735: 695: 656: 624: 555: 498: 366: 299: 3593: 3376: 3308: 3047:

Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence

3005:

Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence

2792: 2490: 2254: 1951: 1912: 3947:

Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in

3642: 3557: 2945:"Same-Sex Couples Creating Households in Old Regime France: The Uses of the 2828: 2558: 2521: 1927: 1752: 1629: 1523: 1418: 1298: 1190: 1141: 1125: 1028: 754: 652: 648: 644: 602: 445: 402: 371: 4001: 3384: 2314:. In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). 1943: 1184: 309:

Homosexual and gender-variant individuals were also common among other pre-

17: 1904: 1285:. Further, such homosexual men were also known to marry, according to the 405:, same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history. 344: 178:"progress" on homosexuality (e.g. LGBT rights) as being Western-centric. 3893: 3533: 2590: 2292: 2168:"Colonialism, homophobia and the legality of gay sex in the Commonwealth" 1888: 1815: 1378: 1282: 920: 783: 774:

flames in the sight of the people." In 558, toward the end of his reign,

766: 727: 628: 620: 541: 521: 433: 326: 278: 201: 3399:"Know all about Sushruta, the first ever plastic surgeon who was Indian" 2049: 1421:(1868–1903) the Kabaka of Buganda regularly had sex with his male page. 710:, was included by later classical Greek people in the canonical list of 528:

tradition. This same-sex love culture gave rise to strong traditions of

1703: 1515: 1510:

police officers and the patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a gay hangout in

1386: 1375: 1036: 828: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 762: 546: 529: 525: 429: 353: 213: 186: 171: 3949:

Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education

998:

Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson

891:

Also during the medieval period, there were legal arrangements called

769:. However, after the transition to Christianity, by 390 A.D., Emperor 2255:

Review of David M. Halperin, "How to Do the History of Homosexuality"

2033: 1244: 1085: 924: 753:, the young male body remained a focus of male sexual attention, but 707: 703: 687: 676: 357: 1339:

LGBT rights in Africa § History of male homosexuality in Africa

3921:(Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, 2964: 686:

Young women are depicted as surrounding Sappho in this painting of

3720:

Altägyptische Märchen. Mythen und andere volkstümliche Erzählungen

3534:"BuddhaNet Magazine Article: Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism" 2823: 2660:

Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China

1734: 1586: 1342: 1256: 1177: 1097: 1080:

published a series of twelve tracts, which he collectively titled

1046: 916: 855: 681: 636: 592: 420: 343: 318: 258: 243: 501:

was imported to China along with Western science and philosophy.

477:, attested to by the scholar-bureaucrat Shen Defu and the writer 246:, which describe individuals exhibiting exclusive homosexuality. 4066: 2777:. Graupner, Helmut, 1965–, Tahmindjis, Phillip. Binghamton, NY. 2294:

A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory

1745:

was disparaged. In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of

1398: 1252: 672: 532:

and literature documenting and celebrating such relationships.

242:

has countered this argument by citing ancient Greek writings by

4070: 3109:

Issue 2; Issue 19 of Journal of Homosexuality Series: No. 19, N

2097:

PinkNews | Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news | LGBTQ+ news

745:

Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of c. 435 BC.

3861:

The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor

3265:"Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran" 3246:"ILGA:7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts" 1580: 1027:

wrote another defense, but this was not published until 1978.

797: 46: 3582:"Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature" 3558:"Pali canon | Definition, Contents, & Facts | Britannica" 2093:"Genghis Khan's constitutional ban on homosexuality revealed" 960:

was precipitated by the rise to power of the moralizing monk

1729:"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of 1088:

for a resolution urging the repeal of anti-homosexual laws.

714:. The adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth ( 635:, though occasionally blamed for causing societal disorder. 3086:

Reeser, Todd W. 2016. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

2206:"The Stonewall Riots Didn't Start the Gay Rights Movement" 3755:"GLBTQ >> social sciences >> Stonewall Riots" 3222:

Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800

1928:"Bertrand de Jouvenel's Philosophy of Individual Liberty" 1144:

of homosexual literature from antiquity to his own time,

1016:

Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified

985:

The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as

643:(182B-D), Plato equates acceptance of homosexuality with 597:

Roman man penetrating a youth, middle of the 1st century

154:

have extended to all participants, as has been common in

2316:

Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past

1526:

march was held to mark the anniversary of the uprising.

1438:

progressed on very similar and often intertwined paths.

1690:. Sex between male citizens of equal status, including 726:

and love for various personages and both genders. The

1992:"Reception History of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament" 1700:

imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime

1467:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

612:) concerning same-sex relationships are derived from 3964:, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," 3660:, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, 1434:

After World War II, the history of homosexuality in

1147:

Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur

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Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

2775:

Sexuality and human rights : a global overview

895:("brother-making") in the Eastern Mediterranean or 77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2987:"Could the Idea of Civil Unions Be 600 Years Old?" 2931:http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/proc/shp/shp22.htm 2350: 3803:http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/kertbeny_km_S.pdf 3328:"Would ancient India have supported Section 377?" 3182:Ellis, Havelock; Symonds, John Addington (1975), 4063:, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Oct., 1976), pp. 409–429. 3982:Campbell, David A., ed. (1982). "Introduction". 3443:"Live Blog: Supreme Court Rules Gay Sex Illegal" 2309:"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" 675:accorded it a special honour (2.6.6), while the 3688:Homosexual Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature 2749:"History of Same-Sex Samurai Love in Edo Japan" 2663:. University of California Press. p. 142. 782:". Notwithstanding these regulations, taxes on 655:because of their despotic governments, just as 3938:(Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64. 3224:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 2. 1932:Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines 1864:"Homophobia is not solely a Western invention" 1453:. In 1957, the UK government commissioned the 4082: 3925:(Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. 3923:Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome 3867:and the Roman Law against Love between Men," 3351:Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (November 2011). 1108:, which campaigned from 1897 to 1933 against 738:between women are few and subject to debate. 468:During the Ming Dynasty, it is said that the 8: 3492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2694:Nouvelle revue du XVIe siècle, Volumes 15–16 2380:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 2369:Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze 1059: 679:used it to regulate the population (2.7.5). 651:, saying that homosexuality "is shameful to 432:recorded an anecdote in the relationship of 374:, burning and being torn to pieces by dogs. 3432:, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association 2691:Société française des seiziémistes (1997). 2357:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2344: 2342: 2340: 2068:"Genghis Khan: Environmentalist, homophobe" 2038:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception 1506:were a series of violent conflicts between 570:. They are generally accepted by society. 4773: 4738: 4505: 4108: 4089: 4075: 4067: 4014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3936:The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome 3908:imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine. 3884:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93. 3824:(Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11. 3474:. Digital Library of India Item 2015.39881 3111:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 1990. 2809:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2481:. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), 1839:"Column: Homophobia Is Not an Asian Value" 1674:shaped Roman homosexual practices. In the 1359:is a passionately disputed subject within 3722:. 10th Edition. Diederichs, Munich 1991, 3692:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA) 1082:Research on the Riddle of Man-Manly Love. 844:Learn how and when to remove this message 137:Learn how and when to remove this message 3837:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326. 3172:) Volume: 3 Issue: 4, Volume: 4 Issue: 1 2907: 2241: 1996:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 1720:, and entertainers or others considered 888:were engaged in same-sex relationships. 740: 481:, and mythologized by in the folk tale, 226:applied to them; some scholars, such as 200:Many male historical figures, including 187:separation of secular and religious laws 1782: 4007: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3507:Jhamb, Prateeksha (October 22, 2017). 3485: 3096:Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd 2798: 2004:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.112 765:is renowned for his relationship with 3658:Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 1347:Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep kissing. 1168:targeted LGBT people in the Holocaust 444:of Han sharing a bed with his lover, 415:is widely documented in ancient China 255:Pre-colonization Indigenous societies 7: 3263:Fathi, Nazila (September 30, 2007). 2718:"Sexuality in ancient China, part 2" 2393:Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages 2052:– via University of Helsinki. 2044:. Oxford University Press: 290–297. 1649: 1195:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii 826:adding citations to reliable sources 75:adding citations to reliable sources 5153:History of LGBT animated characters 4576:Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora 4032:10.1146/annurev.an.16.100187.000441 3869:Journal of the History of Sexuality 3509:"History of Homosexuality in India" 2989:. The NPR news blog. Archived from 2582:Mártir de Anglería, Pedro. (1530). 1243:, practiced as part of a religious 3155:, Institute of Historical Research 2634:"History of Chinese homosexuality" 2440:Encyclopedia of gender and society 1926:Honeycutt, Kevin S. (2022-06-01). 1893:London Review of International Law 1686:, without a perceived loss of his 1374:. Both men lived and served under 1228:2007 speech at Columbia University 288:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 25: 2442:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. 2318:. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. 2143:"How Britain exported homophobia" 1447:Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 1106:Scientific Humanitarian Committee 562:, it most commonly is treated in 384:LGBT history in the United States 160:passive (penetrated) participants 5188: 5187: 5143:Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history 5138:Transgender Oral History Project 4026:, Vol. 16: 69–98, October 1987, 3984:Greek Lyric I:Sappho and Alcaeus 3818:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3694:, vol. 81, 1995, pp. 57–76. 2593:Review of Latin American Studies 2434:de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). 2204:Halley, Catherine (2019-06-12). 2166:Jones, Timothy W. (2013-11-14). 2117:"A brief history of queer China" 2032:Nissinen, Martti Heikki (2016). 1670:The "conquest mentality" of the 1471:American Psychiatric Association 1259:, and punishments were applied. 802: 360:in 1513; New York Public Library 51: 5148:List of LGBTQ awareness periods 4695:Sexual orientation and medicine 3208:Die Männer mit dem rosa Winkel. 2897:, Oxford UP, 1959, pp. 142–146. 2497:from the original on 2004-11-05 1632:relationships, which come from 1620:Homosexuality in ancient Greece 1212:their social norms and morals. 813:needs additional citations for 585:Homosexuality in ancient Greece 62:needs additional citations for 3471:The Ramayana Of Valmiki Vol. 2 3369:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007 2716:Manoli, Maria (May 30, 2017). 2553:. In Claude J. Summers (ed.). 2192:Homosexuality in Modern France 2091:Cohen, Benjamin (2007-08-29). 1814:Fian, Andi (2 December 2022). 1688:masculinity or social standing 1530:Historiographic considerations 1522:(GLF). A year later the first 1357:Homosexuality in ancient Egypt 730:of many of her poems speak of 690:"Sappho sings for Homer", 1824 465:and continue the family line. 1: 4024:Annual Review of Anthropology 3902:The Roman Cultural Revolution 2953:The Journal of Modern History 2876:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2854:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2747:Fabiana, Diletta (May 2017). 2276:Myth of the Modern Homosexual 2231:, Craig Arthur Williams, p.60 1990:Markl, Dominik (2020-03-31), 1889:"The locations of homophobia" 1862:Laidlaw, Emily (2014-02-03). 1666:Homosexuality in ancient Rome 1393:normally represented a kiss. 915:, wealthy cities in northern 623:) adult male and a free-born 589:Homosexuality in ancient Rome 356:upon Indian practitioners of 4516:List of years in LGBT rights 3357:Journal of Pediatric Surgery 3220:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). 3210:Merlin-Verlag, Hamburg 1972. 2840:Plato, Laws, 636D & 835E 1820:Journal of Religious Studies 1441:In 1948, American biologist 1372:Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep 1031:for sodomy continued in the 862:Richard Puller von Hohenburg 601:. Found in Bittir (?), near 4428:at Brigham Young University 3951:(LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193. 3793:. Retrieved 2012-01-05, p.2 3770:. Retrieved 2012-01-05, p.1 3151:Gladfelder, Hal (May 2006) 2367:Estrada, Gabriel S. 2011. " 1998:, Oxford University Press, 1110:anti-sodomy laws in Germany 647:, and its suppression with 495:Self-Strengthening Movement 392:Gay men in American history 5242: 5216:History of human sexuality 3656:Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), 3468:Shastri, Hari Prasad, Tr. 3164:Journal of Homosexuality ( 2943:Tulchin, Allan A. (2007). 2438:. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). 2260:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1837:Wong, Brian (2020-12-17). 1659: 1617: 1480: 1335:LGBT history § Africa 1332: 1204: 582: 381: 86:"History of homosexuality" 35:History of human sexuality 28: 5183: 3023:Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), 2517:"Latin America: Colonial" 1662:Sexuality in ancient Rome 1600:men who have sex with men 1449:, popularly known as the 1120:. Beginning in 1894 with 1061:La longue marche des gays 267:(1796–1872) while on the 216:, have had terms such as 191:first homosexual movement 152:men who have sex with men 4571:South Asian and diaspora 4043:The History of Sexuality 3003:Rocke, Michael, (1996), 2147:Migrants' Rights Network 1971:Molly Brown House Museum 1733:, and no words exist in 1552:Richard von Krafft-Ebing 1487:Timeline of LGBT history 1249:submissive or penetrated 1193:, (ca 1905–1915), photo 706:, born on the island of 388:Lesbian American history 43:Timeline of LGBT history 5119:GLBT Historical Society 4901:Spanish Second Republic 3447:The Wall Street Journal 2872:Douglas Harper (2001). 2850:Douglas Harper (2001). 2585:Décadas del Mundo Nuevo 2436:"Berdache (Two-Spirit)" 2279:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2273:Norton, Rictor (2016). 928:under the aegis of the 4881:Medieval Islamic world 3704:Dena Connors-Millard: 3026:The Boundaries of Eros 2595:, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2002. 2407:. Accessed 23 Sep 2015 2349:Boswell, John (1980). 2307:Boswell, John (1989). 2141:mrlewis (2023-02-24). 1944:10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016 1887:Rao, R. (2014-09-01). 1791:"Sexuality and gender" 1491:Category:LGBTQ history 1348: 1202: 1118:John Addington Symonds 1076:Between 1864 and 1880 1073: 1060: 865: 746: 691: 610:mythographic materials 605: 524:monastic life and the 510:Homosexuality in Japan 361: 283: 4911:Democratic transition 3627:. Park Street Press. 2638:www.chinadaily.com.cn 2072:www.chinadaily.com.cn 1557:Psychopathia Sexualis 1536:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs 1534:In an 1868 letter to 1477:LGBT rights movements 1391:nose-on-nose touching 1346: 1333:Further information: 1297:In many societies of 1205:Further information: 1181: 1078:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs 1066:Découvertes Gallimard 1050: 930:Officers of the Night 878:Richard the Lionheart 859: 744: 685: 627:, was valued for its 596: 583:Further information: 554:may encompass simple 512:, variously known as 456:With the rise of the 426:Spring and Autumn Era 424:(余桃), set during the 350:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 347: 262: 4705:in the United States 4581:African and diaspora 3833:Thomas A.J. McGinn, 3718:Emma Brunner-Traut: 3622:Vātsyāyana. (1994). 3326:Pattanaik, Devdutt. 3252:on October 29, 2009. 3049:, Oxford, 1996; p.87 2993:on 20 November 2008. 2657:Bret Hinsch (1992). 1965:Casey (2016-06-07). 1520:Gay Liberation Front 1417:In the 19th century 1003:The 1749 edition of 822:improve this article 696:female homosexuality 195:1969 Stonewall riots 172:Female homosexuality 71:improve this article 5132:Transgender History 4926:Zapatero government 4916:González government 3986:. Cambridge, Mass. 3962:Roman Homosexuality 3934:Catharine Edwards, 3919:Roman Homosexuality 3871:3.4 (1993), p. 525. 3730:, pp. 178–179. 3686:Richard Parkinson: 3449:. December 11, 2013 2515:Pablo, Ben (2004), 2475:"Appropriate Terms" 2253:Thomas K. Hubbard, 2229:Roman Homosexuality 1905:10.1093/lril/lru010 1710:freeborn male minor 1644:(lover) to a young 1640:); he would be the 1638:Alexander the Great 1548:Karl-Maria Kertbeny 1224:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1199:Library of Congress 970:The Pardoner's Tale 962:Girolamo Savonarola 694:Little is known of 162:, as was common in 156:Abrahamic religions 5114:LGBT History Month 4749:Conversion therapy 4388:Dominican Republic 4046:, Pantheon Books, 3880:Sara Elise Phang, 3789:2015-04-27 at the 3586:The Times of India 3562:www.britannica.com 3428:2013-08-27 at the 3270:The New York Times 2895:Sappho and Alcaeus 2826:, Phaedrus in the 2697:. Droz. p. 14 2399:2015-01-02 at the 2374:2015-05-13 at the 1868:Kill Your Darlings 1684:same-sex relations 1349: 1203: 1138:Elisar von Kupffer 1134:My Days and Dreams 1128:activist and poet 1074: 1035:until 1803 and in 991:Duke of Buckingham 882:Philip II Augustus 870:Sodom and Gomorrah 866: 747: 692: 667:Aristotle, in his 633:population control 631:and as a means of 629:pedagogic benefits 606: 483:The Leveret Spirit 362: 284: 273:Sac and Fox Nation 5203: 5202: 5125:Queers in History 5102: 5101: 4946: 4945: 4730: 4729: 4700:Same-sex marriage 4495: 4494: 3848:Roman Sexualities 3822:Roman Sexualities 3538:www.buddhanet.net 3363:(11): 2204–2208. 3298:Greenberg, p. 126 2910:, p. xi–xii) 2728:on April 23, 2019 2013:978-0-19-934037-8 1560:(1886). The term 1512:Greenwich Village 1497:Sexual Revolution 1436:Western societies 1430:The Western world 1425:Post–World War II 1201:, Washington, DC. 1102:Magnus Hirschfeld 1007:'s popular novel 950:Leonardo da Vinci 854: 853: 846: 378:Post-colonization 313:civilizations in 147: 146: 139: 121: 16:(Redirected from 5233: 5191: 5190: 5093: 5013: 4991: 4921:Aznar government 4889: 4875: 4863: 4774: 4739: 4506: 4413:before Stonewall 4319: 4109: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4068: 4056: 4038:Foucault, Michel 4019: 4013: 4005: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3917:Craig Williams, 3915: 3909: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3811: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3779:Andrew Matzner. 3777: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3757:. 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2248: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1731:Roman sexuality 1668: 1660:Main articles: 1658: 1622: 1616: 1546:were coined by 1532: 1504:Stonewall riots 1493: 1479: 1432: 1427: 1415: 1403:conjoined twins 1354: 1341: 1331: 1295: 1265: 1255:or seen as bad 1236: 1209: 1189: 1176: 1070:Frédéric Martel 1068:" ), a book by 1045: 983: 981:Early Modernity 978: 909: 907:The Renaissance 850: 839: 833: 830: 819: 807: 796: 794:The Middle Ages 591: 581: 576: 538: 507: 470:Zhengde Emperor 411: 399: 394: 380: 292:Native American 257: 252: 236:constructionist 228:Michel Foucault 143: 132: 126: 123: 80: 78: 68: 56: 45: 29:Main articles: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5082: 5071: 5069: 5067:Cross-dressing 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5022:United Kingdom 5019: 5014: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4799:Ancient Greece 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4617:United Kingdom 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4528:Firsts by year 4525: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4345:United Kingdom 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4231:Czech Republic 4228: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4034: 4020: 3992: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3953: 3940: 3927: 3910: 3886: 3873: 3852: 3839: 3826: 3814:Eva Cantarella 3806: 3795: 3772: 3741: 3732: 3711: 3696: 3672: 3666: 3648: 3633: 3614: 3605: 3588:. 2009-06-27. 3573: 3549: 3525: 3499: 3460: 3434: 3415: 3390: 3343: 3318: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3255: 3237: 3230: 3212: 3199: 3192: 3186:, Arno Press, 3174: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3113: 3100: 3088: 3079: 3074:2012-12-12 at 3061: 3051: 3038: 3016: 2996: 2978: 2965:10.1086/517983 2959:(3): 613–647. 2935: 2921: 2912: 2899: 2886: 2864: 2842: 2833: 2816: 2783: 2765: 2739: 2708: 2683: 2669: 2649: 2625: 2607: 2597: 2575: 2561:Archived from 2538: 2507: 2462: 2448: 2426: 2418:Two Spirit 101 2409: 2384: 2382:35(4):167–190. 2360: 2336: 2333:on 2019-03-04. 2299: 2285: 2265: 2246: 2233: 2221: 2196: 2183: 2158: 2133: 2108: 2083: 2059: 2024: 2012: 1982: 1957: 1938:(1): 167–182. 1918: 1899:(2): 169–199. 1879: 1854: 1829: 1806: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1771:Christian rule 1676:Roman Republic 1672:ancient Romans 1657: 1654: 1634:Ancient Greece 1618:Main article: 1615: 1614:Ancient Greece 1612: 1531: 1528: 1478: 1475: 1463:United Kingdom 1451:Kinsey Reports 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1353: 1350: 1330: 1327: 1294: 1291: 1264: 1261: 1235: 1232: 1217:Middle Eastern 1175: 1172: 1122:Homogenic Love 1094:Havelock Ellis 1056:Alfred Douglas 1044: 1043:Late Modernity 1041: 1025:Jeremy Bentham 996:The anonymous 982: 979: 977: 974: 964:. In England, 958:erotic freedom 908: 905: 893:adelphopoiesis 852: 851: 810: 808: 801: 795: 792: 614:ancient Greece 580: 577: 575: 572: 540:Similarly, in 537: 534: 506: 503: 475:male marriages 413:Homosexuality 410: 407: 398: 395: 379: 376: 317:, such as the 256: 253: 251: 248: 164:Ancient Greece 145: 144: 127:September 2016 59: 57: 50: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5238: 5227: 5226:Homosexuality 5224: 5222: 5221:LGBTQ history 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5057:United States 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5032:legal history 5030: 5029: 5028: 5027:United States 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:United States 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:United States 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4837:United States 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:in militaries 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Ancient Egypt 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:Homosexuality 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4634:New York City 4632: 4631: 4630: 4629:United States 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:South African 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465:South America 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408:United States 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366:North America 4364: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:LGBTQ history 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053:0-394-41775-5 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3993:0-674-99157-5 3989: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3906:Lex Scantinia 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859:Amy Richlin, 3856: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3761:on 2006-01-16 3760: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728:3-424-01011-1 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3667:0-520-08096-3 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3231:0-226-72988-5 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206:Heinz Heger: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3193:0-405-07363-1 3189: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:at WikiSource 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076:archive.today 3073: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035:0-19-503465-1 3032: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013:0-19-512292-5 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908:Campbell 1982 2903: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784:9781134732579 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2684: 2672: 2670:0-520-07869-1 2666: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2565:on 2007-11-02 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2529:on 2007-12-11 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2451: 2449:9781412909167 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286:9781474286923 2282: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242:Foucault 1986 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Julius Caesar 1756: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1697:Lex Scantinia 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:New York City 1505: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1469:(DSM) of the 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Alfred Kinsey 1439: 1437: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1365:homosexuality 1362: 1358: 1351: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1293:South Pacific 1292: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1226:, during his 1225: 1220: 1218: 1215:Among modern 1213: 1208: 1207:LGBT in Islam 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:(dancing boy) 1186: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1166:specifically 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1152:Sigmund Freud 1149: 1148: 1143: 1140:published an 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1064:(collection " 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Thomas Cannon 1019:, written by 1018: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 988: 980: 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 906: 904: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 886:William Rufus 883: 879: 875: 871: 863: 858: 848: 845: 837: 834:November 2020 827: 823: 817: 816: 811:This section 809: 805: 800: 799: 793: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:relationships 752: 743: 739: 737: 736:physical acts 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 689: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 604: 600: 595: 590: 586: 578: 573: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548: 543: 535: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 504: 502: 500: 496: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 471: 466: 463: 459: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 419:the leftover 416: 408: 406: 404: 396: 393: 389: 385: 377: 375: 373: 369: 368: 359: 355: 351: 348:The explorer 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:Latin America 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 296:First Nations 293: 289: 281: 280: 277:Dance to the 274: 270: 266: 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