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also linked to the phases of the moon. During this migration, red crabs abandon their burrows and travel to the coast to mate and spawn. This normally requires at least a week, with the male crabs usually arriving before the females. Once on the shore, the male crabs excavate burrows, which they must defend from other males. Mating occurs in or near the burrows. Soon after mating the males return to the forest while the females remain in the burrow for another two weeks. During this period they lay their eggs and incubate them in their abdominal brood pouch to facilitate their development. At the end of the incubation period the females leave their burrows and release their eggs into the ocean, precisely at the turn of the high tide during the last quarter of the moon. The females then return to the forest while the crab larvae spend another 3–4 weeks at sea before returning to land as juvenile crabs.
390:. The megalopae gather near the shore for 1–2 days before changing into young crabs only 5 mm (0.20 in) across. The young crabs then leave the water to make a 9-day journey to the centre of the island. For the first three years of their lives, the young crabs will remain hidden in rock outcrops, fallen tree branches and debris on the forest floor. Red crabs grow slowly, reaching sexual maturity at around 4–5 years, at which point they begin participating in the annual migration. During their early growth phases, red crabs will moult several times. Mature red crabs will moult once a year, usually in the safety of their burrow. Their lifespan is about 12 years.
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532:". In recent years, the human inhabitants of Christmas Island have become more tolerant and respectful of the crabs during their annual migration and are now more cautious while driving, which helps to minimise crab casualties. Their small size, high water content and poor meat quality mean they are not considered edible by humans.
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For most of the year, red crabs can be found within
Christmas Islands' forests. Each year they migrate to the coast to breed; the beginning of the wet season (usually October/November) allows the crabs to increase their activity and stimulates their annual migration. The timing of their migration is
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which are capable of puncturing tires. To ensure the safety of both the crabs and humans, local park rangers work to ensure that crabs can safely make their journey from the centre of the island to the sea; along heavily travelled roads, they set up aluminium barriers whose purpose is to funnel the
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accidentally introduced to
Christmas Island and Australia from Africa, is believed to have killed 10–15 million red crabs (one-quarter to one-third of the total population) in recent years. In total (including killed), the ants are believed to have displaced 15–20 million red crabs on Christmas
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measuring up to 116 millimetres (4.6 in) wide. The claws are usually of equal size, unless one becomes injured or detached, in which case the limb will regenerate. The male crabs are generally larger than the females, while adult females have a much broader
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will swirl near the shore until they are swept out to sea, where they remain for 3–4 weeks. During this time, the larvae go through several larval stages, eventually developing into shrimp-like animals called
286:. The crab's annual mass migration to the sea for spawning is described as an "epic" event. Millions emerge at the same time, halting road traffic and covering the ground in a thick carpet of crabs.
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During their annual breeding migration, red crabs will often have to cross several roads to get to their breeding grounds and then back to the forest. As a result, thousands of red crabs are
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evidence, it appears that the Cocos (Keeling) red crabs are relatively recent immigrants from
Christmas Island, and for conservation purposes the two can be managed as a single population.
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324:, they usually avoid direct sunlight so as not to dry out, and, despite lower temperatures and higher humidity, they are almost completely inactive at night. Red crabs also dig
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Early inhabitants of
Christmas Island rarely mentioned these crabs. It is possible that their current large population size was caused by the extinction of the endemic
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Weeks, Andrew R.; Smith, Michael J.; van Rooyen, Anthony; Maple, Dion; Miller, Adam D. (12 March 2014). "A single panmictic population of endemic red crabs,
303:(only apparent above 3 years of age) and usually have smaller claws. Bright red is their most common color, but some can be orange or the much rarer purple.
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crabs towards small underpasses so that they can safely traverse the roads. Other infrastructure to assist the crab migration includes a five-metre-high "
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262:. Although restricted to a relatively small area, an estimated 43.7 million adult red crabs once lived on Christmas Island alone, but the accidental
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Laura Marsh, National
Geographic Kids, Great Migrations, Amazing Animal Journeys, Washington D.C., Copyright 2010 National Geographic Society
332:, they will cover the entrance to the burrow to maintain a higher humidity inside, and will stay there for 3 months until the start of the
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is also another food choice for the crabs. Red crabs have virtually no competition for food due to their dominance of the forest floor.
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O'Dowd, Dennis J.; Lake, P. S. (August 1990). "Red Crabs in Rain Forest, Christmas Island: Differential
Herbivory of Seedlings".
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in the ocean. Although its population is under great assault by the ants, as of 2020 the red crab had not been assessed by the
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Island. During their larval stage, millions of red crab larvae are eaten by fish and large filter-feeders such as
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is believed to have killed about 10–15 million of these in recent years. Christmas Island red crabs make an
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1165:"Forget Sydney and San Francisco: Christmas Island crab bridge helps migrating critters beat the traffic"
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Surveys have found a density of 0.09–0.57 adult red crabs per square metre, equalling an estimated total
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to shelter themselves from the sun and will usually stay in the same burrow through the year; during the
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468:(alternatively known as robber crabs) have also been filmed on Christmas Island preying on red crabs.
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of 43.7 million on
Christmas Island. Less information is available for the population in the
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The eggs released by the females immediately hatch upon contact with sea water and clouds of
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to breathe and must take great care to conserve body moisture. Although red crabs are
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Hicks, John W. (December 1987). "Red Crabs: On the March on
Christmas Island".
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Website showing the crabs of
Christmas Island including the red crab migration
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Department of
Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
928:(Brachyura, Gecarcinidae) in Rain Forest on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)"
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Webpage about Christmas Island, describes crisis of Yellow Crazy ants
854:"'Absolutely epic' crab migration snarls traffic on Christmas Island"
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Adult red crabs have no natural predators on Christmas Island. The
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O'Dowd, Dennis J.; Green, Peter T.; Lake, P. S. (21 August 2003).
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which visit Christmas Island during the red crab breeding season.
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604:, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Archived from
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1121:, on Christmas Island with high levels of genetic diversity".
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803:"One Hundred of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"
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A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals
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Adamczewska, Agnieszka M.; Morris, Stephen (June 2001).
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3 minute TV clip showing crabs migrating through a town
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in 1903, which may have limited the crab's population.
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Christmas Island red crabs are large crabs with the
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230:Female red crab about to release eggs into the sea
495:, but numbers there are relatively low. Based on
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1219:. Vol. 172, no. 6. pp. 822–831.
1088:. University of California Press. p. 532.
441:is one of the red crab's few natural predators.
831:International Union for Conservation of Nature
280:International Union for Conservation of Nature
220:Distribution map of Christmas Island red crab
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406:Christmas Island red crabs are opportunistic
8:
781:"Red crabs – video footage of the migration"
704:"Invasional 'meltdown' on an oceanic island"
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27:Species of crustacean (Gecarcoidea natalis)
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511:Sign warning of crabs on Christmas Island.
356:Annual migration of red crabs in Australia
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827:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1052:Flannery, Tim; Schouten, Peter (2001).
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1291:Christmas Island National Park Website
924:"Burrow Dynamics of the Red Land Crab
282:(IUCN) and it was not listed on their
972:"Red crabs overtake Christmas Island"
7:
1060:. Atlantic Monthly Press, New York.
970:Sullivan, Rachel (3 November 2010).
316:Like most land crabs, red crabs use
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1177:from the original on 7 January 2018
976:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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852:Gastelu, Gary (24 November 2021).
783:. Parks Australia. 1 December 2013
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1084:; Clague, David A., eds. (2009).
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812:IUCN Species Survival Commission
733:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00512.x
519:by vehicles and sometimes cause
350:Crabs on their annual migration.
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1003:. 23 March 2011. Archived from
922:Green, Peter T. (April 2004).
1:
1977:Crustaceans described in 1888
933:Journal of Crustacean Biology
598:"Christmas Island Red Crabs"
1197:"Christmas Island Red Crab"
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752:University of Nevada, Reno
640:"Ecology and behaviour of
402:Red crab eating dry leaves
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35:Christmas Island red crab
1962:Fauna of Christmas Island
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236:Christmas Island red crab
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67:Scientific classification
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1982:Christmas Island cuisine
1967:Crustaceans of Australia
1027:"Wonders of the Monsoon"
503:Relationship with humans
423:giant African land snail
274:to the sea to lay their
1972:Terrestrial crustaceans
1086:Encyclopedia of Islands
649:The Biological Bulletin
493:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
256:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1082:Gillespie, Rosemary G.
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417:other red crabs), and
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342:Migration and breeding
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1123:Conservation Genetics
596:(11 September 2010).
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307:Ecology and behaviour
272:annual mass migration
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1301:12 June 2006 at the
1287:at Wikimedia Commons
602:Princeton University
1830:gecarcoidea-natalis
1817:Gecarcoidea_natalis
1803:Gecarcoidea natalis
1773:Gecarcoidea natalis
1284:Gecarcoidea natalis
1216:National Geographic
1173:. 9 December 2015.
1119:Gecarcoidea natalis
997:"Yellow crazy ants"
926:Gecarcoidea Natalis
896:Gecarcoidea natalis
725:2003EcolL...6..812O
642:Gecarcoidea natalis
564:1990Oikos..58..289O
523:due to their tough
240:Gecarcoidea natalis
196:Gecarcoidea natalis
18:Gecarcoidea natalis
1662:. malpilensis
1255:Crustaceans portal
608:on 17 October 2010
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1916:Open Tree of Life
1765:Taxon identifiers
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1442:. gracilipes
1281:Media related to
1269:Arthropods portal
742:on 11 August 2014
421:. The non-native
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268:yellow crazy ant
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1462:. magna
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1350:Gecarcinidae
1283:
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1179:. Retrieved
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1035:. Retrieved
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1009:. Retrieved
1005:the original
991:
979:. Retrieved
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917:
905:. Retrieved
895:
894:"Red Crabs,
861:. Retrieved
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744:. Retrieved
737:the original
716:
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606:the original
588:
555:
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525:exoskeletons
514:
486:
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460:whale sharks
444:
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264:introduction
260:Indian Ocean
239:
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164:
154:Gecarcinidae
140:Infraorder:
114:Malacostraca
61:of the crab
29:
1864:iNaturalist
1797:Wikispecies
1629:Johngarthia
1594:Gecarcoidea
863:29 November
530:crab bridge
439:whale shark
383:crab larvae
290:Description
165:Gecarcoidea
134:Pleocyemata
1957:Grapsoidea
1951:Categories
1704:Tuerkayana
1539:Gecarcinus
1494:Epigrapsus
1181:9 December
1104:2008037221
981:4 December
837:4 December
787:3 December
536:References
489:population
483:Population
456:manta rays
411:scavengers
408:omnivorous
365:Life cycle
334:wet season
330:dry season
130:Suborder:
104:Arthropoda
1429:Discoplax
1360:Cardisoma
1233:643483454
1225:0027-9358
1143:1566-0621
810:(ISSG) –
521:accidents
429:Predators
388:megalopae
312:Behaviour
244:land crab
172:Species:
144:Brachyura
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
59:Megalopae
1882:10543903
1788:Q1934004
1782:Wikidata
1299:Archived
1175:Archived
1170:ABC News
1151:17975164
1037:31 March
1011:30 March
907:30 March
858:Fox News
746:30 March
686:28150487
678:11441973
375:megalopa
296:carapace
284:Red List
246:that is
150:Family:
124:Decapoda
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
1856:4645892
1352:species
1348:Extant
1031:BBC Two
721:Bibcode
670:1543512
612:26 June
580:3545219
560:Bibcode
517:crushed
497:genetic
326:burrows
322:diurnal
301:abdomen
266:of the
258:in the
248:endemic
160:Genus:
120:Order:
110:Class:
1934:444451
1921:386590
1869:123100
1825:ARKive
1231:
1223:
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833:(IUCN)
684:
676:
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578:
205:, 1888
203:Pocock
1929:WoRMS
1908:45628
1895:25007
1877:IRMNG
1843:3FGD9
1147:S2CID
901:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
682:S2CID
666:JSTOR
576:JSTOR
551:Oikos
449:, an
373:Crab
318:gills
1903:NCBI
1851:GBIF
1229:OCLC
1221:ISSN
1183:2015
1139:ISSN
1100:LCCN
1090:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1039:2019
1013:2011
983:2013
909:2011
865:2021
839:2020
789:2013
748:2011
674:PMID
614:2011
458:and
437:The
394:Diet
276:eggs
254:and
234:The
1890:ISC
1838:CoL
1812:AFD
1131:doi
942:doi
729:doi
658:doi
654:200
568:doi
250:to
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238:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
