60:
The relationship also shows that half-lives are exponentially dependent on decay energy, so that very large changes in half-life make comparatively small differences in decay energy, and thus alpha particle energy. In practice, this means that alpha particles from all alpha-emitting isotopes across
162:
274:
A knowledge of this quantum mechanical effect enables one to obtain this law, including coefficients, via direct calculation. This calculation was first performed by physicist
231:. The law works best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass. The trend is still there for even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd nuclei but is not as pronounced.
328:
Qi, C; Andreyev, A. N.; Huyse, M.; Liotta, R. J.; Van Duppen, P.; Wyss, R. (2014). "On the
Validity of the Geiger-Nuttall Alpha-Decay Law and its Microscopic Basis".
201:
310:
H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation,"
392:
78:
314:, Series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium,"
72:
as a relation between the decay constant and the range of alpha particles in air, in its modern form the Geiger–Nuttall law is
57:
emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
365:
Ren, Zhongzhou; Xu, Chang; Wang, Zaijun (2004). "New perspective on complex cluster radioactivity of heavy nuclei".
271:
by the wave through the potential barrier, each time it bounces, there will be a small likelihood for it to escape.
461:
434:
69:
61:
many orders of magnitude of difference in half-life, all nevertheless have about the same decay energy.
421:
G. Gamow (1928) "Zur
Quantentheorie des Atomkernes" (On the quantum theory of the atomic nucleus),
438:
337:
264:
267:
potential. It will constantly bounce from one side to the other, and due to the possibility of
400:
268:
256:
171:
374:
347:
54:
31:
252:
243:, decays where atomic nuclei larger than helium are released, e.g. silicon and carbon.
213:
43:
455:
240:
225:
443:
351:
275:
17:
287:
260:
65:
47:
378:
205:
50:
342:
157:{\displaystyle \log _{10}T_{1/2}={\frac {A(Z)}{\sqrt {E}}}+B(Z)}
239:
The Geiger–Nuttall law has even been extended to describe
292:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
216:(of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus), and
174:
81:
251:A simple way to derive this law is to consider an
195:
156:
224:are coefficients that depend on the isotope's
8:
318:, Series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
341:
183:
179:
173:
116:
103:
99:
86:
80:
303:
7:
25:
290: – Type of radioactive decay
27:Empirical rule in nuclear physics
263:because of the presence of the
352:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.05.066
151:
145:
128:
122:
1:
393:"Gamow theory of alpha decay"
255:in the atomic nucleus as a
478:
379:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.034304
425:, vol. 51, pages 204-212.
435:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
259:. The particle is in a
196:{\displaystyle T_{1/2}}
53:with the energy of the
423:Zeitschrift für Physik
316:Philosophical Magazine
312:Philosophical Magazine
197:
158:
64:Formulated in 1911 by
198:
159:
70:John Mitchell Nuttall
439:"Geiger-Nuttall Law"
172:
79:
403:on 24 February 2009
40:Geiger–Nuttall rule
265:strong interaction
193:
154:
36:Geiger–Nuttall law
397:www.phy.uct.ac.za
269:quantum tunneling
257:particle in a box
137:
136:
18:Geiger-Nuttal law
16:(Redirected from
469:
448:
426:
419:
413:
412:
410:
408:
399:. Archived from
389:
383:
382:
362:
356:
355:
345:
325:
319:
308:
293:
202:
200:
199:
194:
192:
191:
187:
163:
161:
160:
155:
138:
132:
131:
117:
112:
111:
107:
91:
90:
21:
477:
476:
472:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
462:Nuclear physics
452:
451:
433:
430:
429:
420:
416:
406:
404:
391:
390:
386:
364:
363:
359:
327:
326:
322:
309:
305:
300:
291:
284:
249:
237:
175:
170:
169:
118:
95:
82:
77:
76:
55:alpha particles
32:nuclear physics
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
475:
473:
465:
464:
454:
453:
450:
449:
428:
427:
414:
384:
357:
320:
302:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
283:
280:
253:alpha particle
248:
245:
241:cluster decays
236:
235:Cluster decays
233:
214:kinetic energy
190:
186:
182:
178:
165:
164:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
135:
130:
127:
124:
121:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
44:decay constant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
474:
463:
460:
459:
457:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
431:
424:
418:
415:
402:
398:
394:
388:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
358:
353:
349:
344:
339:
335:
331:
330:Phys. Lett. B
324:
321:
317:
313:
307:
304:
297:
289:
286:
285:
281:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
242:
234:
232:
230:
227:
226:atomic number
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
188:
184:
180:
176:
148:
142:
139:
133:
125:
119:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
83:
75:
74:
73:
71:
67:
62:
58:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
444:ScienceWorld
442:
422:
417:
405:. Retrieved
401:the original
396:
387:
370:
367:Phys. Rev. C
366:
360:
333:
329:
323:
315:
311:
306:
276:George Gamow
273:
250:
238:
228:
221:
217:
209:
168:
166:
63:
59:
42:relates the
39:
35:
29:
336:: 203–206.
288:Alpha-decay
261:bound state
66:Hans Geiger
48:radioactive
407:14 January
373:: 034304.
298:References
247:Derivation
212:the total
343:1405.5633
278:in 1928.
206:half-life
93:
456:Category
282:See also
437:(ed.).
204:is the
51:isotope
167:where
34:, the
338:arXiv
46:of a
409:2022
220:and
68:and
375:doi
348:doi
334:734
208:,
84:log
38:or
30:In
458::
441:.
395:.
371:70
369:.
346:.
332:.
88:10
447:.
411:.
381:.
377::
354:.
350::
340::
229:Z
222:B
218:A
210:E
189:2
185:/
181:1
177:T
152:)
149:Z
146:(
143:B
140:+
134:E
129:)
126:Z
123:(
120:A
114:=
109:2
105:/
101:1
97:T
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.