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ventilation for the vessel's occupants. Early illustrations also show initial versions of the ship consisting of overlapping planks on the deck structure, while later depictions show the deck of the vessel covered with flush, hexagonal plates made of wood or iron. Nonetheless, in both earlier and later versions, the Turtle Ship was designed to be surprisingly fast, as it was both oar and sail-powered.
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Later turtle ships held some structural changes as opposed to earlier versions. For example, later iterations of the Turtle Ship had a higher bulwark height. This alteration in the design was made so that more bulwark slots could be added. In turn, these slots could be used for additional weaponry or
215:
returning from Korea. The progression from simple comparison to a statement that the turtle ships anticipated the modern ironclad by centuries can be roughly charted in retrospect, starting no earlier than ca. 1880. Coming in touch with local tales of ancient armored ships in a period which saw the
318:
A dragon's head was placed on the top of the ship at the bow. Several different versions of the dragon's head were used on the turtle ships. The dragon's head was first placed as an early form of psychological warfare in order to scare
Japanese soldiers. One version carried a projector that could
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was the lightest but with a range of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). According to Hae-Ill Bak, one
Japanese record of the Battle of Angolpo records the experience of two Japanese commanders on July 9, 1592, in their battle against turtle ships: "their (turtle ships') attack continued until about 6
203:
There are no contemporary Korean sources from Yi Sun-sin's time that refer to the turtle ship as ironclad. One
Japanese chronicle mentions a clash in August 1592 which involved three Korean turtle ships "covered in iron." This could refer to the iron spikes protruding from their roofs. Historian
199:
There are non-contemporary sources that state that the turtle ship was covered with metal plates, which would make it the first armored ship in history. While it is clear from the available sources that the roof of the ship was covered with iron spikes to prevent boarding, there is split opinion
239:
Metal spikes were used to cover the top of the turtle ship to deter boarding tactics used by the
Japanese. According to historical records, the spikes were covered with empty rice sacks or rice mats to lure the Japanese into trying to board, since the boarding would appear safe. However, modern
231:, the government ordered an ironclad ship be built "like the turtle ship." However, despite all efforts the design failed to float. Turnbull believes that the 19th-century experience should not rule out a "limited amount of armor plating in 1592".
315:
o'clock in the afternoon by firing large fire-arrows through repeated alternate approaches, even as close as 18–30 feet. As a result, almost every part of our ships—the turret, the passages and the side shielding—were totally destroyed..."
160:. It is unknown precisely how many of Yi's Turtle Ships were constructed. The cost of one of these armored warships would have been high, especially if the deck was lined with hexagonal iron plates as some sources suggest.
344:), a private commercial company. They have done extensive research on the original design of the turtle ship, and made several real-size reconstructions of them for commercial use. These were deployed in a Korean drama,
216:
rise of
Western-type ironclad warship to global prominence, these authors may have naturally conjured up the image of metal armor instead of a more traditional heavy timber shell. For instance, during the
82:
warships in the fight against invading
Japanese fleets. The ship's name derives from its covering that was said to resemble a turtle shell. Some historians have described it as a very early type of
851:
208:, however, points out the fact that in February 1593 the Japanese government ordered the military to use an iron plate in building ships, possibly in response to the Korean attacks.
152:, his turtle contributed to winning 16 battles against the Japanese fleet under the command of various Daimyos primarily from Western Japan, though under the command of
129:
and a
Japanese warship. However, these early turtle ships soon fell out of use as Korea's naval preparedness decreased during a long period of relative peace.
362:
141:
898:
Korean Spirit and
Culture Promotion Project: "Admiral Yi Sun-sin. A Brief Overview of his Life and Achievements" KSCPP, Korean Spirit and Culture I,
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release a dense toxic smoke that was generated to obscure vision and interfere with the
Japanese ability to maneuver and coordinate properly.
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148:, who won all battles against the Japanese Navy, is credited with designing the improved turtle ship. From their first appearance in the
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Hae-Ill Bak: “A Short Note on the Iron-clad Turtle Boats of
Admiral Yi Sun-sin," Korea Journal 17:1 (January 1977): 34-39 (36f.)
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351:. Several museums host turtle ships on display, and people can visit and go inside a 1:1 scale turtle ship that is anchored at
223:, the Koreans initially constructed an improvised turtle ship, which was protected by metal sheeting and cowhides to destroy
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Samuel Hawley has suggested that the idea of ironclad turtle ships has its origins in the writings of late 19th-century
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Science, and civilization in China: Vol. 4, Physics and physical technology. Pt. 3, Civil engineering and nautics.
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982:"Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598"
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authors have found this to be unlikely since such an arrangement would have invited enemy fire arrows.
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delegations to the south seem to be more reserved about the significance of its historical role.
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The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization
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912:
The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China
791:"TWE Remembers: The Korean Expedition of 1871 and the Battle of Ganghwa (Shinmiyangyo)"
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Estimation of the early 15th century turtle ship according to an illustration from 1795
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but failed to penetrate its iron hull at the cost of one of their sailors. When the
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from the early 15th century up until the 19th century. They were used alongside the
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The military revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500-1800
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852:"Admiral Yi and his turtle ship resurrect in late April| Korea.net News"
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The first references to older, first-generation turtle ships, known as
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The Hero of all Heroes Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his Turtle Boat Armada
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A turtle ship has been reconstructed by Geobukseon Research Center (
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332:
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29:
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Depiction of 1795 ship considered to resemble Yi's 1592 version.
915:, Seoul, South Korea: The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch,
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723:
Roh, Young-koo: "Yi Sun-sin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth",
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Fighting ships of the Far East: Japan and Korea AD 612-1639
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among historians on whether the turtle ship was ironclad.
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745:
766:"In 1871, America 'Invaded' Korea. Here's What Happened"
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though the historical evidence for this is uncertain.
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the Joseon Navy suffered a devastating defeat in the
74:) was a type of warship that was used by the Korean
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556:
A history of ironclads: the power of iron over wood
620:Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture
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593:A history of Korea: from antiquity to the present
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262:at the Jinju Fortress museum. The closest is a
132:Turtle ships participated in the war against
8:
1015:Samurai Invasion. Japan's Korean War 1592-98
339:
105:
99:
50:
533:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
366:Turtle ship, as featured on the 5 Won coin.
310:ranged 200 metres (660 ft) while the
119:), come from 1413 and 1415 records in the
651:Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia
595:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147.
682:
125:, which mention a mock battle between a
27:15th–19th century type of Korean warship
854:. Korea.net. 2008-04-12. Archived from
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1038:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 38–41,
931:"Complementary Keys to Naval Victory"
624:. Columbia University Press. p.
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442:
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69:
34:Scaled-down turtle ship model in the
7:
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298:(Joseon cannons). There was also an
278:The turtle ship was equipped with
25:
980:Swope, Kenneth M (January 2005),
653:. Merriam-Webster. p. 1776.
558:. The History Press. p. 28.
789:Lindsay, James M. (2013-06-10).
764:Roblin, Sebastien (2018-01-18).
986:The Journal of Military History
142:conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598
966:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
946:, Cambridge University Press,
340:
106:
100:
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1:
649:Merriam-Webster, Inc (2000).
1018:, London: Cassell & Co,
885:(Sept. 1973), pp. 68–71 (68)
727:, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2004), p.13
725:The Review of Korean Studies
616:John Stewart Bowman (2000).
229:French Navy threatened Korea
122:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
929:Holz, Heidi (August 2009),
348:Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin
61:
1109:
1032:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
1012:Turnbull, Stephen (2002),
937:, vol. 23, no. 4
827:Keobukseon Research Center
554:John V. Quarstein (2006).
247:
184:
960:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
391:Military history of Korea
942:Needham, Joseph (1971),
591:Michael J. Seth (2010).
158:Battle of Chilcheollyang
909:Hawley, Samuel (2005),
839:The Immortal Yi Sun-sin
164:Design and construction
935:Naval History Magazine
367:
335:
323:Modern reconstructions
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71:[kʌ.buk̚.s͈ʌn]
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998:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059
795:The National Interest
770:The National Interest
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330:
270:, and the third is a
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134:Japanese naval forces
112:Korean pronunciation:
67:Korean pronunciation:
36:War Memorial of Korea
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1083:Naval ships of Korea
858:on February 2, 2009
709:, pp. 192–199.
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462:, pp. 683–684.
1073:16th-century ships
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336:
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266:, the second is a
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138:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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1078:Korean inventions
1045:978-1-84176-478-8
973:978-0-313-33734-5
953:978-0-521-07060-7
660:978-0-87779-017-4
635:978-0-231-11004-4
602:978-0-7425-6716-0
565:978-1-59629-118-8
540:978-0-521-47958-5
272:hyeonja-chongtong
264:cheonja-chongtong
150:Battle of Sacheon
144:. Korean Admiral
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1093:Yi Sun-sin
1088:Ship types
1062:Categories
879:(Review),
862:2010-02-09
800:2021-07-24
775:2021-04-14
282:"heaven",
213:Westerners
185:See also:
146:Yi Sun-sin
62:geobukseon
18:Geobukseon
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409:Singijeon
397:Mong Dong
302:known as
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286:"earth",
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825:거북선연구원:
529:(1996).
371:See also
300:arquebus
244:Armament
221:incident
154:Won Gyun
84:ironclad
892:Sources
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308:seungja
304:seungja
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181:Roofing
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341:거북선연구원
235:Spikes
104:;
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47:Korean
1002:S2CID
416:Notes
378:Djong
353:Yeosu
333:Seoul
1040:ISBN
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346:The
284:jija
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