Geoffrey Chaucer - Knowledge (XXG)

1018:) was written to commemorate Blanche of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's first wife. The poem refers to John and Blanche in allegory as the narrator relates the tale of "A long castel with walles white/Be Seynt Johan, on a ryche hil" (1318–1319) who is mourning grievously after the death of his love, "And goode faire White she het/That was my lady name ryght" (948–949). The phrase "long castel" is a reference to Lancaster (also called "Loncastel" and "Longcastell"), "walles white" is thought to be an oblique reference to Blanche, "Seynt Johan" was John of Gaunt's name-saint, and "ryche hil" is a reference to Richmond. These references reveal the identity of the grieving black knight of the poem as John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Richmond. "White" is the English translation of the French word "blanche", implying that the white lady was Blanche of Lancaster. 945: 1093: 2421:, corrected and revised by Timothy Thomas. The glossary appended was also mainly compiled by Thomas. The text of Urry's edition has often been criticised by subsequent editors for its frequent conjectural emendations, mainly to make it conform to his sense of Chaucer's metre. The justice of such criticisms should not obscure his achievement. His is the first edition of Chaucer in nearly a hundred and fifty years to consult any manuscripts. Additionally, it is the first since that of William Thynne in 1534 to seek systematically to assemble a substantial number of manuscripts to establish his text. It is also the first edition to offer descriptions of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works, and the first to print texts of 'Gamelyn' and 'The Tale of Beryn', works ascribed to, but not by, Chaucer." 1402: 520: 2381:, or else there never was any. And that, all his works almost, if they be thoroughly advised, will testify (albeit done in mirth, and covertly); and especially the latter end of his third book of the Testament of Love … Wherein, except a man be altogether blind, he may espy him at the full: although in the same book (as in all others he useth to do), under shadows covertly, as under a visor, he suborneth truth in such sort, as both privily she may profit the godly-minded, and yet not be espied of the crafty adversary. And therefore the bishops, belike, taking his works but for jests and toys, in condemning other books, yet permitted his books to be read." 83: 925: 1969: 5310: 5756: 2431: 2910: 831: 2011:'s a mere six years later. Thynne had a successful career from the 1520s until his death in 1546 as chief clerk of the kitchen of Henry VIII, one of the masters of the royal household. He spent years comparing various versions of Chaucer's works and selected 41 pieces for publication. While there were questions over the authorship of some of the material, there is no doubt that this was the first comprehensive view of Chaucer's work. 464: 2671: 5279: 2994:, revealing that "raptus" referred to the illegal transfer of service from Staundon's household to Chaucer's and that the case was a labour dispute in which Chaucer and Chaumpaigne were co-defendants. Roger and Prescott commented that "the carefully curated, small-scale world of literary manuscripts...is far removed from the vast scale of government archives... demonstrates that there is more to be found". 1045:, in turn, does not understand Chaucer's harsh words to her for she believes that she has been kind to him, claims that he does not know what she has in store for him in the future, but most importantly, "And eek thou hast thy beste frend alyve" (32, 40, 48). Chaucer retorts, "My frend maystow nat reven, blind goddesse" (50) and orders her to take away those who merely pretend to be his friends. 313: 5267: 2924: 1214: 2092:. As "Chaucerian" works that were not considered apocryphal until the late 19th century, these medieval texts enjoyed a new life, with English Protestants carrying on the earlier Lollard project of appropriating existing texts and authors who seemed sympathetic—or malleable enough to be construed as sympathetic—to their cause. The official Chaucer of the early printed volumes of his 2938: 2240:

maketh to his empty purse, I do find a written copy, which I had of Iohn Stow (whose library hath helped many writers) wherein ten times more is adioined, then is in print. Where he maketh great lamentation for his wrongfull imprisonment, wishing death to end his daies: which in my iudgement doth greatly accord with that in the Testament of Loue. Moreouer we find it thus in Record.

2039: 2377:"marvel to consider … how the bishops, condemning and abolishing all manner of English books and treatises which might bring the people to any light of knowledge, did yet authorise the works of Chaucer to remain still and to be occupied; who, no doubt, saw into religion as much almost as even we do now, and uttereth in his works no less, and seemeth to be a right 5255: 2386: 2402:

and authors, which before lay hid and unknown. The science of printing being found, immediately followed the grace of God; which stirred up good wits aptly to conceive the light of knowledge and judgment: by which light darkness began to be espied, and ignorance to be detected; truth from error, religion from superstition, to be discerned."

2186: 1448:, admired Chaucer for his stories but not for his rhythm and rhyme, as few critics could then read Middle English and the text had been butchered by printers, leaving a somewhat unadmirable mess. It was not until the late 19th century that the official Chaucerian canon, accepted today, was decided upon, largely as a result of 2233:

Richard the second, the King tooke Geffrey Chaucer and his lands into his protection. The occasion wherof no doubt was some daunger and trouble whereinto he was fallen by favouring some rash attempt of the common people." Under the discussion of Chaucer's friends, namely John of Gaunt, Speght further explains:

1084:, "now I beg all those that listen to this little treatise, or read it, that if there be anything in it that pleases them, they thank our Lord Jesus Christ for it, from whom proceeds all understanding and goodness.", though he was aware that as in any place some people in the church were venal and corrupt. 807:

of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most

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It is significant, too, that Foxe's discussion of Chaucer leads into his history of "The Reformation of the Church of Christ in the Time of Martin Luther" when "Printing, being opened, incontinently ministered unto the church the instruments and tools of learning and knowledge; which were good books

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Yet it seemeth that was in some trouble in the daies of King Richard the second, as it may appeare in the Testament of Loue: where hee doth greatly complaine of his owne rashnesse in following the multitude, and of their hatred against him for bewraying their purpose. And in that complaint which he

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set the precedent for all other English authors regarding presentation, prestige and success in print. These editions certainly established Chaucer's reputation, but they also began the complicated process of reconstructing and frequently inventing Chaucer's biography and the canonical list of works

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Chaucer died of unknown causes on 25 October 1400, although the only evidence for this date comes from the engraving on his tomb, which was erected more than 100 years after his death. There is some speculation that he was murdered by enemies of Richard II or even on the orders of his successor

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The extraordinary dominance of English now as a world language has made it hard to appreciate that its status in the medieval period was very low. Not only was English just one of three languages used in England before the 15th century, it was not the major one. Although it was, of course, the most

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under Henry VIII for about twenty years, was the first to collect and sell something that resembled an edition of the collected works of Chaucer; however, in the process, he introduced five previously printed texts that are now known not to be Chaucer's. (The collection is actually three separately

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The myth of the Protestant Chaucer continues to have a lasting impact on a large body of Chaucerian scholarship. Though it is extremely rare for a modern scholar to suggest Chaucer supported a religious movement that did not exist until more than a century after his death, the predominance of this

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to assemble a largely fictional "Life of Our Learned English Poet, Geffrey Chaucer". Speght's "Life" presents readers with an erstwhile radical in troubled times much like their own, a proto-Protestant who eventually came round to the king's views on religion. Speght states, "In the second year of

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published in 1478 and 1483. Caxton's second printing, by his own account, came about because a customer complained that the printed text differed from a manuscript he knew; Caxton obligingly used the man's manuscript as his source. Both Caxton editions carry the equivalent of manuscript authority.

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produced the first edition of the complete works of Chaucer in a Latin font, published posthumously in 1721. According to the editors, several tales were printed, and for the first time, a biography of Chaucer, a glossary of old English words, and testimonials of author writers concerning Chaucer

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Richard II granted him an annual pension of 20 pounds in 1394 (equivalent to £22,034 in 2023), and Chaucer's name fades from the historical record not long after Richard's overthrow in 1399. The last few records of his life show his pension renewed by the new king and his taking a lease on a

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Henry IV, but the case is entirely circumstantial. Chaucer was buried in Westminster Abbey in London, as was his right owing to his status as a tenant of the Abbey's close. In 1556, his remains were transferred to a more ornate tomb, making him the first writer interred in the area now known as

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Chaucer was born in London, most likely in the early 1340s (by some accounts, including his monument, he was born in 1343), though the precise date and location remain unknown. The Chaucer family offers an extraordinary example of upward mobility. His great-grandfather was a tavern keeper, his

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In 1324, his father, John Chaucer, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the 12-year-old to her daughter in an attempt to keep the property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and fined £250, now equivalent to about £200,000, which suggests that the family was financially secure.

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states three times in her response to the plaintiff, "And also, you still have your best friend alive" (32, 40, 48); she also refers to his "beste frend" in the envoy when appealing to his "noblesse" to help Chaucer to a higher estate. The narrator makes a fifth reference when he rails at

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Chaucer was printed more than any other English author, and he was the first author to have his works collected in comprehensive single-volume editions in which a Chaucer canon began to cohere. Some scholars contend that 16th-century editions of Chaucer's

796:, 1374, when artistic endeavours were traditionally rewarded, it is assumed to have been for another early poetic work. It is not known which, if any, of Chaucer's extant works prompted the reward, but the suggestion of him as a poet to a king places him as a precursor to later 1006:

and father of Henry IV, and he served under Lancaster's patronage. Near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law when Lancaster married Katherine Swynford (de Roet) in 1396; she was the sister of Philippa (de) Roet, whom Chaucer had married in 1366.

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on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment. He travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to

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Chaucer's original audience was a courtly one and would have included women as well as men of the upper social classes. Yet even before his death in 1400, Chaucer's audience had begun to include members of the rising literate, middle and merchant classes. This included many

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of his famous works during this period. Chaucer's "only surviving handwriting" dates from this period. This is a request for temporary leave from work presented to King Richard II, hitherto believed to be the work of one of his subordinates due to the low level of language.

1863:"The language of England, upon which Chaucer was the first to confer celebrity, has amply justified the foresight which led him to disdain all others for its sake, and, in turn, has conferred an enduring celebrity upon him who trusted his reputation to it without reserve." 559:, and the position brought the teenage Chaucer into the close court circle, where he was to remain for the rest of his life. He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king from 1389 to 1391 as Clerk of the King's Works. 761:, the forms and stories of which he would use later. The purposes of a voyage in 1377 are mysterious, as details within the historical record conflict. Later documents suggest it was a mission, along with Jean Froissart, to arrange a marriage between the future King 4635:"Chawcer undoubtedly did excellently in his Troilus and Creseid: of whome trulie I knowe not whether to mervaile more, either that hee in that mistie time could see so clearly, or that wee in this cleare age, goe so stumblingly after him." The text can be found at 1928:

The large number of surviving manuscripts of Chaucer's works is testimony to the enduring interest in his poetry prior to the arrival of the printing press. There are 83 surviving manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales (in whole or part) alone, along with sixteen of

2452:, who founded the Chaucer Society in 1868, pioneered the establishment of diplomatic editions of Chaucer's primary texts, along with careful accounts of Chaucer's language and prosody. Walter William Skeat, who, like Furnivall, was closely associated with the 542:

are practically non-existent, since Chaucer was a public servant, his official life is very well documented, with nearly five hundred written items testifying to his career. The first of the "Chaucer Life Records" appears in 1357, in the household accounts of

2739:, not usually doubted as Chaucer's work, in addition to Chaucer's name as a gloss to the manuscript, are the main pieces of evidence for the ascription to Chaucer. However, the evidence Chaucer wrote such a work is questionable and, thus, is not included in 4744:"The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer: To Which are Added an Essay on his Language and Versification, and an Introductory Discourse, Together with Notes and a Glossary by the late Thomas Tyrwhitt. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1798. 2 Volumes" 2297:, insisting that Chaucer was not a commoner, and he objected to the friar-beating story. Yet Thynne himself underscores Chaucer's support for popular religious reform, associating Chaucer's views with his father William Thynne's attempts to include 1051:

turns her attention to three princes whom she implores to relieve Chaucer of his pain and "Preyeth his beste frend of his noblesse/That to som beter estat he may atteyne" (78–79). The three princes are believed to represent the dukes of Lancaster,

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John Chaucer married Agnes Copton, who inherited properties in 1349, including 24 shops in London, from her uncle Hamo de Copton, who is described in a will dated 3 April 1354 and listed in the City Hustings Roll as "moneyer", said to be a

2456:, established the base text of all of Chaucer's works with his edition, published by Oxford University Press. Later editions by John H. Fisher and Larry D. Benson offered further refinements, along with critical commentary and bibliographies. 791:

A possible indication that his career as a writer was appreciated came when Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. This was an unusual grant, but given on a day of celebration,

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On 16 October 1379, Thomas Staundon filed a legal action against his former servant Cecily Chaumpaigne and Chaucer, accusing Chaucer of unlawfully employing Chaumpaigne before her term of service was completed, which violated the

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to their pages. Like Speght's Chaucer, Foxe's Chaucer was also a shrewd (or lucky) political survivor. In his 1563 edition, Foxe "thought it not out of season … to couple … some mention of Geoffrey Chaucer" with a discussion of

816:. Though eight court documents dated between October 1379 and July 1380 survive the action, the case was never prosecuted. No details survive about Chaumpaigne's service or how she came to leave Staundon's employ for Chaucer's. 3090:

widely used spoken language, English fell far short of Latin and French as a written language. decision to write exclusively in English was indeed unusual He made English successful because he made it urban and international.

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as the first author to use many common English words in his writings. These words were probably frequently used in the language at the time, but Chaucer was the earliest extant manuscript source with his ear for common speech.

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In September 1390, records say that Chaucer was robbed and possibly injured while conducting the business, and he stopped working in this capacity on 17 June 1391. He began as Deputy Forester in the royal forest of

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With the textual issues largely addressed, if not resolved, attention turned to the questions of Chaucer's themes, structure, and audience. The Chaucer Research Project at the University of Chicago began in 1924. The

2326:. As with the Chaucer editions, it was critically significant to English Protestant identity and included Chaucer in its project. Foxe's Chaucer both derived from and contributed to the printed editions of Chaucer's 2405:

Foxe downplays Chaucer's bawdy and amorous writing, insisting that it all testifies to his piety. Troubling material is deemed metaphoric, while the more forthright satire (which Foxe prefers) is taken literally.

1060:, and a portion of line 76 ("as three of you or tweyne") is thought to refer to the ordinance of 1390 which specified that no royal gift could be authorised without the consent of at least two of the three dukes. 2484:

The following major works are in roughly chronological order, but scholars still debate the dating of most of Chaucer's output. Works made up of a collection of stories may have been compiled over a long period.

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thinking for so many centuries left it for granted that Chaucer was at least hostile toward Catholicism. This assumption forms a large part of many critical approaches to Chaucer's works, including neo-Marxism.

1253:, was used in much of his later work and became one of the standard poetic forms in English. His early influence as a satirist is also important, with the common humorous device, the funny accent of a regional 475:

grandfather worked as a purveyor of wines, and his father, John Chaucer, rose to become an important wine merchant with a royal appointment. Several previous generations of Geoffrey Chaucer's family had been

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Chaucer did compile this booke as a comfort to himselfe after great griefs conceiued for some rash attempts of the commons, with whome he had ioyned, and thereby was in feare to loose the fauour of his best

4431: 2986:" (Latin: "omnimodas acciones, tam de raptu meo"). Furnivall, Chaucer biographers, and feminist scholars speculated that Chaucer may have raped or abducted Chaumpaigne. However, in 2022, Euan Roger and 5841: 1497:) a Modern English speaker with an extensive vocabulary of archaic words may understand it, it differs enough that most publications modernise his idiom. The following is a sample from the prologue of 6205: 551:, when he became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections, a common medieval form of apprenticeship for boys into knighthood or prestige appointments. The countess was married to 1468:

Chaucer is sometimes considered the source of the English vernacular tradition. His achievement for the language can be seen as part of a general historical trend towards the creation of a

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Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance".

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in detail and is sometimes cited as the first example of technical writing in the English language. It indicates that Chaucer was versed in science in addition to his literary talents.

375:. He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry". He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called 2178:

pared the canon down in his 1775 edition. The compilation and printing of Chaucer's works was, from its beginning, a political enterprise, since it was intended to establish an

944: 751: 1877:, who may have met Chaucer and considered him his role model, hailed Chaucer as "the firste fyndere of our fair langage". John Lydgate referred to Chaucer within his own text 2469: 1827:

portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old

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Lollards were particularly attracted to Chaucer's satirical writings about friars, priests, and other church officials. In 1464, John Baron, a tenant farmer in Agmondesham (

870:' that year. He appears to have been present at most of the 71 days it sat, for which he was paid £24 9s. On 15 October that year, he gave a deposition in the case of 2027:. Thynne's canon brought the number of apocryphal works associated with Chaucer to a total of 28, even if that was not his intention. As with Pynson, once included in the 1401: 2148:

took this recantation of heresy as a defence of the true faith, calling Chaucer a "right Wiclevian" and (erroneously) identifying him as a schoolmate and close friend of

3037: 1039:, proclaiming that he has learned who his enemies are through her tyranny and deceit, and declares "my suffisaunce" (15) and that "over himself hath the maystrye" (14). 652: 1092: 876:. There is no further reference after this date to Philippa, Chaucer's wife. She is presumed to have died in 1387. He survived the political upheavals caused by the 3015: 6347: 5911: 4988: 765:

and a French princess, thereby ending the Hundred Years' War. If this was the purpose of their trip, they seem to have been unsuccessful, as no wedding occurred.

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He may actually have met Petrarch, and his reading of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio provided him with subject matter as well as inspiration for later writings.

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and history that grounded and authorised the Tudor monarchy and church. What was added to Chaucer often helped represent him favourably to Protestant England.

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Although Chaucer's works had long been admired, serious scholarly work on his legacy did not begin until the late 18th century, when Thomas Tyrwhitt edited

899:, continued building the wharf at the Tower of London and built the stands for a tournament held in 1390. It may have been a difficult job, but it paid two 6225: 1057: 970:, Somerset on 22 June. This was no sinecure, with maintenance an essential part of the job, although there were many opportunities to derive profit. 800:. Chaucer continued to collect the liquid stipend until Richard II came to power, after which it was converted to a monetary grant on 18 April 1378. 5419: 975: 544: 860:, being appointed as one of the commissioners of peace for Kent at a time when French invasion was a possibility. He is thought to have started work on 450:" (i.e., the first one capable of finding poetic matter in English). Almost two thousand English words are first attested to in Chaucerian manuscripts. 1315:

is sometimes to be vocalised and sometimes to be silent; however, this remains a point on which there is disagreement. Most scholars pronounce it as a

2417:"This was the first collected edition of Chaucer to be printed in Roman type. The life of Chaucer prefixed to the volume was the work of the Reverend 5846: 4353: 2370: 1933:, including the personal copy of Henry IV. Given the ravages of time, it is likely that these surviving manuscripts represent hundreds since lost. 519: 6671: 3823:

Forest of Feckenham, John Humphreys FSA, in Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeology Society's Transactions and proceedings, Volumes 44–45, p. 117.

1476:, in many parts of Europe. A parallel trend in Chaucer's lifetime was underway in Scotland through the work of his slightly earlier contemporary, 660: 552: 4922: 4743: 4725: 4704: 2991: 2729: – A rough translation of a Latin work derived from an Arab work of the same title. It is a description of the construction and use of a 6641: 6636: 5129: 5102: 5009: 4825: 4125: 4027: 3991: 3958: 3460: 3426: 3354: 3293: 3230: 3203: 3142: 3115: 982:

hints that the grants might not have been paid. The last mention of Chaucer is on 5 June 1400, when some debts owed to him were repaid.

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in 1561 brought the apocrypha to more than 50 titles. More were added in the 17th century, and they remained as late as 1810, well after

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and sometimes ascribed to Chaucer because of its language and handwriting, an identification which scholars no longer deem tenable.

354: 1960:, on charges of being a Lollard heretic; he confessed to owning a "boke of the Tales of Caunterburie" among other suspect volumes. 4690:

Potter, Russell A., "Chaucer and the Authority of Language: The Politics and Poetics of the Vernacular in Late Medieval England",

1245:, in his work, with only a few anonymous short works using it before him. The arrangement of these five-stress lines into rhyming 6548: 4780: 2776: – "The Book of the Lion" is mentioned in Chaucer's retraction. It has been speculated that it may have been a redaction of 776:(mercenary leader) in Milan. It has been speculated that it was Hawkwood on whom Chaucer based his character, the Knight, in the 664: 6656: 6651: 6239: 5708: 2815: 903:

a day, more than three times his salary as a comptroller. Chaucer was also appointed keeper of the lodge at the King's Park in

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The poetry of Chaucer, along with other writers of the era, is credited with helping to standardise the London Dialect of the

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Besides the irregular spelling, much of the vocabulary is recognisable to the modern reader. Chaucer is also recorded in the

1120:. He wrote many of his major works in a prolific period when he worked as customs comptroller for London (1374 to 1386). His 2464:

was founded in 1966 and has maintained its position as the pre-eminent journal of Chaucer studies. In 1994, literary critic

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mentions its author's part in a failed plot (book 1, chapter 6), his imprisonment, and (perhaps) a recantation of (possibly

1893:. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Chaucer came to be viewed as a symbol of the nation's poetic heritage. 891:

organising most of the king's building projects. No major works were begun during his tenure, but he did conduct repairs on

5362: 4815: 2228:, Speght (probably taking cues from Foxe) made good use of Usk's account of his political intrigue and imprisonment in the 1270:

language from a combination of the Kentish and Midlands dialects. This is probably overstated; the influence of the court,

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Speght's "Life of Chaucer" echoes Foxe's own account, which is itself dependent upon the earlier editions that added the

1033:, believed to have been written in the 1390s, is also thought to refer to Lancaster. "Chaucer as narrator" openly defies 6676: 6661: 6480: 6291: 6179: 38: 6117: 5655: 5042: 2544: 2409: 2390: 567: 389: 4486: 3073: 2023:. Thynne represents his edition as a book sponsored by and supportive of the king, who is praised in the preface by 6696: 6152: 6100: 5977: 5731: 5487: 5328: 4156: 924: 4848: 1303:

was dropping out of colloquial English and that its use was somewhat irregular. It may have been a vestige of the

643:. It is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son, 574:. Edward paid £16 for his ransom, a considerable sum equivalent to £14,557 in 2023, and Chaucer was released. 6666: 6621: 6518: 5405: 2975: 2735: 2577: 2449: 2322: 2179: 1324: 1182: 1151: 813: 237: 1413:

Widespread knowledge of Chaucer's works is attested by the many poets who imitated or responded to his writing.

82: 5701: 5648: 5372: 4076: 4058: 2857: 2530: 1437:. Many of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works contain material from these poets, and later appreciations by the 1226: 1128: 566:, Edward III invaded France, and Chaucer travelled with Lionel of Antwerp, Elizabeth's husband, as part of the 418: 63: 6052: 5972: 5562: 5482: 5178:"Geoffrey Chaucer, Cecily Chaumpaigne, and the Statute of Laborers: New Records and Old Evidence Reconsidered" 4853:

Finding Aids - The Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center - The University of Chicago Library

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in 1532 and 1542 were the first significant contributions to the existence of a widely recognised Chaucerian

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The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: With a Life of the Martyrologist, and Vindication of the Work, Volume 4

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Weiskott, Eric (1 January 2013). "Chaucer the Forester: The Friar's Tale, Forest History, and Officialdom".

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filed by Chaumpaigne releasing Chaucer from any legal responsibility for "all manner of actions related to

2832:"La Belle Dame Sans Merci" – frequently attributed to Chaucer, but is a translation by Richard Roos of 2565: 2495: 727: 679:'s coronation; and another son, Lewis Chaucer. Chaucer's "Treatise on the Astrolabe" was written for Lewis. 648: 406: 2078:

is that beginning with Thynne's editions, it began to include medieval texts that made Chaucer appear as a

1229:, a style which had developed in English literature since around the 12th century as an alternative to the 577: 6198: 6094: 6062: 6027: 6017: 6007: 5997: 5987: 5572: 5537: 5527: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5365:

3 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive – complete digitised texts of Caxton's two earliest editions of

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Schwebel, Leah (2014). "The Legend of Thebes and Literary Patricide in Chaucer, Boccaccio, and Statius".

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is careful to highlight these facts in his editions and his "Life of Chaucer".) No other sources for the

6136: 5820: 5662: 2618: 2286:. Ironically – and perhaps consciously so – an introductory, apologetic letter in Speght's edition from 2247: 1469: 1299:

in Chaucer's verse is uncertain: it seems likely that during the period of Chaucer's writing, the final

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of English, still not fully understood, makes the reading of Chaucer difficult for the modern audience.

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and bureaucracy – of which Chaucer was a part – remains a more probable influence on the development of

762: 556: 6268: 6083: 6022: 5741: 5736: 5532: 5283: 2799: 2791: 2088: 1968: 563: 5278: 2430: 2117:

until the second 1542 edition. Its entry was surely facilitated by Thynne's inclusion of Thomas Usk's

1241:, and he was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the 6631: 6626: 6541: 6499: 6361: 6261: 6067: 6002: 5957: 5952: 5925: 5641: 5577: 5512: 5467: 5462: 5444: 2872: 2777: 2720: 2537: 2523: 2043: 1449: 1134: 888: 867: 862: 850: 732: 710: 625: 613: 524: 424: 371: 298: 4747: 4729: 4708: 2434:

Statue of Chaucer, dressed as a Canterbury pilgrim, on the corner of Best Lane and the High Street,

6599: 6560: 6325: 6088: 6037: 5992: 5982: 5962: 5755: 5726: 5627: 5547: 5502: 5492: 5472: 5259: 2516: 2473: 2359: 1819: 1477: 1441:

poets were shaped by their failure to distinguish the later "additions" from the original Chaucer.

1259: 1162: 1122: 951: 872: 823:, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at 820: 676: 433: 279: 4880: 4874: 3794: 1480:. Barbour's work was likely to have been even more general, as is evidenced by the example of the 6578: 6254: 5857: 5620: 5350: 5199: 5146: 5068: 4982: 4579: 4571: 4475: 4467: 4450: 4255: 4238: 4214: 4173: 3858: 3850: 3769: 3753: 3705: 3558: 3382: 2509: 2144:) heresy, all this was associated with Chaucer. (Usk himself was executed as a traitor in 1388.) 2055: 1230: 1166: 1110: 892: 884: 629: 621: 108: 6042: 5967: 5876: 5552: 5477: 4097:(1988). "Introduction: The Canon and Chronology of Chaucer's Works". In Benson, Larry D. (ed.). 4019: 4011: 3983: 3975: 3950: 3942: 2890: 1814: 793: 5889: 2780:'s 'Dit dou lyon,' a story about courtly love (a subject about which Chaucer frequently wrote). 2743:. If Chaucer had not composed this work, it would have probably been written by a contemporary. 6431: 6297: 5825: 5800: 5613: 5305: 5125: 5098: 5058: 5034: 5005: 4968: 4884: 4821: 4620: 4319: 4121: 4023: 3987: 3954: 3899: 3761: 3500: 3456: 3422: 3350: 3289: 3248: 3226: 3199: 3165: 3138: 3111: 2987: 2951: 2915: 2757: 2502: 2051: 2000: 1957: 1285: 1242: 1116: 1003: 935: 750:. Numerous scholars such as Skeat, Boitani, and Rowland suggested that, on this Italian trip, 706: 671:

before he was deposed. Geoffrey's other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at

608:

After this, Chaucer's life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, and

412: 380: 135: 4113: 3790:

The controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, in the Court of Chivalry

3450: 3416: 3220: 3193: 866:

in the early 1380s. He also became a member of parliament for Kent in 1386 and attended the '

5947: 5869: 5457: 5314: 5189: 5050: 4785: 4616:

As noted by Carolyn Collette in "Fifteenth Century Chaucer", an essay published in the book

4563: 4459: 4247: 4206: 4165: 3854: 3842: 3745: 3695: 3550: 3257: 2559: 2287: 2097: 2079: 2015:

published in 1532, was the first edition of Chaucer's collected works. Thynne's editions of

1913: 1881:

as the "lodesterre (guiding principle) … off our language". Around two centuries later, Sir

1275: 1157: 1063:

Most conspicuous in this short poem is the number of references to Chaucer's "beste frend".

987: 931: 904: 692: 656: 535: 376: 331: 5163:

London: Published for the Chaucer Society by K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1875-1900.

4536: 2290:

defends the unseemly, "low", and bawdy bits in Chaucer from an elite, classicist position.

6309: 6303: 5805: 5795: 5634: 5391: 5384: 5296: 5088: 4285: 2826: 2583: 2175: 2032: 2020: 1990: 1949: 1897: 1874: 1828: 1422: 1271: 1218: 967: 880:, despite the fact that Chaucer knew some of the men executed over the affair quite well. 877: 571: 507:. In the City Hustings Roll 110, 5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Chaucer refers to himself as 504: 441: 5346: 4941: 4605: 5375:– an online edition with complete transcriptions and images captured by the HUMI Project 5140: 3788: 830: 6461: 5863: 5810: 5777: 5118: 4998: 4343:. Stephen Greenblatt. 8th ed. Vol. C. New York, London: Norton, 2006. 2132–33. p. 2132. 3393: 3279: 2943: 2833: 2200: 2024: 2008: 1996: 1953: 1457: 1281: 1267: 1234: 963: 908: 797: 768:

In 1378, Richard II sent Chaucer as an envoy (secret dispatch) to the Visconti and Sir

758: 718: 644: 602: 548: 511:, which translates as: "I, Geoffrey Chaucer, son of the vintner John Chaucer, London". 429: 227: 210: 5019:

Biggs, David; McGivern, Hugh; Matthews, David; Murrie, Greg; Simpson, Dallas (1999) .

1284:

is somewhat distanced from the language of Chaucer's poems owing to the effect of the

6615: 6592: 6453: 6406: 6171: 5851: 5680: 5292: 5203: 4583: 4509: 4479: 3894:

Jones, Terry; Yeager, Robert F.; Doran, Terry; Fletcher, Alan; D'or, Juliett (2003).

3862: 3773: 3709: 3562: 3275: 2956: 2929: 2378: 2190: 2157: 2149: 2102: 1882: 1406: 1289: 999: 769: 687: 672: 640: 186: 2670: 5072: 5020: 4870: 4811: 4094: 2895: 2465: 2445:, and it did not become an established academic discipline until the 19th century. 2279: 2275: 2206: 1824: 1438: 1414: 683: 586: 463: 5359: 5026:

Chaucer's Miller's, Reeve's, and Cook's Tales: An Annotated Bibliography 1900-1992

4797: 2393:

of Chaucer's complete works. It is the first edition of Chaucer to be entirely in

2267:

Speght is also the source of the famous tale of Chaucer being fined for beating a

1941:

sympathisers who may well have been inclined to read Chaucer as one of their own.

1108:, an elegy for Blanche of Lancaster, who died in 1368. Two other early works were 5194: 5177: 5024: 3846: 3700: 3683: 3388: 2164:

exist—there is only Thynne's construction of whatever manuscript sources he had.

393:

for his 10-year-old son, Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a

369:– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for 5772: 5715: 4210: 4140:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p9: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966 2849: 2363: 2283: 1445: 1304: 1238: 834: 804: 783: 773: 755: 539: 260: 4789: 4778:

Carlyle, E. I.; Edwards, A. S. G. (reviewer) (2004). "Urry, John (1666–1715)".

3389:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3060:

A Companion to British Literature, Volume 2: Early Modern Literature, 1450–1660

2170:(1525–1605) was an antiquarian and also a chronicler. His edition of Chaucer's 1213: 978:

on 24 December 1399. Henry IV renewed the grants assigned by Richard, but

312: 17: 6314: 6032: 5542: 5301: 5287: 5093: 3591:"Geoffrey Chaucer note asking for time off work identified as his handwriting" 2905: 2843: 2730: 2435: 2394: 2355: 2268: 2035:

texts stayed with those works, regardless of their first editor's intentions.

1487:

Although Chaucer's language is much closer to Modern English than the text of

1481: 1393:

are just some of almost two thousand English words first attested in Chaucer.

1174: 1170: 838: 394: 384: 255: 158: 4636: 3108:

The Oxford History of Poetry in English: Volume 3. Medieval Poetry: 1400–1500

1980:

The first English printer, William Caxton, was responsible for the first two

1417:

was one of the earliest poets to write continuations of Chaucer's unfinished

1080:

Chaucer respected and admired Christians and was one himself, as he wrote in

6436: 6421: 5324: 5266: 3765: 3261: 2979: 2418: 2167: 2145: 2075: 2038: 1187: 842: 476: 250: 4063:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

2923: 2096:

was construed as a proto-Protestant as the same was done concurrently with

5254: 5054: 4494: 3554: 2185: 950:

Chaucer is commemorated by this stained glass window in the north wall of

6411: 6401: 6386: 6381: 5815: 2141: 2125:

imitates, borrows from, and thus resembles Usk's contemporary, Chaucer. (

1945: 1430: 1146: 900: 747: 722: 690:) at this time. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a 609: 488: 398: 265: 4651:, ed. Joanna Parker and Corinna Wagner (Oxford: OUP, 2020): pp. 189-201. 3347:

Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work

3323:

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer: Romaunt of the rose. Minor poems

2385: 1912:(Dickens held a copy in his library among other works of Chaucer), with 1311:

attached to most nouns. Chaucer's versification suggests that the final

819:

It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the

6554: 6396: 6391: 6376: 5030: 4575: 4551: 4471: 4445: 4259: 4177: 3757: 3246:

Briggs, Keith (June 2019). "The Malins in Chaucer's Ipswich Ancestry".

2808: 2213:= "spinning wheel"), and that at bottom right displays Roet quartering 2004:

printed texts, or collections of texts, bound together as one volume.)

1938: 1489: 1254: 1246: 1035: 824: 739: 701: 500: 480: 4218: 6426: 5038: 4354:"William Caxton's illustrated second edition of The Canterbury Tales" 2983: 2320:, the most impressive literary monument of the period is John Foxe's 1917: 856:

While still working as comptroller, Chaucer appears to have moved to

697: 598: 487:, once thought to mean 'shoemaker', but now known to mean a maker of 104: 4662: 4567: 4463: 4251: 4169: 3749: 742:

the next year as part of a military expedition; in 1373, he visited

5397: 5378: 4927:

The Canterbury Tales: Fifteenth-Century Continuations and Additions

3577:

English Writers: an attempt towards a history of English literature

6416: 5394:(descriptions of books with images, University of Glasgow Library) 4232:

Mooney, Linne R. (1996). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of the

2795: – written in the 16th century with many Chaucerian allusions 2669: 2429: 2384: 2271: 2184: 2037: 1981: 1967: 1473: 1400: 1316: 1212: 1169:

called himself a "nettle in Chaucer's garden of poetry". In 1385,

1091: 829: 782: 743: 735:, the late wife of John of Gaunt, who died in 1369 of the plague. 714: 576: 518: 509:

me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie

462: 437: 5120:

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Selected): An Interlinear Translation

5097:. Berlin-Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, De Gruyter. 4381:"The Canterbury Tales: Chaucer's 'plein speke' is a raucous read" 5381:– a collection of links to resources about Chaucer and his works 3665:"Geoffrey Chaucer and Cecily Chaumpaigne: Rethinking the record" 3161:

The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set

857: 780:, for a description matches that of a 14th-century condottiere. 445: 6329: 5893: 5401: 5319: 4996:

Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N., eds. (1987).

4407:"A New App Guides Readers Through Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'" 4077:"Was Chaucer in favor of the church or opposed to it? – eNotes" 2413:

dating back to the 16th century. According to A. S. G Edwards,

1920:

English authors, Chaucer and Dickens have the most in common."

5334: 4150:

Smith, Jeremy J. (1995). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of

4014:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 3978:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 3945:. In Benson, Larry D.; Pratt, Robert; Robinson, F. N. (eds.). 346: 4767:. Seeley, Burnside, and Seeley. 1846. pp. 249, 252, 253. 3684:"The Archival Iceberg: New Sources for Literary Life-Records" 3484:

Chaucer A to Z: The Essential Reference to his Life and Works

2215:

Argent, a chief gules overall a lion rampant double queued or

663:. Thomas's great-grandson (Geoffrey's great-great-grandson), 340: 337: 6206:

A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales

5842:

Chaucer's influence on fifteenth-century Scottish literature

5385:

Chaucer and his works: Introduction to Chaucer and his works

4707:. Westminster, England: William Caxton. 1473. Archived from 3285:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

523:

Chaucer as a pilgrim, in the early 15th-century illuminated

428:. He is seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of 4120:. W. Pickering and R. and S. Prowett. p. 126 note 15. 3736:

Scott, F. R. (1943). "Chaucer and the Parliament of 1386".

1452:'s work. Roughly seventy-five years after Chaucer's death, 432:

when the dominant literary languages in England were still

4191:

Blake, N. F. (1996). "Reviewed Work(s): The Authorship of

2819: – a Lollard satire later appropriated by Protestants 2293:

Francis Thynne noted some of these inconsistencies in his

2007:

There is a likely connection between Pynson's product and

1237:. Chaucer is known for metrical innovation, inventing the 717:. Two other literary stars of the era were in attendance: 4849:"Guide to the Chaucer Research Project Records 1886-1965" 3058:

Robert DeMaria, Jr., Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher, eds,

2990:

discovered two additional documents from the case in the

534:

While records concerning the lives of his contemporaries

4552:"The Myth of Origin and the Making of Chaucer's English" 4005: 4003: 2338:, and then it appeared in Speght's edition of Chaucer's 1138:

all date from this time. It is believed that he started

725:. Around this time, Chaucer is believed to have written 3519:

Companion to Chaucer Studies, Rev. ed., Oxford UP, 1979

2888:

Chaucer is one of the main characters in the 2001 film

42: 4963:

Akbari, Suzanne Conklin; Simpson, James, eds. (2020).

1503:

that compares Chaucer's text to a modern translation:

612:, possibly as a messenger and perhaps even going on a 601:

Church, Oxfordshire. Possibly funeral helm of his son

5373:

Caxton's Canterbury Tales: The British Library Copies

1405:

Portrait of Chaucer by Romantic era poet and painter

355: 343: 3312:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899; Vol. I, pp. xi–xii. 2074:

Probably the most significant aspect of the growing

1460:

as one of the first books to be printed in England.

6570: 6528: 6510: 6491: 6472: 6445: 6369: 6278: 6215: 6190: 6163: 6128: 6109: 6076: 5933: 5834: 5763: 5672: 5591: 5442: 5435: 5110:

Le Livre de la Duchesse: oeuvres complètes (Tome I)

4876:

The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages

4820:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 230. 4817:

Chaucer: The Critical Heritage. Volume 1: 1385–1837

4101:(3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford UP. pp. xxii–xxv. 1904:, the Victorian era author echoed Chaucer's use of 682:According to tradition, Chaucer studied law in the 624:. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, 334: 305: 293: 285: 274: 243: 233: 223: 205: 180: 170: 142: 131: 115: 92: 73: 5117: 5094:Chaucer's Polyphony. The Modern in Medieval Poetry 4997: 3499:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2003. p. 113. 1817:with romantic love is believed to be in Chaucer's 1096:Portrait of Chaucer (16th century). The arms are: 5112:. Paris: Classiques Garnier, ISBN 978-2406119999. 4316:The making of Chaucer's English: a study of words 1993:, but this edition has no independent authority. 1989:Caxton's edition was reprinted by his successor, 469:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged. 4667:. Penn State University Press. pp. 100–103. 4446:"St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February" 4114:"Introductory Discourse to the Canterbury Tales" 3976:"Explanatory Notes on 'The Book of the Duchess'" 3682:Roger, Euan; Prescott, Andrew (1 October 2022). 2195:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged 1444:Writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as 1098:Per pale argent and gules, a bend counterchanged 383:. Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and 4458:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 534–565. 1861: 1843:That erthe & eyr & tre & euery lake 752:he came into contact with Petrarch or Boccaccio 5145:. Collegiate Press, G. Banta Pub. Co. p. 4510:"Chaucer et les origines de la Saint Valentin" 3349:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 551, 613. 2811:satire later appropriated as a Protestant text 1837:Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make 1640:"Now sir", said he, "Have friars such a grace 1217:Portrait of Chaucer from a 1412 manuscript by 62:"Chaucer" redirects here. For other uses, see 6341: 5905: 5413: 4948:. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 4929:. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications. 4647:Richard Utz, "Chaucer among the Victorians", 3982:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3421:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 19. 3104:"Literary Traditions – Continuity and Change" 1797:He clapte his tayl agayn and lay ful stille. 1710:"Show forth your arse, and let the friar see 1637:Now, sire, quod he, han freres swich a grace 1288:sometime after his death. This change in the 1072:that she shall not take his friend from him. 803:Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of 483:. His family name is derived from the French 8: 4784:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4047:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 55. 4018:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 3949:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 3579:. London: Cassell & Co.; Vol. V. p. 106. 3198:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 18–19. 2876: – Borrows twelve stanzas of Chaucer's 2602:Chaucers Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn 1720:Where the nest of friars is in this place!" 1717:Where is the nest of freres in this place!– 1707:–shewe forth thyn ers, and lat the frere se 1257:, apparently making its first appearance in 911:, which was a largely honorary appointment. 6226:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle 5029:. The Chaucer Bibliographies. Vol. 5. 4720: 4718: 4562:(3). University of Chicago Press: 646–675. 3418:Medieval English Nunneries, c. 1275 to 1535 1800:He shut his tail again and lay very still. 1737:Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, 1677:–And now hath sathanas, –seith he, –a tayl 883:On 12 July 1389, Chaucer was appointed the 667:, was the heir to the throne designated by 26: 6348: 6334: 6326: 5912: 5898: 5890: 5439: 5420: 5406: 5398: 5108:Fruoco, Jonathan, ed. and transl. (2021). 4987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4681:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), p. 1118. 4341:The Norton Anthology of English Literature 4276:, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 97. 3282:; McClure, Peter, eds. (2016). "Chaucer". 3225:. Princeton University Press. p. 26. 1847:For me to stonde, so ful was al the place. 1777:And comen agayn as faste as they may gon, 1750:Out of the devil's arse there were driven 1697:Hold up thy tayl, thou sathanas!–quod he; 1647:That noon of hem shal come to this place? 1560:For, by God, you have ofttimes heard tell 1547:Freres and feendes been but lyte asonder. 1537:And God it woot, that it is litel wonder; 1527:This frere bosteth that he knoweth helle, 81: 70: 5193: 5176:Roger, Euan; Sobecki, Sebastian (2022a). 5080:Crow, Martin M.; Olsen, Clair C. (1966). 3896:Who Murdered Chaucer?: A Medieval Mystery 3699: 3663:Roger, Euan; Sobecki, Sebastian (2022b). 3385:inflation figures are based on data from 3325:. Clarendon Press. 1894. pp. 13, 14. 2825: – its body is largely a version of 1780:And came again as fast as they could go, 1727:And er that half a furlong wey of space, 1660:"Yes", said the angel, "many a million!" 1557:For, pardee, ye han ofte tyme herd telle 59:English poet and author (c. 1340s – 1400) 5847:Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer 5233:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4942:"La Belle Dame sans Mercy: Introduction" 4694:VI (Carnegie-Mellon Press, 1991), p. 91. 4649:Oxford Handbook of Victorian Medievalism 4606:University of Rochester, Robbins Library 4430:Original e-text available online at the 4305:, NY: Broadway Publishing, 1909, p. 147. 4303:Questions at Issue in our English Speech 2371:Act for the Advancement of True Religion 1747:Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve 1657:Yis, quod this aungel, many a millioun! 1597:To shewen hym the peynes that the were, 1550:Friars and fiends are seldom far apart. 1540:And God knows that it is little wonder; 555:, the second surviving son of the king, 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5353:, including interlinear translation of 5293:Works by Geoffrey Chaucer in eBook form 4946:Chaucerian Dream Visions and Complaints 4781:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4759: 4757: 4487:"Imagery, Iconography, and Mythography" 3110:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3007: 2968: 2217:(Chaucer) with crest of Chaucer above: 1841:And that so heuge a noyse gan they make 1787:And in his ers they crepten everychon. 1770:And throughout hell swarmed all about, 1767:And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute, 1680:"And now Satan has", he said, "a tail, 1670:And unto Satan the angel led him down. 1650:That none of them come to this place?" 1600:To show him the pains that were there, 1587:And as an angel ladde hym up and doun, 1567:How that a frere ravyshed was to helle 845:, London where in 1386 the pilgrims in 553:Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence 28: 5213:The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 4980: 4318:, Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 3486:. New York: 1999, pp. 72–73 and 75–77. 3310:The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 3164:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 425. 2754:Of the Wreched Engendrynge of Mankynde 2193:edition. The two top shields display: 1845:So ful was that onethe was there space 1687:Brodder than of a carryk is the sayl. 1630:Unto this angel spoke the friar thus: 1607:In al the place saugh he nat a frere; 1530:This friar boasts that he knows hell, 570:. In 1360, he was captured during the 447:the firste fyndere of our fair langage 401:, diplomat, and member of parliament. 4529:"Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day" 3137:. Yale University Press. p. 60. 3074:"Chaucer and the idea of Englishness" 3062:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 41. 2613:The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse 1667:And unto sathanas he ladde hym doun. 1617:Of oother folk he saugh ynowe in wo. 1610:In all the place he saw not a friar; 1590:And as an angel led him up and down, 1173:made glowing mention of Chaucer, and 980:The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse 404:Among Chaucer's many other works are 7: 5169:A First Sketch of English Literature 4923:"The Ploughman's Tale: Introduction" 4879:. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 3455:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 74. 3158:Echard, Sian; Rouse, Robert (2017). 2470:greatest Western writers of all time 1835:For this was on seynt Volantynys day 1740:Just as bees swarm out from a hive, 1730:And before half a furlong of space, 1700:Hold up your tail, Satan!" said he. 1627:Unto this angel spak the frere tho: 1620:Of other folk he saw enough in woe. 1196:is a scientific work similar to the 651:to four kings, envoy to France, and 562:In 1359, in the early stages of the 4379:Jordison, Sam (11 September 2018). 3884:Morley (1890); Vol. V, pp. 247–248. 2330:, particularly the pseudepigrapha. 1790:And every one crept into his arse. 1757:Twenty thousand freres on a route, 787:A 19th-century depiction of Chaucer 6145:The Canterbury Pilgrims (De Koven) 5311:Works by or about Geoffrey Chaucer 5004:(3rd ed.). Houghton-Mifflin. 4907:and Chaucer's Metrical Practice." 4705:"A Leaf from The Canterbury Tales" 4272:C. B. McCully and J. J. Anderson, 3040:. Cambridge University Press. 2011 3018:. Cambridge University Press. 2019 2978:discovered the case in 1873 via a 1839:Of euery kynde that men thinke may 1813:The first recorded association of 1760:Twenty thousand friars on a rout, 1186:describes the form and use of the 57: 5688:The Complaint of the Black Knight 4859:from the original on 30 May 2023. 4527:Meg Sullivan (February 1, 2001). 4356:. British Library. Archived from 4012:"Introduction to the Short Poems" 3497:Holt Literature and Language Arts 6549:The pot calling the kettle black 5754: 5277: 5265: 5253: 4405:Katz, Brigit (5 February 2020). 3793:. Vol. II. London. p. 3102:Simpson, James (27 April 2023). 2936: 2922: 2908: 2197:(Chaucer), that at bottom left: 1507: 943: 923: 665:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 591:Gules, three Catherine Wheels or 330: 311: 5242:. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark. 5124:. Barron's Educational Series. 5116:Hopper, Vincent Foster (1970). 4118:The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer 3787:Nicolas, Sir N. Harris (1832). 3589:Alberge, Dalya (10 July 2023). 2861: – a 15th-century allegory 2369:Probably referring to the 1542 1808: 1690:Broader than a galleon's sail. 1104:Chaucer's first major work was 653:Speaker of the House of Commons 647:, had an illustrious career as 620:. Around 1366, Chaucer married 195: 6672:People from the City of London 5681:The Cuckoo and the Nightingale 5023:; Greentree, Rosemary (eds.). 4965:The Oxford handbook of Chaucer 4432:University of Virginia website 3814:Morley (1890), Vol. 5, p. 245. 3724:A Concise Companion to Chaucer 3335:Skeat (1899); Vol. I, p. xvii. 3219:Marion Turner (9 April 2019). 3131:Lerer, Seth (1 January 2006). 2805:The Complaint of the Ploughman 2763:De miseria conditionis humanae 2071:which were attributed to him. 2013:The Workes of Geffray Chaucer, 1570:How a friar was taken to hell 1016:Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse 998:Chaucer was a close friend of 1: 5695:The equatorie of the planetis 4940:Symons, Dana M., ed. (2004). 4921:Bowers, John M., ed. (1992). 4198:The Review of English Studies 4193:The Equatorie of the Planetis 4152:The Equatorie of the Planetis 4112:Thomas Tyrwhitt, ed. (1822). 3543:Studies in the Age of Chaucer 3134:The Yale Companion to Chaucer 3016:"Geoffrey Chaucer in Context" 1580:In spirit, once by a vision; 1577:In spirit ones by a visioun; 1225:Chaucer wrote in continental 1193:The equatorie of the planetis 994:Relationship to John of Gaunt 633: 363: 96: 6642:Burials at Westminster Abbey 6637:14th-century English writers 5709:Pierce the Ploughman's Crede 5195:10.5325/chaucerrev.57.4.0407 5139:Hulbert, James Root (1912). 4798:UK public library membership 4661:Besserman, Lawrence (2006). 4550:Cannon, Christopher (1996). 4444:Oruch, Jack B. (July 1981). 4314:Cannon, Christopher (1998). 4236:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 4195:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 4154:by Kari Anne Rand Schmidt". 3855:10.5325/chaucerrev.47.3.0323 3847:10.5325/chaucerrev.47.3.0323 3722:Saunders, Corrine J. (2006) 3701:10.5325/chaucerrev.57.4.0498 2816:Pierce the Ploughman's Crede 2769:Origenes upon the Maudeleyne 2727:The Equatorie of the Planets 2699:Poems of doubtful authorship 2334:was first printed in Foxe's 2129:also appears to borrow from 1493:, such that (unlike that of 1165:(extended by Jean de Meun). 897:St. George's Chapel, Windsor 5656:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 5320:Chaucer Bibliography Online 5043:University of Toronto Press 4290:Geoffrey Chaucer of England 3726:. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 19. 3345:Rossignol, Rosalyn (2006). 2545:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 2472:, and in 1997 expounded on 2224:In his 1598 edition of the 1809:Valentine's Day and romance 639:) became the third wife of 390:A Treatise on the Astrolabe 387:, composing the scientific 6713: 6682:14th-century English poets 6101:Prologue and Tale of Beryn 5732:Prologue and Tale of Beryn 5238:Ward, Adolphus W. (1907). 5224:. London: Faber and Faber. 5215:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5084:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4292:E. P. Dutton, 1946, p. 89. 4274:English Historical Metrics 4157:The Modern Language Review 3974:Wilcockson, Colin (1987). 3943:"The Legend of Good Women" 3941:Chaucer, Geoffrey (1984). 2829:'s "Item de Beata Virgine" 2756:, possible translation of 2660:Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton 2655:Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan 2278:, as well as a fictitious 2189:Engraving of Chaucer from 2121:in the first edition. The 1916:writing, "among the great 1221:, who may have met Chaucer 976:close of Westminster Abbey 467:Arms of Geoffrey Chaucer: 126:London, Kingdom of England 61: 6519:The Testament of Cresseid 6058:The Canon's Yeoman's Tale 5752: 5568:The Canon's Yeoman's Tale 5302:Works by Geoffrey Chaucer 4508:Fruoco, Jonathan (2018). 4434:, trans. Knowledge (XXG). 4337:Fables Ancient and Modern 4234:Equatorie of the Planetis 4211:10.1093/res/XLVII.186.233 4043:Williams, George (1965). 3651:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3639:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3627:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 3615:Roger & Sobecki 2022a 2992:British National Archives 2976:Frederick James Furnivall 2736:Treatise on the Astrolabe 2578:Consolation of Philosophy 2468:placed Chaucer among the 2454:Oxford English Dictionary 2450:Frederick James Furnivall 2180:English national identity 1484:in the north of England. 1325:Oxford English Dictionary 1183:Treatise on the Astrolabe 1152:Consolation of Philosophy 885:clerk of the king's works 754:. They introduced him to 675:, Agnes, an attendant at 440:. Chaucer's contemporary 319: 310: 238:Middle English literature 216: 87:Manuscript portrait, 1412 80: 6692:14th-century translators 6529:Linguistic contributions 5702:The Floure and the Leafe 5649:The Legend of Good Women 5369:from the British Library 5341:Educational institutions 5231:Chaucer: A European Life 5161:Life-records of Chaucer. 5045:in association with the 3222:Chaucer: A European Life 2858:The Floure and the Leafe 2853: – a Lollard satire 2705:Against Women Unconstant 2531:The Legend of Good Women 2391:John Urry's 1721 edition 2389:Spine and title page of 2358:, a possible source for 1972:Title page of Chaucer's 1924:Manuscripts and audience 1295:The status of the final 1251:The Legend of Good Women 1227:accentual-syllabic metre 1145:Chaucer also translated 1129:The Legend of Good Women 419:The Legend of Good Women 64:Chaucer (disambiguation) 39:latest accepted revision 6586:To Her Inconstant Lover 6240:The Book of the Dun Cow 6233:Chanticleer and the Fox 6048:The Nun's Priest's Tale 5978:The Wife of Bath's Tale 5628:The Parliament of Fowls 5607:The Book of the Duchess 5600:The Romaunt of the Rose 5558:The Nun's Priest's Tale 5488:The Wife of Bath's Tale 5229:Turner, Marion (2019). 5142:Chaucer's Official Life 5047:University of Rochester 4598:The Regiment of Princes 3920:"Poets' Corner History" 3452:Chaucer and His England 3449:Coulton, G. G. (2006). 3387:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2630:A Complaint to His Lady 2608:The Complaint unto Pity 2566:The Romaunt of the Rose 2496:The Book of the Duchess 2476:'s debt to the author. 2113:did not enter Thynne's 2082:Lollard, primarily the 1472:, after the example of 1433:left unfinished in his 1429:completes the story of 1307:dative singular suffix 1158:The Romance of the Rose 1106:The Book of the Duchess 1012:The Book of the Duchess 728:The Book of the Duchess 446: 407:The Book of the Duchess 6657:English civil servants 6652:English Catholic poets 6199:The Canterbury Puzzles 5270:Quotations related to 5167:Morley, Henry (1883). 4790:10.1093/ref:odnb/28021 4618:A Companion to Chaucer 4301:Edwin Winfield Bowen, 3922:. WestminsterAbbey.org 3415:Power, Eileen (1988). 2894:, and is portrayed by 2678: 2625:The Complaint of Venus 2438: 2423: 2398: 2383: 2221: 2154:Merton College, Oxford 2062: 2060:San Marino, California 1977: 1952:), was brought before 1865: 1849: 1410: 1319:when it is vocalised. 1222: 1101: 853: 788: 618:Santiago de Compostela 605: 531: 471: 6687:Medieval orientalists 6292:Descriptive Catalogue 6137:The Two Noble Kinsmen 6053:The Second Nun's Tale 5973:The Man of Law's Tale 5663:The Complaint of Mars 5563:The Second Nun's Tale 5483:The Man of Law's Tale 5220:Speirs, John (1951). 5211:Skeat, W. W. (1899). 5171:. Harvard University. 5082:Chaucer: Life-Records 5055:10.3138/9781442672895 5000:The Riverside Chaucer 4679:The Riverside Chaucer 4335:"From The Preface to 4099:The Riverside Chaucer 4045:A New View of Chaucer 4016:The Riverside Chaucer 4010:Gross, Zaila (1987). 3980:The Riverside Chaucer 3947:The Riverside Chaucer 3575:Morley, Henry (1890) 3555:10.1353/sac.2014.0028 3262:10.1093/notesj/gjz004 3195:Chaucer and His World 3192:Derek Brewer (1992). 2840:The Testament of Love 2774:The Book of the Leoun 2741:The Riverside Chaucer 2710:A Balade of Complaint 2673: 2619:The Complaint of Mars 2563:, possibly extant as 2433: 2415: 2388: 2375: 2323:Acts and Monuments... 2305:in the 1532 and 1542 2188: 2046:—the first tale from 2041: 1971: 1833: 1470:vernacular literature 1427:Testament of Cresseid 1404: 1216: 1095: 1029:Chaucer's short poem 974:residence within the 833: 786: 738:Chaucer travelled to 655:. Thomas's daughter, 597:= "spinning wheel"). 580: 522: 466: 6647:The Canterbury Tales 6542:The Oak and the Reed 6500:Troilus and Cressida 6481:Troilus and Cressida 6362:Troilus and Criseyde 6286:Chaucer's Retraction 6262:God Spede the Plough 6118:The Canterbury Tales 6013:The Physician's Tale 5790:The Canterbury Tales 5784:Manuscript tradition 5642:Troilus and Criseyde 5583:Chaucer's Retraction 5523:The Physician's Tale 5367:The Canterbury Tales 5355:The Canterbury Tales 5262:at Wikimedia Commons 4750:on 11 November 2005. 4732:on 11 November 2005. 4411:Smithsonian Magazine 3669:UK National Archives 3482:Rossignol, Rosalyn. 3370:Chaucer Life Records 3072:Butterfield, Ardis. 2873:God Spede the Plough 2842: – actually by 2823:The Ploughman's Tale 2778:Guillaume de Machaut 2731:planetary equatorium 2683:Balade to Rosemounde 2675:Balade to Rosemounde 2650:Lak of Stedfastnesse 2538:The Canterbury Tales 2524:Troilus and Criseyde 2443:The Canterbury Tales 2373:, Foxe said that he 2316:Alongside Chaucer's 2052:Ellesmere Manuscript 1986:The Canterbury Tales 1931:Troilus and Criseyde 1910:Troilus and Criseyde 1887:Troilus and Criseyde 1454:The Canterbury Tales 1450:Walter William Skeat 1435:Troilus and Criseyde 1249:, first seen in his 1140:The Canterbury Tales 1135:Troilus and Criseyde 868:Wonderful Parliament 863:The Canterbury Tales 851:Canterbury Cathedral 847:The Canterbury Tales 814:Statute of Labourers 733:Blanche of Lancaster 711:Galeazzo II Visconti 626:Philippa of Hainault 525:Ellesmere manuscript 425:Troilus and Criseyde 372:The Canterbury Tales 299:The Canterbury Tales 6677:Writers from London 6662:English translators 6600:Amoryus and Cleopes 6561:At sixes and sevens 6536:Words first used in 6089:The Tale of Gamelyn 6063:The Manciple's Tale 6038:The Tale of Melibee 6028:The Prioress's Tale 6018:The Pardoner's Tale 6008:The Franklin's Tale 5998:The Merchant's Tale 5988:The Summoner's Tale 5727:The Tale of Gamelyn 5573:The Manciple's Tale 5548:The Tale of Melibee 5538:The Prioress's Tale 5528:The Pardoner's Tale 5518:The Franklin's Tale 5508:The Merchant's Tale 5498:The Summoner's Tale 5073:10.3138/j.ctt2tv0bw 4711:on 31 October 2005. 2748:Works presumed lost 2517:Parlement of Foules 2474:William Shakespeare 1879:The Fall of Princes 1820:Parlement of Foules 1500:The Summoner's Tale 1421:. At the same time 1163:Guillaume de Lorris 1123:Parlement of Foules 1014:(also known as the 952:Southwark Cathedral 930:Tomb of Chaucer in 873:Scrope v. Grosvenor 434:Anglo-Norman French 280:English Renaissance 29:Page version status 6579:Sir Giles Goosecap 6269:The Pilgrim's Tale 6255:Palamon and Arcite 6247:Palamon and Arcite 6084:The Plowman's Tale 6023:The Shipman's Tale 5858:Katherine Swynford 5742:The Pilgrim's Tale 5737:The Plowman's Tale 5621:Anelida and Arcite 5533:The Shipman's Tale 5390:1 May 2008 at the 5351:Harvard University 5282:Works by or about 4911:86 (2017): 147–51. 4664:The Chaucer Review 4059:"Geoffrey Chaucer" 3835:The Chaucer Review 3688:The Chaucer Review 3653:, p. 407-411. 3629:, p. 407-410. 3383:Retail Price Index 3308:Skeat, W. W., ed. 2884:In popular culture 2800:The Plowman's Tale 2792:The Pilgrim's Tale 2715:Complaynt D'Amours 2679: 2510:Anelida and Arcite 2439: 2426:Modern scholarship 2399: 2351:The Plowman's Tale 2336:Acts and Monuments 2303:The Pilgrim's Tale 2299:The Plowman's Tale 2222: 2089:The Plowman's Tale 2063: 2056:Huntington Library 1978: 1852:Critical reception 1519:Modern Translation 1411: 1223: 1167:Eustache Deschamps 1111:Anelida and Arcite 1102: 893:Westminster Palace 854: 789: 630:Katherine Swynford 628:, and a sister of 622:Philippa (de) Roet 606: 564:Hundred Years' War 549:Countess of Ulster 545:Elizabeth de Burgh 532: 472: 109:Kingdom of England 35: 6697:Poets from London 6609: 6608: 6323: 6322: 6298:Ellesmere Chaucer 6068:The Parson's Tale 6003:The Squire's Tale 5958:The Miller's Tale 5953:The Knight's Tale 5887: 5886: 5826:Geoffrey Spirleng 5801:Ellesmere Chaucer 5750: 5749: 5614:The House of Fame 5578:The Parson's Tale 5513:The Squire's Tale 5468:The Miller's Tale 5463:The Knight's Tale 5306:Project Gutenberg 5258:Media related to 5222:Chaucer the Maker 5131:978-0-8120-0039-9 5103:978-1-5015-1849-2 5011:978-0-395-29031-6 4903:Weiskott, Eric. " 4827:978-0-7100-8497-2 4796:(Subscription or 4596:Thomas Hoccleve, 4539:on April 3, 2017. 4497:on 16 April 2016. 4127:978-0-8482-2624-4 4029:978-0-395-29031-6 3993:978-0-395-29031-6 3960:978-0-395-29031-6 3528:Hopper, p. viii: 3462:978-1-4286-4247-8 3428:978-0-8196-0140-7 3356:978-0-8160-6193-8 3295:978-0-19-967776-4 3249:Notes and Queries 3232:978-0-691-16009-2 3205:978-0-85991-366-9 3144:978-0-300-12597-9 3117:978-0-19-883968-2 2988:Sebastian Sobecki 2952:Chaucer (surname) 2916:Literature portal 2503:The House of Fame 2448:Scholars such as 2347:Testament of Love 2252:Testament of Love 2230:Testament of Love 2162:Testament of Love 2138:Testament of Love 2127:Testament of Love 2123:Testament of Love 2119:Testament of Love 2084:Testament of Love 2044:The Knight's Tale 1958:Bishop of Lincoln 1902:David Copperfield 1891:Defence of Poesie 1868:—T. R. Lounsbury. 1804: 1803: 1286:Great Vowel Shift 1243:iambic pentametre 1177:also lauded him. 1117:The House of Fame 1076:Religious beliefs 1004:Duke of Lancaster 936:Westminster Abbey 849:set off to visit 707:Violante Visconti 479:and merchants in 413:The House of Fame 381:Westminster Abbey 323: 322: 286:Years active 278:Precursor to the 275:Literary movement 138:, London, England 136:Westminster Abbey 123:(aged 56–57) 47:15 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 6704: 6667:English MPs 1386 6622:Geoffrey Chaucer 6521:" (15th century) 6357:Geoffrey Chaucer 6350: 6343: 6336: 6327: 6180:Canterbury Tales 6153:Canterbury Tales 5993:The Clerk's Tale 5983:The Friar's Tale 5963:The Reeve's Tale 5948:General Prologue 5939:Canterbury Tales 5926:Canterbury Tales 5921:Geoffrey Chaucer 5914: 5907: 5900: 5891: 5870:Alice de la Pole 5758: 5503:The Clerk's Tale 5493:The Friar's Tale 5473:The Reeve's Tale 5458:General Prologue 5440: 5429:Geoffrey Chaucer 5422: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5379:Chaucer Metapage 5360:Caxton's Chaucer 5325:Geoffrey Chaucer 5315:Internet Archive 5284:Geoffrey Chaucer 5281: 5272:Geoffrey Chaucer 5269: 5260:Geoffrey Chaucer 5257: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5197: 5172: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5135: 5123: 5089:Fruoco, Jonathan 5085: 5076: 5015: 5003: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4974:978-019-9582-655 4950: 4949: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4918: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4746:. 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K. Chesterton 1885:greatly praised 1869: 1508: 1456:was selected by 1276:Standard English 1260:The Reeve's Tale 1082:Canterbury Tales 947: 927: 905:Feckenham Forest 878:Lords Appellants 821:Peasants' Revolt 778:Canterbury Tales 693:valet de chambre 638: 635: 583:A unicorn's head 536:William Langland 529:Canterbury Tales 489:hose or leggings 449: 368: 365: 358: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 326:Geoffrey Chaucer 315: 199: 197: 122: 101: 98: 85: 75:Geoffrey Chaucer 71: 21: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6566: 6524: 6506: 6487: 6468: 6441: 6365: 6354: 6324: 6319: 6310:Hengwrt Chaucer 6304:Have a nice day 6274: 6217: 6211: 6186: 6159: 6129:Stage and music 6124: 6105: 6095:Siege of Thebes 6072: 6043:The Monk's Tale 5968:The Cook's Tale 5938: 5929: 5918: 5888: 5883: 5877:A Knight's Tale 5872:(granddaughter) 5860:(wife's sister) 5830: 5806:Harley MS. 7334 5796:Hengwrt Chaucer 5765: 5759: 5746: 5668: 5587: 5553:The Monk's Tale 5478:The Cook's Tale 5448: 5446: 5431: 5426: 5392:Wayback Machine 5343: 5297:Standard Ebooks 5250: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5175: 5166: 5151: 5149: 5138: 5132: 5115: 5079: 5065: 5018: 5012: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4689: 4685: 4677:Benson, Larry, 4676: 4672: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4568:10.2307/2865797 4549: 4548: 4544: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4485: 4464:10.2307/2847741 4443: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4360:on 23 July 2021 4352: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4286:Marchette Chute 4284: 4280: 4271: 4267: 4252:10.2307/2865248 4231: 4230: 4226: 4205:(186): 233–34. 4190: 4189: 4185: 4170:10.2307/3734556 4149: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4128: 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1366) 193: 189: 166: 127: 124: 120: 119:25 October 1400 111: 102: 99: 88: 76: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 18:Geofrey Chaucer 15: 12: 11: 5: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6465:(12th century) 6462:Roman de Troie 6458: 6457:(14th century) 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6156:(1964 musical) 6149: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5931: 5930: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5864:Thomas Chaucer 5861: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5811:Adam Pinkhurst 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778:Heroic couplet 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5357: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5322: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5275: 5263: 5249: 5248:External links 5246: 5245: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5188:(4): 407–437. 5182:Chaucer Review 5173: 5164: 5158: 5136: 5130: 5113: 5106: 5086: 5077: 5063: 5016: 5010: 4993: 4973: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4932: 4913: 4896: 4889: 4862: 4840: 4826: 4814:, ed. (1978). 4803: 4770: 4753: 4735: 4714: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4653: 4640: 4628: 4609: 4589: 4542: 4533:UCLA Spotlight 4519: 4500: 4491:colfa.utsa.edu 4436: 4423: 4397: 4371: 4345: 4328: 4307: 4294: 4278: 4265: 4224: 4183: 4164:(2): 405–406. 4142: 4133: 4126: 4104: 4086: 4068: 4050: 4035: 4028: 3999: 3992: 3966: 3959: 3933: 3911: 3904: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3841:(3): 323–336. 3825: 3816: 3807: 3779: 3728: 3715: 3694:(4): 498–526. 3674: 3655: 3643: 3641:, p. 424. 3631: 3619: 3617:, p. 420. 3607: 3581: 3568: 3533: 3521: 3512: 3506:978-0030573743 3505: 3488: 3475: 3461: 3441: 3427: 3407: 3394:MeasuringWorth 3374: 3362: 3355: 3337: 3328: 3314: 3301: 3294: 3276:Hanks, Patrick 3267: 3256:(2): 201–202. 3238: 3231: 3211: 3204: 3184: 3170: 3150: 3143: 3123: 3116: 3094: 3064: 3051: 3029: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2944:England portal 2933: 2919: 2903: 2900: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2846: 2837: 2834:Alain Chartier 2830: 2820: 2812: 2796: 2786: 2785:Spurious works 2783: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2766: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2635:The Former Age 2632: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2569: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2462:Chaucer Review 2427: 2424: 2295:Animadversions 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2219:A unicorn head 2111:Plowman's Tale 2025:Sir Brian Tuke 2009:William Thynne 2001:King's Printer 1997:Richard Pynson 1965: 1962: 1954:John Chadworth 1925: 1922: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1465: 1462: 1458:William Caxton 1398: 1395: 1282:Modern English 1268:Middle English 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1142:in the 1380s. 1089: 1088:Literary works 1086: 1077: 1074: 1026: 1020: 1002:, the wealthy 995: 992: 964:Petherton Park 949: 942: 941: 929: 922: 921: 920: 919: 918: 916: 913: 909:Worcestershire 798:poets laureate 759:Italian poetry 719:Jean Froissart 709:, daughter of 659:, married the 645:Thomas Chaucer 603:Thomas Chaucer 581:Chaucer crest 516: 513: 460: 457: 455: 452: 430:Middle English 321: 320: 317: 316: 308: 307: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 287: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 247: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 228:Middle English 225: 221: 220: 218:Writing career 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 191: 185: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 161: 156: 153: 150: 146: 144: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 125: 117: 113: 112: 103: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 74: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6709: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593:Il Canzoniere 6590: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454:Il Filostrato 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172:Trinity Tales 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5852:Philippa Roet 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5757: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5064:9781442672895 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5021:Burton, T. L. 5017: 5013: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905:Adam Scriveyn 4900: 4897: 4892: 4890:0-15-195747-9 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4871:Bloom, Harold 4866: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812:Brewer, Derek 4807: 4804: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4625:0-631-23590-6 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324:0-521-59274-7 4321: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4246:(1): 197–98. 4245: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3905:0-413-75910-5 3901: 3897: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3875:Ward, p. 109. 3872: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3288:. Oxford UP. 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3185: 3173: 3171:9781118396988 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3078:History Extra 3075: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2957:Poet-diplomat 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2931: 2930:Poetry portal 2925: 2920: 2917: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2866:Derived works 2865: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2689: 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Retrieved 3010: 2971: 2896:Paul Bettany 2889: 2887: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2848: 2839: 2822: 2814: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2758:Innocent III 2753: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677:, 1477 print 2674: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2582: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2552:Translations 2543: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2483: 2466:Harold Bloom 2461: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2376: 2368: 2360:John Skelton 2350: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2280:coat of arms 2276:Fleet Street 2266: 2251: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207:canting arms 2198: 2194: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2054:held in the 2047: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2006: 1995: 1985: 1984:editions of 1979: 1973: 1943: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1834: 1825:dream vision 1818: 1812: 1518: 1513: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1478:John Barbour 1467: 1453: 1443: 1439:Romantic era 1434: 1426: 1418: 1415:John Lydgate 1412: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1280: 1265: 1258: 1250: 1233:Anglo-Saxon 1231:alliterative 1224: 1197: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1081: 1079: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1009: 997: 984: 979: 972: 960: 887:, a sort of 882: 871: 861: 855: 846: 818: 810: 802: 790: 777: 767: 737: 726: 691: 688:Inn of Court 684:Inner Temple 681: 649:chief butler 607: 594: 590: 587:canting arms 582: 568:English army 561: 533: 528: 508: 497: 493: 484: 473: 468: 423: 417: 411: 405: 403: 388: 370: 325: 324: 297: 217: 121:(1400-10-25) 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6632:1400 deaths 6627:1343 births 6218:derivations 6216:Single tale 6140:(1634 play) 5880:(2001 film) 5773:Rhyme royal 5716:Jack Upland 5592:Other works 5330:In Our Time 4909:Medium Ævum 4637:uoregon.edu 3898:. 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