69:), promote and protect names of agricultural products and foodstuffs, wines and spirits. Products registered under one of the three schemes may be marked with the logo for that scheme to help identify those products. The schemes are based on the legal framework provided by the EU Regulation No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation applies within the EU as well as in Northern Ireland. Protection of the registered products is gradually expanded internationally via bilateral agreements between the EU and non-EU countries. It ensures that only products genuinely originating in that region are allowed to be identified as such in commerce. The legislation first came into force in 1992. The purpose of the law is to protect the reputation of the regional foods, promote rural and agricultural activity, help producers obtain a premium price for their authentic products, and eliminate the
22:
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1157:. The drawing of boundaries around certain food and drink produce prevents other actors entering particular markets. On this point the PGS framework can potentially deny (or make extremely difficult) entry into the agro-food sector. For example, there are stringent geographical, productive, facilitative, planning, temporal and skilled constraints to entry into the Stilton cheese market in the UK. The successful application to protect the
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1189:. Some proponents have suggested that ethical food markets – and the PGS framework directly – has furthered a "cash till" form of political democracy, whereby consumer spending power can masquerade as a legitimate governance structure and mechanism (i.e. democratically voted, representative, and therefore accountable). This is part of a broader shift from forms of "government" to "governance" seen in a
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280:
503:"The legal function of the TSG is to certify that a particular agricultural product objectively possesses specific characteristics which differentiate it from all others in its category, and that its raw materials, composition or method of production have been consistent for a minimum of 30 years. Thus, TSG food denominations are registered trade signs with a distinctive function."
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national and
Community stages of examination, and third parties can object to proposed PDOs or PGIs which they feel would harm their business. A recurrent objection is that the proposed denomination is a generic term for the product in question: generic names cannot be registered but, once registered, the denominations are protected from
1183:. Due to the nature of the PGS framework, capital is concentrated in particular areas. As rights are not directly transferable, PGI/PDO certification is granted to those with landed property rights. Monopolised (and thus higher) land rents can often result; to the detriment of those who rely on such lands.
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The TSG quality scheme aims to provide a protection regime for traditional food products of specific character. Differing from PDO and PGI, this quality scheme does not certify that the protected food product has a link to specific geographical area and a product can thus be produced outside the area
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and the
Australian and EU governments, the others' GIs and the nations' traditional terms of winemaking were meant to have been protected by 1997. However, this has been proceeding slowly, and while some GIs have been protected in Australia, others are still available for use (primarily for products
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There is no automatic protection for these names on products both made and sold outside the EU, except for
Northern Ireland, where the relevant regulation applies. However, there are a number of bilateral agreements with the EU for some level of enforcement. Agreements of this type exist between the
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by Art. 7 of the
Regulation on the Community trade mark (No 40/94) and by Art. 3 of the Directive to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks (89/104/EEC); however, marks which also serve to identify the quality of a product originating in a certain region may
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To qualify for a PDO, the product must have qualities and characteristics which are essentially due to its region of production: it must also be produced, processed and prepared exclusively within that region. The requirement for a PGI are slightly less strict; a good reputation of a product from a
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The general regime governs the use of protected designations of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indications (PGI) for food and certain other agricultural products. There are separate regimes for spirits and for aromatised drinks (geographical designations) as well as for wines (geographical
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and misleading of consumers," but rather that many of these names have become generic, and do not reflect a reputation of a distinctive product originating in a certain region. They also believe that the EU is monopolizing markets and not allowing for fair competition. As the EU continues to enter
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After Brexit the UK has its own
Protected Geographical Indication scheme, independently of the EU one, but based on the same requirements. All existing EU geographic indications on 31 December 2020 are protected under UK law (as well as EU law), but this is not the case for designations registered
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The
Regulation laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of aromatised wines, aromatised wine-based drinks and aromatised wine-product cocktails (No 251/2014) institutes a system of protected denominations for aromatised drinks which is very similar to that for
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In countries where laws on protected geographical status are enforced, only products which meet the various geographical and quality criteria may use the protected indication. It is also prohibited to combine the indication with words such as "style", "type", "imitation", or "method" in connection
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to regulate the agro-food sector (the PGS framework is one of them). The market is seen as the ideal "arms-length" mechanism with which to foster growth, re-balance imperfections in the connected industries and add previously uncalculated value to
European produce. But their social and ecological
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To qualify for a TSG a food must be of "specific character" and either its raw materials, production method or processing must be "traditional". Under Art. 3 of
Regulation 1151/12 "specific character" is defined as "the characteristic production attributes which distinguish a product clearly from
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An application for a PDO or a PGI is first made to the authorities of the relevant Member State. It is judged by the Member State against the criteria in the
Regulation and, if found to be acceptable, forwarded to the European Commission for final approval. Applications are published at both the
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Trademarks which have been registered before the registration of a PDO or a PGI may continue to be used, but the registration of an equivalent trademark after the approval of a PDO or PGI is impossible (Art. 13, Regulation (EC) No 510/2006). The existence of a trademark (registered or
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Somewhat paradoxically the PGS framework can be posited as both a protectionist move against global agro-economic policy, and a market-based neoliberal tool of agricultural governance. This makes it an equally important battle-ground for both the anti-globalization movement, and the free-trade
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authorities to have the geographical restriction revoked. If the restriction had not been revoked, the brewery would have been forced either to move back to
Newcastle, or stop calling its beer "Newcastle" brown ale. Ultimately, the brewery's application to revoke the geographic restriction was
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New Season Comber Potatoes or Comber Earlies were awarded PGI status in 2012. Only immature potatoes grown in the restricted geographical area surrounding the town of Comber in Northern Ireland harvested between the start of May and the end of July can be marketed as Comber Earlies.
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A new EU Regulation on geographical indication protection for craft and industrial products was published on 27 October 2023 and entered into force on 16 November 2023. Producers and manufacturers of these products will be able to file applications for GI protection with the
390:(compared to the special regimes) to ensure a harmonised protection across the European Union. It is currently governed by the Regulation on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (No 510/2006).
729:" must have been produced in Spain or Portugal, for example, but it is permissible to label a drink "Sangria produced in the United Kingdom: aromatised wine-based drink" if the drink meets the other requirements to be described as sangria. Similarly, the denomination "
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trade agreements with third-party countries, often they will force these countries to agree to their list of Geographical Indications as a condition of the trade agreement, eliminating competition by the U.S. or Australia that may already be operating in the country.
607:: the main text, the Regulation on the common organisation of the market in wine (No 1493/1999), runs to over 46,000 words. To be considered as a "quality wine", the wine must come from a specified region and be associated with a "geographical indication" or
239:(Regulation concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have infringed such rights), and infringing goods may be seized by customs on import. Within the
875:, is produced in many countries, including the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Hence the "Cheddar" name is not protected, but the more specific name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar" is. Other products are protected in Europe but not elsewhere:
215:(DO) system used in Spain. The regulations still allow member states to use their own languages in packaging, but geographical indications law is still the sole domain of the EU. The EU Commission has the final word on applications for protection.
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other similar products of the same category". Under Art. 3 of Regulation 1151/12 "traditional" is defined as "proven usage on the domestic market for a period that allows transmission between generations; this period is to be at least 30 years".
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and misleading of consumers by non-genuine products, which may be of inferior quality or of different flavour. Critics argue that many of the names, sought for protection by the EU, have become commonplace in trade and should not be protected.
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given region is sufficient (rather than objectively different characteristics) if any of the steps of production, processing and preparation may take place within the region. Otherwise the protection afforded by the two terms is equivalent.
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producers have seen PGI accreditation "help keep the margins up", in difficult economic circumstances. In these instances, the "local" is valorised as inherently "good" or at least better than produce from an unrestricted, globalised food
259:. Outside Europe, the protection of PGS products usually require bilateral agreements between the EU and the importing countries, while protected indications may not always supersede other intellectual property rights such as trademarks.
1146:. By creating so-called "ethical food markets", food producers have been able to command a greater price for their goods. The PDO/PGI regimes foster the creation of ethical food markets, predicated on "local" produce. For example,
967:, to which (apart from the EU and some of its member states) also Albania, Cambodia, Samoa, Laos and North Korea are parties. However, as of August 2021, the EU has not submitted any Geographical Indications for registration.
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between Canada and the EU, Canada agrees "to protect 143 geographical indications for high-quality European products, such as Italian balsamic vinegar from Modena, Dutch Gouda cheese or Roquefort cheese and many others."
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A TSG creates an exclusive right over the registered product name. Accordingly, the registered product name can be used by only those producers who conform to the registered production method and product specifications.
1168:. Where markets already exist, there is the propensity for the narrowing of competition, if certain PGS applications are accepted. The state – instead of absolving all responsibility (often thought of as occurring in a
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The protection of geographical indications for wines and other alcoholic drinks was historically the first to be developed at both national and Community level. It is also the only protection which is recognised by the
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descriptions. Spirits are divided into 46 categories, which each have rules for fabrication and minimum strength. Within these categories, certain names are reserved for drinks from particular countries, for example
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restricts itself to publishing the information provided by the Member States. Appellations are usually the geographical name of the area in which the wine is produced, although there are some historical exceptions:
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1781:"Commission Regulation (EC) No 952/2007 of 9 August 2007 cancelling a registration of a name in the Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Newcastle Brown Ale (PGI))"
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protections are perpetually unequal, falling short of providing any instance of a Polanyian "double-movement". That is, generating a societal reaction to the "dehumanizing" effects of the self-regulating market.
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For a food name to be registrable under the TSG scheme it must (a) have been traditionally used to refer to the specific product; or (b) identify the traditional character or specific character of the product.
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The protection of geographical indications was extended to foodstuffs and other agricultural products in 1992. Given the widely different national provisions, this "general regime" gives much more power to the
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is another recent example; with Ginsters of Cornwall central to the bid (itself owned by the "extra-local", Leicestershire-based Samworth Brothers – also makers of fellow PGS protected Melton Mowbray Pork
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economy) – is tied with the task of carefully controlling the market. Product price fixing, supermarket consolidation, labour control, and profit-channelling are all potential issues. Within the UK, the
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963:(e.g. with Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova). Geographical indications are (following an objection period where GIs can be refused) furthermore protected in the member states of the 2015 Geneva act to the
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There has been little harmonisation of national provisions within the European Union. Member States delimit the specified areas of production and determine the rules and appellations which apply: the
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1944:"Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the conclusion of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part"
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The protected geographical indication is the name of an area, a specific place or, in exceptional cases, the name of a country, used as a description of an agricultural product or a foodstuff.
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The protected designation of origin is the name of an area, a specific place or, in exceptional cases, the name of a country, used as a designation for an agricultural product or a foodstuff,
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The Regulation laying down general rules on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and protection of spirit drinks (110/2008) provides for a double system of protection of
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with the protected indications or to do anything which might imply that the product meets the specifications, such as using distinctive packaging associated with the protected product.
775:... any usurpation or imitation, even if the true origin of the product is indicated or if the appellation is used in translated form or accompanied by terms such as "kind", "type"...
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Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) is in eAmbrosia, Traditional Specialities Guaranteed (TSG) have a separate register. Both are at the
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The U.S. and Australia have disagreed with the EU's characterization of Geographical Indications. They disagree with the idea that Geographical Indications "eliminate the
894:. As Gateshead is a separate town—albeit only the width of the river apart—it does not fall within the required geographical restriction. The brewery then applied to the
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As the Geographic indication scheme of the EU is not limited to products from EU-locations, also products from outside the EU have received the designation. For example
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1929:
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1930:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Fischler hails signature of wine and spirits accord as "great achievement for EC-Canada trade relations""
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1578:"Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs"
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378:). The origin of the product is only one of the criteria for use of the protected terms: the product must also meet various quality criteria. The label "
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522:. Indications which serve exclusively to identify the place of origin of goods are not registrable as trademarks under Art. 6quinquies.B.2 of the
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Note that the database contains both approved designations (status "Registered") and designations not yet approved (status "Applied" or "Published").
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More information can also be found in GIview, a GI database by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Commission.
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Besides dedicated agreements on geographical indications, mutual recognition of geographical indications is part of free trade agreements, such as
678:, which is a purely fruit based spirit produced in Hungary (or parts of Austria for apricot spirits only). The Regulation also defines a number of
179:
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may refer either to a quality sparkling wine psr produced in Spain or to a Greek table wine which has been aged (as a transliteration of "Κάβα").
779:
This legislation expanded the 1951 Stresa Convention, which was the first international agreement on cheese names. Seven countries participated:
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in England. However, having obtained this protection for their product, the brewery decided in 2004 that it would move across the river Tyne to
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In other words, to receive the PGI status, the entire product must be traditionally and at least partially manufactured (prepared, processed
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whose quality or properties are significantly or exclusively determined by the geographical environment, including natural and human factors,
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1994:
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223:(EUIPO) from 1 December 2025. Only the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) logo will be applicable for craft and industrial products.
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The preambles to the regulations cite consumer demand for quality foodstuffs, and identify a number of goals for the protection regimes:
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is charged with investigating regulatory powers vis-à-vis markets and company mergers, to prevent (or at least temper) such problems.
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of the areas and any other regulations are left to the Member States concerned. By way of derogation, the designations Königsberger
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In other words, to receive the PDO status, the entire product must be traditionally and entirely manufactured (prepared, processed
203:
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617:, with the "psr" standing for "produced in a specified region". Wines which do not meet this requirement may only be marketed as
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682:, which are reserved for drinks which "acquired their character and definitive qualities" in the area denominated. The exact
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was deemed not to have become generic, and was registered as a PDO to the disappointment of cheesemakers outside of Greece.
156:, for example, cheese must be made from milk of a certain breed of sheep, and matured in the natural caves near the town of
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Seyfang, Gill (31 March 2005). "Shopping for Sustainability: Can Sustainable Consumption Promote Ecological Citizenship?".
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Do the design and management of the geographical indications scheme allow it to be effective?. Special Report No 11, 2011
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733:" on its own is reserved for drinks produced in Spain. As of January 2020, the protected geographical designations are:
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In certain cases, the name of widely popular products became generic, and therefore could not be protected afterwards.
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that have always been called that). It seems unlikely it will have any effect on colloquial speech in the short term.
923:, so Stilton cheese cannot be produced in Stilton (although it is unclear whether the cheese was ever produced there.
382:" (TSG) is a similar protected term which does not impose any restrictions on the geographical origin of the product.
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the promotion of products with specific characteristics, particularly those coming from less-favoured or rural areas;
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which has a specific quality, goodwill or other characteristic property, attributable to its geographical origin,
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2019:
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573:
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Guthman, Julie (1 January 2003). "Fast food/organic food: Reflexive tastes and the making of 'yuppie chow'".
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Tosato, Andrea (2013). "The Protection of Traditional Foods in the EU: Traditional Specialities Guaranteed".
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world, where a raft of non-state actors, arguably, make informed decisions about where and what to purchase.
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670:, which is aniseed-flavoured spirit drink which must have been produced exclusively in Greece or Cyprus, or
544:
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2505:"Reign of Terroir: How to Resist Europe's Efforts to Control Common Food Names as Geographical Indications"
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proponents of Australia and the United States, and a number of criticisms of each have been put forward:
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In Canada, a 2003 agreement made with the EU provides for protection of the names of wine and spirits.
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for instance is protected in Europe, but the name is used without restrictions by US dairy companies.
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spirits. The association of general names with specific countries is weaker: a drink labelled simply "
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1995:"Questions and Answers on the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020"
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protection in other domains, and geographical indications operate in a similar manner to trademarks.
2078:
Guthman, Julie (31 May 2007). "The Polanyian Way? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance".
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Based on these regulations, within the EU (and certain jurisdictions outside the EU), food such as
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Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration
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was deemed to be a generic name, but the PDO "West Country farmhouse Cheddar cheese" was allowed.
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whose production, processing and preparation takes place within the determined geographical area.
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Due to the horizontal and exhaustive nature of the legal regime, this system transcends national
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governing the production of wine ("the product obtained exclusively from the total or partial
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the improvement of the income of farmers, in return for a "genuine effort to improve quality";
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Do the design and management of the geographical indications scheme allow it to be effective?
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In principle, a similar protection to a geographical indication could be obtained through a
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at least one of the stages of production, processing or preparation takes place in the area.
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Article 13 of this legislation states that registered designations are protected against:
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Monopolising Names? The Protection of Geographical Indications in the European Community
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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the provision of clear and succinct information to consumers regarding product origin.
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can only be labelled as such if they come from the designated region. To qualify as
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Wódka ziołowa z Niziny Północnopodlaskiej aromatyzowana ekstraktem z trawy żubrowej
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1712:"Register ofgeographical designations of Aromatized drinks based on wine products"
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2154:"From 'value-for-money' to 'values-for-money'? Ethical food and policy in Europe"
1829:"European Union gives to 'Café de Colombia' the protected denomination of origin"
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EU and Australia (wine, 1994) (but not cheese), Canada (wine and spirits, 2003),
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Landmark agreement will protect 100 European Geographical Indications in China
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be registered so long as they have not become generic in the trade concerned.
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The provision of a recompense for efforts to improve quality and the need for
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Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
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1881:"[National Geographical Indication Products] Yongfeng Chili Sauce"
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List of Republic of Ireland food and drink products with protected status
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List of geographical designations for spirit drinks in the European Union
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produced) within the specific region and thus acquire unique properties.
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produced) within the specific region and thus acquire unique properties.
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On 15 November 2011, the European Court of Auditors presented its report
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Protected indications are treated as intellectual property rights by the
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Protected names and designations of agricultural products and foodstuffs
1855:"Yongfeng hot sauce (China Protected Geographical Indication Products)"
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be a reason to refuse the registration of a PDO or a PGI . Hence the
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Goodman, Michael K; Maye, Damian; Holloway, Lewis (1 January 2010).
2117:(1st Beacon paperback ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. p. 304.
1414:"Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Food and Agricultural Trade"
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List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status
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List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status
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is pushing for other geographical indications to be included in the
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1547:"Denomination information – West Country farmhouse Cheddar cheese"
956:(1997, spirit drinks), and South Africa (2002, wine and spirits).
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are permitted for certain German drinks even though they refer to
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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
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The register of wines, agricultural products and spirits with a
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109:
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1391:"Geographical Indications and the challenges for ACP countries"
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Union, Publications Office of the European (8 November 2011).
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List of Portugal food and drink products with protected status
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841:(PGI) from Germany, Scotch Beef and Lamb (PGI) from Scotland,
273:
1904:"In Pics: Chili Sauce Made in Yongfeng Town, C China's Hunan"
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List of Italian products with protected designation of origin
2279:"Ethical foodscapes?: premises, promises, and possibilities"
1970:"Protected geographical food and drink names: UK GI schemes"
243:, enforcement measures vary: infringement may be treated as
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EU Food Quality website with access to PDO/PGI/TSG listings
2476:"Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Agricultural Trade"
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List of European cheeses with protected geographical status
25:
European Union protected geographical indication (PGI) logo
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in Portugal. The appellations are not necessarily unique:
524:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
506:
As of 14 November 2021, 65 TSG have been registered (see
1604:"Geographical indications and traditional specialities"
1359:"Geographical indications and traditional specialities"
1092:
Category: Products with protected designation of origin
613:: indeed, the technical term used in the Regulation is
77:
These regulations protect the names of wines, cheeses,
1831:(in Spanish). Terra.es. 13 August 2007. Archived from
1747:"National application No: 02621 – Newcastle Brown Ale"
903:
can only be produced in the three English counties of
871:, for instance, originating in the English village of
164:
region of France, where it is colonised by the fungus
2113:
MacIver, Karl Polanyi; foreword by Robert M. (1957).
2073:
2071:
1114:
Criticisms of Protected Geographical Status framework
674:, which is a grape marc spirit produced in Italy, or
97:, regional breads, fruits, raw meats and vegetables.
927:
in Leicestershire claims to be the first producer).
551:), so phrased as to avoid infringing the trademark "
547:
aromatised with an extract of bison grass" (Polish:
3134:
3066:
3035:
2972:
2965:
2805:
2733:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2725:
2704:
2596:
2328:"Long Clawson Dairy Limited/Millway merger inquiry"
3208:Geographical indications law of the European Union
2357:"Who, What, Why: What exactly is a Cornish pasty?"
1086:List of products with PDO/PGI/TSG classifications
1064:Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
510:), all of which originate from the EU or the UK.
543:geographical designation "Herbal vodka from the
459:which comes from such an area, place or country,
433:which comes from such an area, place or country,
1135:(CAP) reforms have slowly introduced a raft of
1129:Conceding the market as the locus of regulation
982:Following an agreement during the 1990s by the
773:
599:of fresh grapes, whether or not crushed, or of
2542:– EU Protected Food Names Scheme. defra.gov.uk
1906:. All-China Women's Federation. Archived from
1144:Creating markets where none previously existed
886:was restricted to being brewed in the city of
3193:Products with protected designation of origin
2783:
2759:Products with protected designation of origin
2574:
1498:. Publications Office of the European Union.
208:
184:
8:
2137:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1808:"Comber spuds get European protected status"
552:
177:systems used throughout Europe, such as the
2409:. Samworth Brothers Limited. Archived from
2382:. Samworth Brothers Limited. Archived from
1331:Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions
817:– an example of an origin protected product
350:the retention of population in rural areas;
308:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
221:European Union Intellectual Property Office
2969:
2790:
2776:
2768:
2581:
2567:
2559:
2302:
1683:The 2008 Regulation is being replaced by
1271:European Union Common Agricultural Policy
1166:Narrowing competition in existing markets
974:was protected by the PDO in August 2007.
882:The geographical limitations are strict:
477:Traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG)
328:Learn how and when to remove this message
2213:"Dish of the decade enjoys steady start"
2048:"EU agricultural product quality policy"
1572:
1570:
1568:
1442:"Blaa makes its presence felt in Europe"
1384:
1382:
526:(Paris Convention), which has effect in
20:
1350:
849:(PGI) from Slovakia, Kaszëbskô malëna (
451:Protected geographical indication (PGI)
2130:
1528:
1518:
984:Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation
361:are often cited as justifications for
2407:"Our Company: Dickinson & Morris"
1857:. Government of China. Archived from
1698:"EUR-Lex – 32014R0251 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1671:"EUR-Lex – 32008R0110 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1373:"EUR-Lex – 32012R1151 – EN – EUR-Lex"
706:which are no longer part of Germany.
488:or country from which it originates.
419:Protected designation of origin (PDO)
207:(DOC) system used in Romania and the
7:
1787:. European Commission. 9 August 2007
306:adding citations to reliable sources
187:denominazione di origine controllata
1806:Cassidy, Martin (25 January 2012).
1389:O'Connor and Company (April 2005).
1051:), also called Yongfeng hot sauce.
380:Traditional Specialities Guaranteed
2738:Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
1757:. 21 December 2006. Archived from
1472:"European Commission PDO database"
374:indications, often referred to as
14:
1950:. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 7 May 2016
740:(vermouth original: 1757) (Italy)
483:Traditional Speciality Guaranteed
62:traditional speciality guaranteed
53:protected geographical indication
2100:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00535.x
1245:
1231:
1217:
999:
915:is in the traditional county of
603:") are considerably longer than
278:
194:denominação de origem controlada
2244:Social & Cultural Geography
1751:EU Protected Food Names Schemes
1291:List of TSG products by country
1286:List of PDO products by country
1148:traditional Grimsby smoked fish
1137:market-based instruments (MBIs)
425:Protected designation of origin
180:appellation d'origine contrôlée
44:protected designation of origin
2483:Congressional Research Service
1421:Congressional Research Service
1048:
1039:Products. One such product is
204:denumire de origine controlată
1:
1181:Geographically fixing capital
584:of world trade negotiations.
572:(TRIPS), administered by the
514:Relationship to trademark law
3198:European Union trademark law
2405:Brothers Limited, Samworth.
2378:Brothers Limited, Samworth.
2152:Lang, Tim (1 January 2010).
1187:Devolving power to consumers
270:Objectives of the protection
266:to the European Parliament.
237:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
2256:10.1080/1464936032000049306
1155:Providing barriers to entry
170:that grows in these caves.
3224:
2717:EUR.1 movement certificate
2283:Environment and Planning A
2158:Environment and Planning A
1133:Common Agricultural Policy
1089:
1074:
948:(wine and spirits, 2002),
935:Outside the European Union
825:Toscano (PDO) from Italy,
821:Selected products include
480:
422:
414:Description of the regimes
227:Protection and enforcement
183:(AOC) used in France, the
3168:Intellectual property law
2966:Lists by product category
2756:
2551:18 September 2018 at the
2454:10.1080/09644010500055209
2326:Commission, Competition.
1102:European Agriculture site
1008:This section needs to be
767:Within the European Union
680:geographical designations
255:or even as a question of
191:(DOC) used in Italy, the
3173:Geographical indications
3086:AOC liqueurs and spirits
2799:Geographical indications
2337:. Competition Commission
2115:The great transformation
1685:Regulation (EU) 2019/787
574:World Trade Organization
122:Melton Mowbray pork pies
35:geographical indications
3048:France (PDO/PGI/AOC/LR)
2380:"Our Company: Ginsters"
2359:. BBC. 23 February 2011
1281:Geographical indication
1037:Geographical Indication
1012:. The reason given is:
2434:Environmental Politics
2050:. Europa (web portal).
1932:. Europa (web portal).
1729:"Mozzarella di Bufala"
1606:. European Commission.
1361:. Europa (web portal).
1175:Competition Commission
961:Association Agreements
907:, Leicestershire, and
864:
818:
777:
721:
597:alcoholic fermentation
553:
548:
545:North Podlasie Lowland
249:misleading advertising
211:denominación de origen
209:
185:
167:Penicillium roqueforti
41:specialties, known as
26:
2806:Certification systems
2555:, ethesis.helsinki.fi
2335:Stilton Cheese merger
2000:. European Commission
1553:. European Commission
1239:European Union portal
1075:Further information:
899:approved. Similarly,
862:
856:) (PGI) from Poland.
813:
717:
158:Roquefort-sur-Soulzon
24:
2223:on 12 September 2012
1619:European Law Journal
1123:Issues of governance
1041:Yongfeng chili sauce
919:, now a district of
837:(PGI) from Austria,
755:Vermouth de Chambéry
593:European Union rules
520:collective trademark
302:improve this section
3188:European Union laws
3183:Food product brands
2446:2005EnvPo..14..290S
2413:on 12 February 2011
2386:on 7 September 2011
2295:2010EnPlA..42.1782G
2170:2010EnPlA..42.1814L
2092:2007Antip..39..456G
2086:(3): 456–478 (23).
888:Newcastle upon Tyne
884:Newcastle Brown Ale
833:(PDO) from Poland,
827:bryndza podhalańska
744:Nürnberger Glühwein
690:and Ostpreußischer
626:European Commission
388:European Commission
359:consumer protection
106:Parmigiano-Reggiano
2511:. 16 February 2016
2211:Grimsby, this is.
1631:10.1111/eulj.12040
1584:. 14 December 2012
1452:on 28 January 2015
1204:unfair competition
877:Buffalo Mozzarella
865:
819:
750:Thüringer Glühwein
738:Vermouth di Torino
722:
528:European Union law
71:unfair competition
27:
3203:Country of origin
3155:
3154:
3130:
3129:
2765:
2764:
2590:Country of origin
2217:Grimsby Telegraph
2124:978-0-8070-5679-0
1948:eur-lex.europa.eu
1276:Generic trademark
1266:Country of origin
1082:after that date.
1035:China recognizes
1033:
1032:
854:garden strawberry
839:Lübecker Marzipan
761:Samoborski bermet
710:Aromatised drinks
605:EU trade mark law
338:
337:
330:
3215:
3142:Lisbon Agreement
3119:United Kingdom (
3073:European Union (
2970:
2792:
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2306:
2289:(8): 1782–1796.
2274:
2268:
2267:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2219:. Archived from
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2188:. Archived from
2164:(8): 1814–1832.
2149:
2143:
2142:
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2110:
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2075:
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2016:
2010:
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2007:
2005:
1999:
1991:
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1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
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1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:on 20 April 2019
1899:
1893:
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1888:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:on 29 March 2019
1851:
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1797:
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1785:Official Journal
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1761:on 12 March 2007
1743:
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1457:
1448:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1412:Johnson, Renée.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:. Archived from
1386:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1198:Other criticisms
1050:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1003:
1002:
995:
972:Colombian coffee
835:Marchfeldspargel
615:quality wine psr
558:
333:
326:
322:
319:
313:
282:
274:
214:
190:
136:, Herefordshire
95:balsamic vinegar
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3158:
3157:
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3017:United States (
2961:
2954:United States (
2951:(PDO, PGI, TSG)
2801:
2796:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2748:Rules of origin
2721:
2700:
2592:
2587:
2553:Wayback Machine
2530:
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2195:
2193:
2192:on 19 July 2011
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1653:"eAmbrozia-TSG"
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1352:
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1216:
1213:
1200:
1191:neoliberalizing
1125:
1116:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1057:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1000:
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980:
952:(2007, coffee)
937:
917:Huntingdonshire
913:Stilton village
909:Nottinghamshire
769:
712:
659:
590:
576:, although the
565:
563:Special regimes
516:
485:
479:
453:
427:
421:
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371:
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114:Waterford blaas
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2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2523:
2522:
2509:Cato Institute
2496:
2485:. 21 July 2016
2467:
2440:(2): 290–306.
2424:
2397:
2370:
2348:
2318:
2304:10.1068/a43290
2269:
2234:
2203:
2144:
2123:
2105:
2067:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2011:
1986:
1961:
1935:
1921:
1894:
1872:
1846:
1820:
1798:
1772:
1738:
1720:
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1689:
1676:
1662:
1644:
1625:(4): 545–576.
1609:
1595:
1582:European Union
1564:
1538:
1529:|website=
1504:
1484:
1463:
1433:
1404:
1401:on 2 May 2007.
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1007:
1005:
998:
992:
989:
979:
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921:Cambridgeshire
901:Stilton cheese
896:European Union
869:Cheddar cheese
768:
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481:Main article:
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404:Cheddar cheese
400:genericisation
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31:European Union
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257:public health
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130:Asiago cheese
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3178:Appellations
2831:
2742:
2676:South Africa
2671:Saudi Arabia
2513:. Retrieved
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2482:
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1759:the original
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376:appellations
372:
356:
339:
324:
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300:Please help
288:
263:
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234:
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192:
178:
172:
165:
126:Piave cheese
118:Herve cheese
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66:
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48:
42:
28:
18:
3121:PDO/PGI/TSG
3067:Other foods
2938:Switzerland
2686:Switzerland
2661:New Zealand
2536:, europa.eu
2034:"EAmbrosia"
2020:"EAmbrosia"
1813:5 September
1588:14 November
1261:Appellation
1225:Food portal
925:Quenby Hall
863:A PDO apple
805:Switzerland
700:Kaliningrad
647:vinho verde
637:in France,
610:appellation
253:passing off
245:counterfeit
175:appellation
85:, seafood,
39:traditional
33:schemes of
3162:Categories
3112:Portugal (
2979:Bulgaria (
2712:Made in EU
2705:For the EU
2611:Bangladesh
2598:By country
2515:6 November
2489:6 November
1883:. HunanGov
1791:9 November
1511:6 November
1456:25 January
1426:6 November
1345:References
1170:neoliberal
1090:See also:
1062:Under the
905:Derbyshire
845:(PGI) and
829:(PDO) and
823:Prosciutto
696:Königsberg
643:manzanilla
635:blanquette
619:table wine
601:grape must
582:Doha Round
363:trade mark
102:gorgonzola
91:olive oils
3091:Ireland (
3024:Uruguay (
2945:(AOC, IP)
2921:Singapore
2901:Indonesia
2869:Germany (
2812:Austria (
2646:Indonesia
2606:Australia
2462:154574254
2313:143711956
2186:144132777
2133:cite book
2004:16 August
1954:13 August
1639:154449313
1557:9 January
1531:ignored (
1521:cite book
1395:Agritrade
1024:July 2020
978:Australia
892:Gateshead
851:Kashubian
746:(Germany)
692:Bärenfang
688:Bärenfang
289:does not
154:roquefort
150:champagne
134:camembert
93:, beers,
3135:Treaties
3105:Mexico (
3084:France (
2986:France (
2911:Portugal
2853:France (
2827:Cambodia
2819:Canada (
2549:Archived
2264:18808708
2080:Antipode
2062:"GIview"
1914:20 April
1887:20 April
1865:20 April
1839:22 April
1765:10 March
1211:See also
950:Colombia
847:Oštiepok
757:(France)
719:Vermouth
631:muscadet
555:Żubrówka
402:. Hence
199:Portugal
146:armagnac
83:sausages
3114:PDO/PGI
3098:Italy (
3093:PDO/PGI
3002:Italy (
2998:Georgia
2943:Tunisia
2916:Romania
2876:Italy (
2865:Georgia
2838:, PGI,
2651:Ireland
2636:Germany
2626:Croatia
2442:Bibcode
2417:3 April
2390:3 April
2363:3 April
2341:3 April
2291:Bibcode
2227:6 April
2196:3 April
2166:Bibcode
2088:Bibcode
1979:16 July
1446:fcba.ie
1338:Terroir
1333:(QWPSR)
1151:market.
1045:Chinese
1010:updated
873:Cheddar
843:bryndza
831:oscypek
815:Stilton
785:Denmark
781:Austria
727:Sangria
676:pálinka
657:Spirits
310:removed
295:sources
162:Aveyron
160:in the
59:), and
3053:Greece
3036:Cheese
2906:Mexico
2691:Taiwan
2666:Russia
2631:France
2616:Canada
2460:
2311:
2262:
2184:
2121:
1974:Gov UK
1637:
1502:
1477:1 June
1162:Pies).
1055:Canada
1047::
954:Mexico
803:, and
801:Sweden
797:Norway
789:France
731:Clarea
702:) and
672:grappa
663:spirit
541:Polish
201:, the
148:, and
142:cognac
112:, the
87:olives
29:Three
3147:TRIPS
3058:Italy
2933:Spain
2896:India
2890:De.CO
2844:QWpsr
2681:Spain
2656:Italy
2641:India
2621:China
2540:Defra
2479:(PDF)
2458:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2309:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2182:S2CID
1998:(PDF)
1755:DEFRA
1715:(PDF)
1635:S2CID
1417:(PDF)
991:China
946:Chile
942:China
793:Italy
588:Wines
138:cider
3004:DOCG
2992:VDQS
2981:GCAO
2973:Wine
2859:VDQS
2726:Laws
2517:2019
2491:2019
2419:2011
2392:2011
2365:2011
2343:2011
2229:2011
2198:2011
2139:link
2119:ISBN
2006:2021
1981:2021
1956:2016
1916:2019
1889:2019
1867:2019
1841:2008
1815:2016
1793:2007
1767:2007
1590:2021
1559:2010
1551:DOOR
1533:help
1513:2019
1500:ISBN
1479:2010
1458:2015
1428:2019
1049:永丰辣酱
668:ouzo
651:Cava
641:and
639:cava
633:and
508:list
408:Feta
293:any
291:cite
110:feta
79:hams
37:and
3100:PDO
3079:TSG
3075:PDO
3026:VCP
3019:AVA
3012:IGT
3008:DOC
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2956:AVA
2886:PAT
2882:IGT
2878:DOC
2871:QBA
2855:AOC
2840:TSG
2836:PDO
2821:VQA
2814:DAC
2696:USA
2450:doi
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