705:
The basic difference between the two terms is that the link with the place of origin must be stronger in the case of an appellation of origin. The quality or characteristics of a product protected as an appellation of origin must result exclusively or essentially from its geographical origin. This generally means that the raw materials should be sourced in the place of origin and that the processing of the product should also happen there. In the case of geographical indications, a single criterion attributable to geographical origin is sufficient, be it a quality or other characteristic of the product, or only its reputation. Moreover, the production of the raw materials and the development or processing of a GI product do not necessarily take place entirely in the defined geographical area.The term appellation of origin is often used in laws that establish a specific right and system of protection for geographical indications, in so-called sui generis systems of protection (see the section on how to obtain protection for geographical indications). Geographical indication is a more general concept that does not determine a specific mode of protection.
817:
has pursued efforts to improve the protection of GI internationally. Inter alia, the
European Union has established distinct legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer. A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in the field of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. In November 2020, the European Union Intellectual Property Office launched the comprehensive database GI View covering food, wine, and spirit GIs. A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to provide worldwide coverage. Accusations of 'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since the use of GIs sometimes comes from European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them.
840:
672:
authorized to do so. A trademark can be assigned or licensed to anyone, anywhere in the world, because it is linked to a specific company and not to a particular place. In contrast, the sign used to denote a geographical indication usually corresponds to the name of the place of origin of the good, or to the name by which the good is known in that place. A geographical indication may be used by all persons who, in the area of origin, produce the good according to specified standards. However, because of its link with the place of origin, a geographical indication cannot be assigned or licensed to someone outside that place or not belonging to the group of authorized producers.
1121:
736:'s "Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins", authors Daniele Giovannucci, Professor Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O'Connor and May T. Yeung clearly assert that geographical indications are by no means a panacea for the difficulties of rural development. They can however offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, since they can positively encompass issues of economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value. The application of
202:
967:
difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward geographical names. The US generally opposes EU-style geographical indication regulation because place names have either already been registered as trademarks or lost their distinctiveness through generic use. Disagreements on geographical indications is one of the few areas in global intellectual property governance where the EU and the US oppose each other.
1455:
801:
922:
December 2001, WTO member governments are negotiating on the creation of a 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the members' respective geographical indications.
36:
926:
marks in international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of
Article 23 to other products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws.
482:) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town or region). The use of a geographical indication, as an indication of the product's source, is intended as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according to traditional methods, or enjoys a good reputation due to its geographical origin.
992:, Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed their growers—or in the case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area within the state—to use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly gaining acceptance in American viticulture; also, vintners in the various
138:
913:
describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances — including long-established use — continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on a scale and nature as before.
852:
economies (10.6%). In terms of regional distribution, Europe had the most GIs in force, amounting to 53.1%, followed by Asia (36.3%), Latin
America and the Caribbean (4.3%), Oceania (3.6%), North America (2.6%) and Africa 0.1%. Figures should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as GIs can be protected through many different means,
912:
provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members are not obliged to bring a geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for
889:
says that all governments must provide legal opportunities in their own laws for the owner of a GI registered in that country to prevent the use of marks that mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the good. This includes prevention of use of a geographical name which although literally
808:
Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration such as differences in the generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also
704:
Nevertheless, appellations of origin and geographical indications both require a qualitative link between the product to which they refer and its place of origin. Both inform consumers about a product's geographical origin and a quality or characteristic of the product linked to its place of origin.
692:
This definition suggests that appellations of origin consist of the name of the product's place of origin. However, a number of traditional indications that are not place names, but refer to a product in connection with a place, are protected as appellations of origin under the Lisbon
Agreement (for
816:
When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition is often seen as unfair, as it may discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the
European Union
731:
The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. Most importantly, as the reputation spreads beyond borders and demand grows, investment may
642:
industrial products. It showcased its continuous adaptation to new challenges and responsibilities in the IP realm. Leveraging its extensive experience in administering agricultural GIs, the EUIPO is well-prepared to assume competency over geographical indications for craft and industrial products.
925:
Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the
European Communities) wish to go further and negotiate the inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these
524:, which generally protects against suggestions that a product has a certain origin, quality, or association when it does not. In such cases, the limitation on competitive freedoms which results from the grant of a monopoly of use over a geographical indication is justified by governments either by
1558:
Baeumer, Ludwig, "Protection of
Geographical Indications under WIPO Treaties and Questions Concerning the Relationship Between Those Treaties and the TRIPS Agreement", in Symposium on the Protection of Geographical Indications in the Worldwide Context (held in Eger, Hungary, October 24/25, 1997),
645:
From 1 December 2025, the EUIPO will be responsible for the registration of
Geographical Indications (GIs) for craft and industrial products. It will be possible to file applications for the registration of names of craft and industrial products meeting the necessary requirements in the EU. The
881:
were concluded, governments of all WTO member countries (164 countries, as of August 2016) had agreed to set certain basic standards for the protection of GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement:
871:("TRIPS") defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify a good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin."
851:
2023, with data received from 91 national and regional authorities, there were an estimated 58400 protected GI in existence in 2022. Of the 58,400 GIs in force in 2022, upper middle-income economies accounted for 46.3% of the world total, followed by high-income (43.1%) and lower middle-income
788:
None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of developing the geographical indications, the type and effects of the association of stakeholders, the rules for using the GI (or Code of
Practice), the inclusiveness and quality of the collective
671:
Geographical indications identify a good as originating from a particular place. Based on its place of origin, consumers may associate a good with a particular quality, characteristic or reputation. A trademark often consists of an arbitrary sign that may be used by its owner or another person
966:
Historically, European immigrants to countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand brought production of place-name related items to their new homes. In these countries, the place named products became generic product names that were not restricted in their use. This
921:
Creation of a geographical indicator register for wines and spirits, as well as a geographical indication extension to products other than wine and spirits, have been important issues on the WTO's agenda since the TRIPS Agreement. In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in
905:
Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the public as to the true origin of a good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to
667:
are distinctive signs used to distinguish goods or services in the marketplace. Both convey information about the origin of a good or service, and enable consumers to associate a particular quality with a good or service. Trademarks inform consumers about the source of a good or service. They
641:
An EU Regulation on geographical indication (GI) protection for craft and industrial products entered into force on 16 November 2023, introducing a new EU-wide GI protection scheme for these products. Following its entry into force, the EUIPO gained the authority to handle GIs for craft and
901:, where there is no unfair competition and where the true origin of the good is indicated or the geographical indication is accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type", "style", "imitation" or the like. Similar protection must be given to geographical indications identifying spirits.
637:
The use of geographical indications is not limited to agricultural products. A geographical indication may also highlight specific qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product's place of origin, such as specific manufacturing skills and traditions. For example
2003:
1107:
1103:
685:
954:
has been successful internally in promoting geographical indications as intellectual property. Producers from a designated place can exclude those who produce elsewhere from using the geographical name for similar products. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make
690:(1)... the geographical denomination of a country, region, or locality, which serves to designate a product originating therein, the quality or characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors."
740:
will ensure socio-economic returns in the long-run to avoid growth at an environmental cost. This approach for GI development may also allow for investment together with promoting the reputation of the product along the lines of sustainability when and where possible.
541:(AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product. Examples of products that have such "appellations of origin" include
713:
Geographical indications are generally applied to traditional products, produced by rural, marginal or indigenous communities over generations, that have gained a reputation on the local, national or international markets due to their specific unique qualities.
569:, Germany was forbidden from using allied geographical indications on products, which in particular affected the German "cognac" and "champagne" industries, as the French considered the terms misleading references to places in France. Since then, the terms "
701:(green wine)).It is sometimes argued that products with a certain reputation, but no other quality due to their place of origin are not considered appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement. However, this interpretation is not universally accepted.
491:"...indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member , or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin."
833:
761:
economic resilience in terms of increased and stabilised prices for the GI product to avoid the commodity trap through de-commodisation, or to prevent/minimise external shocks affecting the premium price percentage gains (usually varying from
668:
identify a good or service as originating from a particular company. Trademarks help consumers associate a good or service with a specific quality or reputation, based on information about the company responsible for producing or offering it.
1562:
Bramley, Cerkia, Estelle Biénabe, and Johann Kirsten, "The Economics of Geographical Indications: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Geographical Indication Research in Developing Countries", in The Economics of Intellectual Property, WIPO,
896:
says that all governments must provide the owners of GI the right, under their laws, to prevent the use of a geographical indication identifying wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication. This applies
757:
capacity of producers to invest economic gains into higher quality to access niche markets, improving circular economy means throughout the value chain, protection against infringements such as free-riding from illegitimate producers,
602:
framework which came into effect in 1992 regulates the following systems of geographical indications: "Protected designation of origin" (PDO), "protected geographical indication" (PGI), and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG).
1693:
934:
In 2015, The Geneva Act was adopted. It entered into force early-2020 with the accession of the European Union. The Geneva Act bridges the Lisbon system of Appellations of Origin, and the TRIPS system of Geographical Indications.
1954:
1065:
500:('Appellation of origin') is a sub-type of geographical indication where quality, method, and reputation of a product originate from a strictly defined area specified in its intellectual property right registration.
1947:
1982:
1810:
878:
868:
943:
One reason for the conflicts that occur between European and United States governments is a difference in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the prevailing theory is that of
1975:
1578:
World Trade Organization (WTO), "Review under Article 24.2 of the Application of the Provisions of the Section of the TRIPS Agreement on Geographical Indications", WTO document IP/C/W/253/Rev.1, 2003.
1961:
1569:
Rangnekar, Dwijen, The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications: A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe, UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPTs and Sustainable Development Series, Issue Paper 8, 2004.
1904:
1095:
829:
681:
1012:" (which requires the whiskey to be produced in the United States in accordance with certain standards) and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements, (
1726:
1914:
1849:
1572:
Vandecandelaere, Emilie et al., Linking People, Places and Products, jointly published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SINER-GI, FAO, 2009.
546:
1799:
266:
839:
1575:
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Adding Value to Traditional Products of Regional Origin: A Guide to Creating a Quality Consortium, Vienna, 2010.
1651:
461:
828:
made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the
1720:
1587:
WIPO: GIs.SCT/8/4: Geographical Indications, Historic Background, Nature of the Right, Existing Systems of Protection, Obtaining Protection in Other Countries.
721:
communicating to consumers the product's characteristics, which derive from the climate, soil and other natural conditions in its particular geographical area;
1705:
647:
251:
970:
However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing the matter. The most notable of these are crops:
1757:
1060:
744:
Rural development impacts from geographical indications, referring to environmental protection, economic development and social well-being, can be:
53:
1716:
1566:
Giovannucci, Daniele et al., Guide to Geographical Indications, Linking Products and their Origins, International Trade Centre (ITC), Geneva, 2009.
537:
496:
369:
1772:
848:
1339:
754:
greater bargaining power to raw material producers for better distribution so as for them to receive a higher retail price benefit percentage;
1782:
1762:
1188:
327:
1277:
1747:
1739:
1688:
384:
286:
148:
159:
1880:
1804:
1751:
1013:
1000:
gains acceptance in the wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its
454:
856:
systems, trademark systems, other national legal means, regional systems and international agreements (eg, Lisbon and Madrid systems).
2029:
1859:
100:
638:
handicrafts, which are generally handmade using local natural resources and usually embedded in the traditions of local communities.
2034:
1701:
1637:
177:
119:
72:
1777:
963:
sheep's milk cheese and call it Roquefort, even if they completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort.
2039:
1675:
416:
241:
1529:
Le Goffic, Caroline; Zappalaglio, Andrea (2017). "The Role Played by the US Government in Protecting Geographical Indications".
1412:
364:
1940:
1936:
1697:
950:: that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical designations. The
599:
79:
959:
cheese if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a
1968:
1842:
1767:
447:
57:
1644:
1619:
1743:
1070:
623:
86:
748:
the strengthening of sustainable local food production and supply (except for non-agricultural GIs such as handicrafts);
906:
register or may invalidate a trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not.
1919:
1887:
1120:
68:
1865:
1817:
1732:
1035:, which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in
993:
733:
46:
1873:
1869:
1794:
1682:
1247:
271:
875:
865:
618:
The primary examples of geographical indications include agricultural products and wines and spirits, such as
1303:
Tosato, Andrea (2013). "The Protection of Traditional Foods in the EU: Traditional Specialities Guaranteed".
732:
be directed to the sustainability of the environment where these products originate and are produced. In the
594:
as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under
276:
246:
832:
on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958
789:
dimension decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts undertaken.
1909:
771:
preservation of the natural resources on which the product is based and therefore protect the environment;
347:
554:
775:
193:
152:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
516:
of food products identified with a particular region since at least the end of the 19th century, using
201:
989:
607:
566:
93:
1338:
Giovannucci, Daniele; Josling, Timothy E.; Kerr, William; O'Connor, Bernard; Young, May T. (2009).
1032:
843:
Estimated geographical Indications in force for selected national and regional authorities in 2022.
825:
542:
525:
337:
1853:
1788:
1320:
1180:
1177:
China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice
595:
421:
231:
211:
1480:
559:
1437:
1184:
1055:
1017:
680:
Appellations of origin are a special kind of geographical indication. The term is used in the
1538:
1378:
1367:"Exporting protection: EU trade agreements, geographical indications, and gastronationalism"
1312:
1221:
1009:
1001:
737:
332:
1213:
1133:
1129:
1031:
Conversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is
2008:
1459:
1454:
1036:
1021:
792:
In China, the use of GIs have increased farmers' incomes and helped reduce rural poverty.
486:
342:
1413:"Geographical Indications and the challenges for ACP countries, by O'Connor and Company"
800:
17:
997:
978:
951:
389:
352:
281:
226:
751:
a structuring of the supply chain around a common product reputation linked to origin;
2023:
1499:
1416:
1324:
1099:
1039:(about 150 km away) in 2007 for economic reasons, the status had to be revoked.
971:
411:
306:
1600:
1542:
1125:
836:. About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members.
834:
Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration
631:
437:
406:
401:
374:
296:
256:
1383:
1366:
606:
Since 2006, European Union has required provisions in geographical indications in
1584:
WIPO: SCT/5/3: Conflicts between Trademarks and GIs, Conflicts between Homonymous
1500:"The Protection of Geographical Indications: Ambitions and Concrete Limitations"
1049:
960:
698:
521:
396:
322:
291:
35:
717:
Producers can add value to their products through Geographical Indications by:
1709:
513:
509:
1025:
956:
694:
664:
619:
357:
301:
221:
1629:
1614:
727:
protecting and adding value to the cultural identity of local communities.
1615:
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Geographical Indications
1066:
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
724:
promoting the conservation of local traditional production processes; and
650:(EUIPO) is the body responsible for the management of this EU GI scheme.
433:
379:
216:
1398:
1226:
768:
spill-over effects such as new business and even other GI registrations;
1340:"Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins"
1316:
1076:
975:
946:
586:
584:
Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of
1255:
688:. Article 2 of the Lisbon Agreement defines appellations of origin as"
1005:
985:
890:
true "falsely represents" that the product comes from somewhere else.
810:
591:
571:
532:
261:
1008:; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product "
1624:
1610:
Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network
1481:"WTO - intellectual property (TRIPS) - agreement text - standards"
982:
869:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
860:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
838:
799:
654:
Differences between geographical indications and other protections
627:
577:
1633:
996:
are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as
517:
131:
29:
1135:
Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition
1609:
1280:[Why German Sparkling Wines have an Image Problem].
149:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1590:
WIPO: SCT/9/4: The Definition of Geographical Indications.
1458: This article incorporates text available under the
1214:"Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition"
155:
1438:"World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) - 2023"
1278:"Warum deutsche Schaumweine ein Image-Problem haben"
1996:
1928:
1897:
1834:
1827:
1667:
988:. In each of these cases, the state governments of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1344:Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
1248:"Geographical Indications â a Virtual Experience"
809:be true of other products such as carpets (e.g. '
535:from the early part of the 20th century known as
531:One of the first GI systems is the one used in
1625:A research project on geographical indications
1645:
528:benefits or by producer protection benefits.
455:
8:
1124: This article incorporates text from a
648:European Union Intellectual Property Office
252:Integrated circuit layout design protection
1831:
1652:
1638:
1630:
1559:WIPO publication No. 760(E), Geneva, 1999.
1504:University of Edinburgh Student Law Review
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
462:
448:
189:
1382:
1371:Review of International Political Economy
1225:
899:even where the public is not being misled
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1581:WIPO: SCT/3/6: Geographical Indications.
1442:World Intellectual Property Organization
1218:World Intellectual Property Organization
1061:Geographical Indication Registry (India)
765:added value throughout the supply chain;
1179:. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series.
1146:
813:'), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes.
370:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
314:
192:
849:World Intellectual Property Indicators
1170:
1128:work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 IGO (
1016:, among them) that a product labeled
821:Paris convention and Lisbon agreement
328:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
1346:. Geneva: International Trade Center
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
520:against false trade descriptions or
489:defines geographical indications as
287:Supplementary protection certificate
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1603:Linking people, places and products
930:Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement
874:In 1994, when negotiations on the
25:
894:Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement
887:Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement
1453:
1276:von Galen, Maike (29 May 2019).
1119:
417:Outline of intellectual property
242:Indigenous intellectual property
200:
136:
34:
27:Indication of a product's source
774:preservation of traditions and
600:protected designation of origin
538:appellation d'origine contrÎlée
497:Appellation d'origine contrÎlée
45:needs additional citations for
1543:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.017
1:
1620:Caslon Analytics Appellations
1384:10.1080/09692290.2020.1844272
1071:Protected Geographical Status
663:Geographical indications and
1498:Zappalaglio, Andrea (2015).
1130:license statement/permission
545:(from Switzerland) and many
994:American Viticultural Areas
508:Governments have protected
365:Ideaâexpression distinction
2056:
1365:Huysmans, Martijn (2020).
734:International Trade Centre
581:" have been used instead.
2030:Intellectual property law
1828:Lists by product category
1024:produced in the state of
939:Differences in philosophy
709:Rural development effects
69:"Geographical indication"
2035:Geographical indications
1948:AOC liqueurs and spirits
1661:Geographical indications
781:identity based prestige;
18:Geographical indications
2040:European Union food law
1910:France (PDO/PGI/AOC/LR)
1252:wkcexhibitions.wipo.int
1175:Cheng, Wenting (2023).
804:GI Collective Dimension
476:geographical indication
277:Plant genetic resources
247:Industrial design right
237:Geographical indication
844:
805:
348:Criticism of copyright
272:Plant breeders' rights
158:by rewriting it in an
1668:Certification systems
842:
803:
776:traditional knowledge
676:Appellation of origin
608:free trade agreements
194:Intellectual property
1305:European Law Journal
917:Post-TRIPS Agreement
796:International issues
784:linkages to tourism.
567:Treaty of Versailles
485:Article 22.1 of the
54:improve this article
1227:10.34667/tind.44179
1132:). Text taken from
1033:Newcastle Brown Ale
910:Article 24 of TRIPS
826:International trade
684:and defined in the
555:Champagnerparagraph
526:consumer protection
338:Copyright abolition
1317:10.1111/eulj.12040
1181:Palgrave Macmillan
847:According to WIPO
845:
806:
596:European Union Law
430:Higher categories:
422:Outline of patents
160:encyclopedic style
147:is written like a
2017:
2016:
1992:
1991:
1531:World Development
1282:Neue WestfÀlische
1190:978-3-031-24369-1
1138:, WIPO, WIPO.
1056:Country of origin
1018:Tennessee whiskey
472:
471:
188:
187:
180:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2047:
2004:Lisbon Agreement
1981:United Kingdom (
1935:European Union (
1832:
1654:
1647:
1640:
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1477:
1464:
1457:
1451:
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1415:. Archived from
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1403:
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1362:
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1335:
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1254:. Archived from
1244:
1238:
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1234:
1229:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1172:
1123:
1104:Lisbon Agreement
1100:Madrid Agreement
1096:Paris Convention
1093:
1073:(European Union)
1010:straight whiskey
830:Paris Convention
738:circular economy
686:Lisbon Agreement
682:Paris Convention
624:Colombian coffee
563:
464:
457:
450:
333:Brand protection
267:Peasants' rights
204:
190:
183:
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38:
30:
21:
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2044:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
1988:
1924:
1893:
1879:United States (
1823:
1816:United States (
1813:(PDO, PGI, TSG)
1663:
1658:
1597:
1555:
1553:Further reading
1550:
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1511:
1497:
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1422:
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1397:
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1392:
1377:(3): 979â1005.
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1359:
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1191:
1174:
1173:
1148:
1144:
1117:
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1081:
1045:
1037:North Yorkshire
1022:Bourbon whiskey
941:
932:
919:
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711:
678:
661:
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487:TRIPS Agreement
468:
432:
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343:Copyright troll
232:Farmers' rights
212:Authors' rights
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156:help improve it
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1905:European Union
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1787:South Africa (
1785:
1780:
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1694:European Union
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1311:(4): 545â576.
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1020:be a straight
998:New World wine
972:Vidalia onions
952:European Union
940:
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565:" of the 1919
543:GruyĂšre cheese
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390:Right to quote
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353:Bioprospecting
350:
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315:Related topics
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1419:on 2011-07-21
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1094:See also the
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697:(cheese) and
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669:
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621:
614:Areas covered
613:
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568:
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412:Public domain
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307:Utility model
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182:
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168:November 2019
161:
157:
151:
150:
145:This article
143:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1660:
1602:
1537:(C): 35â44.
1534:
1530:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1503:
1493:
1484:
1452:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1407:
1393:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
1251:
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1217:
1176:
1134:
1126:free content
1118:
1091:
1030:
1002:native forms
969:
965:
945:
942:
933:
924:
920:
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908:
904:
898:
893:
886:
873:
863:
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846:
824:
815:
807:
791:
787:
743:
730:
716:
712:
703:
689:
679:
670:
662:
644:
640:
636:
632:Longjing tea
617:
605:
585:
583:
576:
570:
553:
551:
547:French wines
536:
530:
507:
495:
494:
490:
484:
479:
475:
473:
438:Property law
429:
407:Pirate Party
402:Patent troll
385:Paraphrasing
375:Fair dealing
297:Trade secret
257:Moral rights
236:
174:
165:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1983:PDO/PGI/TSG
1929:Other foods
1800:Switzerland
1601:FAO guide:
1485:www.wto.org
1284:(in German)
1050:Appellation
854:sui generis
699:Vinho Verde
628:Feta cheese
558: [
522:passing off
510:trade names
397:Orphan work
323:Abandonware
292:Trade dress
2024:Categories
1974:Portugal (
1841:Bulgaria (
1447:2023-12-11
1423:2011-06-14
1288:7 December
1262:2021-09-15
1233:2021-09-17
1142:References
1108:Geneva Act
665:trademarks
659:Trademarks
514:trademarks
80:newspapers
1953:Ireland (
1886:Uruguay (
1807:(AOC, IP)
1783:Singapore
1763:Indonesia
1731:Germany (
1674:Austria (
1460:CC BY 4.0
1399:"GI View"
1325:154449313
1026:Tennessee
957:Roquefort
695:Reblochon
693:example,
620:Champagne
590:and with
572:Weinbrand
358:Biopiracy
302:Trademark
222:Copyright
110:July 2019
1997:Treaties
1967:Mexico (
1946:France (
1848:France (
1773:Portugal
1715:France (
1689:Cambodia
1681:Canada (
1462:license.
1220:. 2021.
1043:See also
986:potatoes
762:20-25%);
434:Property
380:Fair use
217:Copyleft
1976:PDO/PGI
1960:Italy (
1955:PDO/PGI
1864:Italy (
1860:Georgia
1805:Tunisia
1778:Romania
1738:Italy (
1727:Georgia
1700:, PGI,
1514:24 June
1350:1 April
1115:Sources
1077:Terroir
1006:whiskey
990:Georgia
979:oranges
976:Florida
947:terroir
587:terroir
575:" and "
552:Under "
504:History
154:Please
94:scholar
1915:Greece
1898:Cheese
1768:Mexico
1605:(2009)
1323:
1187:
1106:, the
1102:, the
1098:, the
1052:(wine)
981:, and
811:Shiraz
598:, the
592:Europe
533:France
262:Patent
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2009:TRIPS
1920:Italy
1795:Spain
1758:India
1752:De.CO
1706:QWpsr
1563:2009.
1321:S2CID
1084:Notes
1014:NAFTA
983:Idaho
879:TRIPS
758:etc.;
630:, or
562:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
1866:DOCG
1854:VDQS
1843:GCAO
1835:Wine
1721:VDQS
1516:2020
1510:: 88
1352:2020
1290:2022
1185:ISBN
961:blue
864:The
578:Sekt
518:laws
512:and
436:and
73:news
1962:PDO
1941:TSG
1937:PDO
1888:VCP
1881:AVA
1874:IGT
1870:DOC
1850:AOC
1818:AVA
1748:PAT
1744:IGT
1740:DOC
1733:QBA
1717:AOC
1702:TSG
1698:PDO
1683:VQA
1676:DAC
1539:doi
1379:doi
1313:doi
1222:doi
1004:of
876:WTO
866:WTO
56:by
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1868:,
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1535:98
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1971:)
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175:(
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117:(
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108:(
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