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30:
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After the end of the
Cretaceous deposition continued, with the Reading and London Beds (clays and sandstones) being deposited during the Cenozoic, these are no longer exposed in East Sussex, but can be seen in London and North Kent. The older shelly clays of the Woolwich Beds at Newhaven; with gypsum
373:
In the east of the county, the formation tends to be more argillaceous, or clayey, in its lowermost part and fines up to a sandier division in the uppermost 30 to 50m. The clays are identified by their characteristic purple and brick-red mottled nature. In early references, these variations give rise
429:
as made of soft, dark grey thinly-bedded mudstones ("shales") and mudstones with subordinate beds of pale grey siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, shelly limestone, clay ironstone and rare pebble beds, which shows evidence of unconformable weathering at the top of the bed. The mudstones often degrade
659:
of the basin is closely correlated to compressional events within the Alps and occurred alongside deformation in
Hampshire, Dorset and northern France. The basin was compressed between two 'blocks' of basement rocks, with the northward movement of the block against the London Platform; the areas of
127:
The mountain belt collapsed soon after the orogeny with the former northward thrusts being reactivated as normal faults and leading to the formation of the Weald Basin which developed as an extension of the considerably larger Wessex Basin. The northern margin of the basin was formed by a series of
460:
The base of the
Wadhurst Clay is taken at the bottom of the Top Ashdown Pebble Bed. Despite its name this thin and impersistent bed comprises a coarse grained to gravelly sandstone. This horizon is best exposed at Cliff End, but where it is encountered elsewhere in the county it is usually fairly
572:. At its maximum the Gault sea grew to cover the northern landmass which had supplied the sediment for the lower sandstones; by this time Britain was at 35°N and the land and sea teemed with dinosaurs and marine reptiles, the remains of which have been found in the Gault.
464:
The
Wadhurst Clay hosted small nodules of iron ore which was the very foundation of the Wealden iron industry. The ore was deposited in a tropical environment within which iron brought in from the eroding mountains in the west was altered into small nodules of
258:
the
Purbeck Group is formally subdivided into the Blues and Greys Limestones members, which are typically made up of calcilutite and shelly calcarenites. The Greys Limestones Member is of particular significance as it marks the boundary between the
660:
land that earlier in the Weald's history supplied the sediments. The
Anticline has since been eroded down to reveal the pattern of stratigraphy with the oldest rocks in the centre of the anticline forming a low ridge which runs roughly from
461:
distinctive and easily identified. The Top
Ashdown Pebble Bed occurs mainly in the southern half of the county and is often missing in the northern half. Where this is the case, the boundary is taken at a layer of disconnected ripplesl.
267:
of the Early
Cretaceous. This member is characterised by the disarticulated shells of the brackish water bivalve Neomiodon. The lower boundary of the Purbeck Beds is marked by the base of a widespread evaporite deposit of gypsum and
250:
in Dorset but there are difficulties in correlating the two exposures, which has led to increased study of these rocks. During their deposition the region lay at a latitude of about 30°N and thus experienced a tropical climate.
580:
112:, but boreholes drilled in the 19th century failed to find this deposit in Sussex. The Carboniferous coals are overlain by Permian and Triassic sediments. The sediments were uplifted and faulted within the
532:
best define the
Wealden Anticline, running in a broad horseshoe from Folkestone in the East, to Petersfield in Hampshire in the West and back to Eastbourne. The Greensands are divided into two units, the
696:
was discovered, which was utilised to provide the first gas lighting in the UK, however it was recognised that economic oil reserves were not accessible. Ongoing exploration for petroleum is active in
362:
are the lowermost unit of the
Hastings Beds and typically comprise siltstones and silty fine-grained sandstones with small amounts of finely-bedded mudstone and mudstone arranged in rhythmic units ("
684:
mine which produces significant quantities of gypsum extracted from the Purbeck Beds. As previously mentioned the Wadhurst Clay holds ferrous ore which was extracted up to the 17th century. Although
124:, the remnants of the mountain belt can be seen today in Devon and Cornwall in what is known as the Cornubian Massif. Although unlike in Devon and Cornwall, there was little or no metamorphism.
688:
for oil underlie East Sussex and the major geologic structure in the area is an anticline, petroleum is not considered to be hosted below East Sussex. However while drilling for water at
603:. The Chalk formed in a warm, clear sea which stretched from Texas to Poland (prior to the opening of the Atlantic) and is subdivided into three units, the Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk.
401:. At this location the formation can be followed from the axis of the Wealden Anticline at Lee Ness Ledge through the well distinguished marker beds and horizons to its juncture with the
148:
were deposited during the early stages of the Cretaceous Period, which lasted for approximately 40 million years from 140 to 100 million years ago. These are collectively known as the
553:. Although named as such the Lower Greensand is rarely sand and rarely green; the name was applied by mistake by 19th century geologists mistakenly thinking that the mineral
469:. A succession of clays and sands was deposited into the subsiding basin, with much of the source material also being delivered from the north and east as well as the west.
568:(including ammonites) and gastropods. This has allowed for a tight correlation of the age of the Gault with other geological units in Europe, under the science of
45:, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and 100 kilometres (62 mi) long fold within which caused the arching up of the chalk into a broad dome within the middle
1062:
132:. The Weald Basin gently subsided throughout the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene leading to a thick succession of sedimentary rocks being deposited.
1043:
Ruffell, A., Ross, A. & Taylor (1996) Early Cretaceous Environments of the Weald. Geologists’s Association Guide No. 55, Geologists’s Association, London.
1255:
25:
Geology of south-eastern England. The Ashdown Sands and Wadhurst Clay is in lime green (9a); the Low Weald, darker green (9). Chalk Downs, pale green (6)
939:
Codd, J.W. (2007) Analysis of the distribution and characteristics of landslips in the Weald of East Sussex. MSc dissertation, University of Brighton
837:
516:
and comprises complex cyclic sequences of siltstones with sandstones and clays, typically fining upwards. In the western parts of the county the
184:, which is subdivided into the White Chalk Subgroup and the Grey Chalk Subgroup. Each of the subgroups is in turn subdivided to formation level.
1516:
1511:
242:
was deposited in an environment of braided rivers and muddy lagoons, which periodically dried out, resulting in the now economic deposits of
409:
to the west and Cliff End to the east. The Lee Ness Ledge is known for its many well preserved fossilised dinosaur footprints, particularly
231:
and is composed of predominantly bluish grey calcareous mudstones. Limited developments of limestone, sandstone, siltstone, ironstone and
1157:
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911:
762:
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extracting the Weald and Wadhurst clay. Chalk is also extracted in the south of the county, with commercial extraction ongoing near
1248:
382:. Despite this the variations of clays and sands in the formation are usually marked separately on the maps and records of the
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in a short period of time when they become exposed at the surface and weather to heavy ochre and greenish grey clays.
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can be divided into three; the Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand, the Grinstead Clay, and the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand.
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786:"Notice on the Iguanodon, a Newly Discovered Fossil Reptile, from the Sandstone of Tilgate Forest, in Sussex"
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The geology of East Sussex includes a number of natural resources, at Mountfield, Robertsbridge there is a
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is the most well known rock in East Sussex, forming the Downs and where it meets the sea the spectacular
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Geology of the country around Brighton and Worthing: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheets 318 and 333
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to Upper Jurassic stratigraphy. East Sussex is best known geologically for the identification of the
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The county’s chalk has provided a world-class stratigraphic marker giving a great deal of detail in
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Chalk palaeoecology and palaeontology while in the east of the county on the Kentish border the
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For much of its history the Weald had been slowly subsiding basin, but the growth of the
378:’. However, it is now considered as one due to the impersistence of the clays across the
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884:"Tertiary structures and hydrocarbon entrapment in the Weald Basin of southern England"
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504:. Its thickness is typically in the region of 110 to 125m. Outside of the county, near
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The upper Purbeck Group records a transition into more sand being delivered into the
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The Seven Sisters cliffs and the coastguard cottages, from Seaford Head across the
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508:, borehole data has proven the formation to be up to 150m thick. The formation is
386:. In its entirety the formation is usually found to be between 180 and 215m thick
1111:
Geology of the country around Tenterden: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheet 304
128:
normal faults, against what was then an area of land, known to geologists as the
1109:
Lake, Shepard-Thorn, E.R., Smart, J.G.O., Bisson, G. & Edmonds, E.A. (1966)
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The Gault is one of the most fossil rich horizons in the UK; yielding plentiful
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1224:
Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex, Gideon Mantell, 1827. From Google Books
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would be found in the seams of sandstone both above and below the Gault clay.
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basin. This has led to the deposition of a mixture of fine sands known as the
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The largest amount of clay extraction occurs within the low Weald, with
977:"Stratigraphy and structure of the Purbeck inliers of Sussex (England)"
454:
221:
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and at Netherfield. They also occur at several other locations east of
46:
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272:(up to 21 m thick). These evaporites have been mined and processed in
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to the division of the formation into the ‘Fairlight Clays’ and the ‘
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along the bottom of the Downs and northward into the Vale of the
624:
Cross section view of Southern England featuring the Weald Basin
337:
105:
96:
The recorded geological history of East Sussex commenced during
1237:
1085:"The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units - Wadhurst Clay Formation"
227:
The Purbeck Group has a typical thickness of 77 to 186m in the
632:
to the south during the Cenozoic caused a reactivation of the
120:
to the main orogeny, which was located within the present day
366:") commonly divided by thin pebble beds as described by the
276:
since 1876 and are considered to be strategically important.
246:
being deposited in this area, The same beds outcrop on the
711:
where a number of chalk extraction pits also lie disused.
639:
basin-bounding faults, the rocks were arched into a broad
320:. These strata underlie the county from the boundary with
1019:"The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units - Ashdown Formation"
790:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
116:, with the land now occupied by East Sussex being a low
393:
is best exposed in the 8 km cliff section between
212:
outcrop at three locations north and northwest west of
49:, which has subsequently been eroded to reveal a lower
950:"The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units - Purbeck Group"
1138:"Note on Natural Gas at Heathfield Station (Sussex)"
1271:
735:"Cenozoic inversion and uplift of southern Britain"
599:and geologically and biologically rich cliffs from
888:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
739:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
84:is important for the study of geomorphology and
882:Butler, Malcolm; Christopher P. Pullan (1990).
500:is the uppermost and youngest formation of the
433:The formation thickness ranges from 55m in the
192:The oldest exposed rocks in the county are the
473:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation (Hastings Beds)
108:which were exploited to the north and east in
1249:
1181:"Battle welling up over onshore UK oil field"
8:
1055:"Jamies monster find sheds light on history"
1142:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
981:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1256:
1242:
1234:
728:
726:
724:
859:
857:
855:
809:
877:
875:
866:The Weald, Rocks and Fossils Field Guide
308:, or Ashdown Beds, which along with the
235:minerals occur throughout the sequence.
720:
449:has been proven to over 70m thick near
417:Wadhurst Clay Formation (Hastings Beds)
104:deposited within a low swamp providing
935:
933:
931:
929:
33:Geological section from north to south
16:Overview of the geology of East Sussex
765:from the original on 13 December 2007
7:
1160:from the original on 23 January 2021
1126:. British Geological Survey, London.
1113:. British Geological Survey, London.
1091:from the original on 7 November 2010
1065:from the original on 23 January 2021
1025:from the original on 7 November 2010
999:from the original on 23 January 2021
956:from the original on 7 November 2010
914:from the original on 1 December 2008
840:from the original on 23 January 2021
616:The structural reversal of the basin
1214:Geological map of Surrey and Sussex
1053:Fitch, Rachel (26 September 2006).
1122:Young, B. & Lake, R.D. (1988)
441:and varies in between. Outside of
14:
1191:from the original on 10 July 2011
1154:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1898.054.01-04.39
1087:. The British Geological Survey.
1021:. The British Geological Survey.
952:. The British Geological Survey.
280:Ashdown Formation (Hastings Beds)
100:, with the rocks which are today
868:. Unwin Paperbacks. p. 115.
834:"The Unmasking of Piltdown Man"
498:Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
1:
1517:Geology of South-East England
1219:Fossil collecting in Hastings
908:10.1144/gsl.sp.1990.055.01.19
759:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.196.01.06
612:to be found within the beds.
545:. The three units outcrop in
1512:Geology of England by county
65:, to the famous hoax of the
1179:Smale, Will (7 July 2011).
733:Blundell, Derek J. (2002).
643:which stretched across the
1533:
690:Heathfield railway station
423:British Geological Survey
384:British Geological Survey
368:British Geological Survey
1507:Geography of East Sussex
993:10.1144/gsjgs.120.1.0077
784:Mantell, Gideon (1825).
351:dinosaur footprint near
288:A geologist studies the
220:and at Beak's Wood near
88:sea level fluctuations.
528:The Greensands and the
427:Wadhurst Clay Formation
274:Mountfield, East Sussex
218:Heathfield, East Sussex
1471:West Midlands (County)
975:Howitt, Frank (1964).
811:10.1098/rstl.1825.0010
653:Weald–Artois anticline
625:
588:
493:
355:
297:
43:Weald–Artois anticline
39:geology of East Sussex
34:
26:
1136:Hewitt, J.T. (1898).
864:Gibbons, Wes (1981).
623:
583:
541:, which sandwich the
518:Tunbridge Wells Sands
481:Climber enjoying the
480:
346:
314:Tunbridge Wells Sands
287:
196:or more formally the
140:The sediments of the
130:London-Brabant Massif
32:
24:
601:Brighton to Newhaven
524:Greensands and Gault
340:Level on the coast.
200:, which are of Late
1229:West Sussex Geology
900:1990GSLSP..55..371B
802:1825RSPT..115..179M
751:2002GSLSP.196...85B
453:and up to 80m near
214:Battle, East Sussex
180:is overlain by the
1351:Greater Manchester
1265:Geology of England
676:Economic Resources
626:
589:
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437:area, to 30m near
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263:and the overlying
118:external fold belt
92:Geological history
82:Dungeness Foreland
41:is defined by the
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27:
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514:Ashdown Formation
391:Ashdown Formation
306:Ashdown Formation
290:Ashdown Formation
265:Ashdown Formation
152:and comprise the
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150:Wealden Group
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1391:Lincolnshire
1335:
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1193:. Retrieved
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1421:Oxfordshire
1336:East Sussex
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698:West Sussex
694:natural gas
662:Crowborough
593:Chalk Group
576:Chalk Group
547:East Sussex
443:East Sussex
322:West Sussex
294:East Sussex
256:East Sussex
182:Chalk Group
146:East Sussex
136:Lithologies
1501:Categories
1431:Shropshire
1396:Merseyside
1381:Lancashire
1321:Derbyshire
715:References
705:brickworks
566:cephalopod
555:glauconite
491:High Rocks
487:Sandstones
399:Pett Level
364:cyclothems
206:Cretaceous
162:Weald Clay
78:Cretaceous
51:Cretaceous
1486:Yorkshire
1476:Wiltshire
1356:Hampshire
1286:Berkshire
1059:The Argus
700:however.
668:and onto
657:Inversion
641:anticline
435:Tenterden
411:Iguanodon
349:Iguanodon
270:anhydrite
233:evaporite
208:age. The
204:to Early
63:Cuckfield
1436:Somerset
1306:Cornwall
1301:Cheshire
1273:Counties
1189:Archived
1185:BBC News
1158:Archived
1089:Archived
1063:Archived
1023:Archived
997:Archived
954:Archived
912:Archived
838:Archived
763:Archived
670:Boulogne
637:basement
634:Variscan
607:Cenozoic
562:bivalves
467:ilmenite
395:Hastings
353:Hastings
334:Hastings
312:and the
202:Jurassic
172:and the
102:basement
86:Holocene
71:Uckfield
1446:Suffolk
1426:Rutland
1401:Norfolk
1316:Cumbria
1195:18 July
1069:2 March
896:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
747:Bibcode
455:Horsham
292:on the
222:Burwash
61:, near
47:Miocene
1451:Surrey
1331:Dorset
820:107739
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682:gypsum
666:Battle
651:, the
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176:. The
168:, the
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1341:Essex
1326:Devon
816:JSTOR
709:Lewes
551:Weald
543:Gault
530:Gault
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380:Weald
302:Weald
296:coast
229:Weald
170:Gault
142:Weald
106:coals
69:near
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1197:2011
1166:2010
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