428:
mid-Oligocene and Middle
Miocene. The rapid migration of the Calabrian Arc towards the southeast was driven by the retreat of the Ionian slab east of Sicily. In early Miocene, Calabria was still attached to Sardinia. In Middle Miocene, the trench rolled back to the east and normal faulting occurred between Calabria and Sardinia, causing Calabria to split eastward from Sardinia. By Early Pliocene, the retreat of Calabria consumed the oceanic slab of the Ionian sea while new oceanic crust was created in the Tyrrhenian Sea by back-arc magmatism. Since Pleistocene, the eastern portion of the arc formed the Apennine mountain of Italy, while the Calabrian block slid to Sicily through right lateral strike-slip motion, forming the northeastern portion of the island. GPS measurements show that the Calabrian Arc still advances to the southeast at 2-3mm per year at present, due to the ongoing rollback of the Ionian slab.
588:
89:
240:
498:
1555:
507:
687:. The major ores were sulfur-bearing sedimentary deposits, formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, which thick layers of evaporites including gypsum and other evaporitic sulfur were deposited in the central Sicilian basin when the area was above sea level. These native sulfurs are associated with secondary carbonates and are suggested to be formed by intense
71:) is found in an eastern portion of the island. The collision of Africa and Eurasia is a retreating subduction system, such that the descending Africa is falling away from Eurasia, and Eurasia extends and fills the space as the African plate falls into the mantle, resulting in volcanic activity in Sicily and the formation of
427:
The northeastern part of Sicily consists of the
Calabrian Arc unit, the tectonic unit that connects the Apennines with the North African Maghrebide. Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic basement rocks are exposed at this part of the island, suggested to have been exposed by exhumation processes between
96:
The foreland consists of exposures of the
Hyblean Plateau and the offshore areas of Gela. The subduction forms a northward-dipping monocline in the foreland with a dip of 16–18°, which is a high angle compared to other regional monoclines. It is suggested that this steep angle is caused by a higher
545:, which the eruption of these two cones ended at 106 and 102 ka. It is suggested that the formation of Mount Etna is closely related to the subduction system of Sicily. Although the magma does not originate from the subducted material, the retreat of African slab creates a low-pressure zone at the
227:
The Gela foredeep extends from the northern margin of the
Hyblean plateau on land to the offshore Gela basin of southwestern Sicily. Based on fossil analysis, the basin has been developing since Late Pliocene; its formation is related to the bending of the carbonate platform due to loading at the
777:
Branca, S., Coltelli, M., De Beni, E., & Wijbrans, J. (2008). Geological evolution of Mount Etna volcano (Italy) from earliest products until the first central volcanism (between 500 and 100 ka ago) inferred from geochronological and stratigraphic data.
549:
under
Calabria, which pulls the asthenospheric material under the African plate laterally towards the northeast. This process produces a large volume of magma that caused upwelling under Mount Etna, as well as the regional uplift of the Calabrian unit.
501:
3-D geological model of subduction system and mantle flow of Mount Etna. The Ionian slab (green) is subducting beneath
Tyrrhenian slab (blue), pulling magma under African slab (yellow) to the low pressure zone (pink) and upwell to form Mt.
213:
During the Late
Miocene-Early Pleistocene, a massive basaltic volcanic activity occurred. After the emission of alkali basalts during the Late Miocene, major volcanic activity occurred during the Late Pliocene, in which large volumes of
914:
Brutto, F., Muto, F., Loreto, M. F., De Paola, N., Tripodi, V., Critelli, S., & Facchin, L. (2016). The
Neogene-Quaternary geodynamic evolution of the central Calabrian Arc: A case study from the western Catanzaro Trough basin.
1013:
Corrado, S., Aldega, L., Balestrieri, M. L., Maniscalco, R., & Grasso, M. (2009). Structural evolution of the sedimentary accretionary wedge of the alpine system in
Eastern Sicily: Thermal and thermochronological constraints.
558:
The tectonic setting of Sicily is controlled by the rate of collision of the
African plate and Eurasian plate and the rate of back rolling of the African plate. The tectonic history of Sicily can be divided into four main stages:
1092:
Gallais, F., Graindorge, D., Gutscher, M. A., & Klaeschen, D. (2013). Propagation of a lithospheric tear fault (STEP) through the western boundary of the Calabrian accretionary wedge offshore eastern Sicily (Southern Italy).
209:
At Early Pliocene, rapid subsidence occurred at the foreland. This subsidence event occurred simultaneously with a major rise in Mediterranean sea level, during which Plio-Pleistocene sediments were accumulated in the foreland
1160:
Ziegenbalg, S. B., Brunner, B., Rouchy, J. M., Birgel, D., Pierre, C., Böttcher, M. E., ... & Peckmann, J. (2010). Formation of secondary carbonates and native sulphur in sulphate-rich Messinian strata, Sicily.
943:
Lickorish, W. H., Grasso, M., Butler, R. W., Argnani, A., & Maniscalco, R. (1999). Structural styles and regional tectonic setting of the “Gela Nappe” and frontal part of the Maghrebian thrust belt in Sicily.
206:
occurred as a result of sea-level fall and major uplift, causing deposition of evaporites over the Mediterranean basin. The dry climate resulted in extensive erosion in high-standing regions of the plateau.
540:
with length of 15 km at the N-S direction, until volcanism shifted westward to the current location of Mt. Etna at about 129 ka. Finally, central-vent type volcanism began with the formation of two small
1031:
Catalano, R., Valenti, V., Albanese, C., Accaino, F., Sulli, A., Tinivella, U., ... & Giustiniani, M. (2013). Sicily’s fold–thrust belt and slab roll-back: the SI. RI. PRO. seismic crustal transect.
995:
Catalano, R., Valenti, V., Albanese, C., Accaino, F., Sulli, A., Tinivella, U., ... & Giustiniani, M. (2013). Sicily’s fold–thrust belt and slab roll-back: the SI. RI. PRO. seismic crustal transect.
896:
Catalano, R., Valenti, V., Albanese, C., Accaino, F., Sulli, A., Tinivella, U., ... & Giustiniani, M. (2013). Sicily’s fold–thrust belt and slab roll-back: the SI. RI. PRO. seismic crustal transect.
533:
pillow lava. At about 0.3 Ma, a tholeiitic lava plateau was formed on an ancient alluvial plain by fissure-type volcanism. From 0.22 Ma, volcanism mainly occurred at the Ionian coast which formed an
671:
was active until the 20th century. The sulfur was extracted in a number of ways involving heating, melting and cooling the semi-purified sulfur in various approaches collectively called
199:
At early Miocene, thrusting and volcanic activity triggered a regional uplift at the foreland, which caused the emergence of a broad carbonate platform in the eastern Hyblean Plateau.
1075:
Thomson, S. N. (1994). Fission track analysis of the crystalline basement rocks of the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: evidence of Oligo-Miocene late-orogenic extension and erosion.
643:, shallow seated thrusting occurred which formed the wedge-top basins. Since Late Miocene, thrusting occurred in the Sicilian orogen and Calabrian accretionary wedge. Extension and
101:
by plate flexure. Some of the faults are recognized to be much older, formed in the Mesozoic. The faults are suggested to have separated high-standing platforms from deeper basins.
1058:ĹšlÄ…czka, A., Renda, P., Cieszkowski, M., Golonka, J., & Nigro, F. (2012). Sedimentary basins evolution and olistoliths formation: The case of Carpathian and Sicilian regions.
529:
located at the eastern coast of Sicily which is composed mainly of basalt. Its formation began at about 0.5 Ma when submarine volcanism occurred at the Gela foredeep and formed
1196:
978:
Yellin-Dror, A., Grasso, M., Ben-Avraham, Z., & Tibor, G. (1997). The subsidence history of the northern Hyblean plateau margin, southeastern Sicily.
804:
Pipanl, M., & Prizzon, A. (2005). Geological outline of Sicily and lithospheric tectono-dynamics of its Tyrrhenian margin from new CROP seismic data.
268:
that involves mostly the Mesozoic carbonate, which has subsequently been folded into a syncline, underlying a broad anticline of the Caltanissetta area.
2049:
615:, the collision of African and Eurasian plates generated compressive stress in the region. The Neotethyan ocean was closed by the collision and the
97:
subductibility of the African slab. Deformation in the foreland is dominated by normal faulting; most of these faults have been formed in the
639:
block then underwent counter-clockwise rotation and the Calabrian unit subsequently underwent clockwise rotation. During the Early–Middle
739:
Di Maggio, C., Madonia, G., Vattano, M., Agnesi, V., & Monteleone, S. (2017). Geomorphological evolution of western Sicily, Italy.
635:, the orogenic process started when sediments accreted onto the Calabrian block while flysch was deposited in the foreland basins. The
587:
1753:
575:
was formed by a major continental rifting event and rapid tectonic subsidence. Traces of the tectonic event can be found at both the
1256:
719:
Gvirtzman, Z., & Nur, A. (2001). Residual topography, lithospheric structure and sunken slabs in the central Mediterranean.
2094:
1189:
239:
1130:
Gueguen, E., Doglioni, C., & Fernandez, M. (1998). On the post-25 Ma geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean.
88:
1846:
1625:
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1276:
2210:
2154:
1796:
1781:
1315:
1286:
1507:
1542:
1410:
1405:
1182:
2215:
1826:
688:
203:
1954:
1876:
1723:
1370:
631:. The African slab retreats to the east as the collision of Eurasian and African plate continued. Since late
2164:
1733:
668:
530:
215:
1738:
1670:
1482:
1906:
1452:
1400:
1380:
1355:
1241:
692:
761:
Catalano, R., Lo Cicero, G., & Sulli, A. (2002, September). Geology of Sicily: an introduction. In
1113:
Gvirtzman, Z., & Nur, A. (1999). The formation of Mount Etna as the consequence of slab rollback.
2007:
2002:
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41:
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2134:
1987:
1791:
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1271:
1205:
2022:
2169:
2017:
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1680:
1655:
1650:
1630:
1620:
1595:
1563:
1517:
1472:
1385:
1345:
2144:
195:
The post-Paleogene geological events of the foreland can be divided into four main stages:
2044:
1939:
1886:
1851:
1816:
1675:
1660:
1645:
1615:
1580:
1554:
672:
256:
orogen and represents the fold and thrust belt of the subduction system. A combination of
2099:
2089:
2074:
1944:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1856:
1771:
1748:
1690:
1640:
1605:
1585:
648:
644:
599:, there was a slow thermal subsidence at the Mediterranean basin from Jurassic to Late
542:
537:
349:
261:
72:
44:
25:
2204:
2189:
2129:
2114:
2084:
2059:
1959:
1949:
1866:
1821:
1763:
1728:
684:
676:
534:
526:
29:
264:
formed the present geological structure. The orogen consists of a stack of detached
2179:
2012:
1871:
1776:
1713:
572:
546:
506:
2159:
1969:
1964:
1891:
1861:
763:
General Field Trip Guidebook, 6th International Symposium on the Jurassic System
149:
125:
2139:
2119:
1841:
652:
600:
520:
218:
basalts were emitted and the foredeep north of the Hyblean foreland collapsed.
68:
33:
806:
CROP PROJECT: Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy
2064:
1881:
1786:
632:
612:
180:
37:
655:
slab, while Calabria migrated to the current position at northeast Sicily.
232:. The basin fill consists of Late Miocene-Pleistocene sediments, including
2069:
1992:
636:
596:
568:
60:
2184:
2124:
2109:
1997:
1979:
1743:
1572:
640:
628:
98:
56:
664:
627:
Sicily has been undergoing a phase of uplifting and subduction since
131:
21:
1174:
691:, in which microorganisms 'breath in' sulfate instead of oxygen for
265:
229:
145:
1718:
680:
465:
252:
The central to western part of Sicily is made of the Maghrebian-
233:
48:
1178:
1147:
Ferrara, V. (2016). The Sulphur Mining Industry in Sicily. In
431:
The simplified stratigraphy consists of the following units:
67:
that folds Mesozoic carbonates, while a major volcanic unit (
243:
Simplified cross-section of the Apenninic-Maghrebian chain
104:
The simplified stratigraphy includes the following units:
595:
After the rapid subsidence during Triassic to Early
2035:
1978:
1915:
1805:
1762:
1689:
1571:
1562:
1212:
1151:(pp. 111-130). Springer International Publishing.
236:limestones, Messinian evaporites and sandy clays.
22:large island located at Italy's southwestern end
1149:Essays on the History of Mechanical Engineering
603:that formed the Neotethyan carbonate platform.
1190:
8:
675:. Abandoned sulfur mines includes those in
1568:
1197:
1183:
1175:
202:During the Messinian of late Miocene, the
591:Simplified evolutionary diagram of Sicily
356:Imbricate fans, SW-&SE-vergent folds
586:
505:
496:
433:
277:
238:
163:Limestone, w/ thick basalt interbedding
106:
87:
780:International Journal of Earth Sciences
703:
1016:Geological Society of America Bulletin
651:slab due to the fast roll back of the
1109:
1107:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
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862:
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858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
773:
771:
583:Early Jurassic–Late Cretaceous period
7:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
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962:
960:
958:
939:
937:
935:
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929:
836:
834:
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830:
828:
826:
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822:
820:
818:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
757:
755:
753:
735:
733:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
275:is composed of the following units:
721:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
663:Sicily is known for its history of
563:Late Triassic–Early Jurassic period
92:Simplified geological map of Sicily
14:
1034:Journal of the Geological Society
998:Journal of the Geological Society
899:Journal of the Geological Society
607:Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene period
1553:
491:Igneous/Metamorphic (basement)
331:Pelagic zone/sedimentary basin
312:Shallow water/arid environment
248:The Apenninic-Maghrebian orogen
166:Platform slope and open-shelf
40:. Major tectonic units are the
36:of the African slab since late
24:) records the collision of the
423:Calabrian crystalline basement
342:Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene
1:
1847:European Cenozoic Rift System
63:Arc. The orogen represents a
2037:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
689:microbial sulfate reduction
611:During Late Cretaceous and
413:Shallow water/pelagic zone
393:Shallow water/pelagic zone
2232:
647:magmatism occurred in the
518:
322:Cretaceous–Early Tertiary
304:Upper Miocene–Pleistocene
1551:
623:Neogene–Quaternary period
480:Triassic-Late Cretaceous
472:Paleogene-Middle Miocene
461:Middle Miocene-Messinian
381:Transpanse–Saccense unit
334:SW-&SE-vergent folds
204:Messinian salinity crisis
1955:Jan Mayen Microcontinent
525:Mount Etna is an active
271:The stratigraphy of the
174:Triassic–Early Jurassic
32:during westward-dipping
1897:Peri-Caspian Depression
1626:Hallandian-Danopolonian
1739:Scandinavian Mountains
1257:Bosnia and Herzegovina
917:Journal of Geodynamics
592:
511:
503:
416:Imbricate fans, ached
361:Imerese/Sicanian unit
293:Formation environment
244:
160:Jurassic–Late Miocene
116:Formation environment
93:
1907:White Sea Rift System
693:anaerobic respiration
590:
509:
500:
339:Numidian Flysch unit
262:low-angle detachments
242:
142:Pliocene–Pleistocene
91:
2013:Fennoscandian Craton
2008:East European Craton
741:Geologica Carpathica
579:and western Sicily.
464:Rift deposits/sandy
124:Late Pliocene–Early
79:Major tectonic units
2211:Geography of Sicily
1902:Timan-Pechora Basin
1837:Dnieper–Donets Rift
1754:Western Carpathians
1163:Sedimentary Geology
1022:(11-12), 1475–1490.
475:Arkosic Turbidites
301:Wedge-top deposits
281:Stratigraphic unit
75:slab to the north.
2055:Calanques de Piana
1809:basins and grabens
617:continental margin
593:
512:
504:
376:Antiformal stacks
273:accretionary wedge
245:
228:front of the Gela
186:Shallow-water sea
94:
2198:
2197:
2135:Monte San Giorgio
2031:
2030:
1988:Armorican terrane
1792:Mediterranean Sea
1206:Geology of Europe
495:
494:
420:
419:
364:Permian-Cenozoic
258:frontal accretion
193:
192:
18:geology of Sicily
2223:
2216:Geology of Italy
2095:Jungfrau-Aletsch
2080:Giant's Causeway
2018:Sarmatian Craton
1935:Aegean Sea Plate
1832:Central Lowlands
1827:Baltic Sea Basin
1807:Intracontinental
1569:
1564:Geologic regions
1557:
1508:Northern Ireland
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:(6755), 782-785.
1111:
1102:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1011:
1005:
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976:
953:
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906:
894:
813:
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787:
775:
766:
759:
748:
737:
728:
717:
554:Tectonic history
434:
309:Marl/evaporites
278:
107:
84:Hyblean foreland
65:fold-thrust belt
59:orogen, and the
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2045:Aeolian Islands
2027:
1974:
1940:Anatolian Plate
1922:microcontinents
1920:
1917:Tectonic plates
1911:
1887:Pannonian Basin
1877:North Sea Basin
1852:Hellenic Trench
1817:Aquitaine Basin
1808:
1801:
1758:
1691:Mountain ranges
1685:
1558:
1549:
1411:North Macedonia
1208:
1203:
1173:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1105:
1091:
1087:
1083:(1-4), 331-352.
1074:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1008:
994:
990:
986:(1-4), 277-289.
977:
956:
942:
927:
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895:
816:
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776:
769:
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751:
738:
731:
718:
705:
701:
673:Sicilian method
661:
625:
619:became active.
609:
585:
577:Hyblean plateau
573:Neotethys ocean
565:
556:
543:parasitic cones
523:
517:
445:Early Pliocene
425:
396:Imbricate fans
250:
225:
86:
81:
12:
11:
5:
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2100:Jurassic Coast
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2075:Geirangerfjord
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1995:
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1984:
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1952:
1947:
1945:Eurasian Plate
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1937:
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1930:Adriatic Plate
1926:
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1857:Limagne Graben
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1772:Atlantic Ocean
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1764:Oceanic basins
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1724:Massif Central
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1671:Sveconorwegian
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1498:United Kingdom
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1277:Czech Republic
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1194:
1187:
1179:
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1153:
1140:
1132:Tectonophysics
1123:
1103:
1095:Tectonophysics
1085:
1077:Tectonophysics
1068:
1060:Tectonophysics
1042:
1024:
1006:
988:
980:Tectonophysics
954:
925:
907:
814:
788:
767:
749:
729:
702:
700:
697:
677:Castelterminin
660:
657:
624:
621:
608:
605:
584:
581:
571:, the ancient
564:
561:
555:
552:
538:shield volcano
519:Main article:
516:
513:
493:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
462:
458:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
442:
441:
438:
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
384:Meso-Cenozoic
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
352:
350:quartzarenites
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:Sicilide unit
316:
315:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
249:
246:
224:
221:
220:
219:
211:
207:
200:
191:
190:
187:
184:
175:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
156:
154:
152:
143:
139:
138:
136:
134:
128:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
85:
82:
80:
77:
51:foredeep, the
30:African plates
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2228:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Monte Perdido
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Curonian Spit
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Moesian Plate
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Iberian Plate
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Molasse Basin
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Barents Basin
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:Norwegian Sea
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Bay of Biscay
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Ore Mountains
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Liechtenstein
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:Ă…land Islands
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:Faroe Islands
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1138:(1), 259-269.
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:(3), 451-464.
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:(3), 451-464.
1003:
999:
992:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
955:
952:(4), 655-668.
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
905:(3), 451-464.
904:
900:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
786:(1), 135-152.
785:
781:
774:
772:
768:
764:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
727:(1), 117-130.
726:
722:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
704:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:Caltanissetta
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Sulfur mining
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
606:
604:
602:
598:
589:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
562:
560:
553:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
528:
527:stratovolcano
522:
514:
508:
499:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
422:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
401:Hyblean unit
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
351:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
241:
237:
235:
231:
223:Gela foredeep
222:
217:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
188:
185:
183:
182:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
135:
133:
130:Intermittent
129:
127:
123:
122:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:
90:
83:
78:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2180:Stevns Klint
2023:Volgo–Uralia
1872:Moscow Basin
1777:Arctic Ocean
1714:Dinaric Alps
1666:Svecofennian
1349:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
991:
983:
979:
949:
945:
920:
916:
910:
902:
898:
809:
805:
783:
779:
765:(pp. 12-22).
762:
744:
740:
724:
720:
667:production.
662:
626:
610:
594:
567:During Late
566:
557:
547:mantle wedge
524:
430:
426:
270:
251:
226:
194:
178:
103:
95:
17:
15:
2190:Thingvellir
2160:Rhine Gorge
1970:Tisza Plate
1965:Pelso Plate
1892:Paris Basin
1862:Mezen Basin
1611:Dalslandian
1543:Isle of Man
1483:Switzerland
1406:Netherlands
1169:(1), 37-50.
747:(1), 80-93.
510:Mount Etna.
488:Palaeozoic
456:Evaporites
373:Deep water
370:Carbonates
328:Carbonates
296:Structures
177:Limestone/
150:calcarenite
126:Pleistocene
2205:Categories
2145:Nærøyfjord
2140:Mount Etna
2120:Messel Pit
2090:High Coast
1842:Ebro Basin
1636:Laxfordian
1606:Carpathian
1601:Caledonian
1591:Belomorian
1453:San Marino
1401:Montenegro
1381:Luxembourg
1356:Kazakhstan
1242:Azerbaijan
1101:, 141-152.
1066:, 306-319.
699:References
649:Tyrrhenian
613:Palaeogene
601:Cretaceous
531:tholeiitic
521:Mount Etna
515:Mount Etna
483:Carbonate
453:Messinian
440:Rock type
410:Limestone
390:Limestone
367:>1.5km
290:Rock type
287:Thickness
216:tholeiitic
181:turbidites
179:carbonate
119:Thickness
113:Rock type
73:Tyrrhenian
57:Maghrebian
34:subduction
2065:Dolomites
1882:Oslo Rift
1787:Black Sea
1704:Apennines
1523:Gibraltar
1421:Jan Mayen
1376:Lithuania
1214:Countries
946:Tectonics
923:, 95-114.
633:Oligocene
404:Mesozoic
325:200–300m
254:Apenninic
61:Calabrian
53:Apenninic
38:Oligocene
2175:St Kilda
2165:Scandola
2155:Plitvice
2070:Durmitor
2050:Aggtelek
2003:Cimmeria
1993:Avalonia
1980:Terranes
1734:Pyrenees
1709:Caucasus
1681:Variscan
1661:Timanide
1656:Scourian
1651:Scandian
1631:Hellenic
1621:Grampian
1596:Cadomian
1533:Guernsey
1528:Alderney
1513:Scotland
1468:Slovenia
1463:Slovakia
1438:Portugal
1426:Svalbard
1262:Bulgaria
645:back-arc
637:Sardinia
597:Jurassic
569:Triassic
535:alkaline
387:>5km
345:1–1.5km
45:foreland
28:and the
26:Eurasian
2185:Surtsey
2170:Ĺ kocjan
2125:Meteora
2115:Laponia
2110:Kvarken
1998:Baltica
1744:Sudetes
1676:Uralian
1646:Saamian
1616:Gothian
1581:Acadian
1573:Orogens
1503:England
1493:Ukraine
1443:Romania
1391:Moldova
1341:Ireland
1336:Iceland
1331:Hungary
1321:Germany
1316:Georgia
1299:Finland
1294:Estonia
1282:Denmark
1267:Croatia
1252:Belgium
1247:Belarus
1237:Austria
1232:Armenia
1227:Andorra
1222:Albania
641:Miocene
629:Neogene
132:basalts
99:Neogene
69:Mt Etna
42:Hyblean
2085:Glarus
1641:Lopian
1586:Alpine
1538:Jersey
1488:Turkey
1478:Sweden
1458:Serbia
1448:Russia
1433:Poland
1416:Norway
1396:Monaco
1366:Latvia
1361:Kosovo
1350:Sicily
1326:Greece
1311:France
1272:Cyprus
1115:Nature
812:, 319.
665:sulfur
659:Mining
653:Ionian
448:Chalk
407:7–8km
348:Clays/
266:nappes
210:basin.
189:5–7km
169:1–2km
47:, the
2150:Pirin
1749:Urals
1518:Wales
1473:Spain
1386:Malta
1346:Italy
502:Etna.
466:marls
234:marly
230:nappe
146:Chalk
2105:Komi
1719:Harz
1699:Alps
683:and
681:Enna
437:Age
284:Age
260:and
110:Age
49:Gela
16:The
1919:and
1167:227
1136:298
1119:401
1099:602
1081:238
1064:568
1038:170
1020:121
1002:170
984:282
921:102
903:170
725:187
20:(a
2207::
1165:,
1134:,
1117:,
1106:^
1097:,
1079:,
1062:,
1045:^
1036:,
1018:,
1000:,
982:,
957:^
950:18
948:,
928:^
919:,
901:,
817:^
808:,
791:^
784:97
782:,
770:^
752:^
745:68
743:,
732:^
723:,
706:^
695:.
679:,
148:/
1352:)
1348:(
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
810:1
55:-
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