Geopolymer - Knowledge (XXG)

856: 1230:. He claimed that the ancient Egyptians used a geopolymeric reaction to make re-agglomerated limestone blocks. Later on, several materials scientists and physicists took over these archaeological studies and have published results on pyramid stones, claiming synthetic origins. However, the theories of synthetic origin of pyramid stones have also been stridently disputed by other geologists, materials scientists, and archaeologists. 1120: 1080: 975: 132: 703: 36: 193: 606:

temperatures above 100 – 200°C. Cation hydration and the locations, and mobility of water molecules in pores are important for lower-temperature applications, such as in usage of geopolymers as cements. The figure shows a geopolymer containing both bound (Si-OH groups) and free water (left in the figure). Some water is associated with the framework similarly to

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There is often confusion between the meanings of the terms 'geopolymer cement' and 'geopolymer concrete'. A cement is a binder, whereas concrete is the composite material resulting from the mixing and hardening of cement with water (or an alkaline solution in the case of geopolymer cement), and stone

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Geopolymer cements can be formulated to cure more rapidly than Portland-based cements; some mixes gain most of their ultimate strength within 24 hours. However, they must also set slowly enough that they can be mixed at a batch plant, either for pre-casting or delivery in a concrete mixer. Geopolymer

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The image shows five examples of small oligomeric potassium aluminosilicate species (labelled in the diagram according to the poly(sialate) / poly(sialate-siloxo) nomenclature), which are key intermediates in potassium-based alumino-silicate geopolymerization. The aqueous chemistry of aluminosilicate

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O, where n is usually between 2 and 4, and w is around 11-15. Geopolymers can be formulated with a wide variety of substituents in both the framework (silicon, aluminium) and non-framework (sodium) sites; most commonly potassium or calcium takes on the non-framework sites, but iron or phosphorus can

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committee. Yet, to do so requires the presence of standard geopolymer cements. Presently, every expert is presenting their own recipe based on local raw materials (wastes, by-products or extracted). There is a need for selecting the right geopolymer cement category. The 2012 State of the Geopolymer

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When performance specifications for Portland cement were written, non-portland binders were uncommon...New binders such as geopolymers are being increasingly researched, marketed as specialty products, and explored for use in structural concrete. This symposium is intended to provide an opportunity

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Gimeno, D.; Davidovits, J.; Marini, C.; Rocher, P.; Tocco, S.; Cara, S.; Diaz, N.; Segura, C. and Sistu, G. (2003). Development of silicate-based cement from glassy alkaline volcanic rocks: interpretation of preliminary data related to chemical- mineralogical composition of geologic raw materials.

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Geopolymerization forms aluminosilicate frameworks that are similar to those of some rock-forming minerals, but lacking in long-range crystalline order, and generally containing water in both chemically bound sites (hydroxyl groups) and in molecular form as pore water. This water can be removed at

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Even within the context of inorganic materials, there exist various definitions of the word geopolymer, which can include a relatively wide variety of low-temperature synthesized solid materials. The most typical geopolymer is generally described as resulting from the reaction between metakaolin

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W.M. Kriven, C. Leonelli, J.L. Provis, A.R. Boccaccini, C. Attwell, V.S. Ducman, C. Ferone, S. Rossignol, T. Luukkonen, J.S.J. van Deventer, J.V. Emiliano, J.E. Lombardi (2024), Why geopolymers and alkali-activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution.

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into a covalently bonded network. This reaction process takes place via formation of oligomers (dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer) which are believed to contribute to the formation of the actual structure of the three-dimensional macromolecular framework, either through direct incorporation or

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A geopolymer is essentially a mineral chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating units, for example silico-oxide (-Si-O-Si-O-), silico-aluminate (-Si-O-Al-O-), ferro-silico-aluminate (-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) or alumino-phosphate (-Al-O-P-O-), created through a process of

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Geopolymerization usually occurs at ambient or slightly elevated temperature; the solid aluminosilicate raw materials (e.g. metakaolin) dissolve into the alkaline solution, then cross-link and polymerize into a growing gel phase, which then continues to set, harden, and gain strength.

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In many (but not all) cases requires heat curing at 60-80°C; not manufactured separately as a cement, but rather produced directly as a fly-ash based concrete. NaOH + fly ash: partially-reacted fly ash particles embedded in an alumino-silicate gel with Si:Al= 1 to 2, zeolitic type

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The properties of iron-containing "ferri-sialate"-based geopolymer cements are similar to those of rock-based geopolymer cements but involve geological elements, or metallurgical slags, with high iron oxide content. The hypothesised binder chemistry is (Ca,K)-(Fe-O)-(Si-O-Al-O).

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Geopolymerization uses chemical ingredients that may be dangerous and therefore requires some safety procedures. Material Safety rules classify the alkaline products in two categories: corrosive products (named here: hostile) and irritant products (named here: friendly).

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There exists some confusion in the terminology applied to geopolymers, alkali-activated cements and concretes, and related materials, which have been described by a variety of names including also "soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements". Terminology related to

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Because geopolymer artifacts can look like natural stone, several artists started to cast in silicone rubber molds replicas of their sculptures. For example, in the 1980s, the French artist Georges Grimal worked on several geopolymer castable stone formulations.

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following the scheme developed by Davidovits, although this terminology is not universally accepted within the research community due in part to confusion with the earlier (1952) use of the same word to refer to the salts of the important biomolecule

287:) networks, often intermingled with other phases. Many geopolymers may also be classified as alkali-activated cements or acid-activated binders. They are mainly produced by a chemical reaction between a chemically reactive aluminosilicate powder e.g. 1773:

Kriven, Waltraud M.; Leonelli, Cristina; Provis, John L.; Boccaccini, Aldo R.; Attwell, Cyril; Ducman, Vilma S.; Ferone, Claudio; Rossignol, Sylvie; Luukkonen, Tero; van Deventer, Jannie S. J.; Emiliano, José V.; Lombardi, Jérôme E. (August 2024).

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O below 1.20, or are based on concentrated NaOH. These conditions are not considered so user-friendly as when more moderate pH values are used, and require careful consideration of chemical safety handling laws, regulations, and state directives.

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water, and some is in larger pores and can be readily released and removed. After dehydroxylation (and dehydration), generally above 250°C, geopolymers can then crystallise above 800-1000°C (depending on the nature of the alkali cation present).

1191:, by forming a geopolymer through room-temperature setting, and then heating (calcining) it at the necessary temperature to convert it from the crystallographically disordered geopolymer form to achieve the desired crystalline phases (e.g. 948:

Room-temperature cement hardening. Alkali metal silicate solution + blast furnace slag + fly ash: fly ash particles embedded in a geopolymeric matrix with Si:Al ~ 2. Can be produced with "user-friendly" (not extremely high pH) activating

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There exists a wide variety of potential and existing applications. Some of the geopolymer applications are still in development, whereas others are already industrialized and commercialized. They are listed in three major categories:

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Geopolymers can be used as a low-cost and/or chemically flexible route to ceramic production, both to produce monolithic specimens, and as the continuous (binder) phase in composites with particulate or fibrous dispersed phases.

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for ASTM to consider whether the existing cement standards provide, on the one hand, an effective framework for further exploration of geopolymer binders and, on the other hand, reliable protection for users of these materials

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Rock-based geopolymer cements can be formed by the reaction of natural pozzolanic materials under alkaline conditions, and geopolymers derived from calcined clays (e.g. metakaolin) can also be produced in the form of cements.

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MacKenzie, Kenneth J.D.; Smith, Mark E.; Wong, Alan; Hanna, John V.; Barry, Bernard and Barsoum, Michel W. (2011). Were the casing stones of Senefru's Bent Pyramid in Dahshour cast or carved? Multinuclear NMR evidence,

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O ≥ 1.65, M being sodium or potassium) and water (See the definition for "user-friendly" reagent below). Room temperature hardening is more readily achieved with the addition of a source of calcium cations, often

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Commercially produced geopolymers may be used for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and

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In the presence of waterglass (soluble potassium or sodium silicate), cyclic Al-Si structures can form (e.g. #5 in the figure), whereby the hydroxide is liberated by condensation reactions and can react

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network, where the negative charge associated with tetrahedral aluminium is balanced by a small cationic species, most commonly an alkali metal cation (Na+, K+ etc). These alkali metal cations are often

1167:) are conventionally used. Some of the first patented applications of geopolymer-type materials - actually predating the coining of the term geopolymer by multiple decades - relate to use in automobile 346:

in 1978 due to the rock-forming minerals of geological origin used in the synthesis process. These materials and associated terminology were popularized over the following decades via his work with the

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encapsulation, and as cementing components in making or repairing concretes. The properties and uses of geopolymers are being explored in many scientific and industrial disciplines such as modern

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Perera, D.S., Hanna, J.V., Davis, J., Blackford, M.G., Latella, B.A., Sasaki, Y. and Vance E.R. (2008). Relative strengths of phosphoric acid-reacted and alkali-reacted metakaolin materials.

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Conversely, geopolymer cement recipes employed in the field generally involve alkaline soluble silicates with starting molar ratios ranging from 1.45 to 1.95, particularly 1.60 to 1.85, i.e.

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lime-pozzolan cements used in the building of some important structures, especially works related to water storage (cisterns, aqueducts), have chemical parallels to geopolymeric materials.

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Barbosa, V.F.F; MacKenzie, K.J.D. and Thaumaturgo, C., (2000). Synthesis and characterization of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers,

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and J.L. Sawyer at Lone Star Industries, USA, marketed as Pyrament® cement. The US patent 4,509,985 was granted on April 9, 1985 with the title 'Early high-strength mineral polymer'.

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Geopolymer cement is being developed and utilised as an alternative to conventional Portland cement for use in transportation, infrastructure, construction and offshore applications.

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In the 1950s, Viktor Glukhovsky developed concrete materials originally known as "soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements", but since the introduction of the geopolymer concept by

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Commercial geopolymer cements were developed in the 1980s, of the type (K,Na,Ca)-aluminosilicate (or "slag-based geopolymer cement") and resulted from the research carried out by

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Izquierdo, M.; Querol, X.; Davidovits, J.; Antenucci, D.; Nugteren, H. and Fernández-Pereira, C., (2009). Coal fly ash-based geopolymers: microstructure and metal leaching,

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Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., van Deventer, J.S.J. and Lorenzen L. (1997). The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilize toxic metals: Part I. Theory and Applications,

95: 1163:, castable, and mechanically strong. This combination of characteristics offers the opportunity for their usage in a variety of applications in which other ceramics (e.g. 867:

The table lists some alkaline chemicals and their corresponding safety labels. Alkaline reagents belonging to the second (less elevated pH) class may also be termed as

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Davidovits, J. (1986). X-Rays Analysis and X-Rays Diffraction of Casing Stones from the Pyramids of Egypt, and the Limestone of the Associated Quarries; pp. 511–20 in

446:). Geopolymerization tends to result in a highly connected, disordered network of negatively charged tetrahedral oxide units balanced by the sodium or potassium ions. 487:

The fundamental unit within a geopolymer structure is a tetrahedral complex consisting of silicon or aluminum coordinated through covalent bonds to four oxygens. The

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Bell, J.L.; Driemeyer, P.; Kriven, W.M. (2009) Formation of ceramics from metakaolin‐based geopolymers: Part I—Cs‐based geopolymer, and Part II-K-based geopolymer,

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The alkaline route is the most important in terms of research and development and commercial applications. Details on the acidic route have also been published.

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Duxson, P.; Lukey, G.C., and van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007). The thermal evolution of metakaolin geopolymers: Part 2 – Phase stability and structural development,

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is also in wide (but debated) use. These cements, sometimes abbreviated AAM, encompass the specific fields of alkali-activated slags, alkali-activated coal

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Davidovits, J. et al., Geopolymer cement of the Calcium-Ferroaluminium silicate polymer type and production process, PCT patent publication WO 2012/056125.

303:) that causes this powder to react and re-form into a solid monolith. The most common pathway to produce geopolymers is by the reaction of metakaolin with 871:, although the irritant nature of the alkaline component and the potential inhalation risk of powders still require the selection and use of appropriate 1298:

was chosen for this new chemistry. See: J. Davidovits, The Need to Create a New Technical Language For the Transfer of Basic Scientific Information, in

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4,509,985, 1985, filed February 22, 1984. The first commercial geopolymer cement was coined Pyrament 2000™ designed for repair and patching operations.

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aggregates. Materials of both types (geopolymer cements and geopolymer concretes) are commercially available in various markets internationally.

1860:, Edited by R. A. David, Manchester University Press, Manchester, U.K. (Pdf-file #A in the Geopolymer Institute Library, Archaeological Papers) 1291: 1303: 1738: 713: 1916:

Barsoum, M.W.; Ganguly, A. and Hug, G. (2006). Microstructural Evidence of Reconstituted Limestone Blocks in the Great Pyramids of Egypt,

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Silverstrim, T.; Rostami, H.; Larralde, J.C and Samadi-Maybodi, A. (1997). Fly ash cementitious material and method of making a product,

500:, as they are associated with, but only loosely bonded to the main covalent network, similarly to the non-framework cations present in 415:; that sense of the word differs from the now-more-common use of this terminology to discuss inorganic materials which can have either 917:

from fly ashes, Wastiels et al., Silverstrim et al. and van Jaarsveld and van Deventer developed geopolymeric fly ash-based cements.

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Demortier, G. (2004). PIXE, PIGE and NMR study of the masonry of the pyramid of Cheops at Giza, Nuclear Instruments and Methods,

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ferro-sialate-based geopolymer cement: this geological iron-rich raw material is present in all countries throughout the globe.

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Example of a depiction of the 3D framework of a geopolymer, undergoing a dehydration and dehydroxylation process upon heating

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geopolymerization. This method of describing mineral synthesis (geosynthesis) was first presented by Davidovits at an

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conditions. It may happen that for research, some laboratory recipes have molar ratios in the 1.20 to 1.45 range.

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Rowles, M.R. (2004). The Structural Nature of Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers: a Macro to Nanoscale Study,

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Swaddle, T.W., Salerno, J., and Tregloan, P.A. (1994). Aqueous aluminates, silicates, and aluminosilicates,

1547:, Joseph Davidovits, Institut Géopolymère, Saint-Quentin, France, 2008, ISBN 9782951482050 (3rd ed., 2011). 1304:

http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/transfer-and-exploitation-of-scientific-and-technical-information-pbCD3381271/

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Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the symposium, Luxemburg,

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Fire-resistant and heat-resistant high-tech carbon-fiber composites for aircraft interiors and automobiles

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Palomo, A.; Grutzeck, M.W. and Blanco, M.T. (1999). Alkali-activated fly ashes: a cement for the future,

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Kim, D.; Lai, H.T.; Chilingar, G.V.; Yen T.F. (2006). Geopolymer formation and its unique properties,

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Geopolymer cements may be able to be designed to have a lower attributed emission of carbon dioxide CO

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through rearrangement via monomeric species. These oligomers are named by some geopolymer chemists as

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type 2 slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement: fly ashes are available in the major emerging countries;

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Túnyi, I. and El-hemaly, I. A. (2012). Paleomagnetic investigation of the great egyptian pyramids,

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The Stones of the Pyramids: Provenance of the Building Stones of the Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt

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framework results from the cross-linking between these tetrahedra, which leads to a 3-dimensional

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organized a symposium on Geopolymer Binder Systems. The introduction to the symposium states:

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Materials based on siliceous (EN 197), also called class F (ASTM C618), fly ashes are known:

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phases in manufacturing, which minimizes CO₂ emissions and has a lower environmental impact.

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Wastiels J., Wu X., Faignet S., and Patfoort G. (1994). Mineral polymer based on fly ash,

1318:, Indianapolis. See also, Chapter 13, Phosphate-based Geopolymers, in J. Davidovits' book 1038: 1014: 1010: 768: 492: 373: 304: 210: 55: 1314:

Wagh, A.S. (2004). Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics – A Novel Class of Geopolymers.

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Production of geopolymer cement requires an aluminosilicate precursor material such as

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In the simplest form, an example chemical formula for a geopolymer can be written as Na

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It is also possible to use geopolymers as a versatile pathway to produce crystalline

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Rangan, B.V., (2008). Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Chapter 26, in

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presented his first analytical results carried out on samples sourced from Egyptian

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The reaction processes involving other aluminosilicate precursors (e.g. low-calcium

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http://www.geopolymer.org/applications/potential-utilizations-in-art-and-decoration

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Davidovits J., (1987). Ancient and modern concretes: what is the real difference?

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Foundry industry (resins), tooling for the manufacture of organic fiber composites

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Provis, J.L. and Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2009). Introduction to geopolymers, in:

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standards are not adapted to geopolymer cements; they must be elaborated by an

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Five oligomer species named according to the sialate/siloxo nomenclature scheme

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Davidovits, J. and Sawyer, J.L., (1985). Early high-strength mineral polymer,

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synthesis, a process which has many details in common with geopolymerization.

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Example of geopolymerization of a metakaolin precursor, in an alkaline medium

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Geopolymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as

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Geopolymers: Structure, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications

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Davidovits, J., (1991). Geopolymers: Inorganic Polymeric New Materials,

307:, which is an alkaline solution, but other processes are also possible. 1791: 1316:

Proceedings of the 106th annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society

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oligomers is complex, and plays an important role in the discussion of

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is a binding system that hardens at room temperature, like regular

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Examples of materials that are sometimes called geopolymer cements

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List of the minerals, chemicals used for making geopolymer cements

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cement also has the ability to form a strong chemical bond with

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along with the appropriate user-friendly geopolymeric reagent.

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Gluchovskij V.D. (1959). "Gruntosilikaty" Gosstrojizdat Kiev,

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Geopolymers produced at room temperature are typically hard,

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Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous

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http://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers/

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http://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers

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is sometimes used to refer to naturally occurring organic

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http://www.geopolymer.org/science/about-geopolymerization

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The reaction process broadly involves four main stages:

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have become more diverse and often conflicting. The word

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http://www.geopolymer.org/applications/geopolymer-cement

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List of user-hostile and user-friendly chemical reagents

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Bio-technologies (materials for medicinal applications)

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Cultural heritage, archaeology and history of sciences

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Composites for infrastructure repair and strengthening

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in principle replace some of the aluminum or silicon.

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Geopolymers are synthesized in one of two conditions:

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Thermal processing of geopolymers to produce ceramics

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R&D, suggested to select two categories, namely:

213:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1498:, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. 731:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 589:) are broadly similar to the steps described above. 1816:, U.S. Patent 2,793,956, General Motors Corporation 1717:. Springer Tracts in Additive Manufacturing. 2023. 1411:See, Discussion at the Geopolymer Camp 2012, video 663:

High-tech resin systems, paints, binders and grouts

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Fire-resistant materials, thermal insulation, foams

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may be too technical for most readers to understand

1556:See the examples at the Geopolymer Institute page 1294:in 1982 outlines the reasons why the generic term 913:In the 1990s, using knowledge of the synthesis of 442:) and a solution of sodium or potassium silicate ( 1346: 1344: 830:Alkali-activated materials vs. geopolymer cements 267:is a vague psuedo-chemical term used to describe 1525:http://www.geopolymer.org/about/business-fellows 295:, or suitable glasses, and an aqueous solution ( 1203:Geopolymer applications in arts and archaeology 685:Decorative stone artifacts, arts and decoration 1714:Progress in Digital and Physical Manufacturing 1385:http://www.geopolymer.org/science/introduction 1009:than some other widely-used materials such as 403:, the terminology and definitions of the word 1592:Journal of Resource Management and Technology 629:Building materials (for example, clay bricks) 566:Formation of monomeric and oligomeric species 159:that contextualizes different points of view. 145:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 8: 1479:International Journal of Inorganic Materials 1812:Schwartzwalder, K and Ortman, C.D. (1957), 1755:http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012 1417:http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012 1286: 1284: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1700:Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook 1358:449894 (Patent appl. 1958, granted 1974). 847:, and various blended cementing systems. 751:Learn how and when to remove this message 560:of the layered structure of the calcined 251:Learn how and when to remove this message 233:Learn how and when to remove this message 175:Learn how and when to remove this message 114:Learn how and when to remove this message 98:, without removing the technical details. 1413:Geopolymer definition in Knowledge (XXG) 1218:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques 773: 596: 585:, crushed or synthetic glasses, natural 511: 383: 379: 209:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1886:Davidovits, J. and Morris, M., (1988). 1827:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1780:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1273:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1263: 639:Radioactive and toxic waste containment 291:or other clay-derived powders, natural 1292:Commission of the European Communities 712:contains content that is written like 1984:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications 1545:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications 1320:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications 943:slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement: 763:From a terminological point of view, 96:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 1543:, 1633–1656. See also Chapter 24 in 1155:Room-temperature processed materials 924:alkali-activated fly ash geopolymer: 1890:. Hippocrene Books, New York, 1988. 1871:Concrete International: Des. Constr 1277:https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.19828 1238:It has also been claimed that the 593:Geopolymer 3D-frameworks and water 25: 1509:Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 660:items, thermal shock refractories 45:This article has multiple issues. 2002:. Science Direct. Elsevier. 2024 1978:Davidovits J. and Davidovits F. 1118: 1078: 973: 701: 624:Geopolymer cements and concretes 191: 130: 75: 34: 1965:Klemm, D. and Klemm, R. (2010) 851:User-friendly alkaline-reagents 53:or discuss these issues on the 1888:The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved 1858:Science in Egyptology Symposia 1656:Journal of Hazardous Materials 1302:10–12 June 1981, pp. 316-320. 1025:In June 2012, the institution 966:emissions during manufacturing 1: 873:personal protective equipment 644:Geopolymer resins and binders 577:) into polymeric 3D-networks. 1683:Bol. Soc. Esp. Cerám. Vidrio 1290:An article published by the 841:alkali-activated geopolymers 1814:Sodium silicate type cement 365:medium (Na, K, Li, Cs, Ca…) 2082: 1982:, 283–295; Davidovits J., 1980:Geopolymer ’99 Proceedings 1215: 1064: 837:alkali-activated materials 275:-like material that forms 1723:10.1007/978-3-031-33890-8 1450:Chemical Society Reviews 1397:Milestone paper IUPAC 76 880:alkali-activated-cements 878:The development of some 1212:Egyptian pyramid stones 1111:Geopolymers as ceramics 615:Commercial applications 1021:The need for standards 860: 779: 602: 517: 351:(Geopolymer Institute) 858: 777: 733:neutral point of view 636:cements and concretes 600: 515: 153:by rewriting it in a 1622:Minerals Engineering 680:Arts and archaeology 478:Geopolymer synthesis 349:Institut Géopolymère 202:factual accuracy is 2016:Inorganic chemistry 1639:Cement Concrete Res 1537:J. Thermal Analysis 725:promotional content 573:Geopolymerization ( 431:symposium in 1976. 317:inorganic chemistry 2066:Building materials 2031:Inorganic polymers 2000:Geopolymer science 1918:J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1901:Physics Research B 1832:, 1-18 and 607-615 1792:10.1111/jace.19828 1222:In the mid-1980s, 1130:. You can help by 1090:. You can help by 1027:ASTM International 985:. You can help by 861: 808:blast furnace slag 780: 727:and inappropriate 693:Geopolymer cements 603: 518: 508:Oligomer formation 344:Joseph Davidavotis 321:physical chemistry 2046:Ceramic materials 1935:Materials Letters 1753:See the video at 1740:978-3-031-33889-2 1224:Joseph Davidovits 1148: 1147: 1108: 1107: 1071:Toxic heavy metal 1003: 1002: 908:Joseph Davidovits 765:geopolymer cement 761: 760: 753: 423:-like character. 401:Joseph Davidovits 325:colloid chemistry 313:radioactive waste 277:covalently bonded 271:, typically bulk 261: 260: 253: 243: 242: 235: 185: 184: 177: 139:This article may 124: 123: 116: 68: 18:Geopolymer cement 16:(Redirected from 2073: 2041:Aluminosilicates 1987: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1951:Europhysics News 1947: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1833: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1786:(8): 5159–5177. 1770: 1764: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1652: 1646: 1635: 1629: 1618: 1612: 1605: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1515:, pp. 2186-2200. 1505: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1409: 1403: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1365: 1359: 1354:245 627 (1967), 1348: 1339: 1329: 1323: 1312: 1306: 1288: 1279: 1268: 1143: 1140: 1122: 1115: 1103: 1100: 1082: 1075: 998: 995: 977: 970: 756: 749: 745: 742: 736: 714:an advertisement 705: 704: 697: 575:polycondensation 498:ion-exchangeable 483:Covalent bonding 386: 256: 249: 238: 231: 227: 224: 218: 215:reliably sourced 195: 194: 187: 180: 173: 169: 166: 160: 156:balanced fashion 134: 133: 126: 119: 112: 108: 105: 99: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2006: 2005: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1986:, Section 17.4. 1977: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1636: 1632: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1506: 1502: 1493: 1489: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1410: 1406: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1366: 1362: 1349: 1342: 1333:J. Mater. Sci., 1330: 1326: 1313: 1309: 1289: 1282: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1220: 1214: 1205: 1177: 1157: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1128:needs expansion 1113: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1088:needs expansion 1073: 1063: 1039:Portland cement 1023: 1015:aluminosilicate 1011:Portland cement 1008: 999: 993: 990: 983:needs expansion 968: 965: 904: 889: 885: 853: 832: 804: 800: 769:Portland cement 757: 746: 740: 737: 718: 706: 702: 695: 682: 646: 635: 626: 617: 595: 510: 493:aluminosilicate 485: 480: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 397: 385: 381: 377: 374:phosphoric acid 305:sodium silicate 281:non-crystalline 257: 246: 245: 244: 239: 228: 222: 219: 208: 200:This article's 196: 192: 181: 170: 164: 161: 151:help improve it 148: 135: 131: 120: 109: 103: 100: 92:help improve it 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994:External links 1992: 1989: 1988: 1971: 1958: 1942: 1925: 1909: 1892: 1879: 1862: 1849: 1834: 1818: 1805: 1765: 1760:2013-04-15 at 1746: 1739: 1704: 1691: 1673: 1664: 1647: 1630: 1613: 1600: 1583: 1570: 1561: 1549: 1528: 1517: 1500: 1487: 1485:, pp. 309–317. 1470: 1458: 1441: 1428: 1422:2013-04-15 at 1404: 1388: 1376: 1369:Environ. Geol, 1360: 1340: 1324: 1307: 1280: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1232: 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1176: 1173: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1145: 1125: 1123: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1085: 1083: 1062: 1061:Health effects 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1022: 1019: 1006: 1001: 1000: 980: 978: 967: 963: 960: 951: 950: 945: 944: 940: 939: 926: 925: 903: 900: 887: 883: 852: 849: 831: 828: 802: 798: 759: 758: 729:external links 709: 707: 700: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 650: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 633: 630: 625: 622: 616: 613: 594: 591: 579: 578: 571: 567: 564: 509: 506: 484: 481: 479: 476: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 413:macromolecules 396: 393: 389: 388: 366: 342:was coined by 259: 258: 241: 240: 199: 197: 190: 183: 182: 138: 136: 129: 122: 121: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2078: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762:archive.today 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1628:(7), 659–669. 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1568:See in ref. 2 1565: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424:archive.today 1421: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395:Pdf-file #20 1392: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1374:(1), 103–111. 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1234:Roman cements 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1199:and others). 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1142: 1133: 1129: 1126:This section 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1102: 1093: 1089: 1086:This section 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037:The existing 1035: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 997: 988: 984: 981:This section 979: 976: 972: 971: 961: 959: 955: 947: 946: 942: 941: 938:) structures. 937: 933: 928: 927: 923: 922: 921: 918: 916: 911: 909: 901: 899: 897: 896:user-friendly 892: 881: 876: 874: 870: 869:User-friendly 865: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 838: 829: 827: 823: 821: 817: 811: 809: 796: 792: 788: 783: 776: 772: 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285:amorphous 269:inorganic 211:talk page 56:talk page 2026:Polymers 1877:, 23–29. 1758:Archived 1420:Archived 1246:See also 1228:pyramids 1189:ceramics 1181:ceramics 936:sodalite 934:-Na and 915:zeolites 816:silicate 797:(MR) SiO 608:zeolitic 527:sialates 502:zeolites 372:medium ( 363:alkaline 297:alkaline 293:pozzolan 204:disputed 1465:See at 1252:Zeolite 1193:leucite 1161:brittle 791:fly ash 583:fly ash 540:zeolite 421:ceramic 333:geology 273:ceramic 149:Please 90:Please 2056:Resins 2051:Cement 1798: 1737: 1043:ad hoc 632:Low-CO 417:cement 370:acidic 301:acidic 1240:Roman 1185:glass 570:again 461:·nSiO 429:IUPAC 141:lend 1796:ISSN 1735:ISBN 1383:See 1069:and 1067:Slag 453:O·Al 440:clay 1905:226 1788:doi 1784:107 1727:hdl 1719:doi 1660:166 1513:353 1415:at 1399:at 1183:or 1134:. 1094:. 989:. 839:or 789:or 465:·wH 368:in 361:in 299:or 94:to 2012:: 1954:43 1938:65 1921:89 1903:, 1873:, 1830:92 1794:. 1782:. 1778:. 1733:. 1725:. 1687:42 1685:, 1658:, 1643:29 1641:, 1626:10 1624:, 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