845:
1219:. He claimed that the ancient Egyptians used a geopolymeric reaction to make re-agglomerated limestone blocks. Later on, several materials scientists and physicists took over these archaeological studies and have published results on pyramid stones, claiming synthetic origins. However, the theories of synthetic origin of pyramid stones have also been stridently disputed by other geologists, materials scientists, and archaeologists.
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25:
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temperatures above 100 â 200°C. Cation hydration and the locations, and mobility of water molecules in pores are important for lower-temperature applications, such as in usage of geopolymers as cements. The figure shows a geopolymer containing both bound (Si-OH groups) and free water (left in the figure). Some water is associated with the framework similarly to
66:
814:
There is often confusion between the meanings of the terms 'geopolymer cement' and 'geopolymer concrete'. A cement is a binder, whereas concrete is the composite material resulting from the mixing and hardening of cement with water (or an alkaline solution in the case of geopolymer cement), and stone
802:
Geopolymer cements can be formulated to cure more rapidly than
Portland-based cements; some mixes gain most of their ultimate strength within 24 hours. However, they must also set slowly enough that they can be mixed at a batch plant, either for pre-casting or delivery in a concrete mixer. Geopolymer
526:
The image shows five examples of small oligomeric potassium aluminosilicate species (labelled in the diagram according to the poly(sialate) / poly(sialate-siloxo) nomenclature), which are key intermediates in potassium-based alumino-silicate geopolymerization. The aqueous chemistry of aluminosilicate
458:
O, where n is usually between 2 and 4, and w is around 11-15. Geopolymers can be formulated with a wide variety of substituents in both the framework (silicon, aluminium) and non-framework (sodium) sites; most commonly potassium or calcium takes on the non-framework sites, but iron or phosphorus can
1034:
committee. Yet, to do so requires the presence of standard geopolymer cements. Presently, every expert is presenting their own recipe based on local raw materials (wastes, by-products or extracted). There is a need for selecting the right geopolymer cement category. The 2012 State of the
Geopolymer
1020:
When performance specifications for
Portland cement were written, non-portland binders were uncommon...New binders such as geopolymers are being increasingly researched, marketed as specialty products, and explored for use in structural concrete. This symposium is intended to provide an opportunity
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Gimeno, D.; Davidovits, J.; Marini, C.; Rocher, P.; Tocco, S.; Cara, S.; Diaz, N.; Segura, C. and Sistu, G. (2003). Development of silicate-based cement from glassy alkaline volcanic rocks: interpretation of preliminary data related to chemical- mineralogical composition of geologic raw materials.
594:
Geopolymerization forms aluminosilicate frameworks that are similar to those of some rock-forming minerals, but lacking in long-range crystalline order, and generally containing water in both chemically bound sites (hydroxyl groups) and in molecular form as pore water. This water can be removed at
423:
Even within the context of inorganic materials, there exist various definitions of the word geopolymer, which can include a relatively wide variety of low-temperature synthesized solid materials. The most typical geopolymer is generally described as resulting from the reaction between metakaolin
1259:
W.M. Kriven, C. Leonelli, J.L. Provis, A.R. Boccaccini, C. Attwell, V.S. Ducman, C. Ferone, S. Rossignol, T. Luukkonen, J.S.J. van
Deventer, J.V. Emiliano, J.E. Lombardi (2024), Why geopolymers and alkali-activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution.
513:
into a covalently bonded network. This reaction process takes place via formation of oligomers (dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer) which are believed to contribute to the formation of the actual structure of the three-dimensional macromolecular framework, either through direct incorporation or
502:
415:
A geopolymer is essentially a mineral chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating units, for example silico-oxide (-Si-O-Si-O-), silico-aluminate (-Si-O-Al-O-), ferro-silico-aluminate (-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) or alumino-phosphate (-Al-O-P-O-), created through a process of
462:
Geopolymerization usually occurs at ambient or slightly elevated temperature; the solid aluminosilicate raw materials (e.g. metakaolin) dissolve into the alkaline solution, then cross-link and polymerize into a growing gel phase, which then continues to set, harden, and gain strength.
918:
In many (but not all) cases requires heat curing at 60-80°C; not manufactured separately as a cement, but rather produced directly as a fly-ash based concrete. NaOH + fly ash: partially-reacted fly ash particles embedded in an alumino-silicate gel with Si:Al= 1 to 2, zeolitic type
942:
The properties of iron-containing "ferri-sialate"-based geopolymer cements are similar to those of rock-based geopolymer cements but involve geological elements, or metallurgical slags, with high iron oxide content. The hypothesised binder chemistry is (Ca,K)-(Fe-O)-(Si-O-Al-O).
852:
Geopolymerization uses chemical ingredients that may be dangerous and therefore requires some safety procedures. Material Safety rules classify the alkaline products in two categories: corrosive products (named here: hostile) and irritant products (named here: friendly).
823:
There exists some confusion in the terminology applied to geopolymers, alkali-activated cements and concretes, and related materials, which have been described by a variety of names including also "soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements". Terminology related to
1196:
Because geopolymer artifacts can look like natural stone, several artists started to cast in silicone rubber molds replicas of their sculptures. For example, in the 1980s, the French artist
Georges Grimal worked on several geopolymer castable stone formulations.
587:
764:
518:
following the scheme developed by
Davidovits, although this terminology is not universally accepted within the research community due in part to confusion with the earlier (1952) use of the same word to refer to the salts of the important biomolecule
276:) networks, often intermingled with other phases. Many geopolymers may also be classified as alkali-activated cements or acid-activated binders. They are mainly produced by a chemical reaction between a chemically reactive aluminosilicate powder e.g.
1762:
Kriven, Waltraud M.; Leonelli, Cristina; Provis, John L.; Boccaccini, Aldo R.; Attwell, Cyril; Ducman, Vilma S.; Ferone, Claudio; Rossignol, Sylvie; Luukkonen, Tero; van
Deventer, Jannie S. J.; Emiliano, José V.; Lombardi, JérÎme E. (August 2024).
879:
O below 1.20, or are based on concentrated NaOH. These conditions are not considered so user-friendly as when more moderate pH values are used, and require careful consideration of chemical safety handling laws, regulations, and state directives.
599:
water, and some is in larger pores and can be readily released and removed. After dehydroxylation (and dehydration), generally above 250°C, geopolymers can then crystallise above 800-1000°C (depending on the nature of the alkali cation present).
1180:, by forming a geopolymer through room-temperature setting, and then heating (calcining) it at the necessary temperature to convert it from the crystallographically disordered geopolymer form to achieve the desired crystalline phases (e.g.
937:
Room-temperature cement hardening. Alkali metal silicate solution + blast furnace slag + fly ash: fly ash particles embedded in a geopolymeric matrix with Si:Al ~ 2. Can be produced with "user-friendly" (not extremely high pH) activating
608:
There exists a wide variety of potential and existing applications. Some of the geopolymer applications are still in development, whereas others are already industrialized and commercialized. They are listed in three major categories:
1139:
Geopolymers can be used as a low-cost and/or chemically flexible route to ceramic production, both to produce monolithic specimens, and as the continuous (binder) phase in composites with particulate or fibrous dispersed phases.
1021:
for ASTM to consider whether the existing cement standards provide, on the one hand, an effective framework for further exploration of geopolymer binders and, on the other hand, reliable protection for users of these materials
946:
Rock-based geopolymer cements can be formed by the reaction of natural pozzolanic materials under alkaline conditions, and geopolymers derived from calcined clays (e.g. metakaolin) can also be produced in the form of cements.
1921:
MacKenzie, Kenneth J.D.; Smith, Mark E.; Wong, Alan; Hanna, John V.; Barry, Bernard and
Barsoum, Michel W. (2011). Were the casing stones of Senefru's Bent Pyramid in Dahshour cast or carved? Multinuclear NMR evidence,
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O â„ 1.65, M being sodium or potassium) and water (See the definition for "user-friendly" reagent below). Room temperature hardening is more readily achieved with the addition of a source of calcium cations, often
299:
Commercially produced geopolymers may be used for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and
558:
In the presence of waterglass (soluble potassium or sodium silicate), cyclic Al-Si structures can form (e.g. #5 in the figure), whereby the hydroxide is liberated by condensation reactions and can react
484:
network, where the negative charge associated with tetrahedral aluminium is balanced by a small cationic species, most commonly an alkali metal cation (Na+, K+ etc). These alkali metal cations are often
1156:) are conventionally used. Some of the first patented applications of geopolymer-type materials - actually predating the coining of the term geopolymer by multiple decades - relate to use in automobile
335:
in 1978 due to the rock-forming minerals of geological origin used in the synthesis process. These materials and associated terminology were popularized over the following decades via his work with the
304:
encapsulation, and as cementing components in making or repairing concretes. The properties and uses of geopolymers are being explored in many scientific and industrial disciplines such as modern
1320:
Perera, D.S., Hanna, J.V., Davis, J., Blackford, M.G., Latella, B.A., Sasaki, Y. and Vance E.R. (2008). Relative strengths of phosphoric acid-reacted and alkali-reacted metakaolin materials.
883:
Conversely, geopolymer cement recipes employed in the field generally involve alkaline soluble silicates with starting molar ratios ranging from 1.45 to 1.95, particularly 1.60 to 1.85, i.e.
1231:
lime-pozzolan cements used in the building of some important structures, especially works related to water storage (cisterns, aqueducts), have chemical parallels to geopolymeric materials.
1466:
Barbosa, V.F.F; MacKenzie, K.J.D. and
Thaumaturgo, C., (2000). Synthesis and characterization of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers,
899:
and J.L. Sawyer at Lone Star
Industries, USA, marketed as PyramentÂź cement. The US patent 4,509,985 was granted on April 9, 1985 with the title 'Early high-strength mineral polymer'.
771:
Geopolymer cement is being developed and utilised as an alternative to conventional Portland cement for use in transportation, infrastructure, construction and offshore applications.
388:
In the 1950s, Viktor Glukhovsky developed concrete materials originally known as "soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements", but since the introduction of the geopolymer concept by
895:
Commercial geopolymer cements were developed in the 1980s, of the type (K,Na,Ca)-aluminosilicate (or "slag-based geopolymer cement") and resulted from the research carried out by
1643:
Izquierdo, M.; Querol, X.; Davidovits, J.; Antenucci, D.; Nugteren, H. and FernĂĄndez-Pereira, C., (2009). Coal fly ash-based geopolymers: microstructure and metal leaching,
1609:
Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., van Deventer, J.S.J. and Lorenzen L. (1997). The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilize toxic metals: Part I. Theory and Applications,
84:
1152:, castable, and mechanically strong. This combination of characteristics offers the opportunity for their usage in a variety of applications in which other ceramics (e.g.
856:
The table lists some alkaline chemicals and their corresponding safety labels. Alkaline reagents belonging to the second (less elevated pH) class may also be termed as
1845:
Davidovits, J. (1986). X-Rays Analysis and X-Rays Diffraction of Casing Stones from the Pyramids of Egypt, and the Limestone of the Associated Quarries; pp. 511â20 in
435:). Geopolymerization tends to result in a highly connected, disordered network of negatively charged tetrahedral oxide units balanced by the sodium or potassium ions.
476:
The fundamental unit within a geopolymer structure is a tetrahedral complex consisting of silicon or aluminum coordinated through covalent bonds to four oxygens. The
1814:
Bell, J.L.; Driemeyer, P.; Kriven, W.M. (2009) Formation of ceramics from metakaolinâbased geopolymers: Part IâCsâbased geopolymer, and Part II-K-based geopolymer,
380:
The alkaline route is the most important in terms of research and development and commercial applications. Details on the acidic route have also been published.
1496:
Duxson, P.; Lukey, G.C., and van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007). The thermal evolution of metakaolin geopolymers: Part 2 â Phase stability and structural development,
832:
is also in wide (but debated) use. These cements, sometimes abbreviated AAM, encompass the specific fields of alkali-activated slags, alkali-activated coal
1660:
Davidovits, J. et al., Geopolymer cement of the Calcium-Ferroaluminium silicate polymer type and production process, PCT patent publication WO 2012/056125.
292:) that causes this powder to react and re-form into a solid monolith. The most common pathway to produce geopolymers is by the reaction of metakaolin with
860:, although the irritant nature of the alkaline component and the potential inhalation risk of powders still require the selection and use of appropriate
1287:
was chosen for this new chemistry. See: J. Davidovits, The Need to Create a New Technical Language For the Transfer of Basic Scientific Information, in
1570:
4,509,985, 1985, filed February 22, 1984. The first commercial geopolymer cement was coined Pyrament 2000âą designed for repair and patching operations.
1206:
815:
aggregates. Materials of both types (geopolymer cements and geopolymer concretes) are commercially available in various markets internationally.
1849:, Edited by R. A. David, Manchester University Press, Manchester, U.K. (Pdf-file #A in the Geopolymer Institute Library, Archaeological Papers)
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1292:
1727:
702:
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Barsoum, M.W.; Ganguly, A. and Hug, G. (2006). Microstructural Evidence of Reconstituted Limestone Blocks in the Great Pyramids of Egypt,
1596:
Silverstrim, T.; Rostami, H.; Larralde, J.C and Samadi-Maybodi, A. (1997). Fly ash cementitious material and method of making a product,
489:, as they are associated with, but only loosely bonded to the main covalent network, similarly to the non-framework cations present in
404:; that sense of the word differs from the now-more-common use of this terminology to discuss inorganic materials which can have either
906:
from fly ashes, Wastiels et al., Silverstrim et al. and van Jaarsveld and van Deventer developed geopolymeric fly ash-based cements.
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131:
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239:
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163:
102:
52:
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Demortier, G. (2004). PIXE, PIGE and NMR study of the masonry of the pyramid of Cheops at Giza, Nuclear Instruments and Methods,
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ferro-sialate-based geopolymer cement: this geological iron-rich raw material is present in all countries throughout the globe.
590:
Example of a depiction of the 3D framework of a geopolymer, undergoing a dehydration and dehydroxylation process upon heating
861:
871:, as shown in numerous published recipes (especially those based on fly ashes) use alkali silicates with molar ratios SiO
203:
192:
2004:
2054:
2019:
1830:
1765:"Why geopolymers and alkali-activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution"
416:
geopolymerization. This method of describing mineral synthesis (geosynthesis) was first presented by Davidovits at an
38:
717:
2034:
1746:
1408:
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conditions. It may happen that for research, some laboratory recipes have molar ratios in the 1.20 to 1.45 range.
844:
2029:
1483:
Rowles, M.R. (2004). The Structural Nature of Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers: a Macro to Nanoscale Study,
1437:
Swaddle, T.W., Salerno, J., and Tregloan, P.A. (1994). Aqueous aluminates, silicates, and aluminosilicates,
1536:, Joseph Davidovits, Institut GĂ©opolymĂšre, Saint-Quentin, France, 2008, ISBN 9782951482050 (3rd ed., 2011).
1293:
http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/transfer-and-exploitation-of-scientific-and-technical-information-pbCD3381271/
1289:
Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the symposium, Luxemburg,
808:
664:
Fire-resistant and heat-resistant high-tech carbon-fiber composites for aircraft interiors and automobiles
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Palomo, A.; Grutzeck, M.W. and Blanco, M.T. (1999). Alkali-activated fly ashes: a cement for the future,
2009:
269:
1356:
Kim, D.; Lai, H.T.; Chilingar, G.V.; Yen T.F. (2006). Geopolymer formation and its unique properties,
994:
Geopolymer cements may be able to be designed to have a lower attributed emission of carbon dioxide CO
514:
through rearrangement via monomeric species. These oligomers are named by some geopolymer chemists as
2049:
1039:
type 2 slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement: fly ashes are available in the major emerging countries;
1938:
TĂșnyi, I. and El-hemaly, I. A. (2012). Paleomagnetic investigation of the great egyptian pyramids,
305:
1956:
The Stones of the Pyramids: Provenance of the Building Stones of the Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt
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framework results from the cross-linking between these tetrahedra, which leads to a 3-dimensional
2024:
1015:
796:
309:
501:
1834:
2014:
1988:
1784:
1723:
1389:
1212:
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1018:
organized a symposium on Geopolymer Binder Systems. The introduction to the symposium states:
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Materials based on siliceous (EN 197), also called class F (ASTM C618), fly ashes are known:
896:
782:, a user-friendly alkaline reagent (for example, sodium or potassium soluble silicates with a
389:
332:
313:
301:
1006:
phases in manufacturing, which minimizes COâ emissions and has a lower environmental impact.
713:
1776:
1715:
1707:
1455:
563:
1701:
1546:
2044:
2039:
1579:
Wastiels J., Wu X., Faignet S., and Patfoort G. (1994). Mineral polymer based on fly ash,
1307:, Indianapolis. See also, Chapter 13, Phosphate-based Geopolymers, in J. Davidovits' book
1027:
1003:
999:
757:
481:
362:
293:
199:
44:
1303:
Wagh, A.S. (2004). Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics â A Novel Class of Geopolymers.
586:
774:
Production of geopolymer cement requires an aluminosilicate precursor material such as
438:
In the simplest form, an example chemical formula for a geopolymer can be written as Na
401:
1108:
1068:
963:
763:
1998:
1750:
1412:
1168:
It is also possible to use geopolymers as a versatile pathway to produce crystalline
265:
1687:
Rangan, B.V., (2008). Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Chapter 26, in
1215:
presented his first analytical results carried out on samples sourced from Egyptian
570:
The reaction processes involving other aluminosilicate precursors (e.g. low-calcium
1831:
http://www.geopolymer.org/applications/potential-utilizations-in-art-and-decoration
1513:
1228:
642:
486:
1858:
Davidovits J., (1987). Ancient and modern concretes: what is the real difference?
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Foundry industry (resins), tooling for the manufacture of organic fiber composites
1373:
783:
520:
1424:
Provis, J.L. and Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2009). Introduction to geopolymers, in:
1030:
standards are not adapted to geopolymer cements; they must be elaborated by an
505:
Five oligomer species named according to the sialate/siloxo nomenclature scheme
1743:
1711:
1566:
Davidovits, J. and Sawyer, J.L., (1985). Early high-strength mineral polymer,
1405:
1157:
775:
646:
546:
531:
synthesis, a process which has many details in common with geopolymerization.
432:
317:
277:
1788:
536:
Example of geopolymerization of a metakaolin precursor, in an alkaline medium
1185:
1153:
920:
550:
510:
509:
Geopolymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as
273:
257:
1426:
Geopolymers: Structure, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications
1428:, J.L. Provis & Van Deventer (eds.), Woodhead, Cambridge UK, pp. 1â11
1177:
1169:
924:
903:
804:
575:
351:
285:
281:
1719:
1524:
Davidovits, J., (1991). Geopolymers: Inorganic Polymeric New Materials,
296:, which is an alkaline solution, but other processes are also possible.
1780:
1305:
Proceedings of the 106th annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society
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1216:
1181:
1149:
833:
779:
596:
571:
528:
527:
oligomers is complex, and plays an important role in the discussion of
490:
409:
321:
261:
1958:, De Gryuter, Berlin/New York, pp. 81-82, and references cited therein
1265:
425:
405:
289:
1833: ; also article #19 Dramatized sculptures with geopolymers, at
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is a binding system that hardens at room temperature, like regular
1173:
891:
Examples of materials that are sometimes called geopolymer cements
843:
767:
List of the minerals, chemicals used for making geopolymer cements
417:
1691:, Editor-in-Chief E.G. Nawy, Second Edition, CRC Press, New York.
1055:
803:
cement also has the ability to form a strong chemical bond with
428:
358:
1046:
along with the appropriate user-friendly geopolymeric reagent.
1339:
Gluchovskij V.D. (1959). "Gruntosilikaty" Gosstrojizdat Kiev,
1103:
1063:
958:
864:, as in any situation where chemicals or powders are handled.
685:
175:
114:
59:
18:
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Geopolymers produced at room temperature are typically hard,
16:
Polymeric SiâOâAl framework similar to zeolites but amorphous
1835:
http://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers/
1390:
http://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers
400:
is sometimes used to refer to naturally occurring organic
324:, and in other types of engineering process technologies.
1456:
http://www.geopolymer.org/science/about-geopolymerization
1002:. Geopolymers use industrial byproducts/waste containing
541:
The reaction process broadly involves four main stages:
396:
have become more diverse and often conflicting. The word
1547:
http://www.geopolymer.org/applications/geopolymer-cement
848:
List of user-hostile and user-friendly chemical reagents
1120:
1080:
975:
709:
655:
Bio-technologies (materials for medicinal applications)
139:
80:
677:
Cultural heritage, archaeology and history of sciences
661:
Composites for infrastructure repair and strengthening
459:
in principle replace some of the aluminum or silicon.
346:
Geopolymers are synthesized in one of two conditions:
1164:
Thermal processing of geopolymers to produce ceramics
1035:
R&D, suggested to select two categories, namely:
202:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1487:, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
720:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
578:) are broadly similar to the steps described above.
1805:, U.S. Patent 2,793,956, General Motors Corporation
1706:. Springer Tracts in Additive Manufacturing. 2023.
1400:See, Discussion at the Geopolymer Camp 2012, video
652:
High-tech resin systems, paints, binders and grouts
638:
Fire-resistant materials, thermal insulation, foams
75:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1545:See the examples at the Geopolymer Institute page
1283:in 1982 outlines the reasons why the generic term
902:In the 1990s, using knowledge of the synthesis of
431:) and a solution of sodium or potassium silicate (
1335:
1333:
819:Alkali-activated materials vs. geopolymer cements
256:is a vague psuedo-chemical term used to describe
1514:http://www.geopolymer.org/about/business-fellows
284:, or suitable glasses, and an aqueous solution (
1192:Geopolymer applications in arts and archaeology
674:Decorative stone artifacts, arts and decoration
1703:Progress in Digital and Physical Manufacturing
1374:http://www.geopolymer.org/science/introduction
998:than some other widely-used materials such as
392:, the terminology and definitions of the word
1581:Journal of Resource Management and Technology
618:Building materials (for example, clay bricks)
555:Formation of monomeric and oligomeric species
148:that contextualizes different points of view.
134:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
1468:International Journal of Inorganic Materials
1801:Schwartzwalder, K and Ortman, C.D. (1957),
1744:http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012
1406:http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012
1275:
1273:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1689:Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook
1347:449894 (Patent appl. 1958, granted 1974).
836:, and various blended cementing systems.
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
549:of the layered structure of the calcined
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:, without removing the technical details.
1402:Geopolymer definition in Knowledge (XXG)
1207:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
762:
585:
574:, crushed or synthetic glasses, natural
500:
372:
368:
198:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1875:Davidovits, J. and Morris, M., (1988).
1816:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1769:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1262:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1252:
628:Radioactive and toxic waste containment
280:or other clay-derived powders, natural
1281:Commission of the European Communities
701:contains content that is written like
1973:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications
1534:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications
1309:Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications
932:slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement:
752:From a terminological point of view,
85:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1532:, 1633â1656. See also Chapter 24 in
1144:Room-temperature processed materials
913:alkali-activated fly ash geopolymer:
1879:. Hippocrene Books, New York, 1988.
1860:Concrete International: Des. Constr
1266:https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.19828
1227:It has also been claimed that the
582:Geopolymer 3D-frameworks and water
14:
1498:Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids
649:items, thermal shock refractories
34:This article has multiple issues.
1991:. Science Direct. Elsevier. 2024
1967:Davidovits J. and Davidovits F.
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1067:
962:
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613:Geopolymer cements and concretes
180:
119:
64:
23:
1954:Klemm, D. and Klemm, R. (2010)
840:User-friendly alkaline-reagents
42:or discuss these issues on the
1877:The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved
1847:Science in Egyptology Symposia
1645:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1291:10â12 June 1981, pp. 316-320.
1014:In June 2012, the institution
955:emissions during manufacturing
1:
862:personal protective equipment
633:Geopolymer resins and binders
566:) into polymeric 3D-networks.
1672:Bol. Soc. Esp. CerĂĄm. Vidrio
1279:An article published by the
830:alkali-activated geopolymers
1803:Sodium silicate type cement
354:medium (Na, K, Li, Cs, CaâŠ)
2071:
1971:, 283â295; Davidovits J.,
1969:Geopolymer â99 Proceedings
1204:
1053:
826:alkali-activated materials
264:-like material that forms
1712:10.1007/978-3-031-33890-8
1439:Chemical Society Reviews
1386:Milestone paper IUPAC 76
869:alkali-activated-cements
867:The development of some
1201:Egyptian pyramid stones
1100:Geopolymers as ceramics
604:Commercial applications
1010:The need for standards
849:
768:
591:
506:
340:(Geopolymer Institute)
847:
766:
722:neutral point of view
625:cements and concretes
589:
504:
142:by rewriting it in a
1611:Minerals Engineering
669:Arts and archaeology
467:Geopolymer synthesis
338:Institut GĂ©opolymĂšre
191:factual accuracy is
2005:Inorganic chemistry
1628:Cement Concrete Res
1526:J. Thermal Analysis
714:promotional content
562:Geopolymerization (
420:symposium in 1976.
306:inorganic chemistry
2055:Building materials
2020:Inorganic polymers
1989:Geopolymer science
1907:J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
1890:Physics Research B
1821:, 1-18 and 607-615
1781:10.1111/jace.19828
1211:In the mid-1980s,
1119:. You can help by
1079:. You can help by
1016:ASTM International
974:. You can help by
850:
797:blast furnace slag
769:
716:and inappropriate
682:Geopolymer cements
592:
507:
497:Oligomer formation
333:Joseph Davidavotis
310:physical chemistry
2035:Ceramic materials
1924:Materials Letters
1742:See the video at
1729:978-3-031-33889-2
1213:Joseph Davidovits
1137:
1136:
1097:
1096:
1060:Toxic heavy metal
992:
991:
897:Joseph Davidovits
754:geopolymer cement
750:
749:
742:
412:-like character.
390:Joseph Davidovits
314:colloid chemistry
302:radioactive waste
266:covalently bonded
260:, typically bulk
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
224:
174:
173:
166:
128:This article may
113:
112:
105:
57:
2062:
2030:Aluminosilicates
1976:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1940:Europhysics News
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1886:
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1775:(8): 5159â5177.
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1504:, pp. 2186-2200.
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1343:245 627 (1967),
1337:
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987:
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966:
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738:
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725:
703:an advertisement
694:
693:
686:
564:polycondensation
487:ion-exchangeable
472:Covalent bonding
375:
245:
238:
227:
220:
216:
213:
207:
204:reliably sourced
184:
183:
176:
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145:balanced fashion
123:
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27:
26:
19:
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1995:
1994:
1985:
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1979:
1975:, Section 17.4.
1966:
1962:
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1949:
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1209:
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1117:needs expansion
1102:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1077:needs expansion
1062:
1052:
1028:Portland cement
1012:
1004:aluminosilicate
1000:Portland cement
997:
988:
982:
979:
972:needs expansion
957:
954:
893:
878:
874:
842:
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789:
758:Portland cement
746:
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482:aluminosilicate
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363:phosphoric acid
294:sodium silicate
270:non-crystalline
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189:This article's
185:
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1983:External links
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885:user-friendly
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1934:
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1634:, 1323â1329.
1631:
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160:
151:
143:
132:undue weight
129:
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36:Please help
33:
2050:Geopolymers
1345:Patent USSR
1341:Patent USSR
1158:spark plugs
807:rock-based
784:molar ratio
641:Low-energy
521:sialic acid
384:Composition
1999:Categories
1945:/6, 28-31.
1929:, 350â352.
1678:, 69â78. .
1651:, 561â566.
1600:5,601,643.
1485:PhD Thesis
1285:geopolymer
1247:References
1128:April 2024
1088:April 2024
1054:See also:
983:April 2024
938:solutions.
809:aggregates
776:metakaolin
710:improve it
647:refractory
547:hydrolysis
478:geopolymer
433:waterglass
426:kaolinitic
424:(calcined
398:geopolymer
394:geopolymer
329:geopolymer
318:mineralogy
278:metakaolin
254:geopolymer
212:April 2024
154:April 2024
93:April 2024
39:improve it
2025:Silicates
1896:, 98â109.
1789:0002-7820
1598:US Patent
1568:US Patent
1186:pollucite
1154:porcelain
921:chabazite
834:fly ashes
576:pozzolans
551:kaolinite
545:Alkaline
511:oligomers
408:-like or
327:The term
274:amorphous
258:inorganic
200:talk page
45:talk page
2015:Polymers
1866:, 23â29.
1747:Archived
1409:Archived
1235:See also
1217:pyramids
1178:ceramics
1170:ceramics
925:sodalite
923:-Na and
904:zeolites
805:silicate
786:(MR) SiO
597:zeolitic
516:sialates
491:zeolites
361:medium (
352:alkaline
286:alkaline
282:pozzolan
193:disputed
1454:See at
1241:Zeolite
1182:leucite
1150:brittle
780:fly ash
572:fly ash
529:zeolite
410:ceramic
322:geology
262:ceramic
138:Please
79:Please
2045:Resins
2040:Cement
1787:
1726:
1032:ad hoc
621:Low-CO
406:cement
359:acidic
290:acidic
1229:Roman
1174:glass
559:again
450:·nSiO
418:IUPAC
130:lend
1785:ISSN
1724:ISBN
1372:See
1058:and
1056:Slag
442:O·Al
429:clay
1894:226
1777:doi
1773:107
1716:hdl
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444:2
440:2
376:)
373:4
369:3
367:H
342:.
272:(
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196:.
167:)
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136:.
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95:)
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77:.
55:)
51:(
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