1016:. Wynne also praised the climate, declaring, "It is better and not so cold as England," and predicted that the colony would become self-sufficient after one year. Others corroborated Wynne's reports: for example, Captain Daniel Powell, who delivered a further party of settlers to Ferryland, wrote: "The land on which our Governor planted is so good and commodious, that for the quantity, I think there is no better in many parts of England"; but he added ominously that Ferryland was "the coldest harbour in the land". Wynne and his men began work on various building projects, including a substantial house and the shoring up of the harbour. To protect them against marauding French warships, a recent hazard in the area, since the recent founding of
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1166:, where the Virginians, who suspected him of designs on some of their territory and vehemently opposed Catholicism, gave him a cool welcome. They gave him the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, which he refused to take, so they ordered him to leave. After no more than a few weeks in the colony, Baltimore left for England to pursue the new charter, leaving his wife and servants behind. In early 1630 he procured a ship to fetch them, but it foundered off the Irish coast, and his wife drowned. Baltimore described himself the following year as "a long time myself a
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residents of Avalon suffered terribly from the cold and from malnutrition. Nine or ten of
Baltimore's company died that winter, and with half the settlers ill at one time, his house had to be turned into a hospital. The sea froze over, and nothing would grow before May. "Tis not terra Christianorum", Baltimore wrote to Wentworth. He confessed to the king: "I have found...by too deare bought experience always concealed from me...that there is a sad face of wynter upon all this land".
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court, replied expressing concern for
Baltimore's health and gently advising him to forget colonial schemes and return to England, where he would be treated with every respect: "Men of your condition and breeding are fitter for other imployments than the framing of new plantations, which commonly have rugged & laborious beginnings, and require much greater meanes, in managing them, than usually the power of one private subject can reach unto".
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the death of King James I, and by the crackdown on
Catholics with which King Charles I began his reign to appease his opponents. The new King required all privy councillors to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance; and since Baltimore, as a Catholic, had to refuse, he was obliged to step down from that cherished office. Given the new religious and political climate, and perhaps also to escape a serious outbreak of
1828:, had the double mission of spreading the "True Faith" among the infidels and of protecting it wherever Catholics lived side-by-side with non-Catholics. 'Propaganda' was meant to pursue these goals by co-ordinating all missionary activities and centralising information on foreign lands ... on the global chessboard on which Propaganda was operating, England was one of its most difficult problems.", Codignola, p. 9.
459:, matriculating in 1593/94, where he studied foreign languages and received a bachelor's degree in 1597. As the oath of allegiance was compulsory after the age of sixteen, he would almost certainly have pledged conformity while at Oxford. The same pattern of conformity, whether pretended or sincere, continued through Calvert's early life. After Oxford, he moved in 1598 to London, where he studied municipal law at
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924:'s dabblings in wars against Spain and France had ended in failure, he recalled Baltimore to court, and for a while may have considered employing him in the peace negotiations with Spain. Though nothing came of Baltimore's recall, he renewed his rights over the silk-import duties, which had lapsed with the death of James I, and secured Charles' blessing for his venture in the "New Found Land".
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1122:. As he wrote to Buckingham, "I came to builde, and sett, and sowe, but I am falne to fighting with Frenchmen ". His settlers were so successful against the French that they captured several ships, which they escorted back to England to help with the war effort. Baltimore was granted the loan of one of the ships to aid in his defence of the colony, as well as a share of the prize money.
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to present the children before the commission "once a month to see how they perfect in learning". As a result, the boys were sent to a
Protestant tutor called Fowberry at Bilton. The senior Calvert had to give a "bond of conformity"; he was banned from employing any Catholic servants and forced to purchase an English Bible, which was to "lie open in his house for everyone to read".
1181:, claiming they possessed the rights to that area. Baltimore was short of capital, having exhausted his fortune, and was sometimes forced to depend on the assistance of his friends. To make matters worse, in the summer of 1630 his household was infected by the plague, which he survived. He wrote to Wentworth: "Blessed be God for it who hath preserved me now from shipwreck, hunger,
1094:, Thomas Longville and Anthony Pole (also known as Smith), the latter remaining behind in the colony when Baltimore departed for England. The land Baltimore had seen was by no means the paradise described by some early settlers, being only marginally productive; as the summer climate was deceptively mild, his brief visit gave Baltimore no reason to alter his plans for the colony.
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777:), he sent him a great jewel as a token of thanks. Villiers returned the jewel, saying he had had nothing to do with the matter. Calvert's personal fortune was secured when he was additionally appointed a "commissioner of the treasury" with a pension of £1,000 and a subsidy on imported raw silk, which would later be converted to another £1,000 pension.
1226:, with a new royal charter which Cecil Calvert vigorously challenged, and it was finally absorbed into Newfoundland in 1754. Although Baltimore's failed Avalon venture marked the end of an early era of attempts at proprietary colonisation, it laid the foundation upon which permanent settlements developed in that region of Newfoundland.
553:(1563–1612), spymaster to Queen Elizabeth, whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to the European mainland between 1601 and 1603, after which he became known as a specialist in foreign affairs. Calvert carried a packet for Cecilius from Paris, and so entered the service of the principal engineer of King
600:, Ireland, his first royal appointment. In 1609, James appointed him a "clerk of the Signet office", a post which required the preparation of documents for the royal signature and brought Calvert into close contact with the king. Calvert also served in James's First Parliament as a member for the borough of
734:(1553–1616). The commission spent almost four months in Ireland, and its final report, partly drafted by Calvert, concluded that religious conformity should be enforced more strictly in Ireland, Catholic schools be suppressed, and bad priests removed and punished. The King resolved not to reconvene the
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In his will, written the day before he died, Baltimore beseeched his friends
Wentworth and Cottington to act as guardians and supervisors to his first son Cecil, who inherited the title of Lord Baltimore and the imminent grant of Maryland. Baltimore's two colonies in the New World continued under the
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Maryland became a prime tobacco exporting colony in the mid-Atlantic and, for a time, a refuge for
Catholic settlers, as George Calvert had hoped. Under the rule of the Lords Baltimore, thousands of British Catholics emigrated to Maryland, establishing some of the oldest Catholic communities in what
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every Sunday and "doe use all other ceremonies of the church of Rome in as ample a manner as tis used in Spayne ". and that
Baltimore had the son of a Protestant forcibly baptised as a Catholic. Although Stourton's complaints were investigated by the Privy Council, due to Baltimore's support in high
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from him, compelling his attendance at the Church of
England services. In 1592, when George was twelve, the authorities denounced one of his tutors for teaching "from a popish primer" and instructed Leonard and Grace to send George and his brother Christopher to a Protestant tutor and, if necessary,
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and Thomas
Wentworth enlisting their support for this new proposal, admitting the impression his abandonment of Avalon might make in England: "I shall rayse a great deal of talke and discourse and be censured by most men of giddiness and levity ". The king, perhaps guided by Baltimore's friends at
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Aston's return to
England in late 1626, along with all the Catholic settlers, failed to deter Baltimore, who finally sailed for Newfoundland in 1627, arriving on 23 July and staying only two months before returning to England. He had taken both Protestant and Catholic settlers with him, as well as
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After resigning the Royal secretariat of state in 1625, the new Baron Baltimore made clear his intention to visit the colony: "I intend shortly," he wrote in March, "God willing, a journey for Newfoundland to visit a plantation which I began there some few years since." His plans were disrupted by
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wrested control of policy from the ageing James. Without consulting the diplomatically astute Calvert, the prince and the duke travelled to Spain to negotiate the Spanish marriage for themselves, with disastrous results. Instead of securing an alliance, the visit provoked hostility between the two
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The settlement appeared to be progressing so well that in January 1623, Calvert obtained a concession from King James for the whole of Newfoundland, though the grant was soon reduced to cover only the southeastern Avalon peninsula, owing to competing claims from other English colonists. The final
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As the chief parliamentary spokesman for an abandoned policy, Calvert no longer served a useful purpose to the English Royal Court, and by February 1624 his duties had been restricted to placating the Spanish ambassador. The degree of his disfavour was shown when he was reprimanded for supposedly
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in the English Parliament to extend their authority to the fishing rights in the "Americas"/"New World", believed that plantations: "are not yet annexed to the Crown of England, but are the King's as gotten him by conquest" governed according to the King's Prerogative, as he saw fit. Krugler, p.
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The building was a two-storey longhouse, fifteen by forty-four feet, probably of stone, partly roofed with boards and partly with "sedge, flagges, and rushes"; it had a stone kitchen and chimney, a parlour, a two-room storehouse, a smithy, saltworks, brewhouse, henhouse, and tenements. Pope, p.
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Baltimore had become disenchanted with conditions in "this wofull country", and he wrote to his old acquaintances in England lamenting his troubles. The final blow to his hopes was dealt by the Newfoundland winter of 1628–9, which did not release its grip until May. Like others before them, the
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Newfoundland ... imports me more than in Curiosity only to see; for I must either go and settle it in a better Order than it is, or else give it over, and lose all the Charges I have been at hitherto for other Men to build their Fortunes upon. And I had rather be esteemed a Fool for some by the
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in 1608, making him the most powerful man at the royal court. As Cecil rose, Calvert rose with him. Calvert's foreign languages, legal training, and discretion made him an invaluable aide to Robert Cecil who, no lover of Catholics, seems to have accepted Calvert's conformity as beyond question.
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From the time of his conversion in 1625 onwards, Baltimore took care to cater for the religious needs of his colonists, both Catholic and Protestant. He had asked Simon Stock to provide priests for the 1625 expedition, but Stock's recruits arrived in England after Aston had sailed. Stock's own
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Krugler, p. 69. Abbot's remark suggests previous wavering on Calvert's part; Krugler speculates that the two previous times "he had bene to blame that way" were during his childhood, when his Catholic family was forced to become Protestant, and during the period of distress and doubt Calvert
769:(1567–1630) due to scandals, including his wife's indiscretions with state secrets. Not emerging as a candidate until the end of the selection process, Calvert's appointment surprised him and most observers. Assuming he owed his promotion to the king's increasingly powerful favourite
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in Rome on 15 November that he had converted two Privy Councillors to Catholicism, one of whom historians are certain was Calvert. Calvert, who had probably met Stock at the Spanish embassy in London, later worked with the priest on a plan for a Catholic mission in his new first
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His health declining, Baltimore's persistence over the charter finally paid off in 1632. The king first granted him a location south of Jamestown, but Baltimore asked the king to reconsider in response to opposition from other investors interested in settling the new land of
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ambassador wrote "Should this new scheme attain the king's assent, he will be employed in it, because they consider him to be a staunch Spaniard". But later he wrote, "Because he is so notoriously a Spaniard the king cannot employ him from lack of confidence". Krugler, p.
301:(off the eastern coast of modern Canada). Discouraged by its cold and sometimes inhospitable climate and the sufferings of the settlers, he looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region, which would become the state of
809:, as it came to be called, against the majority of Parliament, who feared an increase in Catholic influence on the state. As a result of his pro-Spanish stance and defence of relaxations in the penal laws against Catholics, Calvert became estranged from many in the
1130:—"that knave Stourton", as Baltimore referred to him—who, after altercations with Baltimore, was placed on a ship for England, where he lost no time in reporting Baltimore's practices to the authorities, complaining that the Catholic priests Smith and Hackett said
813:, who were suspicious of his close familiarity with the Spanish ambassador's court. Calvert also faced difficulties in his private life: his wife's death on 8 August 1622 left him the single father of ten children, the oldest of whom, Cecil, was sixteen years old.
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Krugler, p. 97. Baltimore's tolerance went down no better with the Catholics: Propaganda banned Catholics from worshipping in the same house as "heretics", but in practice, Baltimore's house in Ferryland was the only option for either denomination. Krugler, p.
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One hundred and forty years after its first settlement, Maryland joined twelve other British colonies along the Atlantic coast in declaring their independence from British rule and the right to freedom of religion for all citizens in the new United States.
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The connection between Calvert's resignation and his conversion to Roman Catholicism was a complex one. George Cottington, a former employee of Calvert, suggested in 1628 that Calvert's conversion had been in progress a long time before it was made public.
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The Calvert household suffered the intrusion of the Elizabethan-era religious laws. From the year of George's birth onward, his father, Leonard Calvert, was subjected to repeated harassment by the Yorkshire authorities, who in 1580 extracted a promise of
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representative in London, wrote in his January–February newsletter "being resolved for the future to live and die as a Catholic, he knew he could not serve him where he was without the jealousy of the state and danger from Parliament." Krugler, p.
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in Rome, Stock claimed the Newfoundland settlement could act as a springboard for the conversion of natives not only in the New World but also in China, the latter via a passage he believed existed from the east coast to the Pacific Ocean.
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of Avalon. He and his family moved into the house at Ferryland built by Wynne, a sizeable structure for the time, by colonial standards, and the only one in the settlement large enough to accommodate religious services for the community.
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Adopting a policy of free religious worship in the colony, Baltimore allowed the Catholics to worship in one part of his house and the Protestants in another. This novel arrangement proved too much for the resident Anglican priest,
650:(1596–1662) in 1613. Calvert had to convey the King's disapproval that Elizabeth, for lack of money, had given away expensive jewels to a gentlewoman leaving her employ. Elector Frederick's decision in 1619 to accept the throne of
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With Robert Cecil's support, George Calvert came into his own as an adviser and supporter of King James. In 1610 and 1611, Calvert undertook missions to the continent on behalf of the King, visiting a number of embassies in Paris,
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Charles accepted Baltimore's refusal with good grace. "His ability to manipulate the government for his own purposes over the next few years belies any suggestion that the government hounded him out of England." Krugler, pp.
373:. George Calvert was born at Kiplin in late 1579. His mother Alicia/Alice died on 28 November 1587, when he was eight years old. His father then married Grace Crossland (sometimes spelt: "Crosland"), Alicia's first cousin.
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and a group of Welsh colonists to Ferryland, where they landed in August 1621, and set about constructing a settlement. Wynne sent positive reports concerning the potential for local fisheries and for the production of
824:, where his seat was known as the "Manor of Baltimore". The name Baltimore is an anglicisation of the Irish Baile an Tí Mhóir meaning "town of the big house". Calvert was increasingly isolated from court circles as the
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Matters connected to religion were to bedevil Baltimore's stay in "this remote part of the worlde where I have planted my selfe ". He sailed at a time when English military preparations were underway to relieve the
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Browne, p. 27; Fiske, pp. 263–4; The Virginians may also have nursed unpleasant memories of Baltimore's membership of the Virginia Company board, when James I had revoked its original charter in 1624. Krugler, pp.
1201:. The charter was about to pass when the fifty-two-year-old Baltimore died in his lodgings at Lincoln's Inn Fields, on 15 April 1632. Five weeks later, on 20 June 1632, the charter for Maryland passed the seals.
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maintained Calvert's barony but not his previous place on the Privy Council. Calvert then turned his attention to his Irish estates and his overseas investments. He was not entirely forgotten at court. After
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Browne, pp. 23–24; Fiske, p. 261; Codignola, p. 53; Baltimore thanked the king for "protecting me also against calumny and malice" of those who sought "to make me seem foule" in your eyes. Krugler, p. 100.
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Calvert accumulated a number of small offices, honours, and sinecures. In August 1605, he attended the King at Oxford, and received an honorary master-of-arts degree in an elaborate ceremony at which the
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889:, later claimed Calvert had been a secret Catholic all along ("infinitely addicted to the Catholic faith"), which explained his support for lenient policies towards Catholics and for the Spanish match.
432:) authority over the English Church. This oath was required of any subject who wished to hold high office, attend university, or take advantage of opportunities controlled by the state (king/kingdom).
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delaying diplomatic letters. Calvert bowed to the inevitable. On the pretext of ill health, he began negotiations for the sale of his position, finally resigning the secretariat in February 1625.
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Stock wrote to his superiors that the "Avalon gentleman", as he cautiously called Baltimore, "desires to take with him two or three brethren to sow the Sacred Faith in that land." Krugler, p. 89.
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wrote: "Calvert is removed from his place as secretary of state, but yet without disgrace, for the king hath created him baron of Baltimore in Ireland, and remaynes a councillor". Krugler, p. 74.
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Codignola, p. 25; Stock conceived the Avalon colony as a base for conversion, lest the natives "become pernicious heretics" under the influence of Protestant settlers. Krugler, p. 89.
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681:(1587–1645), Viscount Rochester, assumed the duties of secretary of state and recruited Calvert to assist with foreign policy, in particular the Latin and Spanish correspondence.
510:, who was born in the winter of 1605–06, were all baptised in the Church of England. When Anne died on 8 August 1622, she was buried at Calvert's local Protestant parish church,
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is the banner of Baltimore's coat-of-arms (Calvert, his father's family, in the first and fourth quarters, and Crossland, his mother's family, in the second and third quarters).
448:, an official responsible for identifying and persecuting Catholics, and in 1604 she was described as the "wife of Leonard Calvert of Kipling, non-communicant at Easter last".
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in Rome, the Royal Government exerted authority over the matters of religious faith, practices and the Church. Acts mandating compulsory religious uniformity were enacted by
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as a territory where all gentlemen were "evil in religion", by which he meant predominately Roman Catholic; it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception. During the reign of
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593:, and Cecilius received degrees. Given the prestige of the other graduates, Calvert's was the last awarded, but his presence in such company signalled his growing stature.
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Baltimore sent his children home to England in August. By the time the king's letter reached Avalon, he had departed with his wife and servants for Virginia.
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Hazard of one Month's journey, than to prove myself one certainly for six Years by past, if the Business be now lost for some want of a little Pains and Care.
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In 1628 he sailed again for Newfoundland, this time with his second wife Jane, and most of his children, and 40 more settlers, to officially take over as
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Baltimore spent the last two years of his life constantly lobbying for his new charter, though the obstacles proved difficult. The Virginians, led by
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Baltimore solicited a new charter from the king. To found an alternative colony in a less hostile climate further south, he requested "a precinct" in
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A reference by David Rothe, bishop of Ossory in Ireland, to a "Joane Baltimore now wife" of Calvert, reveals that Baltimore had recently remarried.
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had spread to Newfoundland, and that he had to spend most of his time fighting off French attacks on English fishing fleets with his own ships the
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No disgrace was attached to Calvert's departure from office: the King, to whom he had always remained personally loyal, confirmed his place on the
479:. George Mynne was the son of John Mynne (d.14 December 1542), Auditor of the Exchequer, Clerk to the Surveyor General and Master of the Woods to
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When Calvert wintered in the colony in 1628–29, he would write of being deceived by the "lying letters of the Governors and such". Krugler, p. 79.
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owned by the Kiplin Hall Trust.) In 1617 his social status received a further boost when he was knighted, and then became Sir George Calvert.
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in England, Baltimore moved to his estates in Ireland. His expedition to Newfoundland had set sail without him in late May 1625 under Sir
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later became the United States. Catholic rule in Maryland was eventually nullified by the re-assertion of royal control over the colony.
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238:; 1580 – 15 April 1632) was an English peer and politician. He achieved domestic political success as a member of parliament and later
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Krugler, pp. 85–86. Aston was granted a royal licence for the voyage in return for bringing back some hawks and elks for the king.
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In 1610, Calvert was appointed a "clerk of the Privy Council". Each of these positions would have required an oath of allegiance.
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Working at the centre of court politics, Calvert exploited his influence by selling favours, an accepted practice for the times.
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royal family. Rather than continue in politics, he resigned all of his political offices in 1625 except for his position on the
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The Coldest Harbour of the Land: Simon Stock and Lord Baltimore's Colony in Newfoundland, 1621–1649, Translated by Anita Weston
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was a province governed by a semi-autonomous agent in the King's name. Calvert, who had in April 1621, opposed attempts by the
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677:(1569–1622). The following year, Cecil died, and Calvert acted as one of the four executors of his will. The king's favourite,
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proprietorship of his family. Avalon, which remained a prime spot for the salting and export of fish, was expropriated by Sir
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island off the eastern coast of North America. He named the area of the peninsula as Avalon, after the legendary spot where
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Browne, p. 16; Wynne promised to send Calvert a barrel of the best salt that ever "my eyes beheld". Krugler, p. 79.
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1430:"SOUTHWELL, Francis (c.1510-81), of Hertingfordbury, Herts. and Islington, Norf. - History of Parliament Online"
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into a sugar plantation. Baltimore eventually compromised by accepting redrawn boundaries to the north of the
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952:(1575–1641), a Welsh writer and colonial investor, who had earlier failed to establish a colony on the large
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branch of the Calverts. At George Calvert's knighting, it was claimed that his family originally came from
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Since there is not a record of the marriage, it would certainly have been a Catholic one. Krugler, p. 86.
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King James rewarded Calvert in 1623 for his loyalty by granting him a 2,300-acre (930-hectare) estate in
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appointed Calvert Baron Baltimore of Baltimore, in County Longford, Ireland." Codignola, 12; In March,
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In November 1604 he married Anne Mynne (or Mayne), daughter of George Mynne (b. 14 February 1530) of
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until the Catholics "shall be better disciplined". In 1616 James endowed Calvert with the manor of
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In 1619, Calvert completed his rise to power when James appointed him as one of the two principal
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456:
417:
397:
255:
61:
404:
from the continent of Europe, with the political, spiritual and temporal separation from the
3458:
3382:
3018:
2789:
2128:
He left his eldest son Cecil at home to supervise his lands and his affairs. Krugler, p. 95.
1214:
1127:
1080:
Baltimore was determined to visit his colony in person. In May 1626, he wrote to Wentworth:
965:
937:
558:
499:
460:
206:
305:. Calvert died five weeks before the new Charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the
3584:
3272:
3212:
3154:
3116:
2919:
2871:
2008:
1045:
882:
825:
817:
794:
689:
674:
620:
522:
472:
377:
346:
314:
275:
267:
168:
3622:
2090:
688:, was not a success in the job, and fell from favour partly as a result of the murder of
2657:
2651:
297:, the first sustained English settlement on the southeastern peninsula on the island of
3410:
3169:
3053:
2853:
2837:
1754:
1198:
1167:
1091:
663:
554:
530:
243:
3694:
3362:
3332:
3292:
3237:
3164:
3101:
3008:
2945:
2728:
2720:
2699:
1194:
961:
957:
893:
850:
806:
565:
484:
247:
3662:
3607:
3217:
2818:
1241:
1238:
1021:
755:
597:
429:
2501:
American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States
2443:
718:
In 1613 the King commissioned Calvert to investigate Roman Catholic grievances in
714:, estate built by Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632) in the 1620s
2654:, from "The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador: Government House" website.
2516:
979:
Sketch of Sir George Calvert, first Baron and Lord Baltimore (1579–1632), c. 1620
932:
Calvert had long maintained an interest in the exploration and settlement of the
669:
In 1611, James employed Calvert to research and transcribe his tract against the
3667:
3267:
3048:
2833:
1306:, and generous rewards were offered to informers of the crime. Middleton, p. 95.
1302:
Krugler, pp. 12–16; From 1571, graduated fines were imposed on anyone attending
1223:
858:
766:
747:
739:
711:
362:
358:
1209:
596:
In 1606 the king made Calvert "clerk of the Crown" and "Assizes in Connaught",
3672:
3297:
2806:
2585:
1821:
1817:
1017:
707:
480:
1048:, officially titled the "Province of Avalon", under Calvert's personal rule.
3227:
1986:
1107:
1067:
ambitions for the colony appear to have exceeded Baltimore's: in letters to
1037:
969:
953:
944:, which he increased in 1614. In 1620, Calvert purchased a tract of land in
933:
370:
338:
892:
No one had questioned Calvert's conformity at the time, and if he had been
444:
In 1593, records show that Grace Calvert was committed to the custody of a
3741:
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Oxford
972:". Calvert almost certainly had a fishery project in mind at this stage.
861:. Immediately after Calvert resigned, he converted to Roman Catholicism.
821:
685:
605:
601:
342:
302:
616:
350:
2548:
Fish into Wine: the Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century
1985:
When Nutt was captured in 1623 after switching his activities to the
1182:
1029:
1025:
1009:
659:
561:
in 1603 (when he also assumed the title of King James I of England).
409:
121:
2517:
English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century
936:, beginning with his investment of twenty-five pounds in the second
662:, which James attempted to end through a proposed alliance with the
1837:
Letter of Simon Stock, 15 November 1624 quoted by Codignola, p. 11.
289:, at first for commercial reasons and later to create a refuge for
1900:
which founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1622. Browne, p. 15.
1208:
974:
784:
706:
328:
2683:, from Maryland State Archives. Includes photographs and sources.
1386:
R. Hastings, 'Calvert and Darnall gleanings from English wills',
1370:
R. Hastings, 'Calvert and Darnall gleanings from English wills',
1354:
R. Hastings, 'Calvert and Darnall gleanings from English wills',
1013:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
2941:
2445:
George Calvert and Cecil Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore
1896:
Krugler, pp. 33–4 and 39; He later also became a member of the
964:
in ancient times. The plantation lay on what is now called the
754:
operates a research centre there, while the main building is a
1855:
Browne, p. 14; Fiske, p. 256; Codignola, p. 12; Krugler, p. 5.
1001:
940:
in 1609, and a few months later a more substantial sum in the
215:
246:. He lost much of his political power after his support for
230:
494:
The wedding was a Protestant Church of England ceremony at
568:
and secretary of state, with the granting of the title of
1753:"On 16th/26th February, in recompense for past services,
224:
1162:
In late September or October 1629, Baltimore arrived in
533:, Francis, George, Helen, Henry, John (died young), and
428:
to the Queen and an implicit denial of the Pope's (then
1146:, where he could grow tobacco. He wrote to his friends
521:, who succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Baltimore,
2476:. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press.
742:
in Yorkshire, which brought him into contact with Sir
692:(1581–1613), to which Carr's wife Frances, the former
797:
in 1625, in recognition of his services to the Crown.
608:, installed there by Cecil to support his policies.
274:
upon his resignation. Baltimore Manor was located in
27:"George Calvert" redirects here. For other uses, see
1060:, who became the new provincial Governor of Avalon.
915:
When King James I died in March 1625, his successor
396:
which made the monarch the supreme authority of the
221:
218:
212:
3598:
3570:
3522:
3439:
3396:
3178:
3135:
3062:
2989:
2380:
Browne, p. 31; Fiske, pp. 265–266; Krugler, p. 118.
700:(1592–1628), with whom James was said to have been
317:(1606–1647) was the first colonial governor of the
227:
209:
182:
155:
145:
128:
115:
110:
90:
72:
41:
2976:Lieutenant-Governors and Governors of Newfoundland
506:. His children, including his eldest son and heir
2639:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 287.
1110:at La Rochelle. He was dismayed to find that the
564:King James rewarded Robert Cecil, whom he made a
2535:. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
2415:
2413:
1082:
654:triggered a war with the powerful neighbouring
525:, Anne, Dorothy, Elizabeth, Grace, who married
3786:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
3711:Secretaries of state of the Kingdom of England
2089:Aston died the following year in the siege of
91:Proprietor of the Avalon Colony (Newfoundland)
2953:
2520:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8:
873:(and ecclesiastical head of the independent
2677:, full-article free, latest online edition.
2563:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I
1620:
1618:
1616:
1501:
1499:
634:In 1615, James sent him to the continental
2960:
2946:
2938:
2686:
1570:
1568:
1489:
1487:
1450:The Visitation of Norfolk in the Year 1563
646:(1596–1632), had married James's daughter
475:and his wife Elizabeth Wroth, daughter of
54:
38:
2455:Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634–1980
1918:Between the modern towns of Fermeuse and
1731:
1729:
1549:
1547:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1289:
1287:
1285:
841:Resignation and conversion to Catholicism
551:Sir Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury
2307:
2305:
1794:experienced after the death of his wife.
517:Calvert had a total of twelve children:
345:(a Dutch-speaking area today across the
2663:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
2219:
2217:
2099:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
1390:XXI no. 4, December 1926, pp. 303-324,
1374:XXI no. 4, December 1926, pp. 303-324,
1358:XXI no. 4, December 1926, pp. 303-324,
1258:
750:estate in his home parish. (Today, the
744:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
698:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
679:Sir Robert Carr, first Earl of Somerset
337:Little is known of the ancestry of the
34:English peer and politician (1580–1632)
2621:The Biographical Dictionary of America
2603:. Vol. 3. 1879. pp. 629–630.
2533:Colonial America: A History. 1565–1776
2249:
2247:
1044:Charter constituted the province as a
853:and appointed him Baron Baltimore, of
793:in 1621. James made Calvert the first
502:, where his address was registered as
291:persecuted Irish and English Catholics
2241:Letter to Wentworth. Krugler, p. 102.
1341:
1339:
1337:
968:and included the fishing station at "
623:, and acting as an ambassador to the
416:and enforced through penal laws. The
392:earlier in the century by her father
357:, and was wealthy enough to marry a "
7:
2889:Proprietary Governor of Newfoundland
2631:Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Baron
2448:. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company.
2202:Codignola, p. 53; Browne, pp. 19–20.
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
694:Countess of Essex and later Somerset
684:Carr, soon raised to the earldom of
287:British colonization of the Americas
3731:Peers of Ireland created by James I
2531:Middleton, Richard (3rd ed. 2002).
1826:"Inscrutabile divinae providentiae"
1275:
1273:
1271:
201:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
2457:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
1453:. Miller and Leavins. p. 125.
1158:Attempt to found a Southern colony
164:Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
25:
18:George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore
3791:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
3766:Pre-statehood history of Maryland
3136:Lieutenant-governors of Placentia
2624:. Vol. 1. 1906. p. 202.
1434:www.historyofparliamentonline.org
1304:mass in the Roman Catholic church
765:. This followed the dismissal of
3761:Governors of Newfoundland Colony
2979:
2969:
2607:
2584:
2007:Browne, p. 17; Fiske, p. 256; A
1998:Browne, p. 17; Codignola, p. 10.
1949:Browne, p. 16; Codignola, p. 10.
1024:of the 18th and 19th centuries,
557:of Scotland's succession to the
285:Calvert took an interest in the
205:
186:
60:A portrait of Lord Baltimore by
2565:. London: Chatto & Windus.
2347:Browne, p. 31; Krugler, p. 118.
2137:Browne, p. 19; Fiske, page 261.
1406:. 15 March 2016. Archived from
1135:places the case was dismissed.
928:Colony of Avalon (Newfoundland)
29:George Calvert (disambiguation)
3127:Philippe Pastour de Costebelle
3107:Louis de Pastour de Costebelle
2493:Old Virginia and Her Neighbors
1036:, Calvert employed the pirate
642:, whose impoverished elector,
627:during the coronation of King
527:Sir Robert Talbot, 2nd Baronet
333:Coat of Arms of George Calvert
293:. He became the proprietor of
1:
3721:16th-century English nobility
3063:French Governors of Plaisance
2616:Baltimore, Sir George Calvert
2442:Browne, William Hand (1890).
2211:Browne, p. 24; Fiske, p. 261.
2156:Browne, p. 20; Fiske, p. 261.
1523:Browne, p. 4; Krugler, p. 32.
960:was supposedly introduced to
644:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
1816:, officially established by
1660:Browne, p. 8; Brugger, p. 4.
1388:Maryland Historical Magazine
1372:Maryland Historical Magazine
1356:Maryland Historical Magazine
636:Electorate of the Palatinate
313:(1605–1675). His second son
3771:St. Mary's County, Maryland
3716:Clerks of the Privy Council
2546:Pope, Peter Edward (2004).
2503:. Oxford University Press.
2496:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2453:Brugger, Robert J. (1988).
983:Calvert dispatched Captain
879:"Desperatio facit monachum"
828:, (heir to the throne) and
820:, in the Irish province of
656:Habsburg dynasty of Austria
398:Christian Church in England
3807:
2398:Browne, p. 32; Pope, p. 6.
1820:on 22 June 1622, with the
869:(1562–1633), the reigning
855:Baltimore, County Longford
451:George Calvert went up to
248:a failed marriage alliance
124:, North Yorkshire, England
26:
3776:St. Mary's City, Maryland
2926:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2895:
2886:
2878:
2864:
2842:
2830:
2825:
2811:
2796:Member of Parliament for
2794:
2782:
2768:
2753:Member of Parliament for
2751:
2739:
2725:
2710:Member of Parliament for
2708:
2696:
2689:
2681:Calvert, Sir George (bio)
2669:Calvert, Sir George (bio)
2658:Calvert, Sir George (bio)
2652:Calvert, Sir George (bio)
2514:Krugler, John D. (2004).
2370:. Ward Lock. p. 104.
2366:Englefield, Eric (1979).
1812:"The Sacred Congregation
1250:was named in his honour.
773:(1592–1628) (later first
424:of 1559 also included an
266:publicly. He was created
194:
106:
95:
79:
68:
53:
2499:Hennesey, James (1981).
2472:Codignola, Luca (1988).
1447:Harvey, William (1878).
1197:, on either side of the
1020:in the interior (modern
871:Archbishop of Canterbury
803:Charles, Prince of Wales
512:St. Martin-in-the-Fields
504:St. Martin in the Fields
3781:English Roman Catholics
2674:Encyclopædia Britannica
2648:(accessed 10 July 2013)
2636:Encyclopædia Britannica
2600:The American Cyclopædia
2025:Krugler, pp. 75 and 84.
900:priest reported to the
2561:Stewart, Alan (2003).
1218:
1087:
980:
798:
752:University of Maryland
728:Sir Charles Cornwallis
715:
545:Calvert named his son
402:Protestant Reformation
334:
3756:English MPs 1624–1625
3751:English MPs 1621–1622
3746:English MPs 1604–1611
2990:Proprietary Governors
2691:Parliament of England
2589:Texts on Wikisource:
1212:
978:
912:(off modern Canada).
833:courts which quickly
788:
736:Parliament of Ireland
710:
406:Roman Catholic Church
332:
325:Family and early life
3599:Lieutenant Governors
3571:Commission Governors
2790:Sir Clement Edmondes
2764:Sir Thomas Wentworth
2747:Sir Thomas Wentworth
2490:Fiske, John (1897).
2428:Hennesey, pp. 55–68.
2419:Hennesey, pp. 36–45.
2097:, in the service of
1633:Krugler, pp. 38, 83.
1099:Proprietary Governor
887:Bishop of Gloucester
789:James I, painted by
763:secretaries of state
658:to the southwest in
648:Elizabeth of Bohemia
319:Province of Maryland
149:Anne Mynne (m. 1604)
139:Lincoln's Inn Fields
44:The Right Honourable
3179:Commodore-Governors
2872:Sir Albertus Morton
2826:Government offices
2646:Calvert Family Tree
2290:Krugler, pp. 106–7.
2101:. Codignola, p. 42.
1898:New England Company
1887:Krugler, pp. 90–91.
1744:Krugler, pp. 65–66.
1723:Krugler, pp. 63–64.
1687:Krugler, pp. 49–51.
1651:Krugler. pp. 41–42.
1331:Krugler, pp. 28–30.
1315:Krugler, pp. 12–16.
1185:and pestilence..."
1076:Baltimore in Avalon
1046:"county palatinate"
910:Newfoundland Colony
898:Discalced Carmelite
857:, one of his Irish
732:Sir Roger Wilbraham
604:, in the county of
574:Lord High Treasurer
500:Cornhill, Middlesex
467:Marriage and family
3523:Dominion Governors
3440:Colonial Governors
2907:Peerage of Ireland
2854:Sir Robert Naunton
2845:Secretary of State
2838:Sir Robert Naunton
2815:Sir Thomas Edmonds
2389:Browne, pp. 31–32.
2232:Browne, pp. 24–25.
2119:Browne, pp. 18–19.
1814:de propaganda fide
1770:Amerigo Salvetti,
1714:Krugler, pp. 61–3.
1678:Krugler, pp. 24–5.
1219:
1148:Francis Cottington
1069:De Propaganda Fide
1034:St. Lawrence River
1030:Dominion of Canada
1026:Province of Quebec
981:
942:East India Company
799:
781:Secretary of State
775:Duke of Buckingham
724:Sir Humphrey Wynch
716:
625:French Royal Court
426:oath of allegiance
335:
272:Peerage of Ireland
240:Secretary of State
74:Secretary of State
48:The Lord Baltimore
3686:
3685:
2936:
2935:
2927:Succeeded by
2896:Succeeded by
2868:Sir Edward Conway
2865:Succeeded by
2859:Sir Edward Conway
2849:1619–1625
2812:Succeeded by
2798:Oxford University
2772:Sir Thomas Savile
2769:Succeeded by
2759:1621–1622
2729:Sir Jerome Horsey
2726:Succeeded by
2721:Sir Jerome Horsey
2716:1609–1611
2700:Sir Jerome Horsey
2595:Calvert I. George
2253:Codignola, p. 54.
2184:Codignola, p. 53.
2080:Codignola, p. 43.
1846:Codignola, p. 11.
1784:Codignola, p. 12.
1175:William Claiborne
894:secretly Catholic
875:Church of England
640:Holy Roman Empire
570:Earl of Salisbury
541:Political success
489:Francis Southwell
463:for three years.
457:Oxford University
418:Acts of Supremacy
400:, continuing the
388:, continuing the
386:Queen Elizabeth I
262:and declared his
256:House of Habsburg
198:
197:
141:, London, England
136:(aged 52–53)
16:(Redirected from
3798:
3726:Barons Baltimore
2984:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2882:Sir Arthur Aston
2879:Preceded by
2831:Preceded by
2819:Sir John Danvers
2783:Preceded by
2740:Preceded by
2697:Preceded by
2687:
2640:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2588:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:Krugler, p. 118.
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2320:Krugler, p. 108.
2318:
2312:
2311:Krugler, p. 107.
2309:
2300:
2299:Krugler, p. 117.
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:Krugler, p. 102.
2221:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2013:House of Commons
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1611:
1610:Stewart, p. 265.
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1541:Browne, pp. 3–4.
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:on 15 March 2016
1400:
1394:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1215:flag of Maryland
1128:Erasmus Stourton
966:Avalon Peninsula
938:Virginia Company
730:(died 1629) and
671:Dutch Protestant
664:Kingdom of Spain
638:(German) in the
566:Privy Councillor
549:(1605–1675) for
477:Sir Thomas Wroth
254:and the Spanish
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
190:
135:
111:Personal details
100:
84:
58:
39:
21:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3600:
3594:
3572:
3566:
3524:
3518:
3441:
3435:
3398:
3397:Civil Governors
3392:
3180:
3174:
3137:
3131:
3064:
3058:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2932:
2923:
2920:Baron Baltimore
2901:
2892:
2884:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2834:Sir Thomas Lake
2821:
2817:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2788:
2786:Sir John Bennet
2778:
2776:Sir John Savile
2774:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2743:Sir John Savile
2735:
2731:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2628:
2613:
2608:
2592:
2581:
2576:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:Krugler, p. 95.
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:Krugler, p. 79.
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1864:Krugler, p. 78.
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1818:Pope Gregory XV
1811:
1807:
1803:Krugler, p. 70.
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:Krugler, p. 66.
1734:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:Krugler, p. 24.
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:Krugler, p. 38.
1623:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:Krugler, p. 37.
1600:
1596:
1592:Krugler, p. 36.
1591:
1587:
1583:Krugler, p. 40.
1582:
1578:
1574:Krugler, p. 39.
1573:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:Krugler, p. 35.
1552:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:Krugler, p. 33.
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:Krugler, p. 31.
1513:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:Krugler, p. 32.
1471:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1376:at pp. 303-319.
1369:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1345:Krugler, p. 30.
1344:
1335:
1330:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1279:Krugler, p. 28.
1278:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1207:
1160:
1112:war with France
1092:secular priests
1078:
950:William Vaughan
930:
904:Propaganda Fide
883:Godfrey Goodman
843:
830:George Villiers
826:Prince of Wales
818:County Longford
795:Baron Baltimore
783:
771:George Villiers
767:Sir Thomas Lake
690:Thomas Overbury
675:Conrad Vorstius
621:Duchy of Cleves
585:, the earls of
543:
473:Hertingfordbury
469:
453:Trinity College
394:King Henry VIII
390:changes wrought
378:Thomas Gargrave
347:English Channel
327:
315:Leonard Calvert
307:Maryland colony
276:County Longford
268:Baron Baltimore
208:
204:
178:
169:Leonard Calvert
159:12, including:
150:
137:
133:
120:
101:
96:
85:
80:
64:
49:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Calvert family
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3601:(1949–present)
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2863:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2810:
2807:Sir Isaac Wake
2793:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2767:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2626:
2605:
2580:
2579:External links
2577:
2575:
2574:
2559:
2544:
2529:
2512:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2338:Browne, p. 17.
2331:
2329:Fiske, p. 265.
2322:
2313:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2281:Browne, p. 28.
2274:
2264:
2262:Browne, p. 27.
2255:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2110:Browne, p. 18.
2103:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1931:Fiske, p. 256.
1924:
1911:
1909:Browne, p. 16.
1902:
1889:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1805:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1763:
1746:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1705:Brugger, p. 4.
1698:
1696:Browne, p. 11.
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1564:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1505:Fiske, p. 255.
1495:
1483:
1474:
1456:
1439:
1421:
1404:"Horton Manor"
1395:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1333:
1317:
1308:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1247:George Calvert
1206:
1203:
1199:Chesapeake Bay
1168:Man of Sorrows
1159:
1156:
1077:
1074:
929:
926:
842:
839:
791:Daniël Mijtens
782:
779:
591:Northumberland
583:Duke of Lennox
559:English throne
542:
539:
531:County Kildare
468:
465:
422:Uniformity Act
380:had described
326:
323:
252:Prince Charles
196:
195:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
174:Philip Calvert
171:
166:
160:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
130:
126:
125:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
93:
92:
88:
87:
77:
76:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:Daniël Mijtens
59:
51:
50:
47:
42:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3803:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2931:
2930:Cecil Calvert
2922:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:Cecil Calvert
2891:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2571:0-7011-6984-2
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:0-8078-2910-2
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:0-631-22141-7
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:0-8018-7963-9
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2509:0-19-503268-3
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2483:0-7735-0540-7
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2464:0-8018-3399-X
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1642:Browne, p. 6.
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:Browne, p. 5.
1559:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1493:Browne, p. 4.
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:Browne, p. 11
1478:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1293:Browne, p. 3.
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:Browne, p. 2.
1262:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:Potomac River
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:Roman Britain
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
918:
913:
911:
906:
905:
902:Congregation
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:Privy Council
847:
840:
838:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
807:Spanish Match
804:
796:
792:
787:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:(1555–1625),
725:
722:, along with
721:
713:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
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637:
632:
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618:
612:
609:
607:
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599:
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588:
584:
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567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:Nicholas Mynn
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
461:Lincoln's Inn
458:
454:
449:
447:
442:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:and the Pope/
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:In 1569, Sir
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
324:
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316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Privy Council
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
235:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
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144:
140:
132:15 April 1632
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
105:
99:
94:
89:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
45:
40:
37:
30:
19:
3688:
3122:de Subercase
3112:de Brouillan
3033:
2918:
2914:New creation
2913:
2887:
2852:
2843:
2805:
2802:1624
2795:
2762:
2752:
2719:
2709:
2704:George Upton
2672:
2661:
2634:
2619:
2598:
2562:
2547:
2532:
2515:
2500:
2491:
2473:
2454:
2444:
2424:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2267:
2258:
2237:
2228:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2003:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1940:Pope, p. 32.
1936:
1927:
1914:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1766:
1755:King James I
1749:
1740:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1558:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1477:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1398:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1366:
1355:
1350:
1311:
1298:
1261:
1246:
1242:Liberty Ship
1239:World War II
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1187:
1172:
1161:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1062:
1058:Arthur Aston
1050:
1042:
1032:) along the
1022:Lower Canada
985:Edward Wynne
982:
958:Christianity
946:Newfoundland
931:
914:
903:
891:
878:
867:George Abbot
863:
848:
844:
815:
800:
760:
756:house museum
717:
683:
668:
633:
613:
610:
598:County Clare
595:
579:
572:in 1605 and
563:
544:
516:
493:
470:
450:
446:"pursuivant"
445:
443:
434:
430:Pope Paul IV
375:
355:Lord Wharton
336:
299:Newfoundland
284:
244:King James I
200:
199:
134:(1632-04-15)
97:
81:
36:
3706:1632 deaths
3701:1580 births
3613:Outerbridge
3573:(1934–1949)
3525:(1907–1934)
3442:(1855–1907)
3426:Le Marchant
3399:(1825–1855)
3181:(1729–1825)
3138:(1713–1770)
3065:(1655–1713)
2992:(1610–1660)
2407:Pope, p. 4.
2095:La Rochelle
2093:, opposite
1224:David Kirke
748:Kiplin Hall
740:Danby Wiske
712:Kiplin Hall
673:theologian
529:of Carton,
496:St. Peter's
363:Kiplin Hall
359:gentlewoman
309:to his son
264:Catholicism
3695:Categories
3618:Macpherson
3348:Waldegrave
3198:Falkingham
3014:Whitbourne
2924:1625–1632
2893:1627–1629
2861:1623–1625
2435:References
2009:Palatinate
1822:papal bull
1759:Lord Carew
1414:28 October
1392:at p. 304.
1360:at p. 306.
1213:The state
1179:Chesapeake
1018:New France
922:Buckingham
835:led to war
702:infatuated
629:Louis XIII
619:, and the
547:"Cecilius"
481:Henry VIII
438:conformity
414:Parliament
349:in modern
3590:Macdonald
3557:Middleton
3552:Allardyce
3532:MacGregor
3514:MacGregor
3454:Bannerman
3373:Duckworth
3082:Du Perron
3072:de Kéréon
3054:Treworgie
3039:Baltimore
2856:1619–1623
2755:Yorkshire
2733:John Wood
2091:Île de Ré
1987:Irish Sea
1920:Aquaforte
1164:Jamestown
1108:Huguenots
1038:John Nutt
970:Ferryland
954:subarctic
948:from Sir
934:New World
917:Charles I
371:Yorkshire
367:Catterick
339:Yorkshire
183:Signature
146:Spouse(s)
102:1620–1632
98:In office
86:1618–1625
82:In office
3580:Anderson
3562:Anderson
3542:Davidson
3537:Williams
3504:McCallum
3484:Des Vœux
3459:Musgrave
3431:Hamilton
3411:Prescott
3406:Cochrane
3388:Hamilton
3383:Pickmore
3368:Holloway
3333:Milbanke
3323:Campbell
3303:Shuldham
3293:Palliser
3213:Vanbrugh
3203:Muskerry
3165:Hamilton
3155:Gledhill
3117:de Monic
3019:Tanfield
2712:Bossiney
1875:Venetian
1245:SS
1191:Carolina
1144:Virginia
1118:and the
822:Leinster
686:Somerset
606:Cornwall
602:Bossiney
555:James VI
420:and the
382:Richmond
343:Flanders
303:Maryland
250:between
156:Children
3678:Aylward
3663:Crosbie
3658:Roberts
3648:Russell
3643:McGrath
3494:O'Brien
3449:Darling
3358:Gambier
3343:Wallace
3318:Edwards
3313:Montagu
3278:Edwards
3273:Dorrill
3248:Douglas
3243:Edwards
3193:Clinton
3170:Goreham
3150:Purcell
3034:Calvert
2671:, from
2660:, from
811:Commons
720:Ireland
652:Bohemia
617:Holland
523:Leonard
365:, near
351:Belgium
280:Ireland
270:in the
3638:Paddon
3633:Winter
3628:Harnum
3585:Walwyn
3547:Harris
3499:Murray
3479:Glover
3469:Glover
3416:Harvey
3328:Elliot
3288:Graves
3268:Bonfoy
3258:Rodney
3253:Watson
3218:Medley
3188:Osborn
3097:Pioppe
3087:Bellot
3077:Gargot
3009:Hayman
2851:With:
2804:With:
2761:With:
2718:With:
2612:
2569:
2554:
2539:
2524:
2507:
2480:
2461:
2272:104–5.
1772:Tuscan
1205:Legacy
1183:scurvy
1054:plague
1010:timber
885:, the
859:manors
660:Vienna
587:Oxford
535:Philip
410:Papacy
295:Avalon
242:under
122:Kiplin
3673:Foote
3668:Fagan
3653:House
3623:O'Dea
3608:Walsh
3509:Boyle
3489:Blake
3474:Maxse
3378:Keats
3363:Gower
3298:Byron
3263:Drake
3238:Hardy
3233:Smith
3223:Smith
3145:Moody
3102:Parat
3092:Palme
3049:Kirke
3029:Aston
3024:Wynne
3004:Mason
2368:Flags
2035:85–7.
1254:Notes
519:Cecil
508:Cecil
311:Cecil
151:Joane
3464:Hill
3353:Pole
3338:King
3308:Duff
3283:Webb
3228:Byng
3160:Cope
3044:Hill
2567:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2147:128.
1873:The
1416:2023
1237:The
1132:mass
1116:Dove
1090:two
1028:and
1014:hops
1012:and
1006:iron
998:flax
994:hemp
990:salt
589:and
129:Died
119:1580
116:Born
3421:Law
3208:Lee
2999:Guy
2633:".
2618:".
2597:".
2175:98.
2016:78.
1878:90.
1775:74.
1170:".
1120:Ark
1002:tar
491:.
455:at
369:in
231:ɔːr
3697::
2412:^
2304:^
2246:^
2216:^
1824::
1728:^
1615:^
1567:^
1546:^
1498:^
1486:^
1459:^
1432:.
1336:^
1320:^
1284:^
1270:^
1040:.
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
704:.
666:.
537:.
514:.
498:,
321:.
282:.
278:,
216:ɔː
2961:e
2954:t
2947:v
2629:"
2614:"
2593:"
2573:.
2558:.
2543:.
2528:.
2511:.
2486:.
2467:.
1922:.
1436:.
1418:.
234:/
228:m
225:ɪ
222:t
219:l
213:b
210:ˈ
207:/
203:(
31:.
20:)
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