388:"Judge" Taylor made that change in 1904 when the executive committee of the newly formed National Negro Liberty Party asked him to become their candidate for the office of president of the United States. That party had its origin in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1897 when it was known as the Ex-Slave Petitioners' Assembly. It was one of several leagues or assemblies that had formed at the end of the century to support bills then working their way through the United States Congress to grant pensions to former slaves. These leagues claimed that membership in a league was required to qualify for a pension, if and when Congress passed such a bill. In 1900, that Assembly reorganized as the National Industrial Council and in 1903 added issues of lynching, Jim Crow laws, disfranchisement, anti-imperialism and scientific racism to its agenda, broadening its appeal to black voters in Northern and Midwestern states. In 1904 the Council moved its headquarters to Chicago, Illinois, and reorganized as the National Negro Civil Liberty Party.
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military, imperialism, public ownership of railroads, "self-government" for the
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.), lynching, and pensions for ex-slaves. The convention also selected "Col." William Thomas Scott of East St. Louis, Illinois as its candidate for the office of president of the United States for the 1904 election. When convention delegates had left St. Louis and when Scott was arrested and jailed for having failed to pay a fine imposed in 1901, the party's executive committee turned to Taylor who had just stepped down as president of the National Negro Democratic League to lead the party's ticket.
139:. His father was Nathan Taylor, an enslaved African American. The precise statuses of Hines and Taylor are unknown. In 1859, Arkansas enacted a Free Negro Expulsion Bill, which required all free blacks (a "black" defined as anyone with the equivalent of one black grandparent) to leave the state by January 1, 1860, or face sale into slavery for a period of one year to cover costs of removal. At the time, about 700 free black people lived in Arkansas, fewer than in any other slave state. All but 144 free blacks left the state rather than risk slavery.
427:. In 1911 he moved to St. Augustine, Florida where he was manager of the Magnolia Remedy Company which distributed curative salves and potions to tourists and others from the North who migrated to Florida during the winter months for health reasons. While in St. Augustine, he wrote two political tracts, "Removing the Mask" and "Backward Steps" which were popular themes from his earlier writing when he was claiming that the Republican Party was hypocritical and was retreating from its promises. In 1912, Taylor was the editor of the
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believed to be curative for pulmonary problems. Taylor also was a Mason and had attended a national meeting of Masons in
Jacksonville, Florida in 1900 as the president of Iowa's Prince Hall Masons. His Negro Solicitor had a southern readership, and he was known among the nation's black journalists. Jacksonville's black population was large, employment opportunities were much better than in Ottumwa, and hot springs on Florida's eastern coast were believed to be particularly helpful for persons with pulmonary problems.
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compete with or complement the
National Afro-American League, but it accomplished little beyond meeting to discuss issues of importance to the race. During this period Taylor was founder and president of the Negro Inter-State Free Silver League (1897), president of the National Knights of Pythias (1899), and secretary (1898â1900) and then president (1900â1904) of the National Negro Democratic League. This became the officially supported Negro Bureau within the national Democratic Party.
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Southern parties. The
National Negro Democratic League was fractured by the debate over the issue of linking the nation's currency to silver as well as to gold. By 1904, Taylor was positioned to abandon the party and bureau that he had led as president for two terms. It was a time when lynching was creeping northward and when scientific racism was gaining acceptance within the nation's intellectual and scientific community.
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286:) and a farm, served two terms as a local Justice of the Peace (judge), transitioned from Republican to Democrat to Independent and back to Democrat, and served as a policeman. He also was the head of the Negro Bureau in the national Democratic Party (1900â1904) and the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for the office of president of the United States in 1904.
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Roosevelt against a second term bid by
William Howard Taft of Ohio. Taylor, billed as "Major George Taylor of Iowa," supported Roosevelt. When Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey won that election, however, Taylor joined a group of past-presidents of the National Negro Democrat League to march past President Wilson in his 1913 Inaugural Parade.
111:, in 1865, where he lived with the family of a ship cook. After they left the city, he was placed in a foster home at age 10, and lived with that family until he was 20. He attended public school. He had early work experience in La Crosse as a journalist and labor/political activist. In 1891 Taylor left Wisconsin and moved to
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election ballots. Taylor's name failed to be added to any state ballot. The votes he received were not recorded in state records. William Scott, who had been the party convention's first choice as candidate, later estimated that the party had received 65,000 votes nationwide, a number that could not be verified.
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Taylor's rapid rise in La Crosse's and
Wisconsin's labor movement drew attention to his race at a time when the nation was reevaluating its racial attitudes. His opponents in the labor movement increasingly reminded him that he was black. Taylor returned their racial challenges in equal kind, and his
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By 1912, Taylor was well connected politically within
Florida and had reconnected at the national level. Taylor was an Independent first, Democrat second, and always black. In May 1912 he attended a state convention of progressive Republicans in Jacksonville that championed the candidacy of Theodore
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After the 1904 election, Taylor briefly retreated to his farm near Hilton and Albia, Iowa and then moved to
Ottumwa, Iowa for health reasons. At that time Ottumwa was known for its hot springs. He remained active within the dysfunctional National Negro Liberty Party and reconnected to the Democratic
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The first national convention of that new party convened in St. Louis, Missouri in July 1904, with plans to field candidates in states that had sizeable black populations. Its platform included planks that dealt with disfranchisement, insufficient career opportunities for blacks in the United States
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Taylor also served as vice-president and then president of the Negro
National Free Silver League (1896â?1898), vice-president of the National Negro Anti-Expansion, Anti-Imperialist, Anti-Trust and Anti-Lynching League (1899), candidate in 1904 of the National Negro Liberty Party for president of the
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By the time he surfaced in Iowa, Taylor had affiliated with the
Republican Party. He arrived in Iowa as a community organizer and a Republican Party promoter. His focus changed from "labor" to "race" in a time when the nation was increasingly focused on the issues of race and the "Negro Problem." In
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Taylor's campaign in 1904 was unsuccessful. The party's promise to put 300 speakers on the stump to support his candidacy and its plan to field 6,000 candidates for local offices failed to materialize. No newspaper supported the party. State laws kept the party from listing candidates officially on
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During the war years when Jacksonville became the center of repeated outbreaks of Spanish Influenza, Taylor retreated to a farm where he raised "poultry." When the war ended, Taylor returned to Jacksonville and became the organizer/director of an exclusive "Progressive Order of Men and Women" that
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In 1908, he gave a keynote address to a "Union Convention" of black political leagues that was held in Denver, Colorado at the same time that the National Democratic Party was meeting in that city. That "Union Convention" organized a National Negro Anti-Taft League that supported the candidacy of
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Between 1900 and 1904, Taylor was president of the National Negro Democratic League. Southern Democrats were enacting laws that disfranchised most black voters and were imposing segregation through "Jim Crow" laws. Northern Democrats seemed unwilling and/or unable to control the excesses of their
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Taylor's period as an Independent Republican (a Negrowump) was short-lived. Iowa's Republican leadership envisioned Taylor as someone who could speak the language of labor and who could keep Iowa's black coal and lead miners loyal to the party that had liberated them from slavery. Within sixteen
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Taylor's reasons for moving from Iowa and to Florida in 1910 are not clearly defined. Scattered reference to health problems throughout his life in the Midwest and his move to Ottumwa for health reasons suggest that Taylor suffered from pulmonary difficulties and that he sought out those places
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Taylor's activities at the regional and national levels, however, tended to be intensely partisan, except for his leadership role in a dysfunctional, non-partisan National Colored Men's Protective League, which he led as president from 1892 until the end of the century. That league expected to
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In 1892, Taylor was positioned to play a major role as an Independent Republican. He, along with Frederick Douglass and Charles Ferguson, carried recommendations from Black Independent Republicans to the Platform Committee of the National Republican Party. That committee rejected all of their
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Party, supporting that party's candidates for local offices. As a reward for that support, he was appointed to a patronage position as a policeman attached to Ottumwa's district designated for black residences and businesses, known regionally as the "Black belt," "Badlands," or "tenderloin."
360:(NAAC), and the National Colored Men's Protective League (NCMPL). These leagues served as black-only forums for discussing problems peculiar to the race â ideally in a non-partisan and non-confrontational setting. They also included the Iowa Colored Congress, the Iowa
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recommendations, and Taylor, in response, published a scathing "National Appeal, addressed to the American Negro and the Friends of Human Liberty." That "Appeal" effectively ended any role that he might have hoped to play within the state or national party.
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169:. Taylor remained in La Crosse for two or three years. During those years he was known as George Southall and likely lived with the family of Henry Southall, a black cook who worked on paddle wheelers. In 1867 or 1868, the Southalls moved from La Crosse.
254:, he supported the administration of Frank "White Beaver" Powell, who served two terms as mayor of La Crosse. He was first elected as an independent (with no party affiliation) and, for his second term, as the champion of the city's Workingmen's Party.
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in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, where he studied for two years (1877â1879). He took a classical curriculum that emphasized grammar, language, and rhetoric. For health and financial reasons,, Taylor left Wayland before completing the three-year curriculum.
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But George, at age 10 or 11, remained in the city. A La Crosse County court judge intervened and had him assigned to black foster parents, Nathan and Sarah Smith. They cared for some of the county's orphaned or abandoned children, and lived near
150:, in a free state. It had supporters of the Underground Railroad, and slaves were known to escape from Missouri across the Mississippi River to Illinois. During the Civil War, Alton was a major river port for the Union military. Hines died from
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Taylor married Cora (nÊe Cooper) Buckner on August 25, 1894. Cora was sixteen years younger than he and brought a child to the marriage. That child was mentioned only once in the record. Buckner was a typist and essayist who edited the
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In 1892, he was founder and president of the National Colored Men's Protection League. In 1900 he was president of the National Negro Democratic League, the Negro bureau within the national Democratic Party. In 1904, Taylor joined the
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was essentially an investment club and mutual insurance company. He also became the editor of the Florida Sentinel. He remained connected to Walker National Business College. He died in Jacksonville on December 23, 1925.
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in (1886), serving as its State Secretary (1886â1887). He represented the state party at the Cincinnati Conference of Union Labor (February 1887) and became an advocate of Union Labor in Wisconsin (1887). Taylor's
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Taylor claimed that he "went West" after he left La Crosse and before he appeared in Oskaloosa, Iowa in January 1891. The record is silent concerning his activities during these missing three years.
177:, about 10.5 miles northeast of La Crosse. Taylor lived with the Smiths until the age of 20. During this period, he took the name of George Edward Taylor. He attended a country school near his home.
441:, was a member of the board of commissioners for Jacksonville's Masonic lodges, and maintained an office in Walker National Business College, one of the nation's largest black technical colleges.
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after 1900, Cora refused to leave Oskaloosa. Their marriage ended in divorce. During this phase as a farmer, Taylor also studied law and served two terms as a "justice of the peace."
92:(August 4, 1857 â December 23, 1925) was an American journalist, editor, political activist, and politician. In 1904, he was the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for
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Taylor's activities at the state level primarily focused within leagues and associations that claimed to be non-partisan. These included state leagues that affiliated with the
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months of his arrival in Iowa, however, Taylor abandoned the Iowa Republican Party for an independent course that emphasized racial solidarity rather than party membership.
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William Jennings Bryan, Democrat from Nebraska, for the office of president of the United States. Taylor was a member of that league's committee on resolutions.
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127:, a third party, and ran as its candidate for president of the United States. After the failure of his 1904 campaign, he returned to the Democratic Party.
458:
Davidson, James M. "Encountering the Ex-Slave Reparation Movement from the Grave: The National Industrial Council and National Liberty Party, 1901â1907."
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James Davidson, "Encountering the Ex-Slave Reparation Movement from the Grave: The National Industrial Council and National Liberty Party, 1901â1907,"
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For Labor, Race, and Liberty: George Edwin Taylor, His Historic Run for the White House, and the Making of Independent Black Politics
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For Labor, Race, and Liberty: George Edwin Taylor, His Historic Run for the White House, and the making of Independent Black Politics
294:(1893â1898) when Taylor was most active in politics at the state and national levels. There were no known children to this marriage.
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Taylor was Secretary (1885â1886) of the La Crosse Workingmen's Party (both city and county) and one of the founders of the Wisconsin
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Taylor returned to La Crosse in 1879, and changed his middle name from Edward to Edwin. On October 15, 1885, he married Mary Hall of
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220:, gaining national notoriety by calling for the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Pomeroy was an influential voice in the
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Glasrud, Bruce A., and Cary D. Wintz, African Americans and the Presidency: The road to the White House. New York: Routledge, 2010.
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107:, because his mother was free. His father was enslaved. His mother took him to Alton, Illinois, where she died. He reached
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Taylor was politically active at the city, county, state, and national levels while living in La Crosse. As editor of the
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in 1861 or 1862. George later claimed that as an orphan, he lived in storehouse boxes in Alton during the war years.
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George Edwin Taylor was born free in Little Rock, Arkansas on August 4, 1857, because his mother Amanda Hines was a
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survived, except for scattered articles reprinted in other newspapers or found in scrapbooks. Taylor published the
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as an Independent Republican paper in 1892â1893, and as a Democratic Party paper in 1893â1898. Taylor revived the
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George Edwin Taylor was the first person of African descent to officially run for president of the United States
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A month after the war ended in 1865, at age 8, George landed at the docks of La Crosse, Wisconsin on board the
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Mouser, Bruce L. "George Edwin Taylor (1857â1925)." Online Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, at
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472:. La Crosse, Wisconsin: La Crosse County Historical Society, Occasional Papers Series No. 1, 2002.
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197:. She is mentioned only once in located records. There were no known children from this marriage.
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119:. In the 1890s, Taylor shifted from being an Independent Republican to the Democratic Party.
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Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief: The Life of White Beaver Powell, Buffalo Bill's Blood Brother
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509:"Sketch of George Edwin Taylor: The only colored man ever nominated for the presidency,"
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Knights of Pythias of North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia
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Past, Present & Future: The Magazine of the La Crosse County Historical Society
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Taylor appeared first in Tampa, Florida where he became a reporter, likely for the
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United States, and vice-president of the National Negro Anti-Taft League in 1908.
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of Jacksonville and in 1917 became the editor of the "Black Star" edition of the
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Black La Crosse, Wisconsin, 1850â1906: Settlers, entrepreneurs, & exodusers
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Wisconsin State People's Party (also known as the Wisconsin Union Labor Party)
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Taylor wrote articles for several of La Crosse's newspapers and for Chicago's
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206:. During this first year, he also obtained employment as city editor of the
643:, 39â41. More detail about Taylor's La Crosse period is found in Mouser,
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support base within La Crosse's predominantly white community collapsed.
437:, the state's largest newspaper. He also was active in Jacksonville's
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Encyclopediaofarkansas.net Billy D. Higgins (2012), "Act 151 of 1859"
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Marlene Sokol, "Black Journalist wrote and politicked for change,"
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this two-decade period, Taylor owned and operated a newspaper (the
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1027:(Jacksonville: University of North Florida Press, 1991), passim.
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African-American candidates for President of the United States
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239:(1886-ca. 1887), both of which claimed to be the voice of the
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Frank Klement, "Brick Pomeroy: Copperhead and Curmudgeon,"
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Mouser, Bruce L. "Taylor and Smith: Benevolent Fosterage."
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was the official voice of Wisconsin's labor party in 1887.
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When Taylor moved from Oskaloosa to manage a lead mine at
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in 1900, and then to operate a farm near Hilton and
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and within Wisconsin's Union Greenback Labor Party.
161:, a steam side-paddle wheeler that operated between
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19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
243:, the La Crosse County Workingmen's Party, and the
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39:
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610:Mouser, "Taylor and Smith: Benevolent Fosterage,"
420:, date unknown. Tillinghast was a school teacher.
623:Mouser, "George Edwin Taylor: Leaving his mark,"
835:, July 27, 1896, p.5, and August 25, 1897, p.7.
647:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012).
500:"Sketch of Iowa Negro Presidential Candidate,"
490:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012.
216:. During the Civil War, Pomeroy was known as a
856:Mouser, For Labor, Race, and Liberty, 102â106.
534:"A Forgotten Presidential Candidate From 1904"
847:(Chicago, Illinois), September 30, 1899, p.1.
8:
324:in 1904. Taylor also wrote articles for the
1052:(Chicago: Successful Americans, 1912), 394.
998:, July 8, 1908, p.July 1 and 11, 1908, p.2.
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1156:George Edwin Taylor at Genealogybank.com
320:for four to six months when he moved to
883:The Journal of African American History
686:(Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 2002), 81.
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460:The Journal of African American History
115:. He published a weekly newspaper, the
1221:Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
1216:Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
1025:Jacksonville After the Fire, 1901â1919
711:(available online), July 2, 1887, p.4.
1226:Politicians from La Crosse, Wisconsin
416:Taylor married Marion Tillinghast of
142:Hines fled with her infant George to
7:
1236:20th-century African-American people
910:For accounts of the convention, see
660:35, no. 2 (1951â52), 106â13, 156â57.
233:(1885â1886) and owner/editor of the
532:Weeks, Linton (December 3, 2015).
14:
439:Young Men's Christian Association
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1050:Successful Americans of Our Day
721:Article written by Cora Taylor
358:National Afro-American Council
180:At age 20, Taylor enrolled at
94:President of the United States
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932:Daily Illinois State Register
658:Wisconsin Magazine of History
497:32, no. 1 (August 2010), 1â3.
354:National Afro-American League
1104:For Labor, Race, and Liberty
1038:For Labor, Race, and Liberty
1021:For Labor, Race, and Liberty
960:Daily Illinois State Journal
821:For Labor, Race, and Liberty
733:For Labor, Race, and Liberty
308:No known copies of Taylor's
227:Taylor became editor of the
125:National Negro Liberty Party
1023:, 140-42; James R. Crooks,
195:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
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1211:Journalists from Wisconsin
1206:American newspaper editors
958:, February 19, 1905, p.3;
481:Encyclopediaofarkansas.net
418:Green Cove Spring, Florida
922:, September 3, 1904, p.1.
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1201:African-American writers
1150:Wisconsin Labor Advocate
1141:Political science portal
1010:, January 18, 1901, p.8.
962:, January 29, 1905, p.1.
709:Wisconsin Labor Advocate
557:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
514:', October 1904, 476â81.
326:Sunday Des Moines Leader
264:Wisconsin Labor Advocate
236:Wisconsin Labor Advocate
146:, which was across from
103:Taylor was born free in
1166:Murphy Library pictures
1063:The Florida Times-Union
794:, August 18, 1897, p.5.
1093:, March 22, 1913, p.1.
990:, July 11, 1908, p.3;
974:, April 12, 1907, p.1.
918:, July 16, 1904, p.1;
380:1904 election campaign
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252:La Crosse Evening Star
230:La Crosse Evening Star
214:Marcus "Brick" Pomeroy
212:, owned and edited by
100:to run for president.
901:, July 27, 1903, p.9.
872:, July 22, 1904, p.4.
751:, July 28, 1904, p.7.
581:, September 5, 1904;
568:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
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175:West Salem, Wisconsin
105:Little Rock, Arkansas
54:Little Rock, Arkansas
1127:United States portal
1065:, February 27, 1984.
1008:Iowa State Bystander
833:Quincy Daily Journal
810:, May 21, 1900, p.6.
778:, September 5, 1904.
579:Lincoln Evening News
506:, September 5, 1904.
503:Lincoln Evening News
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627:(July 2010), 14â19
512:Voice of the Negro'
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167:St. Louis, Missouri
163:St. Paul, Minnesota
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137:free woman of color
96:. He was the first
90:George Edwin Taylor
25:George Edwin Taylor
16:American journalist
583:Voice of the Negro
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209:La Crosse Democrat
934:, July 14, 1904;
885:97 (2012), 13â38.
598:, pp. 38â39, 81.
486:Mouser, Bruce L.
468:Mouser, Bruce L.
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1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
870:Daily Courier
867:
862:
859:
853:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
816:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
792:Daily Journal
789:
784:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
762:
757:
754:
750:
746:
741:
738:
734:
728:
725:
722:
717:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
692:
689:
685:
679:
676:
672:
666:
663:
659:
653:
650:
646:
642:
636:
633:
630:
626:
620:
617:
613:
607:
604:
601:
597:
591:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
569:
564:
561:
558:
554:
549:
546:
541:
540:
535:
528:
525:
519:
515:
513:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
421:
419:
414:
408:Florida phase
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
342:
335:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:Ottumwa, Iowa
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
295:
293:
287:
285:
279:
273:
271:
267:
265:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
204:
198:
196:
188:
186:
183:
178:
176:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:Hawkeye State
155:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
130:
128:
126:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
83:
79:
76:
74:Occupation(s)
72:
64:
60:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1149:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
954:(Wisconsin)
951:
947:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
906:
899:Constitution
898:
894:
890:
882:
877:
869:
865:
861:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
815:
807:
804:Cedar Rapids
803:
799:
791:
787:
783:
776:Evening News
775:
771:
767:
756:
748:
744:
740:
732:
727:
716:
708:
704:
696:
691:
683:
678:
670:
665:
657:
652:
644:
640:
635:
624:
619:
611:
606:
595:
590:
582:
578:
574:
563:
556:
548:
537:
527:
510:
501:
494:
487:
469:
459:
453:Bibliography
447:
443:
432:
428:
424:
422:
415:
411:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
374:
370:
356:(NAAL), the
351:
347:
330:
325:
317:
313:
309:
307:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
277:
268:
263:
256:
251:
249:
234:
228:
226:
207:
201:
199:
192:
179:
171:
158:
156:
152:tuberculosis
141:
134:
121:
116:
102:
89:
88:
67:(1925-12-23)
18:
1186:1925 deaths
1181:1857 births
994:(Colorado)
984:Grand Forks
938:(Missouri)
914:(Missouri)
790:(Illinois)
774:(Nebraska)
682:Eric Sorg,
629:Wayland.org
303:Albia, Iowa
274:Iowa period
203:Inter Ocean
1175:Categories
1077:(Florida)
897:(Georgia)
823:, 102â103.
614:, pp. 1â3.
520:References
218:Copperhead
131:Early life
82:journalist
46:1857-08-04
1106:, 143-45.
936:St. Louis
916:Palladium
912:St. Louis
745:Oskaloosa
699:, 131-36.
673:, 131-36.
625:Greetings
328:in 1898.
1102:Mouser,
1091:Broad Ax
1036:Mouser,
1019:Mouser,
940:Republic
845:Broad Ax
819:Mouser,
731:Mouser,
695:Mouser,
669:Mouser,
639:Mouser,
594:Mouser,
1079:Tribune
895:Atlanta
868:(Iowa)
866:Ottumwa
806:(Iowa)
772:Lincoln
747:(Iowa)
1040:, 139.
992:Denver
988:Herald
788:Quincy
749:Herald
735:, 102.
364:, and
56:, U.S.
1075:Tampa
956:Times
996:Post
165:and
62:Died
40:Born
539:NPR
1177::
555:,
536:.
368:.
247:.
80:,
542:.
483:.
476:.
48:)
44:(
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