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358:, then Commandant of the Staff College, on his reconnaissance of the likely future theatre of war. In August 1908, along with Edward Percival ("Perks"), they explored south of Namur by train and bicycle. In August 1909 Harper and Wilson travelled from Mons then down the French frontier almost as far as Switzerland. In the spring of the following year, this time by motor car, they travelled from Rotterdam into Germany, then explored the German side of the frontier, noting the new railway lines and "many sidings" which had been built near St Vith and Bitburg (to allow concentration of German troops near the Ardennes).
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604:– 1930) that the attack on Flesquieres failed as a result of Harper using his own idiosyncratic tactical drill. Although widely repeated, this claim is dismissed by Bryn Hammond as "plainly rot" – Baker-Carr made no such complaint at the time (he in fact praised the arrangements), it is not corroborated in other contemporary accounts, and it was Baker-Carr's own brigade which failed.
610:
Bryn
Hammond attributes Harper's failure to take Flesquieres to a strong German defence, to the holding back of his reserve brigade, and partly to the overextended command and control structure (Harper had sited his HQ too far back, 8,000 yards (over 4.5 miles) behind the original British front line,
676:
Third Army) to urge Harper to make quicker progress, and when Byng pointed out that IV Corps were making progress recorded "I should "progress" by sending Harper to the rear". Haldane was concerned that Third Army orders gave Harper (on
Haldane's right, i.e. southern flank) "an excuse for not coming
376:
Because of the need for secrecy, Harper's MO1 was tiny – ten officers, three of them seconded from the
Quartermaster-General's Department. Secret documents (e.g. railway timetables) were typed up by officers rather than (enlisted) clerks and printed on a secret printing press. By 14 November 1912,
394:
On the outbreak of war
Colonel Harper was placed in charge of the Oa (planning operations and written orders) section at BEF GHQ. The I (intelligence) and Ob (written records) sections were subordinate to Oa, making Oa in practice something of a bottleneck. He had a poor relationship with the BEF
510:
described him as "fine-looking, with an aquiline nose and snow-white hair, although his moustache was black". He was known as "Uncle" or, occasionally, "Daddy". Lieutenant-Colonel Walter
Nicholson commented that his experience of working with Territorials made him the right man to encourage the
463:
Harper remained a favourite of Wilson, and throughout 1916, whilst Wilson commanded IV Corps, they would – as Andy
Simpson puts it – regularly "meet, eat and criticise others". He told Wilson (24 September 1916) that GHQ was out of touch with the troops and had no knowledge and no imagination.
380:
When Deputy
Director of Military Operations, Colonel Harper minuted (1 October 1913) that in the event of war corps should simply be "post boxes" to relay the decisions of GHQ to divisions – this view would gradually be revised in the course of the war, and by the latter part of World War One
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diary 29 Jan & 8 Feb 1915) whilst Wilson was away touring the French front. Robertson separated Staff Duties and
Intelligence out from Operations into separate sections, each headed by a Brigadier-General. Although Harper's removal was part of a restructuring at GHQ, his successor
576:(September 1917). In an attempt to economise on soldiers' lives, he attacked with only one brigade, reinforced to six battalions, unlike most divisions which attacked with two brigades ("two up") and one in reserve. However, his division was driven back by German counterattacks.
458:
King George V with
General Herbert Plumer, Commander of the Second Army, General Alexander Godley, Commander of the 2nd ANZAC Corps, and General George Harper, Commander of the 51st (Highland) Division, inspecting New Zealand battalions about to entrain at Steenwerck, 14 August
40:
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had also adopted his own tactics. These tactics were based on previous experience of infantry-tank cooperation, and concern that infantry in column might suffer excess casualties before being able to return fire. Christopher Baker-Carr later claimed in his memoirs
622:) that he had expressed scepticism about the new tactics of infantry advancing in single file ("worms") and had remarked that they should advance in line as if "you were walking arm-in-arm with a girl". Hardress-Lloyd claimed to have retorted "if the late
653:) are described by Travers as "seasoned and reliable commanders". Nonetheless they suffered command problems in the early stages of the March retreat, particularly on 26 March when the Germans were rumoured to be breaking through at Hebuterne.
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Division). Maxse's report stressed Harper's skill both at training and command, and mentioned the improvement in 51st
Division, which had previously been "ill-organised and unsoldier-like", and recommended him for promotion to corps command.
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commented on Harper's interest in training prior to the Battle of Arras, and remarked on the steep improvement in many divisions in this regard since the Somme. The 51st Division, known initially as "Harper's Duds", was later described as
351:, the same year. Following his graduation from Camberley, he was appointed a staff captain at headquarters on 15 October 1902. He later returned to the Staff College where he served on the directing staff from May 1908 to December 1910.
271:. It was widely claimed by tank officers that his adoption of idiosyncratic tactics at Cambrai caused his division's failure to reach its objectives, although this view has now been called into question. He commanded
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to build up his own untrammelled "empire" when head of Intelligence during the middle part of the war. Intelligence was once again made to "report to" Operations when BEF GHQ was again restructured early in
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the official recommendation for columns of men to follow the tanks mirrored the new tactics - "worms" of moppers-up following "waves" of skirmishers - pioneered by Fifth Army at Third Ypres over the summer.
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To retake Fontaine on 23 November, Harper concurred with the brigade commander Henry Pelham Burn's suggestion to attack with only two of his seven battalions in a misguided attempt to conserve lives.
419:(Quarter-Master-General of the BEF) was known to remark - by one account to some visiting politicians at Abbeville in 1914 who saw the letters written on a door - that "Oa" stood for "Old 'Arper".
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forward at the same time as my Corps" (22 September). Haldane appealed to Byng, who refused to overrule Harper. Haldane attributed this to their lack of experience of the
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He became Deputy Director of Military Operations (DDMO) at the War Office in 1911 (serving under Wilson, DMO). From June 1911 Harper headed M.O.1 section. After the
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Harper's tactical plan for Cambrai was for his infantry to follow the tanks in line. He was entitled to draw up his own plan under "Field Service Regulations", and
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on 11 March 1918, as part of a reshuffle in which a number of older corps commanders were retired from front-line command. He held this command, part of
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Robertson, now BEF Chief of Staff, removed Harper – who had been promoted temporary brigadier-general in November - "in a very untactful way" (
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from sacking Harper (Wilson diary 7 Sep) but a week later recorded (Wilson diary 14 Sep), that Murray and Harper argued constantly.
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were walking with you, where do you think he would go?” and that Harper almost had to be "carried from the room in an ambulance".
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443:. Harper briefly succeeded to Wilson's old job as Director of Military Operations. In September 1915 he took command of the
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after two years of work, the railway timetables were ready for the assembly of the BEF, prior to sea transport to France.
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Sheffield & Todman 2004, p. 46. Sheffield & Todman argue that this had the unintended consequence of allowing
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wrote that M.O.1, formerly "academic and sterile", "became the mainspring of all our preparations for war".
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commented that "He had a touch of showmanship which troops like when it is combined with efficiency".
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781:"General Sir G. M. Harper." Times 16 December 1922: 14. The Times Digital Archive. 7 November 2013.
618:(GOC 3 Tank Brigade) thought Harper "an old ass" and claimed (according to the May 1918 journals of
1222:"Sir G. M. Harper Killed." Times 16 December 1922: 12. The Times Digital Archive. 7 November 2013.
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18 February 1915 - Colonel (Temporary Brigadier-General) George Montague Harper DSO is appointed a
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In June 1917 Wilson – who had himself just declined the job - recommended Harper for command of
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British generalship on the Western Front 1914-18: defeat into victory By Simon Robbins, Page 63
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1891 Census of Bath - Batheaston Manor, High Street, Batheaston, Piece:1940 Folio:48 Page:23.
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when his car skidded and overturned, he died of a fractured skull and his wife was injured.
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Major-General G. M. Harper and Colonel Henry Holmes Sutherland, CO of the 1/7th Battalion,
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had to write messages even though it was not his job. Wilson had to intercede to prevent
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experienced corps commanders were taking on more and more autonomy over operations.
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for valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the field.
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individualism of Highlanders, and that he had "the makings of a great general".
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27 September 1901 - Captain (now Major) George Montague Harper is appointed a
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1 January 1918 - Major-General George Montague Harper CB DSO is promoted to
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Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914-18
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where he joined 37th Field Company Royal Engineers and saw action at
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327:, Val Kranz, Tugela Heights and Pieter's Hill. He was awarded the
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in recognition for services during operations in South Africa.
697:. On 15 December 1922 Harper was driving from Sherborne to
399:, as he was used to working with Murray's deputy and rival
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in recognition of the meritorious service during the war.
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George Harper was educated at Bath College and at the
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George Montague Harper was born on 11 January 1865 in
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Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
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407:) Harper refused to do anything for Murray, so that
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Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier
224:(11 January 1865 – 15 December 1922), was a senior
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502:"one of the two or three best divisions in France"
1317:Cambrai, The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle
431:was more focussed and approachable than Harper.
656:In September 1918, during the period after the
319:on 1 October 1892. In 1899 he was deployed to
1593:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
1578:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
732:Harper also was awarded foreign decorations;
584:Harper's 51st Division also took part in the
8:
712:Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
1603:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
760:He married Ella Constance Jackson in 1893.
746:Grand Cross of the Belgian Order of Leopold
243:, he held important staff positions at the
1588:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
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331:(DSO) in November 1900 for his service in
251:(BEF) GHQ in 1914. He later commanded the
85:London Road Cemetery, Salisbury, Wiltshire
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1628:Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
1618:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
1300:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
899:(Supplement). 18 June 1901. p. 4096.
726:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
491:Harper's Division also saw action in the
439:In February 1915 he was given command of
194:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
1378:Command and Control on the Western Front
1356:British Generalship on the Western Front
1281:(Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 1.
1298:Winning and Losing on the Western Front
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827:Biography of General Sir George Harper
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689:After the War, in 1919, Harper became
1319:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
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1583:British Army generals of World War I
1132:Sheffield & Todman 2004, p. 138.
1059:Sheffield & Todman 2004, p. 48.
992:Sheffield & Todman 2004, p. 45.
983:Sheffield & Todman 2004, p. 98.
1613:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1241:. 27 September 1901. p. 6309.
879:. 27 September 1901. p. 6309.
719:Companion of the Order of the Bath
403:. On 24 August (the day after the
14:
347:on 1 April 1901, and entered the
1633:Military personnel from Somerset
1623:British Army lieutenant generals
931:. 21 October 1902. p. 6652.
315:on 5 July 1884, and promoted to
301:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
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1598:Road incident deaths in England
611:and 7 miles from Flesquieres).
467:51st Division took part in the
21:George Harper (disambiguation)
1:
1261:. 2 March 1915. p. 2091.
1150:Hammond 2008, pp. 83–86, 431.
847:. 15 July 1884. p. 3226.
1479:GOC 51st (Highland) Division
1098:Taylor & Francis, 2006,
642:, until the end of the war.
447:which saw action during the
1338:. Oxford University Press.
1168:Hammond 2008, pp. 179, 435.
634:Harper was promoted to GOC
602:From Chauffeur to Brigadier
564:51st Division took part in
504:under Harper's leadership.
329:Distinguished Service Order
249:British Expeditionary Force
198:Distinguished Service Order
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691:General Officer Commanding
664:was advancing towards the
209:Sir George Montague Harper
67:15 December 1922 (aged 57)
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645:Harper and his colleague
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1573:Royal Engineers officers
1086:Simpson 2006, pp. 48–49.
1024:Hammond 2008, pp. 60–62.
445:51st (Highland) Division
349:Staff College, Camberley
253:51st (Highland) Division
162:51st (Highland) Division
1358:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1354:Robbins, Simon (2005).
1334:Jeffery, Keith (2006).
1296:Boff, Jonathan (2012).
1213:Boff 2012, pp. 201–202.
860:Hart′s Army list, 1903.
742:Belgian Croix de Guerre
371:Gen Sir Percy Radcliffe
343:Harper was promoted to
1489:George Carter-Campbell
1399:. Stroud: Spellmount.
1395:Simpson, Andy (2006).
1380:. Stroud: Spellmount.
1376:; Todman, Dan (2004).
1315:Hammond, Bryn (2008).
738:French Croix de Guerre
488:
460:
247:before the war and at
1437:Travers, Tim (1992).
1422:. Allen & Unwin.
1414:Travers, Tim (1987).
1204:Simpson 2006, p. 200.
1195:Travers 1987, p. 238.
1186:Simpson 2006, p. 230.
1159:Hammond 2008, p. 252.
1123:Simpson 2006, p. 103.
1114:Jeffery 2006, p. 194.
1077:Travers 1987, p. 108.
1068:Simpson 2006, p. 205.
974:Jeffery 2006, p. 102.
965:Jeffery 2006, p. 101.
802:Travers 1987, p. 287.
568:'s attacks to assist
522:, but Haig appointed
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441:17th Infantry Brigade
295:Early military career
126:Years of service
1568:Burials in Wiltshire
1510:March–November 1918
241:General Henry Wilson
19:For other uses, see
16:British Army general
1540:Sir Walter Congreve
1439:How the War Was Won
1177:Travers 1992, p. 6.
1036:, pp. 117–118.
750:Serbian White Eagle
524:Frederick McCracken
469:Battle of the Ancre
449:Battle of the Somme
362:Military Operations
354:Harper accompanied
1499:Charles Woollcombe
1418:The Killing Ground
1278:The London Gazette
1258:The London Gazette
1238:The London Gazette
928:The London Gazette
896:The London Gazette
876:The London Gazette
844:The London Gazette
705:Honours and awards
679:NorthWest Frontier
640:British Third Army
614:Brigadier-General
588:in November 1917.
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435:Division Commander
255:at the Battles of
206:Lieutenant-General
138:Lieutenant,General
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1537:Succeeded by
1523:Sir Henry Sclater
1486:Succeeded by
1464:Military offices
1448:978-1-84415-207-0
1387:978-1-86227-420-4
1345:978-0-19-820358-2
1326:978-0-7538-2605-8
1307:978-1-1074-4902-2
1104:978-0-415-40778-6
956:, pp. 74–75.
586:Battle of Cambrai
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1441:. Routledge.
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1406:1-86227-292-1
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693:-in-Chief of
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620:J.F.C. Fuller
617:
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597:62nd Division
594:
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579:
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552:Division and
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368:Agadir Crisis
361:
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339:Staff officer
338:
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58:
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36:
29:
26:
22:
1528:
1513:
1506:GOC IV Corps
1504:
1477:
1438:
1417:
1396:
1377:
1355:
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1034:Robbins 2005
1029:
1002:Robbins 2005
997:
988:
979:
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954:Jeffery 2006
949:
942:Jeffery 2006
937:
926:
917:
910:Travers 1987
905:
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466:
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393:
379:
375:
365:
356:Henry Wilson
353:
342:
333:South Africa
321:South Africa
305:commissioned
298:
282:
238:
230:British Army
208:
204:
176:Battles/wars
158:17th Brigade
120:British Army
25:
1563:1922 deaths
1558:1865 births
1273:"No. 30450"
1253:"No. 29086"
1233:"No. 27359"
923:"No. 27486"
891:"No. 27324"
871:"No. 27359"
839:"No. 25376"
624:Oscar Wilde
593:Braithwaite
542:XVIII Corps
530:Third Ypres
513:Cyril Falls
485:Black Watch
265:Third Ypres
232:during the
184:World War I
1552:Categories
1534:1919–1922
1483:1915–1918
764:References
662:Third Army
574:Menin Road
535:Ivor Maxse
520:XIII Corps
309:lieutenant
285:Batheaston
279:Early life
245:War Office
91:Allegiance
53:Batheaston
526:instead.
424:Rawlinson
417:Robertson
409:Lord Loch
325:Spion Kop
311:into the
303:. He was
275:in 1918.
257:the Ancre
129:1884–1922
76:, England
70:Sherborne
59:, England
748:and the
651:VI Corps
636:IV Corps
554:Cuthbert
273:IV Corps
166:IV Corps
154:Commands
109:Service/
57:Somerset
1290:Sources
685:Postwar
660:whilst
580:Cambrai
429:Whigham
317:captain
287:, near
269:Cambrai
228:of the
226:officer
1445:
1426:
1403:
1384:
1362:
1350:Harper
1342:
1323:
1304:
1102:
756:Family
570:Plumer
508:Spears
497:Spears
413:French
401:Wilson
397:Murray
190:Awards
111:branch
100:
81:Buried
74:Dorset
1050:1918.
566:Gough
475:Arras
459:1916.
345:major
307:as a
261:Arras
219:
217:,
1443:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1100:ISBN
670:Byng
558:39th
550:58th
267:and
144:Unit
134:Rank
64:Died
47:Born
674:GOC
595:of
548:of
539:GOC
390:GHQ
221:DSO
214:KCB
1554::
1275:.
1255:.
1235:.
1009:^
925:.
893:.
873:.
853:^
841:.
807:^
795:^
772:^
752:.
744:,
740:,
736:,
556:,
451:.
335:.
263:,
259:,
236:.
211:,
72:,
55:,
1451:.
1432:.
1409:.
1390:.
1368:.
1348:.
1329:.
1310:.
672:(
649:(
600:(
537:(
23:.
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