401:
345:
192:
393:
175:, whose family owned the Oceanic Steamship Company and a sugar cane business in Hawaii. In 1889 he was supervising shipment being loaded at the docks, when some of the Spreckels family invited him on board for a poker game. By the time he noticed, the ship was on its way across the Pacific. He spent only a week in Hawaii, but must have enjoyed the stay, since he took more trips and spent more time on the islands.
28:
159:). After his release from the Greek Army, his father decided to leave the family farm to an older brother and agreed to send George to America to join his eldest brother John, in California. In 1877 he traveled in steerage class to New York City, and worked his way across the country. A relative convinced him to join a wholesale fruit business trading between Hawaii and
284:
171:, who shipped Hawaiian bananas to the mainland. Through friends he learned of a small oyster house that was for sale in Sausalito and he was able to buy it. He named it the Oyster Grotto. By 1881, the Grotto came to be patronized by such notables as William Randolph Hearst and the sons of the sugar cane baron, Claus Spreckels. He became friends with
434:
the Inter-Island Steam
Navigation Company was going bankrupt after expanding the Volcano House to 115 rooms. Lycurgus bought it back for $ 300 in a receivership sale, but very few guests showed up until an eruption in 1934. He started the tradition of tossing gin bottles into the volcano, a practice
328:
He opened a restaurant called the Union Grill in
Honolulu in 1901 and would hold "Jailbirds of 1895" nights which were not popular with the new government. He phased out of the politics of Honolulu over the next few years. Lycurgus invested in a logging venture in 1907, and bought the Hilo Hotel from
178:
In 1892 he sent for his nephew
Demosthenes Lycurgus, who would help him manage his Hawaiian enterprises. Along with other recent immigrants, he formed the Pearl City Fruit Company. Their competition was the Hawaiian Fruit and Packing Company, owned by established descendants of American missionaries
465:
After another eruption in 1952, at the age of 93, he arranged a publicity stunt involving riding a horse to the rim of the erupting vent and tossing in his ceremonial bottle of gin. Despite the efforts of park officials, the event went off as planned, pleasing the spectators and the press. The
314:, he was accused of smuggling guns to the Royalists. Several leaders had meetings in the Sans Souci hotel. By January 20 the leaders were all captured. Lycurgus was arrested, charged with treason, spent 52 days in jail, but was never tried.
299:, hoping to join the United States of America. The new government, controlled by conservative missionaries, fined Lycurgus for selling liquor at his resort. Lycurgus hired a band of Hawaiians who played music honoring
457:
to construct a park headquarters building farther back from the cliff. That allowed him to build a more modern hotel at the former
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory site. He reopened the new Volcano House (designed by
442:
wood piano were saved. Embers from the fire were taken to the 1877 Volcano House building to claim the fireplace had burned continuously. The old structure was used again for guests; it now houses the
982:
385:
arrived to investigate the volcano. The
Lycurgus family raised money to build a small building next to the hotel for scientific instruments. By February 1912 construction was begun on the
336:
In 1903, when he returned to Greece to visit his mother, he met and married Athina
Gerassimos from Sparta, the second of nine children. She was probably the first Greek woman in Hawaii.
363:
Kīlauea had been inactive for almost a year, but
Lycurgus had other enterprises to keep himself afloat. Two months after the Lycurguses acquired the business, the volcano erupted.
438:
In 1937 his wife Athena died of cancer in Hilo. A fire destroyed the hotel in 1940, ironically from a kitchen oil burner, not volcanic lava. Only a few artifacts, such as a
952:
408:
While visiting Greece in 1914, World War I prevented him from returning. In 1919, Demosthenes
Lycurgus traveled to Athens to marry Maria Yatrakos, but died of
997:
967:
962:
325:
at his Sans Souci hotel. Hawaii was annexed as a territory of the United States that year and the practical
Lycurgus applied for American citizenship.
782:
214:
352:
In
December 1904, George and Demosthenes Lycurgus became principal stockholders of the Volcano House Company and took over the management of the
992:
653:
424:
466:
Volcano House was renovated and expanded again in 1953. He died on August 6, 1960, at the age of 101, reportedly the oldest man in Hawaii.
972:
942:
669:
366:
He eventually made peace with Lorrin Thurston, who worked with him for ten years, starting in 1906, to have the volcano area made into
937:
367:
292:
140:
311:
511:"Remembering the Committee of Safety: Identifying the Citizenship, Descent, and Occupations of the Men Who Overthrew the Monarchy"
612:
Helen G. Chapin (1981). "The Queen's "Greek Artillery Fire": Greek Royalists in the Hawaiian Revolution and Counterrevolution".
859:
370:. However, the Lycurgus family kept a shrine to deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani at the Volcano House and related the legends of
987:
386:
183:, who was also a powerful politician. Eventually he would sell his restaurant in San Francisco and move to the islands.
136:
128:
947:
454:
246:
stayed there on his second trip later that year, and it became a popular destination for tourists from the mainland.
957:
360:. His nephew Demosthenes always introduced him as "Uncle George" to the guests, which earned him his new nickname.
318:
977:
304:
449:
At the age of 81, he traveled to Washington, D.C., and convinced influential friends, many of whom (including
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729:
400:
459:
277:
243:
741:
450:
321:
had increased American interest in the Pacific. He entertained press correspondents on their way to the
156:
907:
932:
927:
639:
695:
M. Winslow Chapman (1985). "When Halley's Comet Came: Letters of Anne Goodwin Winslow 1908-1911".
643:
443:
296:
254:
180:
132:
389:. Jaggar resided there the next 28 years, often giving scientific talks to guests at the hotel.
203:
in Honolulu. He expanded it and renamed it the "Sans Souci" (French for "without care") for the
649:
540:
484:
413:
344:
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45:
855:
673:
889:
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431:
378:, said to live in Kīlauea, to provide spectacular eruptions. They were better for business.
265:. The volcano impressed him and he took note of the future possible business opportunities.
191:
416:. Finally George was able to return to Hawaii in 1920 with his sister-in-law Poppy Detor.
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172:
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371:
280:. Despite being a commoner, he felt more comfortable with monarchy than the Americans.
273:
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110:
809:
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480:
382:
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164:
420:
375:
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63:
561:
Helen G. Chapin (1979). "From Sparta to Spencer Street: Greek Women in Hawai'i".
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269:
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and was accused of treason. Later he was instrumental in the development of the
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250:
160:
27:
544:
229:
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businessman who played an influential role in the early tourist industry of
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291:
In 1893, after the death of Kalākaua, Thurston and other Americans led the
526:
168:
152:
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family, who were regulars at his resorts. This earned him the nickname "
880:
J. Meredith Neil (1975). "The Architecture of C. W. Dickey in Hawaii".
535:
211:. It became one of the first beach resorts and the area at coordinates
208:
200:
510:
893:
768:
708:
625:
574:
124:
74:
592:. Hawaii National Park, Hawaii, USA: Volcano House. pp. 12–16.
672:. Official web site of City and County of Honolulu. Archived from
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343:
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199:
Lycurgus leased the small guest house of Allen Herbert in 1893 on
190:
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A friendship had evolved between Lycurgus and the Hawaiian royal
258:
439:
427:
bought the property and invested $ 150,000 into expanding it.
114:
419:
In 1921 George Lycurgus sold the Volcano House and moved to
127:. After Queen Lili`uokalani was overthrown in a coup by the
287:
An 1893 advertisement that appeared in the Hawaii Holomua
242:
is still called "Sans Souci Beach". Celebrities such as
167:
he shipped California produce and wine to his cousin in
590:
Uncle George of Kilauea: The Story of George Lycurgus
477:
Uncle George of Kilauea: The Story of George Lycurgus
910:. Defiance Crescent News. 8 August 1960. p. 3.
96:
88:
80:
70:
52:
37:
18:
983:Prisoners and detainees of the Republic of Hawaii
453:) had stayed in the Volcano House, to assign the
793:(2). National Park Service. 1953. Archived from
645:Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty
755:Albertine Loomis (1979). "The Summer of 1898".
509:Kam, Ralph Thomas; Lyons, Jeffrey K. (2019).
8:
249:In 1894 Lycurgus made his first trip to the
648:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 114.
348:Demosthenes Lycurgus in Volcano House, 1908
435:certainly not approved by park officials.
374:to the visitors. Prayers were made to the
15:
534:
783:"Jaggar, Dean of Pacific Volcanologists"
131:, he ran afoul of the government of the
837:. Volcano House Hotel official web site
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
556:
554:
501:
724:
722:
720:
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425:Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company
7:
953:Greek emigrants to the United States
412:within a week of his wedding in the
396:The Volcano House hotel c. 1912
998:People from the Territory of Hawaii
968:Hawaiian insurgents and supporters
293:overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
14:
670:"Sans Souci Beach Park (Waikiki)"
588:Blickhahn, Harry Miller (1961).
475:Blickhahn, Harry Miller (1961).
26:
963:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
888:. Hawaiian Historical Society.
860:United States Geological Survey
368:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
141:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
808:Lynda Arakawa (July 2, 2006).
1:
993:19th-century Greek Americans
862:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
387:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
137:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
882:Hawaiian Journal of History
757:Hawaiian Journal of History
697:Hawaiian Journal of History
614:Hawaiian Journal of History
563:Hawaiian Journal of History
515:Hawaiian Journal of History
455:Civilian Conservation Corps
381:In January 1912, geologist
195:Sans Souci Hotel circa 1893
173:the sons of Claus Spreckels
1014:
973:History of Hawaii (island)
943:Businesspeople from Hawaii
856:"Buildings and Facilities"
115:
938:American men centenarians
908:"Deaths: George Lycurgus"
356:hotel on the more remote
25:
305:The Star-Spangled Banner
276:", a title borne by the
187:Political miscalculation
312:1895 counter-revolution
151:He was born in 1858 in
100:Antigoni, Leo, Nicholas
460:Charles William Dickey
405:
397:
349:
288:
278:Crown Prince of Greece
244:Robert Louis Stevenson
230:21.26361°N 157.82139°W
196:
742:National Park Service
527:10.1353/hjh.2019.0002
451:Franklin D. Roosevelt
403:
395:
347:
286:
253:volcano with Admiral
194:
462:) by November 1941.
358:Big Island of Hawaii
319:Spanish–American War
235:21.26361; -157.82139
119:) (1858–1960) was a
988:People from Laconia
814:Honolulu Advertiser
787:Hawaii Nature Notes
734:Hawaii Nature Notes
730:"The Volcano House"
640:Ralph S. Kuykendall
430:In 1932 during the
301:Queen Liliʻuokalani
226: /
129:Committee Of Safety
948:Greek centenarians
444:Volcano Art Center
406:
398:
350:
297:Republic of Hawaii
289:
255:Royal R. Ingersoll
197:
181:Lorrin A. Thurston
133:Republic of Hawaii
116:Γεώργιος Λυκούργος
958:Greek monarchists
810:"George Lycurgus"
655:978-0-87022-433-1
414:1918 flu pandemic
376:fire goddess Pele
331:John D. Spreckels
310:After the failed
104:
103:
92:Athina Gerassimos
46:Kingdom of Greece
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912:
911:
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432:Great Depression
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118:
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30:
16:
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978:History of Oahu
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676:on June 5, 2010
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404:George Lycurgus
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295:and declared a
261:aboard the USS
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107:George Lycurgus
66:
61:
60:(aged 101)
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48:
42:
33:
21:
20:George Lycurgus
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872:
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826:
800:
797:on 2008-04-30.
774:
747:
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687:
661:
654:
631:
595:
580:
550:
500:
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497:
494:
471:
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372:Ancient Hawaii
341:
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274:Duke of Sparta
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157:Sparta, Greece
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121:Greek American
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642:(June 1967).
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481:Volcano House
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383:Thomas Jaggar
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354:Volcano House
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340:Volcano House
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317:By 1898, the
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257:, sailing to
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201:Waikīkī beach
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165:San Francisco
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56:6 August 1960
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51:
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40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
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864:. Retrieved
850:
839:. Retrieved
829:
817:. Retrieved
813:
803:
795:the original
790:
786:
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756:
750:
737:
733:
700:
696:
690:
680:November 27,
678:. Retrieved
674:the original
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589:
583:
566:
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521:(1): 31–54.
518:
514:
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448:
437:
429:
421:Hilo, Hawaii
418:
407:
380:
365:
362:
351:
335:
327:
316:
309:
303:instead of "
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267:
263:Philadelphia
262:
248:
198:
177:
163:in 1881. In
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106:
105:
64:Hilo, Hawaii
58:(1960-08-06)
933:1960 deaths
928:1858 births
536:10524/63187
323:Philippines
233: /
221:157°49′17″W
84:Businessman
71:Nationality
922:Categories
866:2009-07-10
841:2009-07-10
496:References
218:21°15′49″N
207:Palace in
161:California
147:Early life
81:Occupation
894:10524/210
835:"History"
769:10524/212
709:10524/397
626:10524/422
575:10524/561
545:2169-7639
470:Biography
410:influenza
333:in 1908.
205:Sanssouci
819:June 27,
270:Kalākaua
179:such as
169:Honolulu
153:Vassaras
97:Children
44:Vasara,
744:. 1953.
489:6254797
251:Kīlauea
209:Potsdam
32:c. 1892
652:
543:
487:
423:. The
155:(near
125:Hawaii
89:Spouse
740:(2).
111:Greek
75:Greek
821:2009
682:2010
650:ISBN
541:ISSN
485:OCLC
259:Hilo
139:and
53:Died
41:1858
38:Born
890:hdl
765:hdl
705:hdl
622:hdl
571:hdl
531:hdl
523:doi
440:koa
307:".
924::
884:.
858:.
812:.
789:.
785:.
763:.
761:13
759:.
736:.
732:.
717:^
703:.
701:19
699:.
620:.
618:15
616:.
598:^
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567:13
565:.
553:^
539:.
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519:53
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483:.
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143:.
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896:.
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886:9
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491:.
109:(
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