746:, a tall dark haired actor who was by turns smiling, insolent, or menacing. He appears as a much darker character than in the previous version, which may explain why the attraction he exerts over Elizabeth is less emphasized than in the 1980 series. Elizabeth takes a cheerful tone in congratulating him on his forthcoming marriage to Mary King, noting that, "handsome young men must also have enough to live on". The lack of principles and greed which Darcy's letter accuses him of are subject to short scenes with Darcy's letter read in a voiceover, which has the effect of emphasising Wickham's "flawed character". Wickham prudently asks Mrs. Gardiner if she personally knows the Darcy family, and his distress at the knowledge that Elizabeth has met Colonel Fitzwilliam at Rosings, and that her opinion on Darcy has changed is visible to the audience. Later, Mrs. Philips relates to Mrs. Bennet his gambling debts, his seductions, and his unpaid bills with merchants. Closely monitored by Darcy, and under the stern gaze of Gardiner during the wedding ceremony, he then cuts a fine figure at Longbourn, where his conversation with Elizabeth (who has just read the letter from her aunt revealing the key role played by Darcy in bringing about the marriage) is repeated almost word for word, showing him silenced finally. His life with Lydia is revealed in only a short montage shown during the double wedding of Jane and Elizabeth. When the officiating minister says that marriage is a remedy against sin and fornication, Lydia basks on the conjugal bed while Wickham looks on with boredom.
347:, where she had lived "ten or twelve years before her marriage", he gave her the opportunity to evoke pleasant memories of youth, so she was inclined towards him. And if she puts Elizabeth on guard when she sees the interest her niece has in him, it is not that she does not trust him, but, as he has no money, it would be very "imprudent" on the part of her niece to fall in love and marry him. According to David Shapard, the only reason why Wickham and Elizabeth do not seriously consider marriage is that they are both without funds. The Bennets, who were offended by the snobbery of Darcy and of Bingley's sisters, welcome him and listen to the story of his grievances with sympathy and without mistrust. Mr. Bennet himself has a certain weakness for him. Jennifer Preston Wilson asserts that Wickham relies upon making a very good first impression and carefully reading his audience to find out their sympathies.
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novel is "presented as an interruption" – Woloch notes that
Elizabeth tries to walk to the house quickly in order to get rid of him, and that she "hoped she had silenced him". According to Woloch, the narrator suggests that Wickham and Elizabeth "never speak seriously again" after this conversation. In this conversation, Wickham tries to discern what Elizabeth now knows about him with some "careful probing", and she responds with "some gentle teasing", which Mai interprets as showing the value of forgiveness. Elizabeth is no longer fooled, not by his beautiful rhetoric nor by his engaging ways. Elizabeth and Jane, who are the only ones to know the whole truth of Wickham's character, continue their financial support of their sister, and Darcy helps Wickham in his career (as he had promised his father, and for the sake of his wife), but the doors of Pemberley remain definitely closed to him.
735:. He is shown playing croquet with Elizabeth who speaks fondly of Jane, who has just received a letter from Caroline, expressing the hope that her brother will marry Miss Darcy. Wickham says that being loved by Elizabeth would be a privilege because of her loyalty towards those for whom she cares. A mutual attraction is more clearly seen in this adaptation than the 1995 adaptation. When Mrs. Gardiner warns against reckless commitments, as in the novel, her niece reassures her that she is not in love with Wickham, but adds, nonetheless, that the lack of money rarely prevents young people from falling in love. She calms her sisters, much more affected than herself by Wickham's courtship of Mary King, pointing out to them that young people must also have enough money to live on. Lydia, by contrast, seems to be already very interested in Wickham and tries to get his attention.
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controlled sexuality; Austen forces
Wickham to marry Lydia, whom he quickly ceases to love. Although he had almost seduced Georgiana Darcy, and then paid attention to Mary King with her 10,000 pounds a year, Wickham runs off with Lydia and is bribed to marry her. It seems that he often runs away from his marriage to "enjoy himself in London or Bath", which critic Susannah Fullerton regards as being what Wickham deserves. But he does not have the stature of his predecessor, Lovelace, nor is he as thorough a villain. His rank of ensign in the regular army was the lowest and could be held by boys of 15, which Breihan and Caplan see as a sign of Darcy feeling that "enough was enough!" Wickham's career path in the North, where he might at any point be drawn into war, may reflect a desire for atonement and honest service.
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which he manipulates her through his hesitation and reticence. On the contrary she looks forward to his sparkling conversation, not realising her imprudence in believing a man who is a tricky conversationalist. Relying totally on his good looks, she accepts without question, without even considering to check it, his version of the story. She sympathises fully with his misfortunes, when he obligingly describes the unfair treatment to which he was subjected: Darcy had, through pure jealousy, refused to respect the will of his late father who had promised him the enjoyment of ecclesiastical property belonging to the family, forcing him to enlist in the militia to live. Although
Wickham states that out of respect to his godfather, he cannot denounce Darcy, he does so, feeding into Elizabeth's prejudices about Darcy.
530:, who is dangerous and a bit too enticing, from whom the heroine must learn to stay away, is presented with more vivacity than the hero who is honest and a real gentleman. Wickham is no exception to the rule: he has charm and immediately captivates by his apparent frankness and friendly ease. But he is the most dissolute and the most cynical of all the seducers described by Jane Austen, and he uses his good looks and good education to create an illusion. He has defects that are much more serious than those of the bad boys in the other novels: a formidable manipulator of language, he is also the only one who recklessly plays a big game, the only one who slanders with such impudence; and things go much worse for him than for them who, on the contrary, do not end up banished from good society.
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commoner ("Considering where he comes from, you cannot expect much better"), when
Elizabeth shows a greatness of spirit in refusing to tie the value of a person to his social position: "His guilt and his descent appear by your account to be the same (...) for I have heard you accuse him of nothing worse than of being the son of Mr, Darcy's steward". Darcy himself refuses to tie Wickham's origin to his conduct, since he considers, in his letter to Elizabeth, that Wickham's father was "a very respectable man, who had the responsibility of the entire Pemberley estate for years" and admirably performed his duties. By using the snobbish Miss Bingley to warn Elizabeth, and the naive Jane in Darcy's defense, Austen subtly prejudices the reader's mind in favour of Wickham.
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elopement with Lydia that
Wickham has not maintained any long friendships before he entered the militia at the urging of Denny. This is presented in the novel as having been a sign of his bad character, and Fulford states that Wickham uses the prestige of the militia and the anonymity it provides to run away from his debts. He searched desperately for a financially advantageous marriage: in Meryton, Wickham openly courted Mary King from the moment she inherited 10,000 pounds, but her uncle took her to Liverpool. Tongues loosened to reveal other misadventures once Lydia's absence became known: "He was declared to be in debt to every tradesman in the place, and his intrigues, all honoured with the title of seduction, had been extended into every tradesman's family".
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cause to her family, but he only marries her in desperation, negotiating the terms with Darcy who uses his connections and his fortune to procure
Wickham a position, and save Lydia's respectability, allying himself with Mr Gardiner for the occasion. The reactions of the Bennet family are mixed: Mrs Bennet, relieved to see a first daughter duly married, and delighted that it is her favourite daughter, welcomes the young couple with affection after the wedding, sorry to see them go to rejoin the Garrison at Newcastle. Jane blushed in confusion and Mr Bennet ironically claims to be "enormously proud" of a son-in-law so shameless and cynical: "He simpers, and smirks, and makes love to us all."
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interlocutors, subtly hiding the truth by deliberate omissions and practicing safe slander (he confides only to
Elizabeth while Darcy is at Netherfield, but makes his version of the facts public as soon as Darcy is gone). It is only "a posteriori" that the irony in the vocabulary of emotion he uses is discovered: "I can never be in company with this Mr. Darcy without being grieved to the soul by a thousand tender recollections". Darcy evokes, in him, "his resentment in proportion to the distress of his financial situation and the violence of his reproaches". For Richard Jenkyns, Wickham's deceptiveness is the "pivot upon which the entire plot turns". Jenkyns discusses how
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contrast to Austen's introductions of other characters, Wickham's introduction "tells us nothing of Mr. Wickham's qualities or nature, but only of his looks and manners". Elizabeth Bennet, in particular, is "delighted": she finds him well above the captains of the militia in elegance and manners. That is why, when her aunt, Mrs
Philips, invited some officers and her nieces to her home the following evening, she is flattered to be "the happy woman" with whom Wickham spends most of the first evening. He seems to her much more worthy of interest when he appears to be an innocent victim of the cruelty and jealousy of Mr. Darcy, whom she finds so unpleasant.
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Hertfordshire, then, "after a short pause", Elizabeth vividly assures him that all
Meryton is "disgusted by his pride" and that no one has anything good to say about him, he begins to disclose his confidences to a partner who is all ears. Later, hearing Collins quote Lady Catherine, and "after having observed her for a moment," he asks Elizabeth if she is closely linked to the De Bourgh family. She is convinced that what he says is true because he looks so honest, and that is what justifies and reinforces her dislike for Darcy. For Matt Brumit, when Wickham avoids the
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soirées organized by the "four-and-twenty families" who were relatively rich, was better suited to his libertine tastes. Wickham's irresponsible elopement with Lydia inspires
Elizabeth to confide in Darcy, setting the stage for Darcy to demonstrate that he now feels responsible for Wickham's continued bad behaviour by his silence – if he had made Wickham's bad character known, Lydia would have been safe. Darcy chooses to involve himself in arranging Lydia's marriage, despite the risk to his own reputation.
682:: Elizabeth must not be wrong and choose the wrong suitor. The parallels between the journey of the two young men from Derbyshire and the two Bennet daughters who are both lively and cheerful, who love to laugh and find themselves attracted by Wickham end in a very moral fashion: Darcy, the honest man, weds Elizabeth and takes her to Pemberley. Wickham, the rakehell and unlucky gambler, after having courted Elizabeth for a time, is forced to marry the foolish Lydia and sees himself exiled far from Pemberley.
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manners are charming. Elizabeth, who told Jane that "sincerity can be read on his face", and Mrs. Gardiner that he is "beyond all comparison, the most agreeable man I ever saw," which implies she is relying on his appearance to show his character, acknowledges, after having read what Darcy reveals of Wickham, that she had never thought of going beyond the appearance and to analyse his "real character". Thus, the narrator reveals Elizabeth has been taken in by the surface appearance of Wickham.
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therefore difficult to get a fair idea of a character so difficult to define. If the Bingley family (who had never met him before their arrival in Hertfordshire) are only aware of the little Darcy has told them, Mrs. Reynolds, the housekeeper of Pemberley, has known Darcy and Wickham from infancy. She can confirm that he was raised at Pemberley at the expense of Mr. Darcy Senior, and knows that he is in the army, but fears that he has turned out badly: "I am afraid he has turned out very wild".
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physical presence of Rupert Friend has sexual connotations and Wickham plays the role of a stumbling block in the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth. First, at the Netherfield Ball when Elizabeth accuses Darcy of having maltreated Wickham, and especially during the scene of the first marriage proposal where Darcy has a strong jealous reaction when Elizabeth again brings up Wickham's name. This creates a strong sexual tension between the two young people and leads them to almost kiss.
271:, created by Shakespeare; at least, that is the opinion of Laurie Kaplan, who recalls how subtly Jane Austen borrows from the Shakespearean comedy. Proteus, though a son of a gentleman, is intoxicated by the facilities and the luxury of the Court of Milan, where he has been sent by his father, and behaves very badly towards his childhood friend, Valentine, betraying and slandering him, causing his exile, while Valentine never stops, even in adversity, behaving nobly.
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these fine young men, "of whom I wish You could judge in Person for there are some with whom I think You would not dislike a flirtation" and specifies how she (in all honour) admired the dashing Captain Tilson: "Captn. Tilson is remarkably handsome".(Deirdre Le Faye 2002, p. 154) The militiamen would have been recognised by Austen's readers as idle because the feared invasion never came, leaving them with time on their hands to be "disruptive" (Tanner, 1975, p.104)
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of Wickham, when they are joined by Darcy and Bingley who are just crossing the city on horseback. Only Elizabeth, burning to know the explanation, notices the brief exchange between Wickham and Darcy: one turned red, the other pale. As all the focus is on Elizabeth noticing this exchange between the men, Burns suggests that we are not told that Wickham is observing Darcy and Elizabeth as well.
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Blifil and the bastard Tom grew up in the same estate, and have received the same education and the same affection from the squire. Blifil is rather strict and reserved; Tom, a jolly lad who pleases the ladies (both young and old), generous but impulsive and not strictly honourable, is too easily moved by a pretty face and has a tendency to put himself in difficult or scabrous situations.
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disrupts the routine of local social life: they participate in community life, inviting gentlemen to the mess, and being invited themselves to balls, evening socials, and receptions. As some came with their spouses, teas and visits between women increased the occasions for marriageable young ladies to meet these dashing idle officers in red coats. England was
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appearance of a gentleman – not the behaviour – as Elizabeth will point out bitterly afterward. Bingley is impressionable, weak even, without much knowledge of himself, but he is simple and honest, while Wickham is a hypocrite and a true villain who hides his "lack of principles" and his "vicious tendencies" under his likable airs.
542:, and Hall states that this allows Elizabeth to consider the attractive reliability of the "boy next door", Darcy. Alex Woloch discusses Wickham as a foil to Mr. Collins in terms of their being unworthy suitors for Elizabeth – while Mr. Collins offers financial security without love, Wickham offers sexual fulfilment without stability.
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steward, he probably always felt envy and jealousy towards the heir. Taking after his spendthrift mother, Wickham, instead of taking the virtuous and honorable way offered to him, rejected the moral rules that governed the estate and the behaviour of its successive owners, keeping only the exterior of a gentleman, not the behaviour.
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attempt to seduce Georgiana was facilitated by their childhood friendship (to which Darcy alluded when he described Wickham to Elizabeth) and the relative isolation of the shy adolescent (she was only fifteen years old) without a mother to chaperone her at the seaside town, and by having her companion, Mrs. Young, helping him.
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Darcy's generosity, attention to his farmers, and affection for his sister, are presented as the work of a calculating mind with a terrible aristocratic pride. Thus, in the context of Meryton, without his past and his family being known, Wickham's lies are readily believed, and he is left to indulge in his weakness for
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regards Wickham as being designed by Austen to be a stock villain in both his "false face as a charming young man and in his true face as the fortune hunter" – even the kind-hearted Jane cannot fail to understand that Wickham's intentions towards Lydia are dishonourable when she discovers Wickham is "a gamester!".
376:, the population feared an invasion, the army was recruiting and the prestige of the regimental uniform was therefore total. It was possible for a new militia officer to make a fresh start in life, as Wickham's rank could be obtained without having to live in the local area. In addition, according to the
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According to Carole Moses, the narrator is quite happy to directly pass judgement on some characters, such as Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Collins. Moses states that Austen does not provide us with a means of judging Wickham and Darcy, and so we rely on Elizabeth's assessment. Moses argues that in this way,
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Jane Austen invites the reader to compare the evolution of the "two gentlemen of Derbyshire", Darcy and Wickham, who are "born in the same parish, within the same park" and are "nearly the same age". They are therefore childhood companions ("the companion of my youth" wrote Darcy), that the behaviour
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The omniscient narrator reveals nothing of the youth or the true nature of Wickham. The reader knows him only through what he says about himself and what is said about him, but only later in the story, by characters who knew him before: Darcy (at Rosings Park), and Mrs. Reynolds (at Pemberley). It is
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Elizabeth is "disgusted" to see Lydia and him so comfortable and "promises, in the future, never to set limits on the impudence of an impudent man". According to Claire Tomalin, this is partially due to a lingering jealousy of Elizabeth towards Lydia for marrying Wickham. Wickham's final scene in the
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The first appearance of Wickham in Meryton is when Darcy and Elizabeth meet again after Elizabeth and Jane's stay in Netherfield, when the latter was sick. The scene takes place in the street where the Bennet ladies, accompanied by the ridiculous and pompous Mr. Collins, come to make the acquaintance
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to Darcy – Austen uses the comparison between the two characters to contrast them and provide insights into each of the men. Raised at Pemberley (an almost perfect and ideal place) and pampered by his godfather, the former owner, Wickham knew Darcy very well. George Wickham was the son of the
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As to the opinion of the inhabitants of Meryton, the narrator shows with some irony that it is unreliable and unpredictable: if Wickham is "universally appreciated" at the beginning, he is then considered, with the same exaggeration, as the most evil (wickedest) man in the world, and each one openly
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Lydia, at fifteen, Georgiana's age when he tried to take her away, falls madly in love while they are in Brighton, to the point of agreeing to accompany him when he flees the regiment for not paying his debts of honour. She refuses to leave him, insensitive to the collateral damage the scandal will
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dependent on Pemberley (Kympton), he would have guaranteed Wickham a most honourable social position. Not at all attracted by the clerical profession, to the great relief of Darcy, Wickham preferred to claim a final settlement of £3,000 at the death of his godfather, in lieu of the Living, on top of
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is reliance on first impressions and judging only on the face and general appearance. Jane Austen frequently used the word "appearance" when describing Wickham so as to emphasize that Elizabeth can see only the surface of the character. Wickham is assumed to be honest because he is handsome and his
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She thus recognises that she failed in judgment, "because his attitude, his voice, his manners had established him straightaway as in possession of all qualities". She admits to being at first mistaken by the appearance of righteousness and an air of distinction. She notices an "affectation" and an
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Wickham profits from the sympathy enjoyed in the city by Colonel Forster and his regiment choosing Meryton as its winter quarters. It is one of the local militias raised to reinforce the army against the threat of French invasion. The presence of officers, generally young people from good families,
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of Colonel Forster's militia, adds to his prestige among the women. Once he is introduced by Lieutenant Denny, the friend he accompanied, he displays friendly manners and "a happy readiness of conversation – a readiness at the same time perfectly correct and unassuming". Susan Morgan notes that in
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Winter life in Meryton, in the midst of idle officers, generally sons of good families who relieved their boredom by breaking the hearts of romantic young girls, and incurring debts that frequent trips allowed them to avoid paying; the opportunities to participate in balls, assemblies, and evening
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Once this money was squandered Darcy refused him further help, so Darcy supposed that he sought revenge and financial enrichment by taking advantage of Georgiana Darcy's stay in Ramsgate to seduce her, hoping to steal her away and marry her, getting his hands on the young girl's £30,000 dowry. His
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He lies with skill, especially by omission, taking care not to mention his own faults, and remains close enough to the truth to deceive Elizabeth: nothing he says about the behaviour of Darcy is fundamentally wrong, but it is a warped presentation, "pure verbal invention" according to Tony Tanner.
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Burning to know the reasons for his and Darcy's attitude when they were face to face, and blinded by her prejudice against Darcy, Elizabeth is not alerted by the impropriety that Wickham demonstrated by using the first opportunity to address the subject himself; she does not realize the skill with
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But while Tom Jones, who has an upright soul, overcomes his misfortunes and shows nobility of character, Wickham does not correct himself because he hides a corrupt soul under his beautiful appearance. Like the treacherous Blifil, Wickham is permanently banned from the "paradise" of his childhood.
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Meetings with Elizabeth are reduced to two short scenes, a brief discussion in a shop about ribbons, and another, near the river, which, however, is sufficient for him to give Darcy a bad name. But if the complex relationships that existed with Elizabeth in the novel have been removed, the strong
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Shortly after having been spurned by Elizabeth at Rosings, Darcy comes to Longbourn to explain his attitude towards Wickham and tell her of the attempted abduction of his sister. Then learning of Lydia's flight, he offers his help and disappears. It is a letter which puts an end to the scandal by
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regards Wickham as frivolous rather than a true villain, but Jenkyns regards this as being further evidence of Wickham being a great conman. Jenkyns points out, in defending Austen's characterisation of Wickham, that the only account of the seduction of Georgiana is given by Darcy. Susan Morgan
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between 1793 and 1801, first as a lieutenant and then captain, steward, warrant officer from 1797 to 1801, when he resigned to become a banker and military agent. Henry married Eliza Hancock, his cousin on 31 December 1797. She refers, in a letter to her friend Philly Walter to garrison life and
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He is also the only one of lower social status. In this regard, Jane Austen contrasts the judgement of Elizabeth Bennet to that of Caroline Bingley, imbued with rank and fortune. Miss Bingley's prejudice against Wickham, in her ignorance of the inside story, leans mainly on the fact that he is a
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At the beginning of her novel, Jane Austen gives Wickham the appearance of a hero by his good looks and distinguished manners: he is reminiscent of Tom Jones, the foundling, unfairly banned from the squire's estate by the severe and pretentious Blifil, son of Bridget, the squire's sister. Master
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At most, the narrator gives the reader a subtle warning by some facial expressions, some slight pauses (marked by dashes) some hesitations in his conversation. In this way, on the evening of their first meeting, Wickham asks Elizabeth, in a slightly hesitating manner, how long Darcy has been in
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in general, the psychology of the characters is not investigated, and Wickham is a very minor and superficial character. Elizabeth has learned that Darcy has initially refused to invite her to dance because she is not in his social class, and that he has committed an injustice towards Wickham:
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In trying to seduce Georgiana and by fleeing with Lydia, he defied a moral edict and social convention, that Jane Austen whose "view of the world was through the Rectory window" neither could nor would excuse: while she offers her heroes a happy future based on affection, mutual esteem, and a
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As Lydia Bennet, wasteful and morally uncontrollable, embodies the dark side of Elizabeth, so Wickham appears as the double negative of Darcy: he takes liberties with the truth (Darcy claims to have a horror of lying), he has sentimental adventures, accumulates a dark slate of debts with the
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He is a good-for-nothing and a scoundrel who shows two forms of evil. He is "imprudent and extravagant" as Colonel Forster finally discovered, which meant, in less diplomatic language, that he had love affairs and piled up debts, especially gambling debts. It is discovered at the time of his
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Margie Burns thinks Wickham's quickness to slander Darcy to Elizabeth is more than a way to protect himself from improbable accusations (he knows Darcy enough not to fear Darcy's sharing of the scandal). To Burns, it is a subtle form of revenge because Wickham immediately saw that Darcy was
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Jane Austen uses nearly the same words to describe Charles Bingley and George Wickham: both are likable, charming, cheerful, have easy manners, and above all, have the air of a gentleman. But Wickham, to whom Austen gives more engaging manners if it is possible than to Bingley, only has the
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Only Mr. Bingley and his sisters, Mr. Darcy's friends, consider he is not respectable and he behaved in an undignified way towards the latter, but they ignore the details of the story. They only know that Darcy "cannot bear to hear George Wickham mentioned." In any case, they quickly leave
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Once he appears at Meryton, Wickham is noticed, especially by the Bennet sisters: his youth, his manly beauty, his distinguished look and bearing speak immediately in favour of this handsome stranger seen in the street. He has all the appearance of the ideal romantic hero. The uniform, the
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It is only after the revelations of Darcy that Wickham's true character is "unmasked" for Elizabeth. The reader, going back and forth with her, becomes aware of his prudent way of "testing the waters" and gauging the feelings of others, addressing himself to a cynical manipulation of his
904:) to beguile Mrs Gardiner, by referring to Pemberley and Lambton and giving her news of their common acquaintances. Jane Austen gives reality (Pierre Goubert 1975, p. 34 and 40) to the project of the Gardiners by visiting this particular part of Derbyshire.
246:: the hero, Tom Jones, and his half-brother, Blifil. There is a deliberate resemblance between the confrontational relationship between the two characters in Fielding's novel and in the one created by Jane Austen between Wickham and Darcy. Finally, the
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plays a dark and disturbing Wickham, even brutal when he pushes Lydia into the carriage as she bids a tearful farewell on permanently leaving Longbourn. He has the "reptilian charm of a handsome sociopath", which suggests an unhappy marriage.
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informing the Bennets that Lydia and Wickham are married. It is followed by the rapid return of the two lovebirds in a beautiful horse-drawn carriage, and Lydia speaks with assurance about the rich inheritance her husband has received.
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Margie Burns highlights the similarities between the situations of Georgiana Darcy and Lydia Bennet: their youth, their naivety, their presence in a seaside resort, and the lack of a serious chaperone, making them easy prey.
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of Mr. Darcy Senior, who raised him practically like a second son, both in recognition of his father's work and loyalty and by affection for this boy with "charming manners". Because he wanted to secure Wickham's future, his
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As a militiaman, Wickham would probably earn a salary of less than 100 pounds per year. His wage is "barely enough" to support himself, let alone a wife and family, and he does not have much opportunity to get better paying
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Robert Markley argues that Wickham's seduction spree is a way to revenge himself on the gentlemanly society that he has the education, but not the funds, to access. The narrator uses Wickham to argue against the idea of
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As the narrator reveals nothing of the new officer's past, he is seen exclusively through the positive image that Elizabeth and other characters form of Wickham – in particular Mrs. Gardiner, her aunt. A native of
162:, to the point that she is warned by her aunt not to fall in love and marry him. It is revealed through the course of the story that George Wickham's true nature is that of a manipulative unprincipled layabout, a
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Wickham's introduction so soon after Mr. Collins, who is overawed by his patroness's money and title, is stated by Sherry as providing proof that only characters who do not idolise rank and money can be sensible.
308:, who was a figure of some notoriety at the time. According to her, "Jane Austen’s first readers would have immediately connected the surname Wickham with deception, secrets, spies, and disappearing money."
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merchants, and, most importantly, is an unrepentant gambler. The couple that is formed in the outcome with Lydia, writes Marie-Laure-Massei Chamayou, "therefore represents the opposite sulfurous and
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A minor character, barely sketched out by the narrator to encourage the reader to share Elizabeth's first impression of him, he nonetheless plays a crucial role in the unfolding of the plot, as the
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Deirdre Le Faye thinks the militia described in Pride and Prejudice is inspired by the Derbyshire volunteers, who spent the winter of 1794–1795 in Hertfordshire. (Deirdre Le Faye 2003, p. 189)
715:), but there is no later relationship between Wickham and Elizabeth. She is persuaded that Darcy has rejected the friendship of Wickham only because he is "a poor man of little importance".
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796:) is depicted as an ambiguous character, but very positive and charming, who initiates Amanda Price into the customs of Georgian society. He also saves her from being engaged to
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Jane Austen knew the operation of the Territorial Army through her brother Henry, who had joined the militia of Oxford in 1793 and advanced in rank until 1801, when he resigned.
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an inheritance of an additional £1,000 also left to him by Darcy Sr.—an amount of £4,000 in total, which would have provided Wickham with a living allowance of £200 per annum,
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Although Caroline Bingley, through her haughty and condescending behaviour prefers to forget that she is herself the daughter of a merchant. (Massei-Chamayou 2012, p. 173)
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card game and sits with Elizabeth and Lydia to play lotteries, Wickham may be attempting to hide his gambling, rather than the sign of interest Elizabeth sees it as.
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allows the author to show that vanity and pride are essential in forming a first judgment, and how they impede the spread of information and prevent observation.
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In the long letter that Darcy presents to her in Rosings Park Elizabeth discovers the true past of Wickham and can begin to sort out the truth from the lies.
301:, who cites Henry and Wickham's inability to settle on a career or a bride, and as Wickham, like Henry, "shows himself to be more agreeable than reliable".
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consequently she refused to dance with him at the Meryton Ball when he finally came to invite her, accepting, rather, to waltz with Wickham (
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paid for his studies in college and then at Cambridge. By giving him the ability to enter religious orders and by granting him the valuable
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by spreading the rumour that Mr. Price was a fishmonger. He does not attempt to take Georgiana and helps to find Lydia with Mr. Bingley.
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of 3 January 1795, the Derbyshire Militia, which Deidre Le Faye suggests inspired Jane Austen, was very well behaved in the two towns of
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Darcy said that George Wickham's father could not afford to pay for his son's studies because of the "extravagance of his wife". (
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affirms that they were always highly suspicious of his apparent virtue: "had always distrusted the appearance of his goodness".
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It is also possible that Jane Austen was influenced, for the relationship between Wickham and Darcy, by Proteus and Valentine,
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was inspired by Wickham to create Daniel Cleaver, the womanising, cowardly boss of Bridget Jones, the rival of Mark Darcy.
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1231:""One has got all the goodness, and the other all the appearance of it": The Development of Darcy in Pride and Prejudice"
891:
Austen tricks the reader into making the same mistake as Elizabeth does in their first impressions of Wickham and Darcy.
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of Wickham towards Georgiana has transformed into enemies and at the meeting of Elizabeth into rivals. Wickham acts as a
4014:
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240:
Henry Fielding's Tom Jones influenced the development of Wickham's character. He has traits of the main protagonists of
213:, where two boys – one rich, one poor – grow up together and have a confrontational relationship when they are adults.
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Wickham, whose speech is full of duplicity and is skilled at making white look black has certainly read with profit
727:
They give much more attention to Wickham. In both, Elizabeth has a lot of sympathy for Wickham, perhaps more in the
466:
158:. Wickham's charming demeanour and his story of being badly treated by Darcy attracts the sympathy of the heroine,
830:. In this version, Wickham is depicted as being abusive towards Lydia, manipulating her into recording a sex tape.
2635:""[T]hey both like Vingt-un better than Commerce": Characterization and Card Games in Pride and Prejudice"
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The fact that Wickham and Darcy are both attracted to Elizabeth is important for the moral sensibility of the
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A militiaman who serves in the Derbyshire militia, like Wickham does. Watercolour by an unknown artist, 1780.
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Wickham plays the role of the opponent. He represents the traditional figure of the debauched and depraved
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591:, published in 1774 and frequently republished, was a true best-seller in the time of Jane Austen.
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602:, full of pragmatic, but also quite Machiavellian advice, to appear a true gentleman in society.
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George Wickham was the son of an estate manager for Mr. Darcy Senior, and George Wickham was the
291:, who, like Wickham, "seems to be charming and upright but in fact is a thorough going villain".
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429:"idle and frivolous gallantry" in Wickham's manners after being informed by Darcy's letter.
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Jane Austen's inspiration for the plot developed around the character of George Wickham was
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Lydia and Wickham, freshly married, do not show embarrassment but an insolent impudence. (
519:
217:
170:
2280:
Allen, Dennis W. (1985). "No Love for Lydia: The Fate of Desire in Pride and Prejudice".
1986:
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857:
814:
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3332:"Style over Substance? Pride & Prejudice (2005) Proves Itself a Film for Our Time"
350:
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2311:
Vivien Jones, Pride and Prejudice (introduction), Penguin Classics, 2003, p. xxxiv.
2554:
The one vs. the many minor characters and the space of the protagonist in the novel
2399:
The one vs. the many minor characters and the space of the protagonist in the novel
834:
743:
654:
470:
Elizabeth forgives Wickham, gently saying that they are "now brother and sister". (
250:
estate, under the authority of Mr. Darcy, Senior, recalls the property of the wise
3578:, , Paris, L'Harmattan, edited collection "Des idées et des femmes" 2012, 410 p.
3515:
757:
554:
Asked about her stay at Rosings Park, Elizabeth hinted that Wickham is unmasked. (
274:
Another parallel of Wickham and Darcy's younger days is with the Biblical figures
3725:
3589:
3573:
2492:
Berger, Carole (Autumn 1975). "The Rake and the Reader in Jane Austen's Novels".
2421:
Vivien Jones, Pride and Prejudice (introduction), Penguin Classics, 2003, p. xxx
3764:
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555:
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355:
326:
138:
31:
3575:
La Représentation de l'argent dans les romans de Jane Austen: L'être et l'avoir
3258:
Irony and Idyll: Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park on Screen
2850:
Irony and Idyll: Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park on Screen
2529:
Irony and Idyll: Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park on Screen
1069:
Original quote: « représente donc l'envers sulfureux et dionysiaque »
4046:
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2174:
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1832:
1790:
1634:
1562:
1460:
1379:
649:
344:
1925:
Celebrating Pride and Prejudice : 200 years of Jane Austen's masterpiece
933:
It was a pressing issue at the time — around the time when Austen wrote
304:
Sheryl Craig suggests that Wickham is named after the contemporary spymaster
297:
is regarded as an obvious inspiration for the character of George Wickham by
4197:
4086:
3801:
3643:: the life and letters of Eliza de Feuillide, British Library, 2002, 192 p.
3591:
Les adaptations à l'écran des romans de Jane Austen: esthétique et idéologie
3548:
3060:
2820:
2591:
2369:
2333:
2252:
2160:
2058:
1818:
1620:
1446:
1365:
523:
438:
414:
247:
182:
155:
1274:
Critical companion to Jane Austen a literary reference to her life and work
228:
3157:
Tandon, Bahrat (2013). "The historical background". In Todd, Janet (ed.).
166:
510:
505:
442:
410:
2295:
1688:"George and Georgiana: Symmetries and antitheses in Pride and Prejudice"
41:
3659:
Jane Austen on film and television: a critical study of the adaptations
3096:
Celebrating Pride and Prejudice: 200 years of Jane Austen's masterpiece
990:
Pierre Goubert on page 15 of the Preface to the classic Folio edition (
190:
178:
148:
2881:
Pride and Prejudice, classic folio, presented by Pierre Goubert, p. 22
2765:
Pride and Prejudice, classic folio presented by Pierre Goubert, p. 11
2513:
1744:
1419:
1396:
Morgan, Susan (August 1975). "Intelligence in "Pride and Prejudice"".
1772:"Sighing for a Soldier: Jane Austen and Military Pride and Prejudice"
946:
446:
433:
251:
1723:
Sherry, James (1979). "Pride and Prejudice: The Limits of Society".
742:
further highlights the two-faced nature of the character, played by
2552:
Woloch, Alex (2003). "Narrative Asymmetry in Pride and Prejudice".
2505:
1736:
1652:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 439.
1594:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 277.
1411:
354:
Mr Denny asks for permission to introduce his friend, Mr Wickham. (
1987:"Beyond Drawing-Room Conversation: Letters in Pride and Prejudice"
756:
648:
582:
568:
549:
499:
465:
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349:
320:
275:
227:
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3066:
2826:
2597:
2375:
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2258:
2166:
2064:
1824:
1626:
1452:
1371:
3721:, "Knowledge and Opinions: 'Pride and Prejudice'" (reissue 1986)
2126:
Literary Darwinism : evolution, human nature and literature
614:
The character defect that the narrator attacks most strongly in
279:
3737:
3279:
3277:
2556:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 83–84.
826:, Wickham is the coach of a university swim team and played by
3325:
3323:
1962:
Emotion as meaning : the literary case for how we imagine
1895:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge & K. Paul. p.
1892:
Jane Austen's heroines : intimacy in human relationships
962:
Jane Austen knew how militias functioned through her brother
900:
Wickham finds a means "unconnected with his general powers" (
2401:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 111.
1118:"Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen's Double Inheritance Plot"
2687:
A fine brush on ivory : an appreciation of Jane Austen
1964:. Lewisburg (Pa.): Bucknell University Press. p. 133.
200:
from tradesmen and shopkeepers and skips out on paying-up.
3511:
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, R. Bentley, 1853, 340 p.
953:
dated February 16, 1798.(Deirdre Le Faye 2002, p. 152-153)
526:
from novels of the eighteenth century. The figure of the
325:
Mr Wickham was more personable than the other officers. (
3059:
2819:
2590:
2368:
2332:
2251:
2159:
2057:
1817:
1619:
1445:
1364:
3727:
Jane Austen : étude psychologique de la romancière
3691:
Jane Austen's Heroines: Intimacy in human relationships
2936:"Secrets, Silence, and Surprise in Pride and Prejudice"
2030:
Jane Austen's Heroines: Intimacy in Human Relationships
1531:"Jane Austen and Elizabeth Bennet: The Limits of Irony"
1122:
Yearbook of research in English and American Literature
765:
In the 2005 film, Wickham plays a very small role, but
4071:
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls
1848:"Cameo: Reserve and Revelation in Pride and Prejudice"
3730:, PUF (Publications of the University of Rouen), 1975
3286:"Sex and the Scullery: The New Pride & Prejudice"
3098:. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press. pp. 125–126.
1177:"The Two Gentlemen of Derbyshire: Nature vs. Nurture"
3161:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 72–73.
2307:
2305:
1569:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 93–95.
820:
In the modernised American web series of 2012–2013,
4182:
4148:
4105:
3983:
3900:
3825:
3777:
3610:, Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2004
3224:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3086:
3084:
2732:. Madison, Wis.: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. p.
1765:
1763:
1718:
1716:
1561:Markley, Robert (2013). "The economic context". In
85:
75:
67:
59:
54:
24:
3182:
3180:
3178:
2893:"HENRY AUSTEN: JANE AUSTEN'S "PERPETUAL SUNSHINE""
2725:
1556:
1554:
1295:
1293:
723:Television adaptations for the BBC (1980 and 1995)
388:Hertfordshire, leaving the field free to Wickham.
2781:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. p.
2775:Stovel, Bruce; Gregg, Lynn Weinlos, eds. (2002).
1927:. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 125.
1304:(1 ed.). London: Viking. pp. 164–165.
2689:. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 26–29.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1056:"But disguise of every sort is my abhorrence" (
3675:Jane Austen's heroes and other male characters
3159:The Cambridge companion to Pride and prejudice
1648:Austen, Jane (2012). Shapard, David M. (ed.).
1590:Austen, Jane (2012). Shapard, David M. (ed.).
1567:The Cambridge companion to Pride and prejudice
384:where it was stationed, as well as in church.
3749:
3526:
3065:
2983:"Laughing at Mr. Darcy: Wit and Sexuality in
2825:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2596:
2374:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2257:
2242:
2240:
2221:Jane Austen's Names: Riddles, Persons, Places
2165:
2063:
1823:
1625:
1451:
1370:
1355:
1353:
8:
3543:Austen, Jane (2007). Goubert, Pierre (ed.).
3375:""Completely without Sense": Lost in Austen"
2494:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
2223:. University of Chicago Press. p. 117.
1725:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
46:First appearance of Mr Wickham, as drawn by
2719:
2717:
2715:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
998:) indicates that the change from the title
792:evolves in a different direction. Wickham (
285:Another inspiration is Joseph Surface from
3850:Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy
3756:
3742:
3734:
40:
3713:, Harvard University Press, 1975, 291 p.
3694:, London, Routledge and Paul Kegan, 1984
2976:
2974:
2091:"To Forgive Is Divine—and Practical, Too"
1955:
1953:
1391:
1389:
833:Wickham plays a central role in the 2022
2283:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
1276:. New York: Facts On File. p. 404.
1111:
1109:
941:, large rafts were being constructed in
3442:"Ideology in The Lizzie Bennet Diaries"
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1229:Jennifer Preston Wilson (Winter 2004).
1081:
874:
4239:Literary characters introduced in 1813
3465:
3454:
3401:
3390:
3355:
3344:
3330:Catherine Stewart-Beer (Summer 2007).
3309:
3298:
3010:
2999:
2916:
2905:
2658:
2647:
2084:
2082:
2010:
1999:
1871:
1860:
1511:
1500:
1254:
1243:
1200:
1189:
21:
3594:, L'Harmattan Edition, 2007, 270 p.
3128:Breihan, John; Caplan, Clive (1992).
2194:. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron's. pp.
243:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
7:
3626:Jane Austen: The World of Her Novels
3440:Lori Halvorsen Zerne (Winter 2013).
1695:Persuasions, the Jane Austen Journal
670:couple who are Darcy and Elizabeth.
147:. George Wickham is introduced as a
137:is a fictional character created by
220:opponent, and as a foil to Darcy.
14:
2191:Jane Austen's Pride and prejudice
1650:The annotated Pride and prejudice
1592:The annotated Pride and prejudice
1485:"Jane Austen's Attractive Rogues"
1150:, vol. 2, pp. 183–184,
1147:Jane Austen: critical assessments
3629:, London, Frances Lincolv, 2003
2959:Massei-Chamayou 2012, p. 146-147
2130:. New York: Routledge. pp.
731:where he is played by the blond
4138:Pride and Prejudice* (*sort of)
4063:Pride and Prejudice and Zombies
3882:Pride and Prejudice and Zombies
3641:Jane Austen's outlandish cousin
3518:," on The Republic of Pemberley
1846:Elizabeth Honor Wilder (2006).
1770:Fulford, Tim (September 2002).
966:, who served in the militia of
4224:Pride and Prejudice characters
788:, however, the entire plot of
627:Two young people of Derbyshire
154:who has a shared history with
141:who appears in her 1813 novel
1:
3678:, Abhinav Publications, 1990
3572:Marie-Laure Massei-Chamayou,
3567:Secondary source bibliography
3130:"Jane Austen and the Militia"
1779:Nineteenth-Century Literature
1325:Craig, Sheryl (Winter 2015).
1175:Laurie Kaplan (Winter 2005).
4203:List of literary adaptations
4015:Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman
3260:. Rodopi. pp. 144–145.
2981:Elvira Casal (Winter 2001).
2968:Massei-Chamayou 2012, p. 147
2633:M. W. Brumit (Winter 2013).
2028:Hardy, John Philips (2012).
1803:Deirdre Le Faye 2003, p. 189
1757:Deirdre Le Faye 2002, p. 153
254:Allworthy of Paradise Hall.
185:, living the lifestyle of a
4234:Fictional military officers
3506:Primary source bibliography
3484:"The Murder of Mr. Wickham"
2482:Pierre Goubert 1975, p. 311
2446:Pierre Goubert 1975, p. 128
1120:, in Herbert Grabes (ed.),
761:Rupert Friend in July 2006.
740:Pride and Prejudice of 1995
504:Wickham is the traditional
268:The Two Gentlemen of Verona
4255:
3662:, McFarland, 2002, 221 p.
3284:Jen Camden (Summer 2007).
3036:Reeta Sahney 1990, p. xiii
2675:Pierre Goubert 1975, p. 73
2089:Robert Mai (Winter 2014).
1459:. p. 112 – via
363:An "interesting" young man
4164:The Lizzie Bennet Diaries
3607:Searching for Jane Austen
3246:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 110
3237:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 106
3204:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 103
3195:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 101
2728:Searching for Jane Austen
2685:Jenkyns, Richard (2007).
2032:. Routledge. p. 44.
1960:Opdahl, Keith M. (2002).
1791:10.1525/ncl.2002.57.2.153
1327:"Jane and the Master Spy"
1302:Jane Austen : a life
1116:Jo Alyson Parker (1991),
1093:The Jane Austen companion
981:interested in Elizabeth.
839:The Murder of Mr. Wickham
823:The Lizzie Bennet Diaries
454:he hadn't squandered it.
39:
29:
4079:Death Comes to Pemberley
4021:An Assembly Such as This
3973:Death Comes to Pemberley
3812:Lady Catherine de Bourgh
3118:Tony Tanner 1975, p. 95.
3027:Reeta Sahney 1990, p. 35
2872:Tony Tanner 1975, p. 111
2756:Reeta Sahney 1990, p. 36
2724:Auerbach, Emily (2006).
2623:Tony Tanner 1975, p. 116
2576:Tony Tanner 1975, p. 119
2437:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 56
2219:Doody, Margaret (2015).
1947:Tony Tanner 1975, p. 112
1347:Lydia Martin 2007, p. 70
1300:Tomalin, Claire (1997).
690:Portrayal in adaptations
224:Genesis of the character
123:Catherine "Kitty" Bennet
3228:Sue Parrill 2002, p. 72
3216:Sue Parrill 2002, p. 71
3186:Sue Parrill 2002, p. 54
3045:Reeta Sahney 1990, p. 9
2778:The talk in Jane Austen
2709:Tony Tanner 1975, p.112
2473:Massei-Chamayou (p.346)
2464:Massei-Chamayou (p.345)
2455:Massei-Chamayou (p.329)
1889:Hardy, John P. (1984).
1272:Baker, William (2008).
1144:Ian Littlewood (1998),
232:Original title page of
55:In-universe information
4172:Stride & Prejudice
3464:Cite journal requires
3400:Cite journal requires
3354:Cite journal requires
3308:Cite journal requires
3009:Cite journal requires
2915:Cite journal requires
2891:J. David Grey (1984).
2852:. Rodopi. p. 38.
2657:Cite journal requires
2531:. Rodopi. p. 64.
2009:Cite journal requires
1985:Laura R. Rowe (2005).
1870:Cite journal requires
1686:Burns, Margie (2007).
1510:Cite journal requires
1483:Lynda A. Hall (1996).
1253:Cite journal requires
1199:Cite journal requires
762:
658:
606:Appearance and reality
592:
559:
515:
475:
405:
359:
330:
288:The School for Scandal
237:
71:Officer of the Militia
4191:Pride & Prejudice
4055:Love, Lies and Lizzie
4008:Mr. Darcy's Daughters
4000:Bridget Jones's Diary
3866:Pride & Prejudice
3842:Bridget Jones's Diary
3256:Sorbo, Marie (2014).
2934:Bruce Stovel (1989).
2848:Sorbo, Marie (2014).
2527:Sorbo, Marie (2014).
2397:Woloch, Alex (2003).
937:, the first draft of
806:Bridget Jones's Diary
760:
652:
586:
553:
503:
469:
403:
353:
324:
231:
3547:(in French). Paris:
2188:Goode, Ruth (1984).
1124:, pp. 173–175,
713:Edward Ashley-Cooper
597:Lord Chesterfield's
587:Lord Chesterfield's
421:Revelations of Darcy
4130:Stolthet och fördom
4122:Pride and Prejudice
3949:Pride and Prejudice
3933:Pride and Prejudice
3925:Pride and Prejudice
3917:Pride and Prejudice
3858:Bride and Prejudice
3834:Pride and Prejudice
3770:Pride and Prejudice
3545:Orgueil et préjugés
3529:Pride and Prejudice
3516:Pride and Prejudice
3422:. Pemberley Digital
3092:Fullerton, Susannah
3068:Pride and Prejudice
2985:Pride and Prejudice
2828:Pride and Prejudice
2599:Pride and Prejudice
2377:Pride and Prejudice
2341:Pride and Prejudice
2260:Pride and Prejudice
2168:Pride and Prejudice
2095:Persuasions On-Line
2066:Pride and Prejudice
1921:Fullerton, Susannah
1826:Pride and Prejudice
1628:Pride and Prejudice
1454:Pride and Prejudice
1373:Pride and Prejudice
1331:Persuasions On-Line
1089:Margaret Anne Doody
1004:Pride and Prejudice
939:Pride and Prejudice
811:its film adaptation
790:Pride and Prejudice
751:Pride and Prejudice
696:Pride and Prejudice
616:Pride and Prejudice
540:love at first sight
514:) is the archetype.
508:of which Lovelace (
378:Cambridge Chronicle
144:Pride and Prejudice
48:Henry Matthew Brock
19:Fictional character
16:Fictional character
4037:These Three Remain
3785:List of characters
3061:"Chapter 61"
2821:"Chapter 36"
2592:"Chapter 43"
2370:"Chapter 51"
2334:"Chapter 53"
2253:"Chapter 48"
2161:"Chapter 47"
2059:"Chapter 35"
1819:"Chapter 18"
1621:"Chapter 26"
1447:"Chapter 16"
1366:"Chapter 15"
1095:, Macmillan, 1986
863:Mr. William Elliot
813:released in 2001,
803:In the 1996 novel
763:
708:screwball comedies
659:
599:Letters to His Son
593:
589:Letters to His Son
560:
546:A hidden character
516:
496:An image of a rake
476:
406:
360:
331:
238:
175:compulsive gambler
173:and a degenerate,
4211:
4210:
4194:(2005 soundtrack)
4175:(2013 video game)
4167:(2012 web series)
4114:First Impressions
3957:Will be Somewhere
3909:Elizabeth Refuses
3802:Fitzwilliam Darcy
3719:978-0-674-47174-0
3700:978-0-7102-0334-2
3668:978-0-7864-1349-2
3649:978-0-7123-4762-4
3639:Deirdre Le Faye,
3635:978-0-7112-2278-6
3616:978-0-299-20184-5
3584:978-2-296-99341-9
3168:978-1-107-01015-4
3105:978-0-7603-4436-1
2792:978-0-88864-374-2
2743:978-0-299-20184-5
2696:978-0-19-921099-2
2563:978-1-4008-2575-2
2427:978-0-14-143951-8
2408:978-1-4008-2575-2
2317:978-0-14-143951-8
2230:978-0-226-15783-2
2141:978-0-415-97013-6
2039:978-1-136-68180-6
1971:978-0-8387-5521-1
1934:978-0-7603-4436-1
1906:978-0-7102-0334-2
1659:978-0-307-95100-7
1601:978-0-307-95100-7
1576:978-1-107-01015-4
1283:978-1-4381-0849-0
1157:978-1-873403-29-7
1131:978-3-8233-4161-1
1103:, p. 358-362
1101:978-0-02-545540-5
1000:First Impressions
935:First Impressions
317:First impressions
132:
131:
4246:
4229:Fictional gentry
3795:Elizabeth Bennet
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3724:Pierre Goubert,
3604:Emily Auerbach,
3562:
3539:
3533:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:"George Wickham"
3416:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3217:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2978:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2721:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1692:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1399:Modern Philology
1393:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1113:
1104:
1086:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
988:
982:
978:
972:
960:
954:
931:
925:
921:
915:
911:
905:
898:
892:
888:
882:
879:
520:actantial scheme
462:Several scandals
392:Wickham confides
218:actantial scheme
160:Elizabeth Bennet
111:Elizabeth Bennet
44:
22:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4178:
4144:
4101:
4029:Duty and Desire
3979:
3896:
3821:
3807:William Collins
3773:
3762:
3688:John P. Hardy,
3621:Deirdre Le Faye
3569:
3559:
3542:
3521:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3486:. Vintage Books
3482:
3481:
3477:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3399:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:Laurie Kaplan.
3372:
3371:
3367:
3353:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2805:Auerbach, p.153
2804:
2800:
2793:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2656:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2613:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2303:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2120:Carroll, Joseph
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1468:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
989:
985:
979:
975:
961:
957:
932:
928:
922:
918:
912:
908:
899:
895:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
852:John Willoughby
847:
780:
755:
725:
700:
692:
676:
674:A moral outcome
634:
629:
608:
548:
498:
493:
464:
423:
394:
365:
319:
314:
306:William Wickham
226:
171:compulsive liar
128:
125:(sister-in-law)
119:(sister-in-law)
113:(sister-in-law)
107:(sister-in-law)
101:(mother-in-law)
95:(father-in-law)
50:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4125:(1993 musical)
4118:
4117:(1959 musical)
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3965:Lost in Austen
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3817:George Wickham
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3702:
3686:
3672:Reeta Sahney,
3670:
3651:
3637:
3618:
3602:
3588:Lydia Martin,
3586:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3540:
3519:
3514:Jane Austen, "
3512:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3475:
3466:|journal=
3432:
3411:
3402:|journal=
3365:
3356:|journal=
3319:
3310:|journal=
3273:
3266:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3120:
3111:
3104:
3080:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:|journal=
2970:
2961:
2952:
2926:
2917:|journal=
2883:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2711:
2702:
2695:
2677:
2668:
2659:|journal=
2625:
2611:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2544:
2537:
2519:
2506:10.2307/450009
2500:(4): 531–544.
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2353:
2320:
2301:
2290:(4): 425–443.
2272:
2236:
2229:
2211:
2204:
2180:
2147:
2140:
2111:
2101:(1). Jasna.org
2078:
2045:
2038:
2020:
2011:|journal=
1977:
1970:
1949:
1940:
1933:
1912:
1905:
1881:
1872:|journal=
1838:
1805:
1796:
1785:(2): 153–178.
1759:
1750:
1737:10.2307/450251
1731:(4): 609–622.
1712:
1665:
1658:
1640:
1607:
1600:
1582:
1575:
1550:
1529:Carole Moses.
1521:
1512:|journal=
1466:
1433:
1412:10.1086/390617
1385:
1349:
1340:
1317:
1310:
1289:
1282:
1264:
1255:|journal=
1210:
1201:|journal=
1162:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1105:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1008:
983:
973:
955:
926:
916:
906:
893:
883:
873:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
860:
858:Henry Crawford
854:
846:
843:
815:Helen Fielding
785:Lost in Austen
779:
776:
754:
748:
733:Peter Settelen
724:
721:
699:
693:
691:
688:
675:
672:
664:Dionysian side
633:
630:
628:
625:
607:
604:
577:Claire Tomalin
547:
544:
497:
494:
492:
489:
463:
460:
422:
419:
393:
390:
364:
361:
318:
315:
313:
310:
299:Claire Tomalin
225:
222:
211:Henry Fielding
135:George Wickham
130:
129:
127:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
25:George Wickham
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:Beyond a Joke
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:(2010 parody)
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:(2009 parody)
4065:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:Darcy's Story
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:Bennet family
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
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3684:9788170172710
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208:
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164:ne'er-do-well
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4133:(2011 opera)
4128:
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3658:
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3625:
3606:
3590:
3574:
3544:
3534:– via
3528:
3523:Austen, Jane
3501:Bibliography
3488:. Retrieved
3478:
3457:cite journal
3446:. Retrieved
3435:
3424:. Retrieved
3414:
3393:cite journal
3382:. Retrieved
3368:
3347:cite journal
3336:. Retrieved
3301:cite journal
3290:. Retrieved
3257:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3200:
3191:
3158:
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3136:
3123:
3114:
3095:
3073:– via
3067:
3056:Austen, Jane
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3002:cite journal
2991:. Retrieved
2984:
2964:
2955:
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2908:cite journal
2897:. Retrieved
2886:
2877:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2833:– via
2827:
2816:Austen, Jane
2810:
2801:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2727:
2705:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2650:cite journal
2639:. Retrieved
2628:
2604:– via
2598:
2587:Austen, Jane
2581:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2382:– via
2376:
2365:Austen, Jane
2346:– via
2340:
2329:Austen, Jane
2323:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2265:– via
2259:
2248:Austen, Jane
2220:
2214:
2190:
2183:
2173:– via
2167:
2156:Austen, Jane
2150:
2125:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2094:
2071:– via
2065:
2054:Austen, Jane
2048:
2029:
2023:
2002:cite journal
1991:. Retrieved
1980:
1961:
1943:
1924:
1915:
1891:
1884:
1863:cite journal
1852:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:– via
1825:
1814:Austen, Jane
1808:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:
1694:
1649:
1643:
1633:– via
1627:
1616:Austen, Jane
1610:
1591:
1585:
1566:
1542:. Retrieved
1537:
1524:
1503:cite journal
1492:. Retrieved
1453:
1442:Austen, Jane
1436:
1406:(1): 54–68.
1403:
1397:
1378:– via
1372:
1361:Austen, Jane
1343:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1301:
1273:
1267:
1246:cite journal
1235:. Retrieved
1192:cite journal
1181:. Retrieved
1146:
1139:
1121:
1092:
1084:
1065:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1024:
1011:
1003:
999:
986:
976:
958:
938:
934:
929:
919:
909:
896:
886:
877:
838:
835:Claudia Gray
832:
828:Wes Aderhold
821:
819:
804:
802:
789:
783:
781:
772:
764:
750:
744:Adrian Lukis
737:
729:1980 version
726:
717:
704:film of 1940
701:
695:
684:
677:
660:
655:Hugh Thomson
644:
635:
621:
615:
613:
609:
598:
594:
588:
573:
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561:
536:
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517:
509:
485:
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477:
456:
451:
431:
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407:
395:
386:
377:
370:
366:
341:
332:
303:
295:Henry Austen
293:
286:
284:
273:
266:
264:
260:
256:
241:
239:
233:
215:
204:
202:
142:
134:
133:
80:Lydia Bennet
30:
4141:(2018 play)
3890:Fire Island
3877:(2013 film)
3765:Jane Austen
3710:Jane Austen
3705:Tony Tanner
3654:Sue Parrill
3444:. Jasna.org
3334:. Jasna.org
3288:. Jasna.org
3137:Persuasions
2989:. Jasna.org
2942:. Jasna.org
2940:Persuasions
2895:. Jasna.org
2637:. Jasna.org
1989:. Jasna.org
1850:. Jasna.org
1563:Todd, Janet
1538:Persuasions
1490:. Jasna.org
1233:. Jasna.org
1179:. Jasna.org
968:Oxfordshire
914:employment.
798:Mr. Collins
556:C. E. Brock
472:C. E. Brock
356:C. E. Brock
327:C. E. Brock
139:Jane Austen
117:Mary Bennet
105:Jane Bennet
32:Jane Austen
4218:Categories
4047:Austenland
3901:Television
3874:Austenland
3778:Characters
3536:Wikisource
3490:2022-06-11
3448:2015-05-08
3426:2015-05-08
3384:2015-05-29
3338:2015-05-08
3292:2015-05-08
3143:2015-06-08
3075:Wikisource
2993:2015-05-15
2946:2015-05-30
2899:2015-05-29
2835:Wikisource
2641:2015-05-29
2606:Wikisource
2384:Wikisource
2348:Wikisource
2267:Wikisource
2175:Wikisource
2105:2015-05-28
2073:Wikisource
1993:2015-05-15
1854:2015-05-10
1833:Wikisource
1635:Wikisource
1544:2015-05-30
1494:2015-05-27
1461:Wikisource
1380:Wikisource
1237:2015-05-08
1183:2015-05-08
1077:References
1058:Chapter 34
1017:Chapter 35
902:Chapter 25
415:debauchery
345:Derbyshire
99:Mrs Bennet
68:Occupation
4198:Pemberley
4087:Longbourn
3549:Gallimard
1701:: 227–233
1428:162238146
794:Tom Riley
666:" to the
632:Two foils
524:libertine
439:godfather
248:Pemberley
234:Tom Jones
206:Tom Jones
183:libertine
156:Mr. Darcy
93:Mr Bennet
86:Relatives
35:character
4183:See also
4159:" (1997)
4095:Eligible
3525:(1853).
3094:(2013).
3058:(1853).
2818:(1853).
2589:(1813).
2367:(1813).
2331:(1813).
2296:40754783
2250:(1813).
2158:(1813).
2122:(2004).
2056:(1813).
1923:(2013).
1816:(1853).
1618:(1813).
1444:(1813).
1363:(1813).
845:See also
706:, as in
657:, 1894).
558:, 1895).
511:Clarissa
506:rakehell
491:Analysis
474:, 1895).
411:gambling
358:, 1895.)
336:red coat
4106:Theatre
3941:Trishna
3380:. JASNA
3139:. JASNA
2134:, 211.
1565:(ed.).
1540:. JASNA
837:novel,
778:Remakes
702:In the
528:bad boy
518:In the
329:, 1895)
191:economy
179:seducer
167:wastrel
152:officer
149:militia
4098:(2016)
4090:(2013)
4082:(2011)
4058:(2009)
4050:(2007)
4040:(2005)
4032:(2004)
4024:(2003)
4011:(2003)
4003:(1996)
3995:(1995)
3984:Novels
3976:(2013)
3968:(2008)
3960:(2004)
3952:(1995)
3944:(1985)
3936:(1980)
3928:(1967)
3920:(1958)
3912:(1957)
3893:(2022)
3885:(2016)
3869:(2005)
3861:(2004)
3853:(2003)
3845:(2001)
3837:(1940)
3717:
3698:
3682:
3666:
3647:
3633:
3614:
3598:
3582:
3555:
3531:
3264:
3165:
3102:
3070:
2856:
2830:
2789:
2740:
2693:
2601:
2560:
2535:
2514:450009
2512:
2425:
2405:
2379:
2343:
2315:
2294:
2262:
2227:
2202:
2170:
2138:
2068:
2036:
1968:
1931:
1903:
1828:
1745:450251
1743:
1705:17 May
1656:
1630:
1598:
1573:
1456:
1426:
1420:436104
1418:
1375:
1308:
1280:
1154:
1128:
1099:
994:
947:Calais
809:, and
753:, 2005
698:, 1940
447:curacy
443:living
434:godson
374:at war
252:Squire
198:credit
193:) and
181:and a
76:Spouse
60:Gender
4149:Other
3826:Films
3378:(PDF)
3133:(PDF)
2510:JSTOR
2292:JSTOR
2196:14–15
1775:(PDF)
1741:JSTOR
1691:(PDF)
1534:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1424:S2CID
1416:JSTOR
964:Henry
943:Brest
869:Notes
668:solar
569:whist
445:of a
276:Jacob
3715:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3680:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3645:ISBN
3631:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3470:help
3406:help
3360:help
3314:help
3262:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3015:help
2921:help
2854:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2663:help
2558:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2015:help
1966:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1876:help
1707:2015
1654:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1516:help
1337:(1).
1306:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1259:help
1205:help
1152:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1097:ISBN
992:ISBN
945:and
856:Mr.
850:Mr.
738:The
639:foil
413:and
312:Plot
280:Esau
278:and
195:cons
187:rake
177:, a
63:Male
3767:'s
2783:188
2734:151
2502:doi
2132:206
1787:doi
1733:doi
1408:doi
1002:to
782:In
4220::
3707:,
3656:,
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3551:.
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2906:{{
2824:.
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