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689:, and that for African-American women writers "they desperately need and deserve long overdue scholarly attention". Hull, through a black feminist critical perspective, appointed herself the task of informing those within the dark of the very fact that African-American women, like Georgia Douglas Johnson, are being excluded from being thought of as key voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson's anti-lynching activism was expressed through her plays such as
747:, Johnson's role in creating a place for black artists to nurture their creativity made the movement a national one because she worked outside of Harlem and therefore made a trust for intercity connections. She has been described as "a woman of tremendous energy, much of which she channeled into her effort to create for the writers who gathered in her home on Saturday nights an atmosphere that was both intellectually stimulating and properly supportive."
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743:. Georgia Douglas Johnson's house at 1461 S Street NW would later become known as the S Street Salon. The salon was a meeting place for writers in Washington, D.C., during the Harlem Renaissance. Johnson's S Street Salon helped to nurture and sustain creativity by providing a place for African-American artists to meet, socialize, discuss their work, and exchange ideas. According to
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528:(1925) was provoked by the inconsistencies of American life. These included the contrast between Christian doctrine and white America's treatment of black Americans, the experience of black men who returned from fighting in war to find they lacked constitutional rights, the economic disparity between whites and blacks, and
699:. Her poems describe African Americans and their mental attitude once having faced prejudice towards them and the way they modify it. Isolationism and anti-feminist prejudice however prevented the sturdy African-American women like Johnson from getting their remembrance and impact with such contributions.
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in 1925. This outspoken, dramatic writing about racial violence is sometimes credited with her obscurity as a playwright since such topics were not considered appropriate for a woman at that time. Unlike many
African-American playwrights, Johnson refused to give her plays a happy ending since she did
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is a folk drama that relates the dilemma of
Charity, the main character, whose baby daughter is dying. She has saved up money for the doctor, but also she and her confidante - Tilde - don't believe the medical care would be successful. She has in mind an extravagant funeral for her daughter instead -
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In 1965, Atlanta
University presented Douglas with an honorary doctorate of literature, praising her as a "sensitive singer of sad songs; faithful interpreter of the feminine heart of a Negro with its joys, sorrows, limitations and frustrations of racial oppression in a male-dominated world; dreamer
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One of the articles that focused on spirituality was "Our Fourth Eye", in which she wrote about "closing one's natural eyes" to look with the "eyes of one's mind". She explains that the "fourth eye" assists with viewing the world in this way. Another essay of
Johnson's, titled "Hunch", discusses the
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Johnson was a well-known figure in the national black theatre movement and was an important "cultural sponsor" in the early twentieth century, assembling and inspiring the intellectuals and artists who generated the next group of black theatre and rising education (16). Johnson wrote about 28 plays.
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party member who was ten years older than she. Douglas and
Johnson had two sons, Henry Lincoln Johnson, Jr., and Peter Douglas Johnson (d. 1957). In 1910, they moved to Washington, DC, as her husband had been appointed as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a political patronage position
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Johnson called her home the "Half Way House" for friends traveling, and a place where they "could freely discuss politics and personal opinions" and where those with no money and no place to stay would be welcome. Although black men were allowed to attend, it mostly consisted of black women such as
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personal qualities that are not as much in the public eye: his love and tenderness for Ann, who he met while still enslaved, and then was married to in freedom for over four decades. Other themes include the spirit of survival, the need for self-education, and the value of the community and of the
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During the 1920s, Douglas
Johnson traveled extensively to give poetry readings. In 1925 her husband died, and she was widowed at the age of 45. She had to rear their two teenage sons by herself. For years she struggled to support them financially, sometimes taking the clerical jobs generally
510:
is credited with the rediscovery of many of
Johnson's plays. The 28 plays that she wrote were divided into four groups: "Primitive Life Plays", "Plays of Average Negro Life", "Lynching Plays" and "Radio Plays". The first section, "Primitive Life Plays", features
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and ran from 1926 to 1932. Some of the topics she wrote on were considered inspirational and spiritual for her audience, such as "Hunch", "Magnetic
Personality", and "The Blessing of Work." Some of her work was known to help people cope with the hardships of the
662:'s anti-lynching campaigns of 1936 and 1938, the NAACP refused to produce many of her plays claiming they gave a feeling of hopelessness. Johnson was also a member of the Writers League Against Lynching, which included
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When she died in
Washington, D.C., in 1966, one of her sister playwrights and a former participant of the S Street Salon, sat by her bedside "stroking her hand and repeating the words, 'Poet Georgia Douglas
616:
describes the escape of a black couple from slavery, in a work about the importance of self-love, the use of religion for support, and the power of strong relationships between black men and women. Her work
427:(1918). She explores themes for women such as isolation, loneliness, pain, love and the role of being a woman during this time. Other poems in this collection consist of motherly concerns.
1946:
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idea that people have hunches, or intuition, in their lives. She goes on to explain that individuals must not quiet these hunches because they are their "sixth sense– your instruction".
216:, to Laura Douglas and George Camp (her mother's last name is listed in other sources as Jackson). Both parents were of mixed ancestry, with her mother having African-American and
1966:
1936:
1986:
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Douglas' marital life was affected by her writing ambition, for her husband was not supportive of her literary passion, insisting that she devote more time to becoming a
235:, Georgia. She received her education in both Rome and Atlanta, where she excelled in reading, recitations and physical education. She also taught herself to play the
1941:
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She had already begun to submit poems to newspapers and small magazines when she lived in
Atlanta. Her first poem was published in 1905 in the literary journal
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1961:
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329:, about a rose tended by a child, as her inspiration for writing poetry. Johnson also wrote songs, plays, short stories, taught music, and performed as an
2011:
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262:. She wrote music from 1898 until 1959. After studying in Oberlin, Johnson returned to Atlanta, where she became assistant principal in a public school.
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1951:
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In the 21st century, her poems have been described as feminine and "ladylike", or "raceless". They have titles such a "Faith", "Youth", and "Joy".
2016:
576:
genre play written to convince Congress to pass anti-lynching laws. This lesser known play premiered in Xoregos Performing Company's program: "
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897:, the poems in which reflect on love towards all people and forgiveness, showing how much wisdom she has gained throughout her entire life.
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Between 1926 and 1932, she wrote short stories, started a letter club, and published a weekly newspaper column called "Homely Philosophy".
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Soon after her husband's death, Johnson began to host what became 40 years of weekly "Saturday Salons" for friends and authors, including
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Throughout her life, Johnson had written 200 poems, 28 plays and 31 short stories. In 1962, she published her last poetry book, entitled
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Stevens, Judith L. (Spring–Summer 2005). "Art, Activism, and Uncompromising Attitude in Georgia Douglas Johnson's Lynching Plays".
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not feel it was a realistic outcome. As a result, Johnson had difficulty getting plays published. Though she was involved in the
637:. Although several of her plays are lost, Johnson's typescripts for 10 of her plays are in collections in academic institutions.
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Johnson's literary success resulted in her becoming the first African-American woman to get national notice for her poetry since
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2001:
1981:
1971:
775:. Johnson was especially close to the writer Angelina Weld Grimké. This Salon was known to have discussions on issues such as
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had a popular theme of racial issues; she continued to explore motherhood and being a woman of color. In the foreword of
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she said: "Those who know what it means to be a colored woman in 1922– know it not so much in fact as in feeling ..."
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was published under the pen name John Temple. Many of her plays were never published because of her gender and race.
1911:
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239:. She developed a lifelong love of music that she expressed in her plays, which make distinct use of sacred music.
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376:. "Calling Dreams" was published in January 1920, "Treasure" in July 1922, and "To Your Eyes" in November 1924.
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1848:'And Yet They Paused' and 'A Bill to Be Passed': Newly Recovered Lynching Dramas by Georgia Douglas Johnson",
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403:, she lost this political appointee job. She returned to supporting herself with temporary clerical work.
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314:, residence of Georgia Douglas Johnson and site of the S Street Salon, an important literary salon of the
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Although Johnson spoke out against race inequity as a whole, she is more known as a key advocate in the
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drama tradition. Her activism is primarily expressed through her plays, first appearing in the play
783:, and the problems facing African-American families. They became known as the "Saturday Nighters."
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590:
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280:
283:. While the city had an active cultural life among the elite people of color, it was far from the
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1443:
Staging Faith: Religion and African American Theater from the Harlem Renaissance to World War II.
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The Plays of Georgia Douglas Johnson: From the New Negro Renaissance to the Civil Rights Movement
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686:
685:, argues that Johnson's work ought to be placed in an exceedingly distinguished place within the
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The Plays of Georgia Douglas Johnson:From The New Negro Renaissance to the Civil Rights Movement
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325:, in 1910, Douglas Johnson began to write poems and stories. She credited a poem written by
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But as a gesture to her late husband's loyalty and political service, Republican President
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739:— all major contributors to the New Negro Movement, which is better known today as the
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1266:"Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA), South Africa | Access"
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1920:
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Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African American Literary Societies
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560:, and other fancy trimmings. Before Charity makes a decision, her daughter dies.
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Like several other plays that prominent women of the Harlem Renaissance wrote,
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298:" (1918) and "Bronze" (1922), which were praised for their literary quality.
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In September 2009, it was announced that Johnson would be inducted into the
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Johnson published a total of four volumes of poetry, beginning in 1916 with
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306:
1895:
584:'s Dream Up Festival, from August 30 to September 6, 2015. "Songs of the
1872:, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Winter 2004), pp. 571–587 (St. Louis University)
1863:
1439:"Letter from Walter White to Georgia Douglas Johnson, January 18, 1937"
821: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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was produced by the Harlem Experimental Theatre between 1928 and 1931.
1808:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746-1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
1774:"Georgia and Henry Lincoln Douglass, African-American Heritage Trail."
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Color, Sex & Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance
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Color, Sex & Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance
294:
than on publishing poetry. But she later dedicated two poems to him, "
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Cosmopolitanism in Georgia Douglas Johnson's Anti-Lynching Literature
1839:
Color, Sex, and Poetry: Three Women Writers of the Harlem Renaissance
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1677:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.
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The column was published in 20 different newspapers, including the
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literary center of New York, to which Douglas became attracted.
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519:, which were published and produced during Johnson's lifetime.
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Johnson was one of the only women whose work was published in
1552:"A poet's rowhouse in Northwest Washington has a renaissance"
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Their Place on the Stage: Black Women Playwrights in America
352:
Her first collection of poems was not published until 1916.
635:
Plays of Negro Life: A Source-Book of Native American Drama
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Colored No More: Reinventing Black Womanhood in Washington
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Atkins, Alyssa, Theresa Crushshon and Chanida Phaengdara.
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1119:
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1859:(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006)
1637:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form"
678:. The organization sought a federal anti-lynching bill.
449:
While it breaks, breaks, breaks on the sheltering bars.
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She was born as Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp in 1880 in
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Johnson was well recognized for her poems collected in
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The Cambridge Companion to American Women Playwrights
1148:"Georgia Douglas Johnson: Harlem Renaissance Writer."
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410:. In 1962 she published her last poetry collection,
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The Oxford Companion to African American Literature
399:. In 1934, during the Democratic administration of
189:and playwright. She was one of the earliest female
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441:In the wake of those echoes, the heart calls home.
1725:"Hall of Fame Honorees | Georgia Douglas Johnson"
1332:"The Heart of a Woman by Georgia Douglas Johnson"
1947:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
1134:, September 17, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
1106:"Voices from the Gaps: Georgia Douglas Johnson."
1810:, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
1791:The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance
693:, which was printed in Alain Locke's anthology
588:- a collection of five one-act plays including
471:
447:And tries to forget it has dreamed of the stars
443:The heart of a woman falls back with the night,
439:Afar o'er life's turrets and vales does it roam
437:As a lone bird, soft winging, so restlessly on,
429:
1907:African American Heritage Trail, Washington DC
1841:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).
1407:Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers
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1111:, December 15, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
435:The heart of a woman goes forth with the dawn,
362:Her poems were published in several issues of
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605:In 1935, Johnson wrote two historical plays,
274:(1870–1925), an Atlanta lawyer and prominent
8:
1155:, January 7, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
395:, a political appointee position within the
92:one of the earliest African-American female
1967:African-American dramatists and playwrights
1937:20th-century African-American women writers
1313:"Georgia Douglas Johnson's Life and Career"
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1109:University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy
185:(September 10, 1880 – May 15, 1966), was a
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551:also won in the same competition in 1927.
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1987:American women dramatists and playwrights
1883:Works by or about Georgia Douglas Johnson
1822:Black American Women Poets and Dramatists
1317:Georgia Douglas Johnson's Life and Career
1100:
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837:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:And enters some alien cage in its plight,
231:Camp lived for much of her childhood in
16:American poet and playwright (1880–1966)
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270:On September 28, 1903, Douglas married
1834:(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1927).
1832:: An Anthology of Verse by Negro Poets
1588:. Duke University Press. p. 269.
1518:
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1218:Johnson, Georgia Douglas Camp (1922).
649:as well as a pioneering member of the
477:The right to make my dreams come true,
172:Parents, Laura Douglas and George Camp
1942:20th-century African-American writers
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1244:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
1751:. September 19, 2009. Archived from
1609:Lindsey, Treva B. (April 15, 2017).
819:adding citations to reliable sources
485:Too long my heart against the ground
179:Georgia Blanche Douglas Camp Johnson
1962:20th-century American women writers
1912:FBI file on Georgia Douglas Johnson
1743:"Writers hall picks four inductees"
491:And stride into the morning break!
481:Nor shall fate's deadly contraband
461:Johnson's collection published as
321:After the Johnson family moved to
14:
2012:Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
1330:Baldwin, Emma (August 14, 2018).
489:And now at length I rise! I wake!
483:Impede my steps, nor countermand;
387:appointed Douglas Johnson as the
196:, and an important figure of the
1977:American anti-lynching activists
1899:
1892:Works by Georgia Douglas Johnson
1824:(New York: Chelsea House, 1996).
1615:. University of Illinois Press.
1523:Murphy, Brenda (June 28, 1999).
1236:William L. Andrews, ed. (1997).
1222:. Boston : B.J. Brimmer Co.
1220:"Bronze : a book of verses"
795:
487:Has beat the dusty years around;
1952:20th-century American essayists
1405:Williams, Yolanda, ed. (2007).
1198:National Women's History Museum
806:needs additional citations for
372:that was founded and edited by
1650:Atlas, Nava (March 29, 2018).
1529:. Cambridge University Press.
250:in 1896. She taught school in
1:
2017:Writers from Washington, D.C.
1550:Orton, Kathy (June 1, 2018).
1394:– via Internet Archive.
968:A Sunday Morning in the South
539:won honorable mention in the
525:A Sunday Morning in the South
479:I ask, nay, I demand of life;
256:Oberlin Conservatory of Music
127:Oberlin Conservatory of Music
1729:Georgia Writers Hall of Fame
1076:University of Illinois Press
914:Georgia Writers Hall of Fame
408:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
220:heritage, and her father of
1957:20th-century American poets
1898:(public domain audiobooks)
1584:McHenry, Elizabeth (2002).
1464:. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
1066:Stephens, Judith L. (ed.),
655:Sunday Morning in the South
327:William Stanley Braithwaite
279:under Republican President
2033:
1852:33 (Autumn 1999): 519–22.
1779:Retrieved April 17, 2017.
1704:"Georgia Douglas Johnson"
1652:"Georgia Douglas Johnson"
1450:New York University Press
1364:Brown-Guillory, Elizabeth
1287:"Georgia Douglas Johnson"
1194:"Georgia Douglas Johnson"
578:Songs of the Harlem River
30:
1669:Hull, Gloria T. (1987).
1493:Indiana University Press
1479:Hull, Gloria T. (1987).
1131:New Georgia Encyclopedia
681:Gloria Hull in her book
602:, on February 13, 2016.
545:drama contest. Her play
535:In 1926, Johnson's play
1870:African American Review
1850:African American Review
1176:African American Review
1017:William and Ellen Craft
614:William and Ellen Craft
607:William and Ellen Craft
183:Georgia Douglas Johnson
25:Georgia Douglas Johnson
2002:Oberlin College alumni
1982:American salon-holders
1972:African-American poets
1777:culturaltourismdc.org.
1270:www.accessfacility.org
901:of broken dreams...".
683:Color, Sex, and Poetry
647:anti-lynching movement
641:Anti-lynching activism
494:
452:
432:"The Heart of a Woman"
348:The Voice of the Negro
318:
141:anti-lynching movement
1827:Countee Cullen, ed.,
1806:Shockley, Ann Allen,
1789:Locke, Alain (1999).
1656:Literary Ladies Guide
1146:Lewis, Jone Johnson.
401:Franklin D. Roosevelt
368:, the journal of the
357:The Heart of a Woman.
335:Congregational church
309:
272:Henry Lincoln Johnson
155:Henry Lincoln Johnson
2007:Writers from Atlanta
1992:American women poets
1755:on November 29, 2014
1748:Athens Banner Herald
1125:Palumbo, Carmine D.
943:An Autumn Love Cycle
931:The Heart of a Woman
867:Philadelphia Tribune
815:improve this article
773:Angelina Weld Grimke
733:Angelina Weld Grimké
729:Jessie Redmon Fauset
721:Richard Bruce Nugent
668:James Weldon Johnson
425:The Heart of a Woman
418:The Heart of a Woman
380:available to women.
296:The Heart of a Woman
1820:Harold Bloom, ed.,
1437:Prentiss, Craig R.
1035:A Bill to Be Passed
1029:And Yet They Paused
1003:Blue-Eyed Black Boy
765:Alice Dunbar-Nelson
611:Frederick Douglass.
591:Blue-Eyed Black Boy
569:Blue-Eyed Black Boy
397:Department of Labor
281:William Howard Taft
266:Marriage and family
242:She graduated from
1997:Harlem Renaissance
1127:"Georgia Johnson."
1023:Frederick Douglass
873:Pittsburgh Courier
769:Zora Neale Hurston
745:Akasha Gloria Hull
741:Harlem Renaissance
687:Harlem Renaissance
619:Frederick Douglass
319:
316:Harlem Renaissance
244:Atlanta University
198:Harlem Renaissance
181:, better known as
137:Harlem Renaissance
113:Atlanta University
50:September 10, 1880
1855:Judith Stephens,
1844:Judith Stephens,
1595:978-0-8223-2995-4
1291:Poetry Foundation
889:Legacy and honors
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626:extended family.
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133:Literary movement
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474:"Calling Dreams"
374:W. E. B. Du Bois
323:Washington, D.C.
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222:African-American
191:African-American
101:school principal
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813:Please help
808:verification
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67:May 15, 1966
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1932:1966 deaths
1927:1880 births
1341:January 31,
1203:January 31,
920:Major works
725:Alain Locke
713:Jean Toomer
676:Alain Locke
631:Alain Locke
542:Opportunity
508:Gloria Hull
310:The former
194:playwrights
143:, S Street
94:playwrights
1921:Categories
1688:0253349745
1502:0253204305
1458:0814708080
1251:0195065107
1084:0252073339
1072:Urbana, IL
1042:References
976:Blue Blood
955:The Ordeal
753:May Miller
691:The Ordeal
572:is a 1930
537:Blue Blood
513:Blue Blood
365:The Crisis
276:Republican
228:heritage.
204:Early life
81:Occupation
46:1880-09-10
1564:0190-8286
1152:Thoughtco
1005:(c. 1930)
999:(c. 1929)
621:is about
292:homemaker
169:Relatives
109:Education
1896:LibriVox
1679:185, 186
1452:, 2014.
1446:New York
1378:New York
1366:(1988).
1078:, 2005.
827:May 2018
777:lynching
651:lynching
574:lynching
331:organist
252:Marietta
164:Two sons
161:Children
1885:at the
1569:June 4,
1297:May 29,
1013:(1930s)
905:Johnson
333:at her
226:English
214:Georgia
210:Atlanta
57:Georgia
53:Atlanta
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1025:(1935)
1019:(1935)
993:(1927)
990:Plumes
985:(1926)
979:(1926)
971:(1925)
951:(1962)
945:(1928)
939:(1922)
937:Bronze
933:(1918)
870:, and
771:, and
674:, and
562:Plumes
553:Plumes
548:Plumes
517:Plumes
504:Plumes
467:Bronze
463:Bronze
456:Bronze
341:Poetry
302:Career
285:Harlem
237:violin
151:Spouse
76:, U.S.
59:, U.S.
961:Plays
925:Poems
660:NAACP
580:" in
558:hacks
497:Plays
370:NAACP
145:Salon
1761:2009
1683:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1571:2018
1560:ISSN
1531:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1343:2024
1299:2017
1246:ISBN
1205:2024
1080:ISBN
997:Safe
735:and
609:and
515:and
260:Ohio
233:Rome
224:and
187:poet
88:Poet
64:Died
40:Born
1894:at
909:".
817:by
623:his
391:of
258:in
246:'s
115:'s
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44:(
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