Salon (gathering) - Knowledge (XXG)

439:– were 'used almost as synonyms, by which the courtly people wished to designate, in a broad or narrow sense, the quality of their own behavior'. Joan Landes agrees, stating that, 'to some extent, the salon was merely an extension of the institutionalized court' and that rather than being part of the public sphere, salons were in fact in conflict with it. Erica Harth concurs, pointing to the fact that the state 'appropriated the informal academy and not the salon' due to the academies' 'tradition of dissent' – something that lacked in the salon. But Landes' view of the salons as a whole is independent of both Elias' and Habermas' school of thought, insofar that she views the salons as a 'unique institution', that cannot be adequately described as part of the public sphere, or court society. Others, such as Steven Kale, compromise by declaring that the public and private spheres overlapped in the salons. Antoine Lilti ascribes to a similar viewpoint, describing the salons as simply 'institutions within Parisian high society'. 1961:

Duke of Wellington, hero of Waterloo, and the Marquis of Lansdowne, a reforming minister in Liberal cabinets. From the arts and letters came Shakespearian actor William Macready, historians Thomas Macauley and Henry Milman, the novelist Charles Dickens, and the celebrated wit Sydney Smith. The scien- tists included telegraph inventor Charles Wheatstone, geol- ogists Charles Lyell and William Fitton, and the young biologist and world traveler, Charles Darwin. Photographic inventor William Fox-Talbot came with his friend John Herschel. Visitors from abroad were also welcomed: the German composer Felix Mendelssohn; Camillo Cavour, the Italian statesman who was later active in the unification of his country; Alexis de Tocqueville, the French author of Democracy in America; and from America, the physicist Joseph Henry.

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art, literature, philosophy or music together. This handful of educated, acculturated Jewish women could escape the restrictions of their social ghetto. Naturally the women had to be in well-connected families, either to money or to culture. In these mixed gatherings of nobles, high civil servants, writers, philosophers and artists, Jewish salonnières created a vehicle for Jewish integration, providing a context in which patrons and artists freely exchanged ideas. Henriette Lemos Herz, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Dorothea Mendelssohn Schlegel, Amalie Wolf Beer and at least twelve other salonnières achieved fame and admiration.

471:. Even in 1970, works were still being produced that concentrated only on individual stories, without analysing the effects of the salonnières' unique position. The integral role that women played within salons, as salonnières, began to receive greater - and more serious - study in latter parts of the 20th century, with the emergence of a distinctly feminist historiography. The salons, according to Carolyn Lougee, were distinguished by 'the very visible identification of women with salons', and the fact that they played a positive public role in French society. General texts on the Enlightenment, such as Daniel Roche's 782: 448: 1140:. The salons served a very important function in 19th-century Italy, as they allowed young attendees to come into contact with more established figures. They also served as a method of avoiding government censorship, as a public discussion could be held in private. The golden age of the salon in Italy could be said to coincide with the pre-unification period, after which the rise of the newspaper replaced the salon as the main place for the Italian public to engage in the room of sex. 491: 1149: 977: 326:

rather than being leisure based or 'schools of civilité', salons were at 'the very heart of the philosophic community' and thus integral to the process of Enlightenment. In short, Goodman argues, the 17th and 18th century saw the emergence of the academic, Enlightenment salons, which came out of the aristocratic 'schools of civilité'. Politeness, argues Goodman, took second-place to academic discussion.

605: 273: 1049:. Increasingly emancipated German-speaking Jews wanted to immerse themselves in the rich cultural life. However, individual Jews were faced with a dilemma: they faced new opportunities, but without the comfort of a secure community. For Jewish women, there was an additional issue. German society imposed the usual gender role restrictions 341:

The period in which salons were dominant has been labeled the 'age of conversation'. The topics of conversation within the salons - that is, what was and was not 'polite' to talk about - are thus vital when trying to determine the form of the salons. The salonnières were expected, ideally, to run and

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In 2018, Barnard College professor Caroline Weber's book “Proust's Duchess: How Three Celebrated Women Captured the Imagination of Fin-de-Siècle Paris” was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize was the first in-depth study of the three Parisian salon hostesses Proust used to create his supreme fictional

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Her contemporary Natalie Clifford Barney's handmade dinner place setting is on display at The Brooklyn Museum. Like Stein, she was also an author and American ex-pat living in Paris at the time, hosting literary salons that were attended by Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald as well. She bought

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Before long, the Babbage soirées formed an important part of the London social scene. Often, the guest list exceeded 200. They came from all parts of polite society: lawyers and judges, doctors and surgeons, deacons and bishops, and scholars and artists by the score. There were aristocrats like the

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and its mixing of different social ranks and orders. In the 17th and 18th centuries, "salon encouraged socializing between the sexes brought nobles and bourgeois together". Salons helped facilitate the breaking down of social barriers which made the development of the enlightenment salon possible.

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When dealing with the salons, historians have traditionally focused upon the role of women within them. Works in the 19th and much of the 20th centuries often focused on the scandals and 'petty intrigues' of the salons. Other works from this period focused on the more positive aspects of women in

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is so heavily contested. Individuals and collections of individuals that have been of cultural significance overwhelmingly cite some form of engaged, explorative conversation regularly held with an esteemed group of acquaintances as the source of inspiration for their contributions to culture, art,

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A whole world of social arrangements and attitude supported the existence of French salons: an idle aristocracy, an ambitious middle class, an active intellectual life, the social density of a major urban center, sociable traditions, and a certain aristocratic feminism. This world did not disappear

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The salon first appeared in Italy in the 16th century, then flourished in France throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It continued to flourish in Italy throughout the 19th century. In 16th-century Italy, some brilliant circles formed in the smaller courts which resembled salons, often galvanized

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Contemporary literature about the salons is dominated by idealistic notions of politeness, civility and honesty, though whether they lived up to these standards is a matter of debate. These older texts tend to portray reasoned debates and egalitarian polite conversation. Dena Goodman claims that,

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The salon culture was introduced to Imperial Russia during the Westernization Francophile culture of the Russian aristocracy in the 18th century. During the 19th century, several famous salon functioned hosted by the nobility in Saint Petersburg and Moscow, among the most famed being the literary

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antisemitism, so cultivated Jewish women tapped into the cultural salon. But from 1800 on, salons performed a political and social miracle. The salon allowed Jewish women to establish a venue in their homes in which Jews and non-Jews could meet in relative equality. Like-minded people could study

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At that time women had powerful influence over the salon. Women were the center of life in the salon and carried very important roles as regulators. They could select their guests and decide the subjects of their meetings. These subjects could be social, literary, or political topics of the time.

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Breaking down the salons into historical periods is complicated due to the various historiographical debates that surround them. Most studies stretch from the early 16th century up until around the end of the 18th century. Goodman is typical in ending her study at the French Revolution where, she

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hosted influential salons in Washington DC from the 1970s until the 2000s. "An invitation to the couple’s historic Georgetown home was one of the most coveted status symbols in the nation’s capital, an entry to an elite salon of the powerful, talented and witty." In the 1980s, former nun, and

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for particular criticism because it was written with 'the explicit intention of supporting thesis', rather than verifying it. The theory itself, meanwhile, has been criticized for a fatal misunderstanding of the nature of salons. The main criticism of Habermas' interpretation of the salons,

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that ignited a real debate surrounding the role of women within the salons and the Enlightenment as a whole. According to Goodman: 'The salonnières were not social climbers but intelligent, self-educated, and educating women who adopted and implemented the values of the

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through political salons. These forums were regarded influential enough for foreign powers to engage some of these women as agents to benefit their interests in Swedish politics. The arguably most noted political salonnière of the Swedish age of liberty was countess

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The salon was an informal education for women, where they were able to exchange ideas, receive and give criticism, read their own works and hear the works and ideas of other intellectuals. Many ambitious women used the salon to pursue a form of higher education.

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remained, even when other quarters were found and the exhibits' irregular intervals became biennial. A jury system of selection was introduced in 1748, and the salon remained a major annual event even after the government withdrew official sponsorship in 1881.

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the salon. Indeed, according to Jolanta T. Pekacz, the fact women dominated history of the salons meant that study of the salons was often left to amateurs, while men concentrated on 'more important' (and masculine) areas of the Enlightenment.

402:, which claims that the 'public sphere was structured by the salon, the press and other institutions of sociability'. Goodman's work is also credited with further emphasizing the importance of the salon in terms of French history, the 1398:

has moved out from the private drawing-room to become a regularly scheduled event in a public place such as a bar, although some tertulias are still held in more private spaces. Participants may share their recent creations

377:(triggered largely by its translation into French, in 1978, and then English, in 1989), which argued that the salons were of great historical importance. Theaters of conversation and exchange – such as the salons, and the 1182:

gathered all the leading personalities of her time. The most sensitive issues were discussed there, as well as literary topics. Mariquita Sánchez is widely remembered in the Argentine historical tradition because the

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Goodman, Dena, Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: The French Revolution in Culture (Spring, 1989), pp. 329–350

395:. Thus, while women retained a dominant role in the historiography of the salons, the salons received increasing amounts of study, much of it in direct response to, or heavily influenced by Habermas' theory. 699: 1644:

Modern-day versions of the traditional salon (some with a literary focus, and others exploring other disciplines in the arts and sciences) are held throughout the world, in private homes and public venues.

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writes: 'the literary public sphere was transformed into the political public'. Steven Kale is relatively alone in his recent attempts to extend the period of the salon up until Revolution of 1848:

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became famous for her Friday nights salon in Uppsala, which became a center of the Romantic era in Sweden and, arguably the most famed literary salon in Sweden. During the 1860s and 1870s, the

859:'s, Comtesse Jean de Castellane's, Comtesse Aimery de La Rochefoucauld's, etc. Some late 19th- and early 20th-century Paris salons were major centres for contemporary music, including those of 1362:

in Stockholm came to be a famous center of the Swedish cultural elite, were especially writers gathered to make contact with wealthy benefactors, a role which was eventually taken over by the

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still held a salon in her mansion, rue de Courcelles, later rue de Berri. From the middle of the 19th century until the 1930s, a lady of society had to hold her "day", which meant that her

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called up his own turn-of-the-century experience to recreate the rival salons of the fictional duchesse de Guermantes and Madame Verdurin. He experienced himself his first social life in

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In the 19th century, however, the leading salon hostesses in Sweden became more noted as the benefactors of the arts and charity than with politics. From 1820 and two decades onward,

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Lilti, Antoine, Sociabilité et mondanité: Les hommes de lettres dans les salons parisiens au XVIIIe siècle, French Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Summer 2005), p. 415-445

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The tradition of the literary salon continued to flourish in Italy throughout the 19th century. Naturally there were many salons with some of the most prominent being hosted by

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Historians tended to focus on individual salonnières, creating almost a 'great-woman' version of history that ran parallel to the Whiggish, male dominated history identified by

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Habermas, Jürgen, (trans. Thomas Burger), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Camb., Mass.: MIT Press, 1989)

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came to be known as a center of opposition. Salon hostesses were still attributed influence in politic affairs in the first half of the 19th century, which was said of both

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were held by ladies mixing political men and intellectuals during the IVth Republic, like Mme Abrami, or Mme Dujarric de La Rivière. The last salons in Paris were those of

373: 3656: 683: 128:, literally meaning "narrow street" or "lane", designates the space between a bed and the wall in a bedroom; it was used commonly to designate the gatherings of the " 2217: 1298:, whose salon has some time been referred to as the first in Sweden, and whose influence on state affairs exposed her to libelous pamphlets and made her a target of 342:

moderate the conversation (See Women in the salon). There is, however, no universal agreement among historians as to what was and was not appropriate conversation.

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Kale, Steven, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)

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were the most notable hostesses, in the beginning and in the end of the 18th century respectively, both of whom were credited with political influence. During the

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Salon sociability quickly spread through Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many large cities in Europe held salons along the lines of the Parisian models.

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a home with an old Masonic temple in the backyard which she dubbed Temple d’Amitié, the Temple of Friendship, for private meetings with attendees of her salons.

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Lougee, Carolyn C., Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons and Social Stratification in Seventeenth Century France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976)

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In 2014, in response to the isolation of the digital life, in-person events and salons grew in popularity. In 2021 response to the isolation of the pandemic,

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in the late 18th century and early 19th century, the literary salon played a significant part in Danish culture life, notably the literary salons arranged by

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became a meeting where foreign ambassadors in Stockholm came to make contacts, and her gambling table was described as a center of Swedish foreign policy.

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In Sweden, the salon developed during the late 17th century and flourished until the late 19th century. During the 1680s and 1690s, the salon of countess

2665: 2341:(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926) and Julia Kavanagh, Women in France during the Enlightenment Century, 2 Vols (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1893). 3212:"Nonfiction Book Review: The Party: A Guide to Adventurous Entertaining by Sally Quinn, Author Simon & Schuster $ 24 (224p) ISBN 978-0-684-81144-4" 2992: 2755: 1724:

describe the practice of displaying large numbers of paintings, thus requiring placing them close together at multiple heights, often on a high wall.

3236: 2635: 132:", the intellectual and literary circles that formed around women in the first half of the 17th century. The first renowned salon in France was the 3588: 1242: 330: 2578: 191:

historians. Each of these methodologies focuses on different aspects of the salon, and thus have varying analyses of its importance in terms of

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however, is that the salons of most influence were not part of an oppositional public sphere, and were instead an extension of court society.

3034: 2730: 2703: 2517: 1953: 1671:, who was part of the movement, launched an educational resource for those who wish to host salons in their community called The Salon Host. 601:," soon found itself in use upon the attending ladies, a nickname continuing to mean "intellectual woman" for the next three hundred years. 3488:

Von der Heyden-Rynsch, Verena, Europaeische Salons. Hoehepunkte einer versunken weiblichen Kultur (Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler, 1997)

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Harth, Erica, Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).

3422: 1589:, performed a function similar to the host or hostess of the European salon. She held weekly public receptions throughout her husband's 672: 57:). Salons in the tradition of the French literary and philosophical movements of the 17th and 18th centuries are still being conducted. 2777: 1307: 631: 512:, an aspect that sets the court apart from the salon. Another feature that distinguished the salon from the court was its absence of 452: 3539: 3195: 3160: 2933: 2553: 1847: 350:

was ever discussed. The disagreements that surround the content of discussion partly explain why the salon's relationship with the

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Elias, Norbert, (Trans. Edmund Jephcott), The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978)

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held a salon at the end of the 17th century. They became very popular there throughout the 18th century. Most renowned were the

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Some 19th-century salons were more inclusive, verging on the raffish, and centered around painters and "literary lions" such as

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Goodman, Dena, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994)

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tend to agree that women were dominant within the salons, but that their influence did not extend far outside of such venues.

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Habermas' dominance in salon historiography has come under criticism from some quarters, with Pekacz singling out Goodman's

93:, room). Literary gatherings before this were often referred to by using the name of the room in which they occurred, like 1906: 3467:

Landes, Joan B., Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988);

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Pekacz, Jolanta T., Conservative Tradition In Pre-Revolutionary France: Parisian Salon Women (New York: Peter Lang, 1999)

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Wealthy members of the aristocracy have always drawn to their court poets, writers and artists, usually with the lure of

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Huddleston, Sisley, Bohemian, Literary and Social Life in Paris: Salons, Cafes, Studios (London: George G. Harrap, 1928)

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hosted salons that brought together leading figures in African-American literature, and in the culture and politics of

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Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22. 3, Special issue : The French Revolution in Culture. (Spring, 1989), p.331

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Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22. 3, Special issue : The French Revolution in Culture. (Spring, 1989), p 338

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and has only moderate currency in English, in describing Latin cultural contexts. Since the 20th century, a typical

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and the Enlightenment as a whole, and has dominated the historiography of the salons since its publication in 1994.

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Kavanagh, Julia, Women in France during the Enlightenment Century, 2 Vols (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1893)

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in Jacques Du Bosc's "L'Honnête femme" (1632–36) and "Nouveau receuil de lettres des dames de ce temps" (1635)"

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in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was akin to a French salon, largely for adherents to the Whig Party.

1303: 3622: 3559: 3006: 2657: 1222: 615: 2012:"Three Celebrated Women Captured the Imagination of Fin-de-Siècle Paris, by Caroline Weber (Alfred A. Knopf)" 1285:(1718–1772), women participated in political debate and promoted their favorites in the struggle between the 1045:

in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by two prominent Jewish Patrons of the Arts: Adele Bloch-Bauer and

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Antoine Lilti, 'Sociabilité et mondanité: Les hommes de lettres dans les salons parisiens au XVIIIe siècle'

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was originally an officially sanctioned exhibit of recent works of painting and sculpture by members of the

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Roche, Daniel, (Trans Arthur Goldhammr), France in the Enlightenment, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: HUP, 1998)

679:, but "though the name of M. d'Alembert may have drawn them thither, it was she alone who kept them there." 3527: 2772: 2470:

French Salons : High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the revolution of 1848.

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French Salons : High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the revolution of 1848.

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The history of the salon is far from straightforward. The salon has been studied in depth by a mixture of

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from 1828 and into the 1840s were a related phenomenon attracting men and women, scientists and writers.

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in Turin. The salons attracted countless outstanding 19th-century figures including the romantic painter

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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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is credited with introducing the scientific soirée, a form of salon, from France. Babbage began hosting

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provided a forum for thinkers, poets, artists, and musicians in Naples, making her a central figure in

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In the German-speaking palatinates and kingdoms, the most famous were held by Jewish ladies, such as

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This article is about the type of gathering. For the type of salon where hair is cut and styled, see

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Latour, Anny (Trans. A. A. Dent), Uncrowned Queens: Reines Sans Couronne (London: J. M. Dent, 1970)

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The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

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French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848

1734: 1602: 1555: 1515: 1351: 1321: 1263: 1246: 1238: 1090: 951: 810: 794: 736: 727: 484: 468: 403: 120: 115: 3140: 2801: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1451: 1420: 1275: 1102: 1086: 959: 847:' one, where the cream of the aristocracy mingled with artists and writers; or more aristocratic 798: 71: 1764: 1507: 1192: 867:. They were responsible for commissioning some of the greatest songs and chamber music works of 704: 490: 368: 67: 805:

was opened for visitors in the afternoon once a week, or twice a month. Days were announced in

26: 3671: 3535: 3296: 3263: 3191: 3166: 3156: 3144: 3030: 2929: 2726: 2699: 2549: 2513: 2233: 1949: 1926: 1843: 1657: 1582: 1539: 1535: 1487: 1447: 1379: 1230: 1046: 1002: 860: 775: 760: 652: 239: 3321: 3024: 2720: 817:, and he was accepted or not. Only people who had been introduced previously could enter the 2687: 1918: 1749: 1547: 1523: 1466:(1813) was the most well known in its time. She has been painted by such famous painters as 1391: 1359: 1316: 1234: 1217: 1082: 973:

attracted cultural figures, the Belgian aristocracy and members of the French exiled colony.

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and used them to reshape the salon to their own social intellectual, and educational needs'.

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The most prominent defense of salons as part of the public sphere comes from Dena Goodman's

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Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: The French Revolution in Culture

721:, daughter of the Neckers, took over from her mother and in exile hosted the international 346:'insisted that politics was scrupulously avoided'. Others suggested that little other than 3626: 3563: 3010: 2999: 2759: 2048:

Dena Goodman, 'Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions'

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1832, salonnière in Paris where political and other émigré Italians, including composer

1698: 1519: 1282: 1196: 1129: 1034: 1030: 955: 911: 872: 836: 713: 687: 333:"Abbé Delille reciting his poem, La Conversation in the salon of Madame Geoffrin" from 220: 192: 95: 3366: 2532:

Django Reinhardt - Swing De Paris. 6 Oct. 2012. Exhibit. La Cité de la musique, Paris.

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held a salon already in the 16th century, and in the 17th century Rome, the abdicated

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In Switzerland, the salon culture was extant in the mid-18th century, represented by

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literature and politics, leading some scholars to posit the salon's influence on the

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Major historiographical debates focus on the relationship between the salons and the

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is a gathering of people held by a host. These gatherings often consciously followed

34: 3530:, 'Music in the French Salon'; in Caroline Potter and Richard Langham Smith (eds.), 2781:. Vol. 17. Warsaw, Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk i Polska Akademia Umiejętności. 2011: 3593: 3418:

Craveri, Benedetta, The Age of Conversation (New York: New York Review Books, 2005)

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Salonnières and the Bluestockings: Educated Obsolescence and Germinating feminism,

1605:, hosted gatherings at their New York City home in the 1920s and '30s. During the 1390:

is a social gathering with literary or artistic overtones. The word is originally

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María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duchess of Alba

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Davetian, Benet, Civility: A Cultural History (University of Toronto Press, 2009)

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Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime

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through the campaign for the war she launched in her salon. Outside of politics,

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in England – played a critical role in the emergence of what Habermas termed the

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Women, Salons and Social Stratification in Seventeenth Century France, pp. 3-7.

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Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution, p. 23

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http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/index.php/a/barbara-urszula-sanguszkowa-z-duninow

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Webberley, Helen, "Cultural Salons and Jewish Women in 19th Century Berlin",

2237: 1930: 529:. The enlightenment salon brought together Parisian society, the progressive 3485:

Tallentyre, S. G., Women of the Salons (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926)

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Religion and Community. Facts On File, 1997. African-American History Online

1888:, Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1930. New publication, Denoël, Paris, 1984, chapter: 1759: 1195:. Along with Mariquita Sánchez, the discussions at her houses led up to the 1163: 756: 740: 580: 509: 149: 3606: 3082:

Holland House: A History of London's Most Celebrated Salon, by Linda Kelly

2636:"A room with a view: interpreting the Ottocento through the literary salon" 2886: 2868: 2483:

Enlightenment salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions.

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Enlightenment salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions.

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and her sister Norma hosted musical and debating soirées in their home in

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in the mid-17th century. In the late 18th century, the political salon of

3322:"Welcome To The New Era Of Salons—Brought To You By Susan MacTavish Best" 3237:"Scotsman Obituaries: Theodora di Marco, popular Scottish-born salonista" 3026:

Autobiography Memories and Experiences of Moncure Daniel Conway. Volume 2

1842:, revised edition by Patrick Dandrey, ed. Fayard, Paris, 1996, p. 1149. 1387: 1241:, a noted early scientist and collector of scientific objects and books, 1199:, the first stage in the struggle for Argentine independence from Spain. 947: 431: 184: 176: 153: 148:(1588–1665), ran from 1607 until her death. She established the rules of 3598: 2326:

Conservative Tradition In Pre-Revolutionary France: Parisian Salon Women

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Conservative Tradition In Pre-Revolutionary France: Parisian Salon Women

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was sung for the first time in her house, on 14 May 1813. Other notable

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Paris salons of the 18th century hosted by women include the following:

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The Republic of Letters: a Cultural History of the French Enlightenment

1974:

The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment

1042: 990: 966: 656: 180: 2512:(in French). Le Mont-sur-Lausanne: LEP Éditions Loisirs et Pėdagogie. 2661: 1702: 1622: 1511: 1400: 1249:

founder of Poland's first museum and a patron of the Polish composer

1066: 425:, in which Elias contends that the dominant concepts of the salons – 50: 46: 1813:"Salons Around the World | Intellectual Gatherings & Discussion" 1601:

have done so as well. The Stettheimer sisters, including the artist

3616: 3552: 2037:

Bohemian, Literary and Social Life in Paris: Salons, Cafes, Studios

77:

Salons were an important place for the exchange of ideas. The word

3434: 3003: 1439: 1147: 1058: 975: 780: 560: 489: 446: 328: 141: 2924:Österberg, Carin; Lewenhaupt, Inga; Wahlberg, Anna-Greta (1990). 1446:, hosted a salon which played a key role in the aftermath of the 3503:

Salons, History, and the Creation of Seventeenth-Century France.

1740:

English coffeehouses in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

114:

This practice may be contrasted with the greater formalities of

2265:

Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution

2204:

Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution

2157:

Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution

1460:. De Staël is author of around thirty publications, from which 1302:'s libelous caricature of the political salon hostess in 1733. 3547:

The End of the Salon: Art and the State of the Early Republic.

2498:

Feminist Studies, Vol. 3 No. 3/4 (spring-summer, 1976), p. 186

1875:

Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. p.2

266: 66:

by the presence of a beautiful and educated patroness such as

3612:

Benet Davetian's Article on the History and Meaning of Salons

2914:(article by B. Boethius. Herbert Lundh), retrieved 2013-10-28 2722:

La Revolución de Mayo: el pueblo quiere saber de qué se trató

2472:

Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press,2004. p.2

1948:. Oxford portraits in science. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 1306:

was attributed to have contributed to the realization of the

1191:

in colonial Buenos Aires were Mercedes de Lasalde Riglos and

1085:

became known as a patron and gatherer of artists as wife of

797:, French aristocrats withdrew from the public eye. However, 3582: 1225:

at the end of the 18th century, and among the most notable

1166:'s most active female figure in the revolutionary process, 552:

They also served as mediators by directing the discussion.

284:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3519:

Trans. Teresa Waugh. New York: New York Review Books,2005.

1860:

Madame de Rambouillet ou la magicienne de la Chambre bleue

1178:. She fervently embraced the cause of revolution, and her 367:

Recent historiography of the salons has been dominated by

152:

of the salon which resembled the earlier codes of Italian

3426: 2762:- Entry in Polish in the Dictionary of National Biography 993:, the salon culture was adopted during the 18th century. 3585:

by Falling Apple Charitable Trust, Auckland, New Zealand

3510:

Jewish Women and Their Salons: The Power of Conversation

2698:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. p. 102. 543:

and other intellectuals to discuss a variety of topics.

2993:

El Madrid de 1900, espacios populares de Cultura y Ocio

1635:

Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world

1427:

reached in influential role in the early 19th century.

743:, visited by foreign notables and French thinkers alike 559:

Two of the most famous 17th-century literary salons in

290: 2961:(article by Sven Erik Täckmark), retrieved 2015-03-15. 1989:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) p. 9 459:(National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC) 359:

as being more widespread than previously appreciated.

3187:

The Cambridge Companion to American Women Playwrights

2725:(in Spanish). Ediciones Colihue SRL. pp. 35–36. 1089:, the doge in Venice in 1457–1462, and the courtisan 835:'s one, which mixed artists and political men around 3149:

Facts on File encyclopedia of Black women in America

2546:

Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles.

2254:, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978), pp. 39-40. 1840:

Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: le XVIIe siècle

3392:"Floor to Ceiling: The Art of the Salon-Style Hang" 2421:, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: HUP, 1998), pp. 443-8. 2159:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Goodman, 1101:, rivaled as salon hostesses. In the 18th century, 525:, the salon was transformed into an institution of 81:first appeared in France in 1664 (from the Italian 3617:La comtesse Greffulhe, a french salonnière of the 3523:Benet Davetian "The History and Meaning of Salons" 3084:, review published in The Spectator, 6 April 2013 2369:Conservative Tradition In Pre-Revolutionary France 374:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere 206:, as well as the role of women within the salons. 2510:L'Europe de Coppet - Essai sur l'Europe de demain 1976:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 280. 1886:Le Château de Rambouillet, six siècles d'Histoire 1128:, composer Giuseppe Verdi and naturalist writers 755:, the political salon that was the resort of the 2983:(article by Gurli Linder), retrieved 2015-09-05. 2856:] (in Swedish). Lund: Nordic Academic Press. 2354:(Paris: Firmin Didot, 1862) and Paul Deschanel, 2118:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 14. 1526:, an early feminist and radical held a salon at 85:, the large reception hall of Italian mansions; 3396:Insights: From the de Young and Legion of Honor 1081:Italy had had an early tradition of the salon; 547:Salonnières and their salons: the role of women 263:Conversation, content and the form of the salon 3371:Polk Museum of Art at Florida Southern College 2252:The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners 1907:"How Scientific Conversation Became Shop Talk" 3594:Julie de Lespinasse, Mme Geoffrin in memoirs. 3555:La comtesse Greffulhe, L'ombre des Guermantes 3341:"Art News: A Brief History of the Salon Wall" 2216:Wolfgang, Aurora; Nell, Sharon Diane (2011). 1946:Charles Babbage and the engines of perfection 1944:Collier, Bruce; MacLachlan, James H. (1998). 1593:(1789–1797). At these gatherings, members of 1314:acted as the hostess of the literary academy 146:Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet 8: 1911:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1697:, starting in 1673 and soon moving from the 1502:. In the 19th century, the Russian Baroness 980:A Reading in the Salon of Mme Geoffrin, 1755 739:, wife of the mathematician and philosopher 247:and other twentieth-century luminaries like 3549:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 3505:Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Company,2006. 1695:Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture 749:, socialite and friend of Germaine de Staël 517:In the 18th century, under the guidance of 53:, "either to please or to educate" (Latin: 3289:"How a SoHo Salon Host Spends Her Sundays" 2806:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2567:Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. KVinfo.dk 1407:, other writings, even artwork or songs). 809:. The visitor gave his visit cards to the 785:Madame de Staël at Coppet (Debucourt 1800) 2624:, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p.566 2167:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). 1425:Anna Maria Rüttimann-Meyer von Schauensee 1296:Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie (1695–1745) 313:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:'s Saturday evening salons (described in 3633:Comic art: The Paris Salon in Caricature 3534:(Ashgate Press, 2006), pp. 91–115. 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2692:Seamos libres y lo demás no importa nada 2250:Norbert Elias (Trans. Edmund Jephcott), 2130:Jürgen Habermas (trans. Thomas Burger), 2126: 2124: 2110: 2108: 1790:Charles Babbage's Saturday night soirées 1572:Charles Babbage's Saturday night soirées 1534:in the 1860s. Her salon was attended by 655:, later Constance de Salm following her 603: 25: 3235:Mason, Mary Moore (15 September 2021). 2926:Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare 2696:Let us be free and nothing else matters 2563: 2561: 2417:Daniel Roche (Trans Arthur Goldhammr), 2315:, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Summer 2005), p. 417. 2077:(New York: New York Review Books, 2005) 1801: 1065:at the end of the 18th century; and in 443:Debates surrounding women and the salon 259:character, the Duchesse de Guermantes. 159:In Britain, mathematician and inventor 2799: 2382:Uncrowned Queens: Reines Sans Couronne 1514:, for refugees (mostly German) of the 1454:'s Regime. It has become known as the 3657:Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime 3320:McCarthy, Michael (August 16, 2021). 2854:Women by the side of power: 1632–1772 2794:Księżna pani na Kocku i Siemiatyczach 501:, gathered in the 1830s. Portrait by 495:Italian in exile, Princess Belgiojoso 89:is actually the augmentative form of 7: 3398:. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 1900: 1898: 1807: 1805: 1689:also refers to art exhibitions. The 3365:Nobbe, Taylor (30 September 2017). 3023:Moncure Daniel Conway (June 2001). 2888:Personhistorisk tidskrift 1898–1899 2850:Kvinnor vid maktens sida: 1632–1772 1245:, and her later namesake, Princess 969:, the 19th-century salon hosted by 942:Prior to the formation of Belgium, 906:, etc., Marie-Blanche de Polignac ( 3433:, 2019, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ( 2778:The Polish Biographical Dictionary 2656:Soledad Vallejos (July 16, 2004). 2193:(New York: Peter Lang, 1999) p. 3. 417:This criticism stems largely from 14: 2668:from the original on May 14, 2014 2622:The Cambridge Handel Encyclopedia 2620:Annette Landgraf, David Vickers, 2380:Anny Latour (Trans. A. A. Dent), 863:(the princesse de Polignac), and 485:Enlightenment Republic of Letters 363:The salon and the "public sphere" 337:, "La Conversation" (Paris, 1812) 243:) gained notoriety for including 3636:: Getty Museum exhibition, 2003. 3607:Charlottetown Conversation Salon 3101:George Washington's Mount Vernon 2134:(Camb., Mass.: MIT Press, 1989). 2039:(London: George G. Harrap, 1928) 1494:originated, and who created the 1490:, in whose salon the expression 1209:Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania 1025:Jewish culture in Central Europe 271: 144:, which its hostess, Roman-born 3512:, Jewish Museum New York, 2005. 3339:Jones, Chelsea (July 6, 2016). 3254:Holson, Laura M. (2014-10-01). 2891:(in Swedish). pp. 174–175. 2875:(in Swedish). pp. 311–312. 2873:Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor 1745:French art salons and academies 910:'s daughter) and Madeleine and 567:, established in 1607 near the 3600:The Women of the French Salons 3190:. Cambridge University Press. 2352:La femme au dix-huitème siècle 627:Adèle and Aurore de Bellegarde 575:, where gathered the original 1: 3641:Jewish Women and Their Salons 3431:Institute of European History 3427:EGO - European History Online 3184:Murphy, Brenda (1999-06-28). 3029:. Elibron.com. pp. 14–. 2867:Stålberg, Wilhelmina (1864). 2350:Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, 1486:England, salons were held by 1312:Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht 1308:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 865:Élisabeth, comtesse Greffulhe 644:, hostess of the Bout-du-Banc 591:of the Hôtel de Rambouillet. 49:'s definition of the aims of 3287:Strauss, Alix (2019-09-27). 2928:(in Swedish). Lund: Signum. 2775:(1972). "Zofia Lubomirska". 2358:(Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1900). 2218:"The Theory and Practice of 1423:in Zürich, and the salon of 712:, the wife of the financier 233:and depicted fictionally in 2980:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 2971:Calla Curman (f. Lundström) 2958:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 2911:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 2792:Bergerówna, Janina (1936). 2419:France in the Enlightenment 1337:Anna Charlotta Schröderheim 768:, wife of General Swetchine 759:at the first stages of the 597:, borrowed from England's " 478:It was, however, Goodman's 473:France in the Enlightenment 389:cultural-political contrast 3690: 3532:French Music Since Berlioz 3390:Holland, Isabella (2021). 2869:"Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm" 2719:Galasso, Norberto (1994). 2384:(London: J. M. Dent, 1970) 1678: 1632: 1558:, and Elizabeth Malleson. 1097:and the princess Colonna, 521:, Mlle de Lespinasse, and 55:aut delectare aut prodesse 15: 3603:by Amelia Ruth Gere Mason 2658:"Recuperando a Mariquita" 2313:French Historical Studies 1923:10.1017/S0080440107000564 1905:Secord, James A. (2007). 1341:Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull 1185:Argentine National Anthem 1095:Queen Christina of Sweden 995:Christine Sophie Holstein 793:. After the shock of the 3557:Paris, Flammarion, 2014. 3517:The Age of Conversation. 3121:Alexander, Adele Logan. 2848:Norrhem, Svante (2007). 2577:York, Neue Galerie New. 1370:in the 1880s and 1890s. 1343:in the 1820s as well as 1304:Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm 795:1870 Franco-Prussian War 667:Lettres d'une Péruvienne 165:Saturday evening soirées 2796:. Lwów. pp. 38–40. 2579:"Neue Galerie New York" 2508:Garonna, Paolo (2010). 2432:The Republic of Letters 2226:Cahiers du dix-septième 2161:The Republic of Letters 2075:The Age of Conversation 2052:(Spring, 1989), pp. 330 1615:Georgia Douglas Johnson 1442:salonnière and author, 1358:of the rich benefactor 1071:Alexandra Mavrokordatou 892:Marie-Laure de Noailles 573:marquise de Rambouillet 533:who were producing the 480:The Republic of Letters 400:The Republic of Letters 3367:"The Salon Style Hang" 3326:San Francisco Magazine 3256:"The IRL Social Clubs" 3097:"The First First Lady" 2773:Władysław Konopczyński 2494:Bodek, Evelyn Gordon. 1862:, Fayard, Paris, 1988. 1770:Salon des Indépendants 1718:salon-style exhibition 1675:Other uses of the word 1496:Blue Stockings Society 1472:Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun 1160: 981: 886:Until the 1950s, some 833:Mme Arman de Caillavet 786: 662:Françoise de Graffigny 619: 505: 460: 423:The History of Manners 338: 293:by rewriting it in an 217: 38: 3508:Bilski, Emily et al. 3123:"Roberts, Ruth Logan" 3013:("Tertulia Andaluza") 1817:Four Seasons Magazine 1591:eight-year presidency 1585:, the first American 1450:and especially under 1326:Royal Swedish Academy 1324:did the same for the 1223:Stanisław II Augustus 1151: 1073:in the 17th century. 999:Charlotte Schimmelman 979: 958:played a role in the 950:in what was then the 930:Salons outside France 784: 675:: her chief draw was 616:Jean François de Troy 607: 583:, the rival salon of 493: 450: 332: 212: 61:Historical background 29: 3545:Mainardi, Patricia. 3515:Craveri, Benedetta. 3216:PublishersWeekly.com 2609:Limmud Oz Conference 1703:Palace of the Louvre 1669:Susan MacTavish Best 1331:During the reign of 853:Comtesse de Chevigné 585:Madeleine de Scudéry 565:Hôtel de Rambouillet 134:Hôtel de Rambouillet 3141:Hine, Darlene Clark 2393:Carolyn C. Lougee, 2339:Women of the Salons 2324:Jolanta T. Pekacz, 2189:Jolanta T. Pekacz, 2073:Benedetta Craveri, 2035:Sisley Huddleston, 1603:Florine Stettheimer 1556:Elizabeth Blackwell 1516:revolutions of 1848 1352:Malla Silfverstolpe 1322:Anna Maria Lenngren 1281:During the Swedish 1264:Zinaida Volkonskaya 1247:Izabela Czartoryska 1243:Izabela Czartoryska 1213:Elżbieta Sieniawska 952:Spanish Netherlands 737:Sophie de Condorcet 694:marquise de Lambert 684:marquise du Deffand 673:Julie de Lespinasse 469:Herbert Butterfield 411:Republic of Letters 404:Republic of Letters 387:, which emerged in 124:, where all stood. 3625:2014-10-19 at the 3562:2014-10-19 at the 3421:Dollinger, Petra, 3293:The New York Times 3260:The New York Times 3145:Thompson, Kathleen 3009:2007-07-12 at the 2998:2012-12-09 at the 2949:C Fredrika Limnell 2758:2015-07-16 at the 2634:Romani, Gabriela. 2611:Sydney, July 2005. 2589:on 18 October 2017 2548:Lannoo Uitgeveri. 2356:Figures des femmes 2337:S. G. Tallentyre, 1716:The related terms 1619:Zora Neale Hurston 1611:Ruth Logan Roberts 1607:Harlem Renaissance 1506:hosted a salon in 1504:Méry von Bruiningk 1452:Napoleon Bonaparte 1421:Barbara Schulthess 1276:Magdalena Stenbock 1161: 1103:Aurora Sanseverino 1087:Pasquale Malipiero 982: 960:Brabant Revolution 946:hosted a salon in 944:Béatrix de Cusance 857:Comtesse Greffulhe 787: 620: 579:, and, in 1652 in 506: 461: 339: 295:encyclopedic style 282:is written like a 171:Studying the salon 72:Elisabetta Gonzaga 39: 3667:Culture of France 3662:Culture of Europe 3501:Beasley, Faith E. 3036:978-1-4021-6692-1 3004:Tertulia Andaluza 2732:978-950-581-798-6 2705:978-950-581-779-5 2688:Galasso, Norberto 2544:(2006) (French). 2519:978-2-606-01369-1 1955:978-0-19-508997-4 1858:Aronson, Nicole, 1775:Salon des Refusés 1658:Theodora di Marco 1640:Modern-day salons 1583:Martha Washington 1540:Louisa May Alcott 1536:Moncure D. Conway 1488:Elizabeth Montagu 1448:French Revolution 1364:Curman Receptions 1266:in 1820s Moscow. 1231:Barbara Sanguszko 1168:Mariquita Sánchez 1153:Mariquita Sánchez 1047:Berta Zuckerkandl 1003:Danish Golden Age 861:Winnaretta Singer 807:Le Bottin Mondain 799:Princess Mathilde 776:Benjamin Constant 747:Juliette Récamier 700:duchesse du Maine 653:Constance Pipelet 455:, salonnière, by 323: 322: 315: 240:Midnight in Paris 136:not far from the 3679: 3553:Laure HILLERIN, 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3151:. New York, NY: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3020: 3014: 2990: 2984: 2968: 2962: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2915: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2769: 2763: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2585:. Archived from 2574: 2568: 2565: 2556: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2155:Joan B. Landes, 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2119: 2112: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2016:www.pulitzer.org 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1902: 1893: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1809: 1750:Levee (ceremony) 1722:salon-style hang 1651:and her husband 1548:Barbara Bodichon 1524:Clementia Taylor 1360:Fredrika Limnell 1317:Tankebyggarorden 1239:Anna Jabłonowska 1235:Zofia Lubomirska 1218:Thursday Lunches 1203:Poland-Lithuania 1120:in Florence and 1091:Tullia d'Aragona 1083:Giovanna Dandolo 971:Constance Trotti 924:Django Reinhardt 766:Madame Swetchine 728:Madame Helvétius 686:, the friend of 637:Madame de Tencin 569:Palais du Louvre 514:social hierarchy 499:Vincenzo Bellini 318: 311: 307: 304: 298: 275: 274: 267: 230:A Moveable Feast 225:Ernest Hemingway 138:Palais du Louvre 31:Réunion de dames 23:Social gathering 3689: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3647: 3646: 3627:Wayback Machine 3589:Mlle de Scudéry 3572: 3564:Wayback Machine 3498: 3496:Further reading 3492: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3163: 3147:, eds. (1997). 3139: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3011:Wayback Machine 3000:Wayback Machine 2991: 2987: 2969: 2965: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2900: 2896: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2847: 2846: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2798: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2760:Wayback Machine 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2583:neuegalerie.org 2576: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2278:Cartesian Women 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2163:; Erica Harth, 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1956: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1765:Salon d'Automne 1730: 1683: 1677: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1580: 1508:St. John's Wood 1480: 1468:François Gérard 1444:Madame de Staël 1413: 1376: 1300:Olof von Dahlin 1272: 1259: 1251:Frederic Chopin 1205: 1193:Flora Azcuénaga 1146: 1126:Francesco Hayez 1079: 1039:Rahel Varnhagen 1027: 1007:Friederike Brun 987: 940: 932: 916:Josephine Baker 900:Igor Markevitch 791:Madame Récamier 719:Madame de Staël 705:Madame d'Épinay 642:Jeanne Quinault 632:Madame Geoffrin 549: 519:Madame Geoffrin 503:Francesco Hayez 445: 369:Jürgen Habermas 365: 335:Jacques Delille 319: 308: 302: 299: 291:help improve it 288: 276: 272: 265: 249:Alice B. Toklas 173: 161:Charles Babbage 68:Isabella d'Este 63: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575:Private salons 3571: 3570:External links 3568: 3567: 3566: 3550: 3543: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3382: 3357: 3331: 3312: 3279: 3246: 3227: 3203: 3196: 3176: 3161: 3113: 3088: 3080:Ridley, Jane, 3073: 3061: 3049: 3035: 3015: 2985: 2963: 2941: 2934: 2916: 2894: 2878: 2859: 2833: 2813: 2784: 2764: 2745: 2731: 2711: 2704: 2679: 2648: 2626: 2613: 2600: 2569: 2557: 2534: 2525: 2518: 2500: 2487: 2481:Goodman, Dena. 2474: 2461: 2455:Goodman, Dena. 2448: 2436: 2423: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2373: 2360: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2304: 2291: 2282: 2269: 2256: 2243: 2208: 2195: 2182: 2180:, p. 238 n. 5. 2169: 2148: 2136: 2120: 2114:Dena Goodman, 2104: 2092: 2079: 2066: 2054: 2041: 2028: 2003: 1991: 1978: 1972:Dena Goodman, 1965: 1954: 1936: 1894: 1890:Les précieuses 1877: 1871:Kale, Steven. 1864: 1851: 1829: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1641: 1638: 1633:Main article: 1630: 1627: 1579: 1576: 1520:Forty-Eighters 1479: 1478:United Kingdom 1476: 1412: 1409: 1375: 1372: 1347:in the 1840s. 1335:, the home of 1283:Age of Liberty 1271: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1204: 1201: 1197:May Revolution 1145: 1142: 1130:Giovanni Verga 1118:Emilia Peruzzi 1078: 1075: 1035:Sara Grotthuis 1031:Henriette Herz 1026: 1023: 986: 983: 939: 936: 931: 928: 912:Robert Perrier 837:Anatole France 815:maître d'hôtel 779: 778: 774:, a friend of 769: 763: 750: 744: 734: 730:, the wife of 725: 716: 714:Jacques Necker 707: 702: 696: 690: 688:Horace Walpole 680: 670: 659: 650: 645: 639: 634: 629: 599:blue-stockings 587:, a long time 548: 545: 444: 441: 364: 361: 321: 320: 279: 277: 270: 264: 261: 221:Gertrude Stein 219:In the 1920s, 193:French history 187:, social, and 172: 169: 62: 59: 37:, 17th century 22: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540:0-7546-0282-6 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3197:9780521576802 3193: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3177: 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1868: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848:2-253-05664-2 1845: 1841: 1833: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1780:Social center 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1625:at the time. 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578:United States 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Holland House 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Hester Thrale 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:, the exiled 1437: 1433: 1432:Coppet Castle 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Julie Bondeli 1410: 1408: 1406: 1405:short stories 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Latin America 1381: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:Limnell Salon 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Gustavian age 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144:Latin America 1143: 1141: 1139: 1138:Matilde Serao 1135: 1134:Bruno Sperani 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:Olimpia Savio 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1107:baroque Italy 1104: 1100: 1099:Marie Mancini 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 984: 978: 974: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 935: 929: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:Jeanne Lanvin 905: 904:Salvador Dalí 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Marcel Proust 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 783: 777: 773: 770: 767: 764: 762: 758: 754: 753:Madame Roland 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 735: 733: 729: 726: 724: 720: 717: 715: 711: 710:Madame Necker 708: 706: 703: 701: 697: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 678: 674: 671: 669: 668: 663: 660: 658: 654: 651: 649: 646: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 617: 613: 612: 609:A reading of 606: 602: 600: 596: 595: 594:Les bas-bleus 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 553: 546: 544: 542: 541:Bluestockings 538: 537: 532: 528: 527:Enlightenment 524: 523:Madame Necker 520: 515: 511: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 486: 481: 476: 474: 470: 465: 458: 457:Marianne Loir 454: 449: 442: 440: 438: 434: 433: 428: 424: 420: 419:Norbert Elias 415: 412: 407: 405: 401: 396: 394: 393:court society 390: 386: 385: 384:public sphere 380: 376: 375: 370: 362: 360: 358: 357:public sphere 353: 352:public sphere 349: 345: 344:Marcel Proust 336: 331: 327: 317: 314: 306: 303:November 2019 296: 292: 286: 285: 280:This article 278: 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Retrieved 2587:the original 2582: 2572: 2545: 2542:Éliane Gubin 2537: 2528: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2299: 2294: 2285: 2280:, pp. 61-63. 2277: 2272: 2264: 2259: 2251: 2246: 2232:(2): 56–91. 2229: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2019:. Retrieved 2015: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1945: 1939: 1914: 1910: 1889: 1885: 1884:Lenotre, G. 1880: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1839: 1832: 1821:. Retrieved 1819:. 2015-01-08 1816: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1686: 1684: 1666: 1662:Notting Hill 1647: 1643: 1581: 1552:Lydia Becker 1546:, feminists 1544:Arthur Munby 1532:Campden Hill 1528:Aubrey House 1492:bluestocking 1484:18th-century 1481: 1461: 1457:Coppet group 1455: 1429: 1419:in Bern and 1414: 1395: 1377: 1368:Calla Curman 1363: 1355: 1349: 1345:Ulla De Geer 1330: 1315: 1291:Hats (party) 1287:Caps (party) 1280: 1273: 1260: 1226: 1216: 1207:In the vast 1206: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1172:Buenos Aires 1162: 1157:Buenos Aires 1155:'s salon in 1114:Clara Maffei 1111: 1080: 1056: 1050: 1028: 1015:Kamma Rahbek 1013:and that of 988: 964: 941: 933: 920:Le Corbusier 896:Jean Cocteau 887: 885: 848: 841:Paul Bourget 828: 823: 818: 814: 806: 802: 788: 723:Coppet group 665: 664:, author of 648:Madame Dupin 621: 618:, about 1728 608: 593: 588: 558: 554: 550: 536:Encyclopédie 534: 507: 479: 477: 472: 466: 462: 453:Mme Geoffrin 451:Portrait of 436: 430: 426: 422: 416: 410: 408: 399: 397: 388: 382: 379:coffeehouses 372: 366: 340: 324: 309: 300: 281: 257: 253: 238: 228: 218: 213: 208: 201: 199:as a whole. 189:intellectual 174: 158: 125: 119: 113: 108: 104: 100: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 64: 54: 42: 40: 30: 18:beauty salon 2738:February 4, 2434:, pp. 1-11. 2408:, pp. 3, 7. 2267:, pp. 23-5. 2206:, pp. 23-4. 2021:30 November 1917:: 129–156. 1892:, pp. 20-21 1837:(in French) 1755:Paris Salon 1735:Coffeehouse 1699:Salon Carré 1691:Paris Salon 1681:Paris Salon 1653:Ben Bradlee 1649:Sally Quinn 1599:Perle Mesta 1436:Lake Geneva 1411:Switzerland 1227:salonnières 1189:salonnières 1011:Sophienholm 956:Anne d'Yves 772:Julie Talma 531:philosophes 235:Woody Allen 121:petit lever 3651:Categories 3528:James Ross 3402:2022-02-10 3376:2022-02-10 3351:2022-02-10 3306:2021-11-29 3273:2021-11-29 3221:2021-11-29 3132:6 February 3042:1 December 2827:2019-09-21 1823:2019-03-24 1797:References 1785:Stammtisch 1664:, London. 1629:Arab world 1587:First Lady 1568:Fox family 1566:under the 1564:Kensington 1463:On Germany 1211:, Duchess 1176:salonnière 1174:' leading 1116:in Milan, 1019:Bakkehuset 845:Mme Straus 761:Revolution 757:Girondists 677:d'Alembert 577:précieuses 348:government 130:précieuses 3583:Hum Salon 3429:, Mainz: 3301:0362-4331 3268:0362-4331 3171:906768602 2802:cite book 2430:Goodman, 2238:1040-3647 2220:Honnêteté 1931:0080-4401 1760:Salon.com 1708:The name 1685:The word 1656:musician 1498:, and by 1434:close to 1262:salon of 1164:Argentina 1041:, and in 962:of 1789. 741:Condorcet 732:Helvétius 581:Le Marais 563:were the 510:patronage 437:honnêteté 427:politesse 167:in 1828. 150:etiquette 116:Louis XIV 3672:Meetings 3623:Archived 3560:Archived 3007:Archived 2996:Archived 2756:Archived 2690:(2000). 2666:Archived 2641:16 April 2593:27 April 2446:, p. 76. 2367:Pekacz, 2302:, p. 12. 2263:Landes, 2202:Landes, 2146:, p. 30. 1728:See also 1595:Congress 1440:Parisian 1396:tertulia 1388:tertulia 1289:and the 1221:of King 1180:tertulia 948:Brussels 831:such as 589:habituée 432:civilité 371:' work, 215:in 1789. 195:and the 185:cultural 177:feminist 154:chivalry 3106:July 7, 3069:MunODNB 3057:TayODNB 2371:, p. 2. 2328:, p. 1. 2276:Harth, 2102:, p. 5. 2090:, p. 5. 1701:of the 1392:Spanish 1043:Austria 991:Denmark 985:Denmark 967:Belgium 938:Belgium 926:, etc. 914:, with 894:, with 881:Poulenc 873:Debussy 813:or the 657:divorce 611:Molière 571:by the 289:Please 181:Marxist 96:cabinet 3538: 3345:Canvas 3299: 3266: 3194: 3169: 3159: 3033: 2932: 2729: 2702: 2662:Perfil 2552: 2516: 2298:Kale, 2236: 2176:Kale, 2086:Kale, 2001:, p. 9 1952: 1929: 1846: 1623:Harlem 1512:London 1401:poetry 1380:Iberia 1270:Sweden 1257:Russia 1170:, was 1159:, 1813 1067:Greece 1037:, and 888:salons 849:salons 829:salons 811:lackey 539:, the 126:Ruelle 109:alcôve 107:, and 105:ruelle 101:réduit 87:salone 83:salone 51:poetry 47:Horace 3423:Salon 2852:[ 2694:[ 2444:Ibid. 2406:Ibid. 2144:Ibid. 2100:Ibid. 2062:Ibid. 1999:Ibid. 1710:salon 1687:salon 1518:(the 1374:Spain 1229:were 1077:Italy 1061:, by 1059:Spain 877:Ravel 869:Fauré 851:like 819:salon 803:salon 561:Paris 142:Paris 79:salon 43:salon 3536:ISBN 3297:ISSN 3264:ISSN 3192:ISBN 3167:OCLC 3157:ISBN 3134:2016 3108:2018 3044:2012 3031:ISBN 2930:ISBN 2808:link 2740:2020 2727:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2674:2013 2643:2012 2595:2018 2550:ISBN 2514:ISBN 2234:ISSN 2230:XIII 2023:2021 1950:ISBN 1927:ISSN 1844:ISBN 1617:and 1470:and 1386:, a 1320:and 1136:and 997:and 879:and 855:'s, 698:the 692:the 682:the 435:and 91:sala 3435:pdf 1919:doi 1720:or 1562:in 1530:in 1522:). 1482:In 1430:In 1382:or 1378:In 1366:of 1069:by 1057:In 1051:and 1017:at 1009:at 989:In 965:In 839:or 391:to 251:. 237:'s 227:'s 140:in 118:'s 70:or 3653:: 3437:). 3425:, 3394:. 3369:. 3343:. 3324:. 3295:. 3291:. 3262:. 3258:. 3239:. 3214:. 3165:. 3155:. 3143:; 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