Red Army invasion of Georgia

2498: 282: 270: 258: 247: 236: 202: 150: 174: 162: 2705:. Later, the term "revolutionary war" went out of fashion among Soviet writers, partly because it was not easy to distinguish from "aggression", in the Soviets' own definition of that word. Hence, the later Soviet histories put things differently. The Red Army intervention, according to the official Soviet version, was in response to a plea for help that followed an armed rebellion by Georgia's peasants and workers. This version exculpated Soviet Russia from any charge of aggression against Georgia by pointing out that the Georgians themselves asked Moscow to send the Red Army into their country, so as to remove their existing government and replace it with a communist one. 2154: 329: 318: 307: 295: 187: 342: 217: 1437: 2029: 2760: 2045:, who by the end of the Civil War had gained a remarkable amount of bureaucratic power, took a particularly hard line with his native Georgia. He strongly supported a military overthrow of the Georgian government and continuously urged Lenin to give his consent for an advance into Georgia. Soviet leadership had established a right to succession, but the precedence of the cause of socialism above national self-determination meant it was a flexible policy, and subject to debate. The People's Commissar of War, 2445: 1983: 62: 2270:, northwest of Tbilisi, and continue fighting on new lines of defense; the fall of the capital, however, had heavily demoralized the Georgian troops, and Mtskheta was abandoned. The army was gradually disintegrating as it continued its retreat westward, offering sometimes fierce but largely unorganized resistance to the advancing Red Army troops. Sporadic fighting continued for several months as the Soviets secured the major cities and towns of eastern Georgia. 1863: 2335: 2633:

mild terms to their former opponents who still remained in the country. Lenin also favored a policy of conciliation in Georgia, where a pro-Bolshevik revolt did not enjoy the popular backing claimed for it, and the population was solidly anti-Bolshevik. In 1922, a strong public resentment over the forcible Sovietization indirectly reflected in the opposition of Soviet Georgian authorities to Moscow's centralizing policies promoted by

2255: 4934: 2348: 2053:, Lenin had initially rejected use of force, calling for extreme caution in order to ensure that Russian support would help but not dominate the Georgian revolution; however, as victory in the Civil War drew ever closer, Moscow's actions became less restrained. For many Bolsheviks, self-determination was increasingly seen as "a diplomatic game which has to be played in certain cases". 2085:, near the Armenian and Azerbaijani borders. Georgia had taken over the Lori "neutral zone" in a disputed Armeno–Georgian borderland on the pretext of defending the district and approaches to Tiflis in October 1920, in the course of the Armenian genocide, which was perpetrated by Turkey. The Armenian government protested, but was not able to resist. 2128:

are having to go without bread for want of transport and that we shall therefore not let you have a single locomotive or railway track. We are compelled to transport nothing from the Caucasus but grain and oil. We require an immediate answer by direct line signed by all members of the Military Revolutionary Council of the Eleventh Army.

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greetings to Soviet Georgia", clearly revealing his desire to bring hostilities to an end as quickly as possible. He emphasized the "tremendous importance of devising an acceptable compromise for a bloc" with the Mensheviks. On 8 March, the Georgian Revkom reluctantly proposed a coalition government, which the Mensheviks refused.

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of the Georgian SSR set up, on 2 June 1989, a special commission for investigation of legal aspects of the 1921 events. The commission came to the conclusion that "the deployment of troops in Georgia and seizure of its territory was, from a legal point of view, a military interference, intervention,

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approached the city. Hoping to use these circumstances to their advantage, the Mensheviks reached a verbal agreement with Karabekir on 7 March, permitting the Turkish army to enter the city while leaving the government of Georgia in control of its civil administration. On 8 March Turkish troops under

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By 17 February, Soviet infantry and cavalry divisions supported by aircraft were less than 15 kilometers northeast of Tbilisi. The Georgian army put up a stubborn fight in defense of the approaches to the capital, which they held for a week in the face of overwhelming Red Army superiority. From 18 to

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area at that time. The latter was so upset by the news of the Central Committee decision and Ordzhonikidze's role in engineering it that on his return to Moscow he demanded, though fruitlessly, that a special party commission be set up to investigate the affair. Later Trotsky would reconcile himself

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The tactics used by the Soviets to gain control of Georgia were similar to those applied in Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1920, i.e., to send in the Red Army while encouraging local Bolsheviks to stage unrest; however, this policy was difficult to implement in Georgia, where the Bolsheviks did not enjoy

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had expressed its full commitment to close co-operation with Moscow, promising to compel "Georgia … and Azerbaijan … to enter into union with Soviet Russia … and … to undertake military operations against the expansionist Armenia." The Soviet leadership successfully exploited this situation and sent

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to give active support to the uprising in Georgia and to occupy Tiflis provided that international norms are observed, and on condition that all members of the Military Revolutionary Council of the Eleventh Army, after a thorough review of all information, guarantee success. We give warning that we

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Despite relatively wide public support and some successful reforms, the Social Democratic leadership of Georgia failed to create a stable economy or build a strong, disciplined army capable of opposing an invasion. Although there were a significant number of highly qualified officers who had served

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Amid the ongoing Turkish-Soviet consultations in Moscow, the armistice with the Mensheviks allowed the Bolsheviks to act indirectly from behind the scenes, through several thousand soldiers of the Georgian National Army mobilized at the outskirts of Batumi and inclined to fight for the city. On 18

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and the demobilization of the National Army, pockets of guerrilla resistance still remained in the mountains and some rural areas. The invasion of Georgia brought about serious controversies among the Bolsheviks themselves. The newly established Communist government initially offered unexpectedly

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When the Turkish authorities proclaimed the annexation of Batumi on 16 March the Georgian government was forced to make a choice. Their hopes for French or British intervention had already vanished. France had never considered sending an expeditionary force, and the United Kingdom had ordered the

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the Georgian government's refusal to grant them autonomy. Georgian forces managed to contain the disorders in some areas, but the preparations for a Soviet intervention were already being set in train. When the Georgian army moved to Lori to crush the revolt, Lenin finally gave in to the repeated

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by Georgia. The Mensheviks, under fire from both sides, had to accede, and the Turkish force advanced into Georgia, occupying the frontier areas. No armed engagements took place between the Turkish and Georgian forces. This brought the Turkish army within a short distance of still Georgian-held

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rebels continued to fight the Soviets. The Turkish occupation of Georgia's territories implied the near certainty of a Soviet–Turkish confrontation, and the Georgians repeatedly refused to capitulate. On 2 March Lenin, who feared an unfavorable outcome to the Georgian campaign, sent his "warm

2227:, bowed to the inevitable and ordered a withdrawal to save his army from complete encirclement and the city from destruction. The Georgian government and the Constituent Assembly evacuated to Kutaisi in western Georgia, which dealt the Georgian army a significant morale blow. 2575:

and sailed into exile escorted by French warships. The battle ended on 19 March with the port and most of the city in Georgian hands. On the same day, Mazniashvili surrendered the city to the Revkom and Zhloba's cavalry entered Batumi to reinforce Bolshevik authority there.

2714:, special restricted access library collections and archival reserves that also covered the "unacceptable" events in Soviet history, particularly those that could be interpreted imperialist or contradicted a concept of a popular uprising against the Menshevik government. 1894:

Since early 1920, local Bolsheviks had been actively fomenting political unrest in Georgia, capitalizing on agrarian disturbances in rural areas and also on inter-ethnic tensions within the country. The operational centre of the Soviet military-political forces in the

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to "all socialist parties and workers' organizations" of the world, protesting against the invasion of Georgia. The appeal went unheeded, though. Beyond passionate editorials in some Western newspapers and calls for action from such Georgian sympathizers as Sir

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According to Moscow, relations with Georgia deteriorated over alleged violations of the peace treaty, the re-arrest by Georgia of Georgian Bolsheviks, obstruction of the passage of convoys to Armenia, and a suspicion that Georgia was aiding armed rebels in the

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instructs the government to organize various memorial events every February 25 and to fly the national flag half-mast to commemorate, as the decision puts it, the hundreds of thousands of victims of political repressions of the Communist occupational regime.

1998:". Stalin called his homeland "the kept woman of the Western Powers". Georgian independence was seen as a propaganda victory for exiled Russian Mensheviks in Europe; the Bolsheviks couldn't long tolerate a viable Menshevik state on their own doorstep. 2277:

cruising in the Black Sea off the Georgian coast. On 28 February, the French opened fire on the 31st Rifle Division of the 9th Red Army under V. Chernishev, but did not land troops. The Georgians managed to regain control of the coastal town of

2727:("openness") policy refuted an old Soviet version of the 1921–1924 events. The first Soviet historian, who attempted, in 1988, to revise the hitherto commonly accepted interpretation of the Soviet-Georgian war, was a notable Georgian scholar, 2558:

The Turks, despite the terms of the treaty, were reluctant to evacuate Batumi and continued its occupation. Fearing permanent loss of the city to Turkey, Georgian leaders agreed to talks with the Revkom. In Kutaisi, Georgian Defense Minister

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Map of the borders of the territory, which was proposed by the Georgian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 for inclusion in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, as well as the territories that after 1921 are part of neighboring

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Modern Georgian politicians and some observers have repeatedly drawn parallels between the 1921 events and Russia's policy towards Georgia and Western Europe's reluctance to confront Russia over Georgia in the 2000s, especially during the

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river. Retreating westward, the Georgian commander General Tsulukidze blew up railway bridges and demolished roads in an effort to delay the enemy's advance. Simultaneously, Red Army units marched into Georgia from the north through the

846: 4167:Борисова, И.Д. Российско-грузинские межреспубликанские связи 1917–1922 гг. / И.Д. Борисова // PANDECTAE: сб. ст. преподавателей, аспирантов и соискателей каф. гос.-правовых дисциплин юрид. фак. ВГПУ. – Владимир: Изд-во ВГПУ, 2004. 2093:, over the incidents, he denied any involvement and declared that the disturbances must be a spontaneous revolt by the Armenian communists. Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks had already set up a Georgian Revolutionary Committee (Georgian 1343:

on 25 February 1921. The rest of the country was overrun within three weeks, but it was not until September 1924 that Soviet rule was firmly established. Almost simultaneous occupation of a large portion of southwest Georgia by

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Shortly after the Bolshevik revolt, the Armenian-based Red Army units quickly came to the aid of the insurrection, though without Moscow's formal approval. When the Georgian government protested to the Soviet envoy in Tbilisi,

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joined in a renewed assault on the capital. While the armoured trains laid down suppressing fire, tanks and infantry penetrated the Georgian positions on the Kojori heights. On 24 February, the Georgian commander-in-chief,

2600:, signed on 13 October contained the provisions agreed upon in March and some other new territorial settlements just reached. In exchange for Artvin, Ardahan, and Kars, Turkey abandoned its claims to Batumi, whose largely 3894:Из истории взаимоотношений Грузинской Демократической республики с советской Россией и Антантой. 1918-1921 гг. (History of the Relations of the Democratic Republic of Georgia with Soviet Russia and the Entente of 1918-21) 616: 2049:, strongly disagreed with what he described as a "premature intervention", explaining that the population should be able to carry out the revolution. Pursuant to his national policy on the right of nations to 2321:

into the western part of the country. On 10 March Soviet forces entered Kutaisi, which had been abandoned, the Georgian leadership, army and People's Guard having evacuated to the key Black Sea port city of

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The sanguinary events in Batumi halted the Russian-Turkish negotiations, and it was not until 26 September when the talks between Turkey and the Soviets, nominally including also the representatives of the

1384:. Georgia engaged in small conflicts with its neighbouring states as it attempted to establish its borders, though it was able to maintain independence and de facto international recognition throughout the 839: 2497: 2571:

March, the remaining Georgian army under General Mazniashvili attacked Batumi and was engaged in heavy street fighting with the Turkish army. While the battle raged, the Menshevik government boarded an

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Using its control over education and the media, the Soviet Union successfully created an image of a popular socialist revolution in Georgia. Most Georgian historians were not allowed to consult

2490:, the Turkish representative in Moscow. In response, Ali Fuat handed two notes to the Soviet government. The Turkish notes claimed that the Turkish armies were only providing security to local 1308:, as well as the revolutionary efforts of mostly Russian-based Georgian Bolsheviks, who did not have sufficient support in their native country to seize power without external intervention. 2037:

Soviet military intervention was not universally agreed upon in Moscow, and there was considerable disagreement among the Bolshevik leaders on how to deal with their southern neighbor. The

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managed to push the Soviets back inflicting heavy losses; they quickly regrouped and tightened the circle around Tbilisi. By 23 February, the railway bridges had been restored, and Soviet

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in Tbilisi. When the coup failed, the Georgian government was able to concentrate all its forces on successfully blocking the Soviet advance over the Georgian-Azerbaijani border. Facing a

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was spoiled by the surprise advance of a Red Army detachment from North Caucasia, which traversed the virtually impenetrable Mamisoni Pass through deep snow drifts, and advanced down the

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requests of Stalin and Ordzhonikidze to allow the Red Army to invade Georgia, on the pretext of aiding an uprising. The ultimate decision was made at the 14 February meeting of the

1990:

Despite the peace treaty, an eventual overthrow of the Menshevik-dominated government of Georgia was both intended and planned. With its well-established diplomatic ties to several

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to the accomplished fact and even defend the invasion in a special pamphlet. This pamphlet by Trotsky is perhaps the best known book justifying the invasion. It was a rebuttal to

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DECREE ISSUED AT THE 13TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE 11TH CONVOCATION OF THE GEORGIAN SSR on Guarantees for Protection of State Sovereignty of Georgia

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of the Georgian SSR convened on 9 March 1990, the Soviet invasion of Georgia was officially denounced as "an occupation and effective annexation of Georgia by Soviet Russia."

1969:

signed on 7 May 1920, Soviet Russia recognized Georgia's independence and concluded a non-aggression pact. The treaty established the existing borders between the two nations

6740: 1408:, was better motivated and disciplined, but being a lightly armed, highly politicized organization dominated by party functionaries, had little usefulness as a combat force. 2668:, heavily demoralized the Georgian society and exterminated its most active pro-independence part. Within a week, from 29 August to 5 September 1924, 12,578 people, chiefly 2242:

ventured into the capital and proclaimed the overthrow of the Menshevik government, the dissolution of the Georgian National Army and People's Guard, and the formation of a

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The world largely neglected the violent Soviet takeover of Georgia. On 27 March 1921, the exiled Georgian leadership issued an appeal from their temporary offices in

6281: 5973: 696: 6536: 3992: 6614: 5167: 3452:) (1999), Досье Ленина без ретуши. Документы. Факты. Свидетельства. (Lenin’s Dossier without Retouching. Documents, Facts, and Evidences). Moscow: Вече (Veche). 3103: 6390: 5054: 5049: 5041: 3539:

Between Red and White: a study of some fundamental questions of revolution, with particular reference to Georgia (Social democracy and the wars of intervention)

2699:". In early Soviet history writing, the Georgian episode was considered as a "revolutionary war" and is described in just this term in the first edition of the 2365: 2111: 1777: 1369: 706: 4790: 4496: 1994:

nations, and its control of strategic transit routes from the Black Sea to the Caspian, Georgia was viewed by the Soviet leadership as "an advance post of the

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to advance into Georgia, on the pretext of supporting the alleged "peasants' and workers' rebellion" in the country. Russian forces took the Georgian capital

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Gachechiladze, Revaz (2012), "Geopolitics and foreign powers in the modern history of Georgia: Comparing 1918–21 and 1991–2010", in Jones, Stephen F. (ed.),

2696: 2246:. On the same day, in Moscow, Lenin received the congratulations of his commissars – "The Soviet red flag is flying over Tbilisi. Long live Soviet Georgia!" 1389: 1270: 686: 584: 281: 269: 257: 246: 235: 155: 1949:

Following the establishment of Soviet rule in Baku in April 1920, Ordzhonikidze, probably acting on his own initiative, advanced on Georgia in support of a

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to recall the Red Army invasion in 1921. The Georgian parliament voted in favor of the government's initiative. The decision, endorsed unanimously by the

2676:. From that time, no major overt attempt was made to challenge Soviet authority in the country until a new generation of anti-Soviet movements emerged in 2198:

issued a series of statements disclaiming involvement by the Red Army and professing willingness to mediate any disputes which had arisen within Georgia.

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Despite Moscow's military successes, the situation on the Caucasus front had become precarious. Armenians, aided by the Red Army involvement in Georgia,

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On the night of 11–12 February 1921, at Ordzhonikidze's instigation, Bolsheviks attacked local Georgian military posts in the predominantly ethnic

6730: 6705: 5740: 5725: 5396: 5238: 5030: 4386: 1793: 856: 657: 41: 2641:", was to become one of the major points at issue between Stalin and Trotsky in the last years of Lenin's leadership and found its reflection in 6491: 6422: 5715: 5649: 5426: 5213: 5024: 4912: 4537: 4357: 2231: 2095: 1401: 730: 534: 6019: 5402: 5254: 4918: 4331: 4192: 3541: 1420: 6360: 6765: 6370: 5654: 5381: 5152: 5004: 4892: 2585: 2541: 2412: 2262:

seized by the Red Army in the course of the Civil War and Foreign Intervention contributed to the Soviet victory in the battle for Tbilisi.

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For further details on the involvement of the Red Army armored trains in the Tiflis Operation, see Дроговоз И. Г. (Drogovoz, IG) (2002),

2384: 1404:, the army as a whole was underfed and poorly equipped. A parallel military structure recruited from members of the Menshevik Party, the 6395: 5019: 5009: 4471: 3826:. A Russian translation of the Chapter 6 from Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, 6328: 1657: 1136: 6695: 6609: 6441: 5807: 4994: 4959: 4836: 2688: 2589: 2581: 2243: 1789: 1368:

that began in Russia in 1917, Georgia effectively became independent. In April 1918 it joined with Armenia and Azerbaijan to form the

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JM Dent and Sons, London and Toronto. Russian translation: С. П. Мельгунов (2005). Красный террор в России. 1918-1923. Айрис-пресс,

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In Georgia, an intellectual resistance to the Bolshevik regime and occasional outbreaks of guerrilla warfare evolved into a major

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arranged an armistice on 17 March, and then, on 18 March, an agreement which allowed the Red Army to advance in force to Batumi.

6546: 4856: 3657: 989: 6306: 6291: 6232: 5591: 5448: 5361: 5162: 5135: 5081: 4743: 4733: 4486: 4365: 2768: 2735: 2731:, ironically the same historian whose 1982 monograph described the alleged Georgian worker revolt as a truly historical event. 2547:

effectively promised to refrain from anti-Soviet activities in all territories of the former Russian Empire. Simultaneously, a

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Orjonikidze's telegram to Lenin and Stalin: "The Red Flag of Soviet power flies over Tiflis..." (National Archives of Georgia)

5978: 5421: 5248: 5125: 4969: 4942: 4821: 3590: 2369: 1943: 1781: 1681: 1381: 1373: 1285: 1119: 767: 328: 317: 306: 294: 191: 186: 5685: 4374:"Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии". Документы и материалы. Сост. А. Ментешашвили, ред. А. Сургуладзе, Тбилиси, 1990. 6710: 6429: 6180: 5909: 5735: 5730: 5386: 5108: 4481: 4023: 3212: 2623: 1673: 1059: 1009: 664: 2380: 6506: 6476: 6471: 6412: 6296: 6264: 6205: 6126: 6084: 5967: 5544: 5269: 5243: 5191: 5130: 4846: 4565: 4476: 4426: 4000: 3017: 2677: 2664:

1924. Its failure and the ensuing wave of large-scale repressions orchestrated by the emerging Soviet security officer,

1850: 1669: 1521: 1428: 1405: 1198: 1044: 1019: 977: 875: 782: 716: 681: 630: 466: 4706: 4585: 4456: 2860: 2831: 1637: 1453: 6641: 6624: 6496: 6365: 6333: 6269: 6158: 6049: 6034: 5870: 5228: 5218: 4954: 4897: 4728: 4466: 4446: 3966: 3832: 3114: 2099:) in Shulaveri, a body that would soon acquire the functions of a rival government. Chaired by the Georgian Bolshevik 1926: 1835: 1653: 1577: 1109: 635: 53: 6735: 6700: 6541: 6079: 6069: 6039: 6029: 5644: 5584: 5560: 5453: 5391: 5366: 4887: 4640: 3207: 3012: 2006: 1950: 1820: 1661: 1545: 1517: 1490: 1436: 1203: 932: 757: 691: 6274: 1104: 6380: 6074: 5496: 5177: 5157: 4795: 4768: 4451: 3596: 2701: 2540:

not to intervene; furthermore, on 16 March the British and Soviet governments signed a trade agreement, in which

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Between Red and White: A Study of Some Fundamental Questions of Revolution, with Particular Reference to Georgia

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policy by the Russians, who aimed to control as much as possible of the lands which had been part of the former

1094: 674: 6521: 6446: 5802: 5565: 5208: 4907: 4753: 4696: 4630: 4299:

Smith, Jeremy (May 1998), "The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy Failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle?",

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On 25 February, the triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi. Bolshevik soldiers engaged in widespread looting. The

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and occupation with the aim of overthrowing the existing political order." At an extraordinary session of the

2502: 1934: 1457: 1089: 2858:, Professor I.A. Kurganov, the 1921-2 military operations against Georgia took lives of about 20,000 people. 6163: 5782: 5511: 5233: 4758: 4681: 3791: 3763: 3738: 3576: 3550: 3358: 3261: 2548: 2478:

Colonel Kizim-Bey took up defensive positions surrounding the city, leading to a crisis with Soviet Russia.

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Batumi, creating the circumstances for a possible armed clash as the Red Army's 18th Cavalry Division under

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considered the Red Army invasion of Georgia a part of the larger conflict which they referred to as "the

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of the Caucasus appeared to Bolshevik leaders to be a task which would be easier to achieve while the

1315:, signed on 7 May 1920, and the subsequent invasion of the country was not universally agreed upon in 6099: 5772: 5669: 5639: 5172: 4666: 4229:(October 1988), "The Establishment of Soviet Power in Transcaucasia: The Case of Georgia 1921–1928", 4066: 3827: 2642: 2560: 2235: 1875: 1694: 1581: 1173: 897: 669: 4340: 3449: 2444: 6674: 6604: 6461: 5989: 5924: 5695: 5346: 5323: 4984: 4826: 4800: 4723: 4676: 4580: 4501: 4287: 3538: 2461: 2211: 1982: 1910: 1871: 1649: 1609: 1509: 1446: 1365: 1324: 1188: 1064: 952: 801: 787: 645: 422: 322: 274: 3571: 61: 6664: 6646: 6599: 6581: 6561: 6200: 5952: 5850: 5822: 5705: 5690: 5371: 4866: 4851: 4780: 4748: 4738: 4701: 4671: 4661: 4511: 4319: 4272: 4248: 4149: 4082: 3878: 2748: 2544: 2507: 2050: 1830: 1797: 1769: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1625: 1597: 1585: 1183: 1029: 994: 972: 957: 574: 299: 3893: 3950: 3934: 2326:

in southwest Georgia. Some Georgian forces withdrew into the mountains and continued to fight.

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largely based upon extensive studies conducted in the "Georgian Archive" of Houghton Library,

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One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics in the New Economic Policy

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The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918–2012: The first Georgian Republic and its successors

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Georgia’s Statehood Under Danger, Resist Enemy Everywhere – Government Tells the Nation

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and also obliged Georgia to surrender all third-party elements considered hostile by

1918: 1883: 1320: 482: 240: 127: 6375: 5899: 5865: 5620: 5506: 5339: 5291: 3563: 3534: 3353: 2572: 2183: 2179: 2142: 2046: 1914: 1501: 1297: 912: 526: 17: 6136: 4098:

La guerre soviéto-géorgienne et la soviétisation de la Géorgie (février-mars 1921)

1979:. In a secret supplement, Georgia promised to legalize the local Bolshevik party. 2637:, Stalin and Ordzhonikidze. The problem, known in modern history writing as the " 6481: 6210: 6131: 6064: 5894: 5476: 4431: 4097: 3978: 3709: 2763:

Tbilisi Defenders Memorial March in 2021 – the annual march along the frontline.

2347: 2318: 2310: 2274: 2259: 1887: 1565: 1305: 478: 4027: 3916: 3216: 1319:. It was largely engineered by two influential Georgian-born Soviet officials, 6516: 6466: 6385: 6254: 5518: 4312: 4244: 4171: 4145: 4121: 3616: 2710: 2537: 2283: 2207: 2133: 2013:

provided a favorable situation to suppress the last independent nation in the

1289: 1281: 922: 611: 3021: 1348:(February–March 1921) threatened to develop into a crisis between Moscow and 6104: 5431: 4964: 4436: 4273:

Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic - Impressions And Observations

4054: 3572:

Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic – Impressions And Observations

3140: 2864: 2855: 2601: 2291: 2187: 2082: 2074: 1569: 907: 385: 3812: 1909:. Set up in February 1920, this body was chaired by the Georgian Bolshevik 4356:. "Special Report No. 6 of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression", 2964: 2913:

Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921

2294:

on 3 March, and Sukhumi on 4 March; they then advanced eastward to occupy

2210:

passed from hand to hand in heavy fighting. Georgian forces under General

2132:

The decision to support the invasion was not unanimous. It was opposed by

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In the Land of the Golden Fleece: Through Independent Menchevist Georgia

2452:

On 23 February, ten days after the Red Army began its march on Tbilisi,

2338:

Map of Turkish invasion of Georgian-held territories February–March 1921

5059: 4615: 4610: 4378: 4086: 3971:

Global Labor Notes / Russia invades – and the labour movement is silent

3210:(2006) Retrieved 27 October 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 2673: 2520: 2494:

elements put under threat by Soviet military operations in the region.

2465: 2372: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2306: 2295: 2266:

Georgian commanders planned to concentrate their forces at the town of

2191: 2107: 2001:

The cessation of Red Army operations against Poland, the defeat of the

1971: 1497: 1473: 1461: 1332: 410: 4252: 1986:

Georgian officers at the headquarters of the People's Guard in Tbilisi

5608: 5296: 5064: 4625: 4605: 2491: 2469: 2323: 2314: 2203: 2174: 2169:

aimed at capturing the capital. Georgian border forces under General

1991: 1976: 1930: 1529: 1477: 1349: 1339:

to most non-Georgian speakers) after heavy fighting and declared the

1316: 123: 4078: 4522: 4326:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2657:, the international response to the events in Georgia was silence. 2161:

At dawn on 16 February the main body of 11th Red Army troops under

2021:

expeditionary corps had completely evacuated the Caucasus, and the

1882:, uncertain. Two of the four named officers would be killed during 1866:

Red Army Caucasus Front Headquarters, c. 1921. From left to right:

3620: 3166:

The Long Pretense: Soviet Treaty Diplomacy from Lenin to Gorbachev

3015:. Retrieved 27 October 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 2758: 2496: 2443: 2333: 2279: 2253: 2152: 2027: 1981: 1861: 3332:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 46. 2965:"Советско-грузинская война 1921 г. (Soviet-Georgian war of 1921)" 1327:, who on 14 February 1921 received the consent of Russian leader 1311:

The independence of Georgia had been recognized by Russia in the

3935:

Saakashvili Address on Russia’s Abkhazia, S. Ossetia Recognition

3187:

The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941

2593: 2299: 2215: 1939: 1261:(12 February – 17 March 1921), also known as the 5580: 4526: 4382: 3759:"V.I. Lenin. The Question of Nationalities or "Autonomisation"" 828: 530: 3881:, which has been opened for researchers since September 1988. 2341: 4208:

The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle

3330:

The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy

1372:, but left after one month and declared independence as the 2672:

and intellectuals, were executed and over 20,000 exiled to

2282:, but their success was temporary. Soviet forces joined by 2070:

popular support and remained an isolated political force.

4108:

Blank, Stephen (1993), "The Soviet conquest of Georgia",

4212:, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 4057:(May 1927). "New Political Boundaries in the Caucasus". 3018:"War Communism (From Russia) -- Encyclopędia Britannica" 3993:"Georgia: 25 February Declared 'Soviet Occupation Day'" 6403:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

4130:"Caucasian Boundaries. Documents and Maps. 1802–1946" 3591:"Тифлисская операция 1921 (Tiflis Operation of 1921)" 1965:

ordered a start to negotiations with Georgia. In the

3905:

http://www.parliament.ge/files/426_5647_876510_5.pdf

3601:(in Russian) (3 ed.). 1969–1978. Archived from 2317:

on 5 March 1921, the 11th Red Army also crossed the

6590: 6191: 5943: 5841: 5760: 5678: 5628: 5469: 5412: 5268: 5190: 5107: 5080: 5040: 4941: 4875: 4814: 4649: 4573: 4564: 2854:According to a Russian statistician and Soviet-era 2850: 2848: 2551:was signed in Moscow between Soviet Russia and the 27:

1921 invasion of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

4205: 4096:Andrew Andersen et George Partskhaladze (1/2009), 2767:On July 21, 2010, Georgia declared February 25 as 2464:, issued an ultimatum demanding the evacuation of 2103:, the Revkom formally applied to Moscow for help. 2025:was reluctant to intervene in support of Georgia. 2861:"ГУЛАГ - с фотокамерой по лагерям. Пожертвования" 2486:for Foreign Affairs, submitted a protest note to 6418:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 5748:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 4360:, 83rd Congress, 2nd session. 31 December 1954. 3700: 3698: 3683:Armored Units of the Russian Civil War: Red Army 2136:and was held secret from Trotsky who was in the 1907:Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party 6537:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6452:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 4024:"25 February Declared Day of Soviet Occupation" 3788:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 3496:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 2273:The Mensheviks entertained hopes of aid from a 2123:The Central Committee is inclined to allow the 2121: 1296:) in the country. The conflict was a result of 34: 3213:"Russian Civil War -- Encyclopędia Britannica" 6391:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5592: 4538: 4394: 4276:. International Bookshops Ltd., London 1921. 3859:The Soviet View of War, Peace, and Neutrality 3400: 3398: 3077: 2110:and among Ossetians in northeast Georgia who 1778:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1370:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 840: 542: 8: 6746:Turkish involvement in the Russian Civil War 4354:Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia 4187:, New York City: Routledge, pp. 17–34, 3892:Ментешашвили, А (Menteshashvili, A) (2002), 2017:to resist Soviet control. By that time, the 768:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army 6716:Georgia (country)–Russia military relations 6344:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6339:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 3436: 3377: 3375: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3104:"ЮРИЙ ТРИФОНОВ:ВЕЛИКАЯ СИЛА НЕДОСКАЗАННОГО" 2505:'s Troops After Overrunning the Republic" ( 6741:Georgia (country) in the Russian Civil War 5660:Military history of the Russian Federation 5632: 5599: 5585: 5577: 5274: 5196: 5113: 4947: 4570: 4545: 4531: 4523: 4502:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi 4422:Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus 4401: 4387: 4379: 4264:The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921) 4178:, vol. I, London: MacMillan & Co. 3976:2009-07-25 at the Portuguese Web Archive. 3354:"Glossary of Events: Georgian Affair-1921" 2915:, pp. 182, 361–364. McGill-Queen's Press. 2448:Red Army commanders in Batum in March 1921 2194:. While these events were proceeding, the 1415: 847: 833: 825: 549: 535: 527: 60: 31: 5910:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 3814:ШЕСТАЯ ГЛАВА ИЗ "ЧЕРНОЙ КНИГИ КОММУНИЗМА" 2432:Learn how and when to remove this message 2106:Disturbances also erupted in the town of 1376:on 26 May, followed the next day by both 66:The Red Army in Tbilisi, 25 February 1921 4343:. Hyperion Press, Westport, Conn. 1975, 2945:The Middle East in the Twentieth Century 2791:Military occupations by the Soviet Union 2305:The Georgians’ attempt to hold out near 2290:, succeeded in taking Gagra on 1 March, 2117:Central Committee of the Communist Party 50:Military occupations by the Soviet Union 5871:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 5741:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 3516:The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky: 1921-1929 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 2802: 1427: 763:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army 406:Independent Mountain Artillery Division 6726:Invasions by Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 6492:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6423:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 6282:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 6260:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 5974:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 5650:Military history of the Russian Empire 4358:United States House of Representatives 4266:, New York City: Philosophical Library 3595:Большая советская энциклопедия (БСЭ) ( 3420:, p. 49. ca-print-harcourt_heinemann, 2987: 2985: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2202:20 February, the strategic heights of 1933:-based Turkish national government of 1905:(or Caucasian Office) attached to the 6642:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 6020:Russian colonization of North America 4487:Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia 4128:Anita L. Burdett, ed. (1 June 2001). 3706:The Prophet Armed: Trotsky: 1879-1921 3404: 3137:Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics 2165:crossed into Georgia and started the 1666:Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia 7: 5655:Military history of the Soviet Union 3482: 3089: 3065: 3053: 3041: 2931: 2370:adding citations to reliable sources 2196:Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs 6756:Azerbaijan in the Russian Civil War 6396:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 4497:Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia 3462:abridged online version of the book 2886:Ali Fuat Cebesoy: 1882-10 Ocak 1968 2462:Army of the Grand National Assembly 423:Army of the Grand National Assembly 6761:France–Georgia (country) relations 6721:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 6442:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5808:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 4837:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 4292:A Modern History of Soviet Georgia 4176:The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 3168:, p. 165. Transaction Publishers. 2734:Under strong public pressure, the 2244:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1790:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1341:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1304:until the turbulent events of the 132:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 112:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 25: 6307:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 4687:Unification of the Georgian realm 4324:The Making of the Georgian Nation 3307:. London: Routledge. p. 22. 3284:, p. 87. Transaction Publishers, 3102:Ėkshtut, Simon (September 2014). 2553:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1766:Georgia within the Russian Empire 1622:Unification of the Georgian realm 1269:, was a military campaign by the 6751:Armenia in the Russian Civil War 6361:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 6154:Russian conquest of Central Asia 6090:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5886:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 5828:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4932: 4806:Absorption by the Russian Empire 3418:Lenin and the Russian Revolution 2630:Georgian government's emigration 2501:"Red Army Effects Junction With 2346: 1435: 1388:, including being recognized by 340: 327: 316: 305: 293: 280: 268: 256: 245: 234: 215: 200: 185: 172: 160: 148: 6647:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 6292:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 6233:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 4366:U.S. Government Printing Office 3917:Saakashvili Urges for EU's Help 3681:Aksenov, A., Bullok, D (2006), 2736:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2563:and the Soviet plenipotentiary 2357:needs additional citations for 1070:Southern Front counteroffensive 379:Soviet Armenian Mounted Brigade 6731:Invasions of Georgia (country) 6706:Democratic Republic of Georgia 6329:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 5979:War of the Austrian Succession 4822:Democratic Republic of Georgia 3841:, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, 3734:The Great Terror: Reassessment 3450:Arutyunov, Akim Aleksandrovich 3448:Арутюнов, Аким Александрович ( 3282:Minorities in the Open Society 2381:"Red Army invasion of Georgia" 1944:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1782:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1682:Collapse of the Georgian realm 1658:Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329) 1374:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1286:Democratic Republic of Georgia 376:98th Independent Rifle Brigade 80:(1 month and 6 days) 1: 6552:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6430:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6181:Russian invasion of Manchuria 6171:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 6117:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 6112:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 6055:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 6045:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 6010:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 6005:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 5995:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 5985:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 5963:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 5958:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 5935:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 5930:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 5905:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 5881:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 5876:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 5861:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 5736:List of wars involving Russia 5731:Sino-Russian border conflicts 3580:. Retrieved on 17 April 2007. 3554:. Retrieved on 17 April 2007. 3135:Kedourie, S., editor (1998), 2947:, p. 124. Praeger/Greenwood, 2643:"Lenin's Political Testament" 2624:Georgian emigration in Poland 1674:Turkoman invasions of Georgia 1229:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict 738:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt 6507:Eritrean War of Independence 6477:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6472:East German uprising of 1953 6413:Eastern Front (World War II) 6302:Red Army invasion of Georgia 6297:Red Army invasion of Armenia 6265:Estonian War of Independence 6206:Russian occupation of Tabriz 6127:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 6085:War of the Seventh Coalition 5968:War of the Polish Succession 5915:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 5082:Russian-occupied territories 4913:Timeline of Georgian history 4512:Russian intervention of 2008 4507:Red Army invasion of Georgia 4437:Sasanian invasion of 541–562 4432:Sasanian invasion of 526–532 4294:, New York City: Grove Press 3835:: Crimes, Terror, Repression 2523:on 18 February 1921. In the 1786:Red Army invasion of Georgia 1670:Timurid invasions of Georgia 1259:Red Army invasion of Georgia 514:3,800-5,000 civilians killed 472:several hundred machine guns 35:Red Army invasion of Georgia 6766:Soviet military occupations 6547:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6497:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6366:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6334:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 6270:Latvian War of Independence 6159:Russian conquest of Bukhara 6050:War of the Fourth Coalition 6035:War of the Second Coalition 4427:Georgian campaign of Pompey 4102:Revue historique des Armées 3833:The Black Book of Communism 1927:Turkish War of Independence 1654:Mongol invasions of Georgia 1578:Umayyad invasion of Georgia 590:Central Powers intervention 78:12 February – 17 March 1921 54:Turkish War of Independence 6782: 6542:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6080:War of the Sixth Coalition 6070:War of the Fifth Coalition 6040:War of the Third Coalition 5645:Military history of Russia 5607:Armed conflicts involving 4641:Christianization of Iberia 3857:Vigor, Peter Hast (1975), 3498:, p. 163. Routledge (UK), 3460:(in Russian). See also an 3385:, p. 175. Routledge (UK), 2621: 2615: 2313:. After a bloody clash at 2081:and the nearby village of 2041:of Nationalities Affairs, 1925:were preoccupied with the 1917:as his vice-chairman. The 1662:Kingdom of Western Georgia 1546:Christianization of Iberia 1518:Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia 1294:Communist Party of Georgia 1276:aimed at overthrowing the 1267:Soviet invasion of Georgia 100:Soviet and Turkish victory 6696:1921 in Georgia (country) 6655: 6381:Soviet invasion of Poland 6075:French invasion of Russia 5686:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 5635: 5538: 5277: 5199: 5116: 4950: 4930: 4796:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 4769:Principality of Mingrelia 4442:Turkic-Byzantine invasion 4417: 4313:10.1080/09668139808412550 4245:10.1080/09668138808411783 4146:10.1080/02634930120073523 4122:10.1080/02634939308400798 3645:The Red Terror in Russia. 3597:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3240:, p. 228. Pegasus Books, 2888:, publisher Akçağ, 1993, 2702:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2608:within the Georgian SSR. 2011:First Republic of Armenia 1746:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1730:Principality of Mingrelia 1634:Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti 1534:Arsacid dynasty of Iberia 1406:People's Guard of Georgia 1402:Imperial Russian military 866: 570: 497: 467:People's Guard of Georgia 436: 353: 227: 141: 70: 59: 39: 6522:South African Border War 6447:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6349:Chechen uprising of 1932 6030:Russo-Persian War (1796) 5050:Administrative divisions 4791:Shah Abbas I's invasions 4754:Principality of Abkhazia 4697:First Kingdom of Kakheti 4492:Ottoman invasion of 1578 3861:, pp. 77–78. Routledge, 3839:Harvard University Press 3813: 3685:, p. Osprey Publishing, 3256:Pethybridge, RW (1990), 3189:( Routledge (UK), 2001, 2786:Svaneti uprising of 1921 2173:were overwhelmed on the 1734:Principality of Abkhazia 1514:Georgia in the Roman era 859:of the Russian Civil War 773:Great Siberian Ice March 510:3,200 killed or captured 6164:Khivan campaign of 1873 6015:Russo-Polish War (1792) 4759:Principality of Svaneti 4682:Kingdom of the Iberians 4586:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 4202:Hovannisian, Richard G. 3792:Oxford University Press 3764:Encyclopedia of Marxism 3739:Oxford University Press 3577:Encyclopedia of Marxism 3551:Encyclopedia of Marxism 3359:Encyclopedia of Marxism 3328:Connor, Walker (1984). 3262:Oxford University Press 3236:Mawdsley, Evan (2007), 3208:Encyclopædia Britannica 3206:"Russian Civil War" in 3013:Encyclopædia Britannica 2995:, p. 154. M.E. Sharpe, 2456:, the commander of the 1726:Principality of Svaneti 1638:Byzantine–Georgian wars 1606:Kingdom of the Iberians 1454:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 1288:(DRG) and installing a 446:900 Ossetian irregulars 6637:Western Libya campaign 6312:East Karelian uprising 5833:Wagner Group rebellion 5768:Uprising of Bolotnikov 4657:Principality of Iberia 4462:Great Turkish Invasion 3704:Deutscher, I. (2003), 3623:): Харвест (Harvest), 3514:Deutscher, I. (2003), 3383:The Russian Revolution 2764: 2592:, finally reopened in 2512: 2449: 2339: 2286:peasant militias, the 2263: 2186:passes, and along the 2158: 2130: 2034: 2009:, and the fall of the 1987: 1951:planned Bolshevik coup 1938:in its army to occupy 1891: 1868:Sergei Ivanovich Gusev 1642:Great Turkish Invasion 1574:Principality of Iberia 1110:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav 707:Armenia and Azerbaijan 512:Unknown number wounded 507:Unknown number wounded 228:Commanders and leaders 6632:Intervention in Syria 6567:Tajikistani Civil War 6275:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6216:Battle of Robat Karim 5665:Post-Soviet conflicts 4801:1795 Persian Invasion 4764:Principality of Guria 4472:Azat Mousa's invasion 4279:Keun, Odette (1924). 3381:Kowalski, RI (1997), 3238:The Russian Civil War 3164:Beichman, A. (1991). 3011:"Russia". (2006). In 2773:Parliament of Georgia 2769:Soviet Occupation Day 2762: 2604:population was to be 2500: 2447: 2337: 2275:French naval squadron 2257: 2156: 2031: 1985: 1942:, the capital of the 1935:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1865: 1722:Principality of Guria 1040:Vyoshenskaya Uprising 498:Casualties and losses 490:several armoured cars 110:Establishment of the 6711:February 1921 events 6615:Annexation of Crimea 6319:Central Asian Revolt 6228:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6100:Russo-Circassian War 5783:Pugachev's Rebellion 5726:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 5670:Russian Armed Forces 5640:Early modern warfare 5397:World Heritage Sites 4980:Environmental issues 4288:Lang, David Marshall 4283:. London: John Lane. 4134:Central Asian Survey 4110:Central Asian Survey 4059:Geographical Journal 3494:Brackman, R (2000), 3416:Phillips, S (2000), 3304:Stalin and Stalinism 2697:Foreign Intervention 2561:Grigol Lordkipanidze 2549:treaty of friendship 2366:improve this article 2236:Mamia Orakhelashvili 1876:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1695:Early modern history 1646:Georgian–Seljuk wars 1582:Arab rule in Georgia 1526:Iberian–Armenian War 1284:) government of the 1137:Rostov–Novocherkassk 670:Ukrainian-Soviet War 463:400 mounted infantry 448:196 artillery pieces 6675:Sphere of influence 6605:Russo-Ukrainian War 6462:First Indochina War 6435:Soviet–Japanese War 6371:Xinjiang War (1937) 6240:Kazakhstan Campaign 6025:Kościuszko Uprising 5925:Second Northern War 5803:Coup attempt (1991) 5696:Soviet-Finnish wars 4847:Independent Georgia 4677:Kingdom of Abkhazia 4591:Kura–Araxes culture 4581:Prehistoric Georgia 4320:Suny, Ronald Grigor 4301:Europe-Asia Studies 4071:1927GeogJ..69..430A 3301:Wood, Alan (1990). 2993:The Soviet Colossus 2943:Sicker, M. (2001), 2662:rebellion in August 2511:, 20 February 1921) 2212:Giorgi Mazniashvili 1929:; furthermore, the 1911:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1872:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1650:Georgian Golden Age 1610:Kingdom of Abkhazia 1510:Pharnavazid dynasty 1458:Kura–Araxes culture 1447:Prehistoric Georgia 1366:February Revolution 1325:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1263:Georgian–Soviet War 1100:Voronezh–Kastornoye 978:Allied intervention 585:Allied intervention 580:Left-wing uprisings 474:56 fighter aircraft 470:46 artillery pieces 452:50 fighter aircraft 416:2nd Border Regiment 323:Giorgi Mazniashvili 275:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 18:Georgian–Soviet War 6665:Russian Revolution 6600:Russo-Georgian War 6582:Second Chechen War 6562:Georgian Civil War 6201:Russo-Japanese War 5953:Great Northern War 5851:Russo-Crimean Wars 5823:Second Chechen War 5721:Russo-Turkish wars 5716:Russo-Swedish wars 5706:Russo-Persian Wars 5691:Russo-Crimean Wars 5239:Telecommunications 4867:Russo-Georgian War 4781:Kingdom of Kakheti 4749:Kingdom of Imereti 4744:Turkmen incursions 4739:Samtskhe atabegate 4702:Kingdom of Georgia 4672:Emirate of Tbilisi 4662:Bagrationi dynasty 4482:Turkoman invasions 4457:Byzantine invasion 4160:on 3 January 2013. 3879:Harvard University 3658:"Доступ ограничен" 3655:. Online version: 3544:2005-02-04 at the 3485:, pp. 234–236 3439:, pp. 287–289 3407:, pp. 519–544 3185:Erickson, J., ed. 3092:, pp. 207–209 3078:Gachechiladze 2012 3068:, pp. 342–343 3056:, pp. 191–192 3044:, pp. 185–190 2765: 2717:The 1980s wave of 2513: 2508:The New York Times 2484:People's Commissar 2450: 2340: 2330:Crisis with Turkey 2264: 2159: 2149:Battle for Tbilisi 2051:self-determination 2039:People's Commissar 2035: 1988: 1892: 1798:Russo-Georgian War 1794:Georgia since 1991 1770:1832 Georgian plot 1718:Kingdom of Imereti 1714:Kingdom of Kakheti 1706:Samtskhe-Saatabago 1626:Kingdom of Georgia 1598:Bagrationi dynasty 1586:Emirate of Tbilisi 1522:Campaign of Pompey 1429:History of Georgia 1412:Prelude to the war 1045:Alexandrovsky Fort 995:Katerynoslav March 575:October Revolution 465:hundreds from the 450:1,065 machine guns 403:2nd Rifle Division 400:1st Rifle Division 300:Parmen Chichinadze 6736:March 1921 events 6701:Conflicts in 1921 6683: 6682: 6572:First Chechen War 6527:Soviet–Afghan War 6512:Angolan Civil War 6287:Polish–Soviet War 6245:Finnish Civil War 6223:Russian Civil War 6122:November Uprising 6060:Anglo-Russian War 6000:Bar Confederation 5813:First Chechen War 5793:Russian Civil War 5788:Decembrist revolt 5778:Bulavin Rebellion 5773:Razin's Rebellion 5756: 5755: 5711:Russo-Polish Wars 5679:Lists by opponent 5574: 5573: 5534: 5533: 5427:Ethnic minorities 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5264: 5263: 5186: 5185: 5168:Political parties 5131:Foreign relations 5103: 5102: 4928: 4927: 4832:Red Army invasion 4776:Kingdom of Kartli 4734:Timur's invasions 4717:Battle of Didgori 4692:Kingdom of Hereti 4621:Kingdom of Iberia 4520: 4519: 4477:Timurid invasions 4333:978-0-253-20915-3 4260:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 4194:978-0-41-559238-3 3828:Stéphane Courtois 3280:Dench, G (2002), 2969:Хронос ("Hronos") 2911:Debo, R. (1992). 2719:Mikhail Gorbachev 2689:Soviet historians 2442: 2441: 2434: 2416: 2250:Kutaisi Operation 2225:Giorgi Kvinitadze 2171:Stephen Akhmeteli 2101:Filipp Makharadze 2065:Red Army invasion 1880:Valentin Trifonov 1860: 1859: 1710:Kingdom of Kartli 1618:Duchy of Kldekari 1602:Kingdom of Hereti 1594:Duchy of Klarjeti 1506:Kingdom of Iberia 1462:Legend of Kartlos 1386:Russian Civil War 1278:Social Democratic 1254: 1253: 1209:Dagestan uprising 1085:Advance on Moscow 1025:Hryhoriv Uprising 1000:Northern Caucasus 990:Voronezh–Povorino 820: 819: 562:Russian Civil War 525: 524: 488:4 armoured trains 486: 458:24+ armoured cars 454:7 armoured trains 312:Giorgi Kvinitadze 287:Filipp Makharadze 252:Mikhail Velikanov 222:Ankara Government 211: 137: 136: 46:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 6773: 6557:Transnistria War 6502:War of Attrition 6408:Continuation War 6357: 6149:January Uprising 5990:Seven Years' War 5890:Time of Troubles 5856:Russo-Kazan Wars 5701:Russo-Kazan Wars 5633: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5578: 5554: 5547: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5275: 5197: 5114: 5055:Cities and towns 4990:Greater Caucasus 4948: 4936: 4898:Military history 4883:Names of Georgia 4729:Mongol invasions 4601:Colchian culture 4596:Trialeti culture 4571: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4524: 4467:Mongol invasions 4447:Umayyad invasion 4403: 4396: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4362:Washington, D.C. 4336: 4315: 4295: 4267: 4255: 4227:Stephen F. Jones 4222: 4211: 4197: 4179: 4166: 4161: 4156:. Archived from 4124: 4095: 4090: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4030:on 3 August 2012 4026:. Archived from 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3999:. Archived from 3989: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3948: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3855: 3849: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3809: 3803: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3755: 3749: 3726: 3720: 3702: 3693: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3660:. Archived from 3638: 3632: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3587: 3581: 3561: 3555: 3532: 3526: 3518:, p. 41. Verso, 3512: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3446: 3440: 3437:Hovannisian 1996 3434: 3428: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3298: 3292: 3278: 3272: 3254: 3248: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3215:. Archived from 3204: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3162: 3151: 3133: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3113:. Archived from 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3080:, pp. 22–23 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3020:. Archived from 3009: 3003: 2991:Kort, M (2001), 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2863:. Archived from 2852: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2807: 2729:Akaki Surguladze 2606:granted autonomy 2488:Ali Fuat Cebesoy 2480:Georgy Chicherin 2437: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2374: 2350: 2342: 2167:Tiflis Operation 1967:Treaty of Moscow 1961:, Soviet leader 1836:Military history 1810:History by topic 1542:Chosroid dynasty 1470:Colchian culture 1466:Trialeti culture 1439: 1416: 1394:Treaty of Moscow 1313:Treaty of Moscow 1214:Tambov Rebellion 1204:Northern Taurida 1189:Ulagay's Landing 1035:Chapan rebellion 861: 849: 842: 835: 826: 565: 563: 551: 544: 537: 528: 476: 382:Red Baku Brigade 349: 345: 344: 343: 332: 331: 321: 320: 310: 309: 302: 298: 297: 285: 284: 277: 273: 272: 261: 260: 250: 249: 239: 238: 220: 219: 218: 209: 205: 204: 203: 190: 189: 178: 176: 175: 166: 164: 163: 154: 152: 151: 72: 71: 64: 32: 21: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6651: 6592: 6586: 6577:War of Dagestan 6351: 6324:August Uprising 6193: 6187: 6176:Boxer Rebellion 6144:Amur Annexation 5945: 5939: 5843: 5837: 5818:War of Dagestan 5798:August Uprising 5752: 5674: 5624: 5605: 5575: 5570: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5530: 5465: 5408: 5382:Public holidays 5260: 5224:Lari (currency) 5182: 5153:Law enforcement 5099: 5076: 5036: 5015:Protected areas 5000:Lesser Caucasus 4937: 4924: 4871: 4862:Rose Revolution 4857:War in Abkhazia 4842:April 9 tragedy 4810: 4786:Safavid Georgia 4645: 4636:Sasanian Iberia 4560: 4551: 4521: 4516: 4413: 4407: 4377: 4371: 4339:Trotsky, Leon: 4334: 4318: 4298: 4286: 4270:Kautsky, Karl: 4258: 4225: 4220: 4200: 4195: 4182: 4170: 4164: 4127: 4107: 4093: 4079:10.2307/1782090 4053: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4022:Civil Georgia. 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4003:on 7 March 2012 3991: 3990: 3986: 3969:(Autumn 2008), 3965: 3961: 3949: 3945: 3933: 3929: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3727: 3723: 3703: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3639: 3635: 3614: 3610: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3566:(translated by 3562: 3558: 3546:Wayback Machine 3533: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3468: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3184: 3180: 3163: 3154: 3134: 3125: 3117: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3006: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2884:Ayfer Özçelik: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2782: 2757: 2749:August 2008 war 2686: 2666:Lavrentiy Beria 2639:Georgian Affair 2626: 2620: 2618:August Uprising 2614: 2602:Muslim Georgian 2460:of the Turkish 2454:Kâzım Karabekir 2438: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2351: 2332: 2298:on 9 March and 2252: 2220:armoured trains 2163:Anatoliy Gekker 2151: 2067: 1856: 1855: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774:Gurian Republic 1772: 1768: 1761: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1738:Safavid Georgia 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1678:Duchy of Aragvi 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1614:Theme of Iberia 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1538:Sasanian Iberia 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1491:Ancient history 1483: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1414: 1362: 1335:(then known as 1306:First World War 1255: 1250: 1219:Perekop–Chonhar 1194:Obytichnyi Spit 1050:Bender Uprising 1015:Khotyn Uprising 862: 858: 855: 853: 823: 822: 821: 816: 675:Western Ukraine 617:Eastern Karelia 566: 561: 559: 558:Theaters of the 557: 555: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 489: 487: 479:Ansaldo SVA-10s 475: 473: 471: 469: 464: 462: 461:11,000 infantry 457: 455: 453: 451: 449: 447: 445: 443: 442:40,000 infantry 413:Border Regiment 347:Kâzım Karabekir 341: 339: 338: 326: 325: 315: 314: 304: 303: 292: 291: 279: 278: 267: 266: 265: 255: 254: 244: 243: 233: 216: 214: 201: 199: 198: 194: 184: 173: 171: 170: 161: 159: 158: 149: 147: 106: 92: 79: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6779: 6777: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6660:Russian Winter 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487:Vlora incident 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6383: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6250:Sochi conflict 6247: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5234:Stock Exchange 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5178:Prime Minister 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5010:National parks 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4707:Byzantine wars 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:Sajid invasion 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4351: 4337: 4332: 4316: 4307:(3): 519–544, 4296: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4256: 4239:(4): 616–639, 4232:Soviet Studies 4223: 4218: 4198: 4193: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4140:(2): 229–249. 4125: 4105: 4091: 4065:(5): 430–441. 4050: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4014: 3984: 3959: 3943: 3927: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3870: 3850: 3804: 3776: 3750: 3721: 3694: 3674: 3633: 3608: 3605:on 2007-09-29. 3582: 3568:H. J. Stenning 3556: 3527: 3507: 3487: 3466: 3441: 3429: 3409: 3394: 3371: 3345: 3338: 3320: 3313: 3293: 3273: 3249: 3229: 3199: 3178: 3152: 3123: 3120:on 2016-01-18. 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3004: 2981: 2956: 2936: 2924: 2897: 2877: 2844: 2823: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2756: 2753: 2741:Supreme Soviet 2685: 2682: 2655:Oliver Wardrop 2613: 2610: 2598:Treaty of Kars 2573:Italian vessel 2542:Prime Minister 2525:North Caucasus 2440: 2439: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2331: 2328: 2251: 2248: 2190:coast towards 2150: 2147: 2066: 2063: 2059:North Caucasus 1963:Vladimir Lenin 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1762: 1759:Modern history 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742:Childir Eyalet 1702:Duchy of Ksani 1698: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1630:Duchy of Racha 1562: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1410: 1361: 1358: 1354:Treaty of Kars 1329:Vladimir Lenin 1302:Russian Empire 1271:Russian Soviet 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1149: 1147:North Caucasus 1144: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090:Nizhyn–Poltava 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 986: 985: 981: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 883: 879: 878: 872: 871: 867: 864: 863: 857:Southern Front 854: 852: 851: 844: 837: 829: 818: 817: 815: 814: 809: 804: 798: 797: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 733: 727: 726: 721: 720: 719: 714: 704: 699: 694: 692:South Caucasus 689: 684: 679: 678: 677: 672: 661: 660: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 626: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 598: 597: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 571: 568: 567: 556: 554: 553: 546: 539: 531: 523: 522: 515: 508: 505:2,500 captured 500: 499: 495: 494: 491: 477:(including 25 459: 439: 438: 434: 433: 432: 431: 419: 418: 417: 414: 407: 404: 401: 395:National Guard 391: 390: 389: 383: 380: 377: 374: 369: 356: 355: 354:Units involved 351: 350: 336: 334:Valiko Jugheli 289: 263:Anatoly Gekker 230: 229: 225: 224: 212: 182: 168:Azerbaijan SSR 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 108: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 86: 82: 81: 76: 68: 67: 57: 56: 42:Southern Front 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6778: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6625:2022 invasion 6623: 6621: 6620:War in Donbas 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6457:Ili Rebellion 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6095:Caucasian War 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Bolnisi cross 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5095:South Ossetia 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409:Invasions of 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:0-88355-189-6 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219:0-520-08804-2 4215: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3957:. 2008-08-10. 3956: 3955:Civil Georgia 3952: 3947: 3944: 3941:. 2008-08-26. 3940: 3939:Civil Georgia 3936: 3931: 3928: 3925:. 2008-05-12. 3924: 3923: 3922:Civil Georgia 3918: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3867:0-7100-8143-X 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847:0-674-07608-7 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3829: 3816: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800:0-19-517775-4 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3784:King, Charles 3780: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747:0-19-507132-8 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718:1-85984-441-3 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3691:1-84176-545-7 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3664:on 2013-05-22 3663: 3659: 3654: 3653:5-8112-1715-3 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629:985-13-0744-0 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Kautsky, Karl 3560: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535:Trotsky, Leon 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524:1-85984-446-4 3521: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504:0-7146-5050-1 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458:5-7838-0530-0 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426:0-435-32719-4 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391:0-415-12437-9 3388: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3339:0-691-07655-3 3335: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3314:0-415-03721-2 3310: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290:0-7658-0979-6 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270:0-19-821927-X 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246:1-933648-15-5 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3219:on 2006-05-26 3218: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195:0-7146-5178-8 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174:0-88738-360-2 3171: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3149:0-7146-4718-7 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3024:on 2006-01-07 3023: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001:0-7656-0396-9 2998: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953:0-275-96893-6 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2934:, p. 207 2933: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921:0-7735-0828-7 2918: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2867:on 2006-11-05 2866: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:Georgian SSRs 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2565:Avel Enukidze 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475:Dmitry Zhloba 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Eastern Front 2455: 2446: 2436: 2433: 2425: 2422:February 2018 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: – 2382: 2378: 2377:Find sources: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2355:This section 2353: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302:on 14 March. 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2240:Shalva Eliava 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2091:Aron Sheinman 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:Joseph Stalin 2040: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:White Russian 1999: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:difficult war 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Allied powers 1920: 1919:Sovietization 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 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1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065:Mamontov Raid 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 933:Transcaucasia 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 881: 880: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 860: 850: 845: 843: 838: 836: 831: 830: 827: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795:Central Asian 793: 792: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 656: 655: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 621: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 569: 564: 552: 547: 545: 540: 538: 533: 532: 529: 516: 509: 502: 501: 496: 492: 484: 483:Sopwith Camel 480: 468: 460: 444:4,300 cavalry 441: 440: 435: 430: 427: 426: 425: 424: 420: 415: 412: 408: 405: 402: 399: 398: 397: 396: 392: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 337: 335: 330: 324: 319: 313: 308: 301: 296: 290: 288: 283: 276: 271: 264: 259: 253: 248: 242: 241:Joseph Stalin 237: 232: 231: 226: 223: 213: 208: 197: 196:Supported by: 193: 188: 183: 181: 169: 157: 146: 145: 140: 133: 130:ceded to the 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 103: 99: 96: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 77: 74: 73: 69: 63: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6376:World War II 6301: 5900:Smolensk War 5866:Livonian War 5507:Saint George 5492:Coat of arms 5458: 5414:Demographics 5401: 5287:Architecture 5253: 5209:Central bank 5141:Human rights 5121:Constitution 5069: 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Retrieved 2805: 2766: 2745: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2687: 2659: 2647: 2628:Despite the 2627: 2578: 2569: 2557: 2545:Lloyd George 2534: 2517:had revolted 2514: 2506: 2451: 2428: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2376: 2364:Please help 2359:verification 2356: 2311:Rioni Valley 2304: 2287: 2272: 2265: 2260:Mark V tanks 2258:The British 2229: 2200: 2166: 2160: 2143:Karl Kautsky 2131: 2122: 2105: 2094: 2087: 2077:district of 2072: 2068: 2055: 2047:Leon Trotsky 2036: 2000: 1989: 1970: 1948: 1915:Sergey Kirov 1900: 1893: 1785: 1590:Duchy of Tao 1502:Aryan Kartli 1398: 1363: 1336: 1310: 1298:expansionist 1266: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1245: 1152:Novorossiysk 913:Steppe March 788:Yakut revolt 701: 682:South Russia 607:North Russia 503:5,500 killed 421: 393: 388:rebel forces 359: 195: 180:Armenian SSR 156:Russian SFSR 142:Belligerents 40:Part of the 6482:Vietnam War 6352: [ 6211:World War I 6132:Crimean War 6065:Finnish War 5981:(1740–1748) 5970:(1733–1738) 5895:Ingrian War 5611:(including 5449:Health care 5204:Agriculture 4975:Earthquakes 4712:Seljuk wars 4094:(in French) 3979:Democratiya 3729:Conquest, R 2635:Dzerzhinsky 2586:Azerbaijani 2519:, retaking 2319:Likhi Range 1888:Great Purge 1566:Iberian War 1559:Middle Ages 1115:3rd Kharkiv 1105:Khopyor–Don 1080:Perehonivka 1060:2nd Kharkiv 876:1st Kharkiv 105:Territorial 6690:Categories 6517:Ogaden War 6467:Korean War 6386:Winter War 6255:Heimosodat 5842:Tsardom of 5519:Saint Nino 5347:Mingrelian 5328:Languages 5163:Parliament 5136:Government 4724:Golden Age 4172:Carr, E.H. 4055:Allen, WED 4034:1 November 4007:1 November 3821:2006-05-21 3790:, p. 173. 3770:2006-11-02 3708:, p. 393. 3668:2006-11-03 3405:Smith 1998 3365:2006-11-02 3260:, p. 254. 3223:2006-11-03 3028:2006-11-03 2975:2006-11-02 2871:2006-11-03 2837:1 November 2816:1 November 2711:Spetskhran 2684:Assessment 2622:See also: 2616:See also: 2538:Royal Navy 2392:newspapers 2234:headed by 2208:Tabakhmela 2134:Karl Radek 1851:Chronology 1382:Azerbaijan 1364:After the 1360:Background 1224:2nd Crimea 1157:Azerbaijan 1125:2nd Donbas 1095:Orel–Kursk 1020:1st Donbas 928:1st Crimea 923:March Days 898:Donbas-Don 712:Azerbaijan 687:Bessarabia 612:Heimosodat 521:46 missing 519:26 wounded 6137:Åland War 6105:Murid War 5944:18th–19th 5432:Georgians 5422:Education 5372:Mythology 5249:Transport 5214:Companies 5173:President 5126:Elections 5025:Volcanoes 4965:Black Sea 4943:Geography 4852:Civil War 4667:Arab rule 4631:Roman era 4154:153281877 3967:Lee, Eric 3619:. Минск ( 3570:; 1921), 3483:Lang 1962 3197:), p. 123 3141:Routledge 3139:, p. 65. 3090:Suny 1994 3066:Carr 1950 3054:Suny 1994 3042:Suny 1994 2932:Suny 1994 2856:dissident 2693:Civil War 2612:Aftermath 2529:Dagestani 2482:, Soviet 2292:New Athos 2188:Black Sea 2125:11th Army 2083:Shulaveri 1816:Etymology 1570:Lazic War 1290:Bolshevik 1282:Menshevik 953:Tsaritsyn 908:Ice March 753:2nd Kazan 748:1st Kazan 646:Petrograd 641:Lithuania 517:30 killed 429:XV. Corps 367:11th Army 210:(limited) 122:ceded to 6670:Cold War 6532:Gulf War 5888:and the 5761:Internal 5617:Imperial 5561:Category 5487:Borjgali 5442:Diaspora 5387:Religion 5333:Georgian 5324:Gambling 5282:Alphabet 5158:Military 5109:Politics 5090:Abkhazia 4985:Glaciers 4888:Monarchs 4876:By topic 4558:articles 4322:(1994), 4290:(1962), 4262:(1951), 4204:(1996), 4174:(1950), 3997:Stratfor 3974:Archived 3786:(2008), 3737:, p. 4. 3731:(1991), 3643:(1925), 3542:Archived 3537:(1922), 2890:page 206 2832:"iveria" 2811:"iveria" 2780:See also 2724:glasnost 2650:Istanbul 2582:Armenian 2268:Mtskheta 2184:Mamisoni 2112:resented 2075:Armenian 2015:Caucasus 1992:European 1902:Kavbiuro 1899:was the 1897:Caucasus 1821:Monarchs 1421:a series 1419:Part of 1292:regime ( 1274:Red Army 1184:Lankaran 1120:4th Kiev 1075:3rd Kiev 1030:Binagadi 1010:2nd Kiev 973:Dibrivka 958:Kurdamir 918:Iași–Don 903:1st Kiev 893:Shamkhor 812:Basmachi 783:Mongolia 758:1st Perm 658:Southern 596:Northern 481:and one 437:Strength 386:Ossetian 372:9th Army 361:Red Army 85:Location 6610:Outline 6593:century 6194:century 5946:century 5629:Related 5613:Tsarist 5545:Outline 5470:Symbols 5307:Cuisine 5270:Culture 5244:Tourism 5192:Economy 5065:Regions 5060:Tbilisi 5005:Mammals 4970:Climate 4955:Borders 4908:Battles 4616:Colchis 4611:Diauehi 4566:History 4554:Georgia 4411:Georgia 4368:. 1955. 4087:1782090 4067:Bibcode 2674:Siberia 2521:Yerevan 2466:Ardahan 2406:scholar 2307:Kutaisi 2296:Zugdidi 2192:Sukhumi 2108:Dusheti 2033:states. 2019:British 2007:Wrangel 2005:leader 1996:Entente 1972:de jure 1913:, with 1846:Battles 1831:Tbilisi 1498:Colchis 1474:Diauehi 1400:in the 1392:in the 1378:Armenia 1333:Tbilisi 1265:or the 1246:Georgia 1199:Armenia 1174:Ochakov 1005:Ukraine 943:Goychay 802:Bukhara 743:Siberia 731:Eastern 717:Armenia 702:Georgia 697:Ossetia 665:Ukraine 631:Estonia 624:Western 602:Finland 456:4 tanks 411:Sukhumi 192:Georgia 120:Ardahan 107:changes 90:Georgia 44:of the 5920:Deluge 5844:Russia 5623:times) 5621:Soviet 5609:Russia 5566:Portal 5477:Anthem 5392:Sports 5302:Cinema 5297:Chokha 5229:Mining 5219:Energy 5020:Rivers 4893:States 4815:Modern 4650:Middle 4626:Lazica 4606:Mushki 4556: 4347: 4330: 4253:151812 4251: 4216: 4191: 4152: 4085: 3865: 3845: 3798: 3745: 3716: 3689: 3651: 3627: 3522: 3502: 3456: 3424: 3389: 3336: 3311: 3288: 3268: 3244: 3193: 3172: 3147: 3143:(UK), 3111:Rodina 2999: 2951: 2919: 2755:Legacy 2670:nobles 2596:. The 2492:Muslim 2470:Artvin 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2379: 2324:Batumi 2315:Surami 2288:Kyaraz 2284:Abkhaz 2232:Revkom 2204:Kojori 2180:Daryal 2175:Khrami 2096:Revkom 1977:Moscow 1959:Poland 1931:Ankara 1884:Stalin 1826:States 1530:Lazica 1478:Mushki 1423:on the 1350:Ankara 1346:Turkey 1337:Tiflis 1317:Moscow 1179:Anzali 1167:Sarvan 1162:Yalama 888:Mughan 724:Tambov 651:Poland 636:Latvia 493:20,000 207:France 177: 165: 153: 124:Turkey 116:Artvin 97:Result 6356:] 5552:Index 5524:cross 5512:cross 5502:Motto 5454:Women 5377:Names 5367:Music 5362:Media 5319:Dance 4995:Lakes 4960:Birds 4574:Early 4249:JSTOR 4150:S2CID 4083:JSTOR 3710:Verso 3621:Minsk 3118:(PDF) 3107:(PDF) 2797:Notes 2503:Kemal 2413:JSTOR 2399:books 2280:Gagra 2216:tanks 1957:with 1241:Anapa 1142:Odesa 1055:Odesa 963:Livny 948:Sochi 938:Kuban 807:Khiva 778:Chita 6591:21st 6192:20th 5619:and 5497:Flag 5460:more 5437:List 5403:more 5354:Svan 5312:Wine 5255:more 5146:LGBT 5071:more 5031:more 4919:more 4903:Wars 4345:ISBN 4328:ISBN 4214:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4036:2014 4009:2014 3863:ISBN 3843:ISBN 3796:ISBN 3743:ISBN 3714:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3649:ISBN 3625:ISBN 3520:ISBN 3500:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3387:ISBN 3334:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3286:ISBN 3266:ISBN 3242:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3170:ISBN 3145:ISBN 2997:ISBN 2949:ISBN 2917:ISBN 2839:2014 2818:2014 2695:and 2678:1956 2594:Kars 2588:and 2468:and 2385:news 2300:Poti 2238:and 2218:and 2206:and 2182:and 2138:Ural 2079:Lori 2023:West 1940:Baku 1841:Wars 1380:and 1323:and 1257:The 1235:1921 1131:1920 984:1919 968:Baku 882:1918 870:1917 409:1st 128:Lori 118:and 75:Date 52:and 5340:Laz 5292:Art 4309:doi 4241:doi 4142:doi 4118:doi 4075:doi 2721:'s 2368:by 1886:'s 6692:: 6354:ru 5615:, 4364:: 4305:50 4303:, 4247:, 4237:40 4235:, 4148:. 4138:20 4136:. 4132:. 4114:12 4112:, 4100:. 4081:. 4073:. 4063:69 4061:. 3995:. 3953:. 3919:. 3837:, 3830:, 3794:, 3761:. 3741:, 3712:, 3697:^ 3593:. 3574:. 3548:. 3469:^ 3397:^ 3374:^ 3356:. 3264:, 3155:^ 3126:^ 3109:. 2984:^ 2967:. 2900:^ 2892:. 2847:^ 2751:. 2680:. 2645:. 2584:, 2527:, 2119:: 2061:. 1946:. 1890:. 1878:, 1874:, 1870:, 1396:. 1356:. 485:.) 126:, 114:, 48:, 5600:e 5593:t 5586:v 4546:e 4539:t 4532:v 4402:e 4395:t 4388:v 4311:: 4243:: 4144:: 4120:: 4089:. 4077:: 4069:: 4038:. 4011:. 3982:. 3937:. 3824:. 3802:. 3773:. 3671:. 3599:) 3464:. 3368:. 3342:. 3317:. 3226:. 3176:. 3031:. 2978:. 2874:. 2841:. 2820:. 2435:) 2429:( 2424:) 2420:( 2410:· 2403:· 2396:· 2389:· 2362:. 1280:( 848:e 841:t 834:v 550:e 543:t 536:v 20:)

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