6680:
573:
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148:
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831:
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731:
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1492:. Skulls from the larger size class preserve large, upward and backward pointing crests, while the crests of the smaller size class are small and triangular. Some larger skulls also show evidence of a second crest that extended long and low, toward the tip of the beak, which is not seen in smaller specimens.
586:
The most complete example of the species, currently in the collections of the
University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology as specimen number UALVP 24238, is a partially-articulated sub-adult fossil with a wingspan of about 4 meters (13 ft). The skeleton is missing only parts of
1495:
The gender of the different size classes was determined, not from the skulls, but from the pelvic bones. Contrary to what may be expected, the smaller size class had disproportionately large and wide-set pelvic bones. Bennett interpreted this as indicating a more spacious birth canal, through which
1483:
specimens may be divided into two distinct size classes, small and large, with the large size class being about one and a half times larger than the small, and the small being twice as common as the large. Both size classes lived alongside each other, and while researchers had previously suggested
745:
was among the largest pterosaurs, with the wingspan of most adults ranging between 3 and 6 meters (9.8 and 19.7 ft). No complete skulls of adult males have been found, but a nearly complete lower jaw has been estimated at 1.25 meters (4.1 ft) long. While most specimens are found crushed,
662:
specimens, with the upper and lower margins running almost parallel instead. Kellner thought this meant the specimen must have had a crest running along the length of the snout. However, a re-examination of the fossil published in 2017 by
Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone and colleagues argued that the
1499:
Note that the overall size and crest size also corresponds to age. Immature specimens are known from both females and males, and immature males often have small crests similar to adult females. Therefore, it seems that the large crests only developed in males when they reached their large, adult
770:
is its distinctive characteristic. These crests consisted of skull bones (frontals) projecting upward and backward from the skull. The size and shape of these crests varied due to a number of factors, including age, sex, and species. Male
779:
had a short, rounded vertical crest and was generally smaller. Females of both species were smaller and bore small, rounded crests. The crests were probably mainly display structures, though they may have had other functions as well.
1523:
may have competed to establish territory on rocky, offshore rookeries, with the largest, and largest-crested, males gaining the most territory and having more success mating with females. The crests of male
663:
differences in the snout were more likely due to male pteranodontids having longer, broader bills than the more complete female specimens
Kellner used for comparison. Martin-Silverstone concluded that "
1484:
that they represent different species, Christopher
Bennett showed that the differences between them are consistent with the concept that they represent females and males, and that
6860:
1528:
would not have been used in competition, but rather as "visual dominance-rank symbols", with display rituals taking the place of physical competition with other males. If this
2000:"A taxonomic note on the tapejarid pterosaurs from the Pterosaur Graveyard site (Caiuá Group, ?Early Cretaceous of Southern Brazil): evidence for the presence of two species"
1790:
6772:
1536:
played little to no part in rearing the young; such a behavior is not found in the males of modern polygynous animals who father many offspring at the same time.
1496:
eggs would pass. He concluded that the small size class with small, triangular crests represent females, and the larger, large-crested specimens represent males.
1503:
The fact that females appear to have outnumbered males two to one suggests that, as with modern animals with size-related sexual dimorphism, such as
6870:
6759:
6875:
2092:
1825:
1804:
Carpenter K (2003). "Vertebrate
Biostratigraphy of the Smoky Hill Chalk (Niobrara Formation) and the Sharon Springs Member (Pierre Shale)".
6679:
1849:
1519:, with a few males competing for association with groups consisting of large numbers of females. Similar to modern pinnipeds,
1550:
5446:
4254:
1235:
6818:
4248:
1307:
859:, but other pterosaur researchers have regarded this split as unwarranted and continued to classify it as a species of
1134:
921:
775:, the older species of the two described to date, had a larger vertical crest with a broad forward projection, while
576:
Specimen UALVP 24238 with reconstructed crest; the specimen has also been assigned as the holotype of disputed genus
147:
624:
465:
was among the largest pterosaurs, with a wingspan of up to 6 metres (20 ft) in males. It has been argued that
3631:
2085:
658:
was a unique species, most notably its unique snout, which does not strongly taper towards the tip as in female
6865:
2189:
1545:
1110:
501:, but the crests were set upright and in a slightly different position. In 1958, Sternberg and paleontologist
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1698:"Comments on the Pteranodontidae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) with the description of two new species"
6798:
6692:
1784:
1575:
Sternberg, G. F.; Walker, M. V. (1958). "Observation of articulated limb bones of a recently discovered
1331:
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591:. The fossil was found by Richard C. Fox and Allen Lindoe in rocks belonging to the lower part of the
572:
522:
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3189:
3105:
2078:
1024:
955:
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that was made of solid, bony margins that projected from the base of the jaws, similar to modern-day
705:
period. The genus is present in the lower the
Niobrarra Formation except for the upper two; in 2003,
608:
497:
135:
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2004:
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280:
142:
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2035:
Bennett, S.C. (2001). "The osteology and functional morphology of the Late
Cretaceous pterosaur
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2017:
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2009:
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Beyond the
Dinosaurs!: sky dragons, sea monsters, mega-mammals, and other prehistoric beasts
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size, making the gender of immature specimens difficult to establish from partial remains.
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803:. The structure of the beaks were long, slender, and ended in thin, sharp points. Its
709:
surveyed the distribution and dating of fossils in this formation, demonstrating that
654:. Kellner thought that several features of the skeleton supported his hypothesis that
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682:
2052:
2013:
1902:"Evidence for the Cretaceous shark Cretoxyrhina mantelli feeding on the pterosaur
1666:
Bennett, S.C. (1994). "Taxonomy and systematics of the Late
Cretaceous pterosaur
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55:
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1976:
1965:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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100:
65:
2021:
1931:
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Variations in cranial anatomy by sex, age, and species (left, drawn to scale)
713:
existed there from 88 to 85 million years ago, while the species later named
619:
that it should be re-classified as its own genus and species, which he named
505:
published a study about this peculiar find. In 1966, American paleontologist
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332:
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105:
49:
1949:
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746:
enough fossils exist to put together a detailed description of the animal.
1900:
Hone, David W.E.; Witton, Mark P.; Habib, Michael B. (December 14, 2018).
1471:
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the skull and the ends of the wings and feet, was discovered in 1974 near
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808:
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95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
1745:
Martin-Silverstone E., Glasier J., Acorn J., Mohr S., Currie P. (2017).
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1922:
1647:
1600:
804:
754:
mainly due to its earlier time period and broader, more upright crest.
434:
110:
85:
5201:
4968:
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1672:
Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas
651:
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169:
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1592:
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existed as a group for more than four million years during the late
495:. The fossils of the animal looked similar to those of the species
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829:
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729:
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571:
800:
796:
545:
was assigned to this subgenus along with another species called
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4270:
3652:
3121:
2236:
2112:
2074:
2070:
863:. Kellner also classified a specimen previously identified as
475:, but this has not been followed by most other researchers.
27:
Species of pteranodontid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous
882:
showing the phylogenetic placement of this species within
525:
however, concluded a revision of the different species of
1963:
Andres, B.; Myers, T. S. (2013). "Lone Star Pterosaurs".
517:
due to its distinct upright crest that set it apart from
1873:
and other pterosaurs, with comments on cranial crests".
1806:
High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology
1755:
Kellner, 2010 and reassignment of the type specimen to
738:
male (green) and female (orange) compared with a human
6816:
569:, and therefore the direct ancestor of that species.
615:
argued that this specimen was different enough from
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2173:
1840:Zimmerman, H., Preiss, B., and Sovak, J. (2001).
838:skeleton (specimen NMC41-358), with a small crest
717:existed between 81.5 and 80.5 million years ago.
509:assigned the specimens found as a new species of
845:is one of the two widely recognized species of
2086:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1628:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1581:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
8:
1869:Bennett, S.C. (1992). "Sexual dimorphism of
1789:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1740:
1738:
1736:
1626:Marsh associated with wing and body parts".
671:with a very long bill with a gradual taper.
553:had been preoccupied, so he changed it into
6861:Late Cretaceous pterosaurs of North America
1763:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
783:Unlike the earlier pterosaurs, such as the
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4195:
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3142:
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2558:
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2439:
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2313:
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2257:
2246:
2233:
2179:
2170:
2109:
2093:
2079:
2071:
1458:) based on phylogenetic analysis in 2024.
855:should be classified in a separate genus,
549:, but Miller then found out that the name
487:were collected by American paleontologist
469:should be classified in a separate genus,
121:
31:
1939:
1921:
1774:
1716:
1705:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1532:is correct, it also is likely that male
6823:
1579:in the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas".
1567:
355:
295:
1782:
607:stage, about 86 million years ago. In
491:in 1952 from the lower portion of the
367:Pteranodon (Geosternbergia) sternbergi
2039:. General description of osteology".
1446:were separately included as those of
807:was also found to be longer than the
529:in 1971, and created three different
7:
1442:Both species previously referred to
851:. Alexander Kellner has argued that
1998:Pêgas, Rodrigo V. (June 10, 2024).
1323:
1299:
1275:
1251:
1227:
1150:
1126:
1102:
1078:
1066:
1016:
1009:
980:
913:
901:
889:
376:Pteranodon (Sternbergia) sternbergi
1875:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1614:Miller, H. W. (1971). "A skull of
25:
1670:(Pterosauria, Pterodactyloida)".
6838:
6826:
6691:
6685:
6678:
5461:
5453:
5445:
4253:
4247:
3635:
3630:
3104:
3097:
3089:
750:differs from its close relative
394:Pteranodon (Occidentalia) eatoni
146:
6871:Taxa named by Alexander Kellner
1718:10.1590/S0001-37652010000400025
627:combined the Dawn deity of the
599:. These rocks date to the late
541:specimens with upright crests.
2041:Palaeontographica, Abteilung A
1887:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011472
1551:Timeline of pterosaur research
886:from Andres and Myers (2013).
557:instead. Paleontologists like
1:
6876:Fossil taxa described in 1978
2014:10.1080/08912963.2024.2355664
1236:Lonchodectes compressirostris
1906:from the Niobrara Formation"
1308:Brasileodactylus araripensis
1135:Liaoxipterus brachyognathus
922:Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis
834:Reconstruction of a female
677:fossils are known from the
323:Pteranodon (Geosternbergia)
6892:
6675:
6398:
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3513:
3385:
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2588:
2561:
2493:
2401:
2316:
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2232:
2182:
2169:
2108:
1977:10.1017/S1755691013000303
1818:10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0
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1038:
1021:
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1007:
985:
978:
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935:
918:
911:
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811:, and was curved upward.
683:Sharon Springs Formations
537:, which consisted of the
286:
279:
261:
254:
143:Scientific classification
141:
129:
120:
34:
18:Geosternbergia sternbergi
1808:. Topics in Geobiology.
1696:Kellner, A.W.A. (2010).
1546:List of pterosaur genera
1111:Nurhachius ignaciobritoi
130:Mounted female and male
3668:Archaeopterodactyloidea
2053:10.1127/pala/260/2001/1
867:as a second species of
593:Smoky Hill Chalk Member
1844:, Simon and Schuster.
1747:"Reassesment [
1476:
1176:Istiodactylus sinensis
1159:Istiodactylus latidens
839:
827:
823:Restoration of a male
739:
613:Alexander W.A. Kellner
583:
559:S. Christopher Bennett
507:John Christian Harksen
6799:Paleobiology Database
6721:Pteranodon sternbergi
1757:Pteranodon sternbergi
1474:
1332:Ludodactylus sibbicki
1087:Longchengpterus zhaoi
1042:Pteranodon sternbergi
939:"Nyctosaurus" lamegoi
853:Pteranodon sternbergi
843:Pteranodon sternbergi
833:
822:
743:Pteranodon sternbergi
733:
711:Pteranodon sternbergi
575:
485:Pteranodon sternbergi
483:The first fossils of
479:Discovery and history
457:geological period of
430:Pteranodon sternbergi
413:Geosternbergia maysei
358:Pteranodon sternbergi
268:Pteranodon sternbergi
36:Pteranodon sternbergi
3280:Archaeoistiodactylus
3190:Archaeoistiodactylus
1025:Pteranodon longiceps
956:Nyctosaurus gracilis
865:Pteranodon longiceps
752:Pteranodon longiceps
667:" was simply a male
498:Pteranodon longiceps
136:Royal Ontario Museum
6345:Targaryendraconidae
6034:Ornithocheiriformes
5721:Ornithocheiromorpha
5020:Neopterodactyloidea
4947:Dsungaripteromorpha
2715:Campylognathoididae
2435:Eudimorphodontoidea
1284:Cearadactylus atrox
989:Alamodactylus byrdi
533:. One of which was
489:George F. Sternberg
5874:Istiodactyliformes
4348:Lonchognathosaurus
4191:Eupterodactyloidea
3334:Pterodactyliformes
3137:Pterodactylomorpha
3124:Pterodactylomorpha
3038:Pterodactylomorpha
2880:Angustinaripterini
2511:Eudimorphodontinae
2486:Eudimorphodontidae
2005:Historical Biology
1923:10.7717/peerj.6031
1490:sexually dimorphic
1477:
1260:Aetodactylus halli
840:
828:
740:
597:Niobrara Formation
584:
493:Niobrara Formation
247:P. sternbergi
6814:
6813:
6786:Open Tree of Life
6713:Taxon identifiers
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6300:Targaryendraconia
6294:
6293:
6104:
6103:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
5814:
5813:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5471:
5470:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5147:
5146:
5115:Chaoyangopterinae
5044:Chaoyangopteridae
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4286:Ornithocheiroidea
4273:Ornithocheiroidea
4262:
4261:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4216:Ornithocheiroidea
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
3979:Gladocephaloideus
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3877:Aurorazhdarchidae
3779:Ctenochasmatoidea
3739:
3738:
3697:Germanodactylidae
3644:
3643:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3500:
3499:
3475:Dendrorhynchoides
3452:Batrachognathinae
3418:Dendrorhynchoides
3348:Changchengopterus
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2889:Angustinaripterus
2805:Rhamphorhynchinae
2757:Rhamphorhynchidae
2740:
2739:
2731:Campylognathoides
2666:
2665:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2444:Raeticodactylidae
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2349:Austriadraconidae
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
1827:978-1-4020-1443-7
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1053:
1052:
967:
966:
707:Kenneth Carpenter
565:to be older than
426:
425:
419:
409:
399:
390:
385:Pteranodon eatoni
381:
372:
363:
352:
340:
328:
319:
307:
292:
134:skeletons at the
16:(Redirected from
6883:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6807:
6806:
6794:
6793:
6781:
6780:
6768:
6767:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6708:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6529:Coloborhynchinae
6457:
6412:Ornithocheiridae
6404:Brasileodactylus
6396:
6306:
6196:Ornithocheirinae
6130:
6125:Ornithocheiridae
6121:
6117:
6075:
6071:
6050:Brasileodactylus
5959:
5879:
5847:Lonchodraconidae
5843:
5839:
5731:
5727:
5629:
5597:
5592:Nyctosauromorpha
5529:
5505:
5501:
5495:Pteranodontoidea
5490:
5482:Pteranodontoidea
5477:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5449:
5414:Pteranodontoidea
5410:
5294:Quetzalcoatlinae
5283:Mistralazhdarcho
5248:
5189:
5158:
5049:
5025:
4917:
4818:
4762:
4681:
4666:
4629:
4533:Thalassodromidae
4506:
4495:
4432:
4390:Dsungaripterinae
4332:
4327:Dsungaripteridae
4323:
4319:
4292:
4281:
4268:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4196:
4187:
4107:
4102:Ctenochasmatinae
4084:Plataleorhynchus
3928:
3922:Ctenochasmatidae
3850:
3789:
3785:
3752:
3746:Euctenochasmatia
3678:
3674:
3663:
3650:
3639:
3634:
3562:Propterodactylus
3548:Ningchengopterus
3511:
3506:Pterodactyloidea
3383:
3374:
3340:
3252:
3221:
3182:
3178:
3143:
3132:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3012:Jianchangopterus
2998:Fenghuangopterus
2984:
2930:Rhamphorhynchini
2876:
2810:
2762:
2753:
2711:
2707:
2680:
2609:Dimorphodontidae
2590:
2586:
2559:
2491:
2440:
2399:
2314:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2234:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:Pterosauromorpha
2110:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2032:
2026:
2025:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1971:(3–4): 383–398.
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1925:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1866:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1753:Dawndraco kanzai
1742:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1711:(4): 1063–1084.
1702:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1572:
1515:might have been
1467:Sexual variation
1324:
1300:
1276:
1252:
1228:
1151:
1127:
1103:
1079:
1067:
1017:
1010:
1003:Pteranodontoidea
981:
914:
902:
890:
795:had a toothless
785:rhamphorhynchids
621:Dawndraco kanzai
523:Halsey W. Miller
417:
407:
403:Dawndraco kanzai
397:
388:
379:
370:
361:
347:
338:
326:
317:
301:
290:
270:
266:
230:
217:
206:Pterodactyloidea
204:
191:
151:
150:
125:
115:
52:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6866:Pteranodontians
6851:
6850:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6817:
6815:
6810:
6802:
6797:
6789:
6784:
6776:
6771:
6763:
6758:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6715:
6705:
6696:
6677:
6637:
6618:Liaoningopterus
6573:
6523:
6461:Tropeognathinae
6446:
6418:
6392:
6375:
6339:
6310:Cimoliopteridae
6290:
6190:
6113:
6100:
6095:Zhenyuanopterus
6069:
6020:
5999:Istiodactylinae
5993:
5974:Longchengpterus
5967:Lingyuanopterus
5954:Istiodactylidae
5948:
5914:
5887:Hongshanopterus
5868:
5837:
5823:
5810:
5773:Hongshanopterus
5758:
5723:
5698:
5671:Barbaridactylus
5656:
5618:
5586:
5533:Pteranodontidae
5518:
5513:Santanadactylus
5497:
5484:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5444:
5428:
5372:
5367:Zhejiangopterus
5288:
5246:
5225:Palaeocursornis
5187:
5166:Montanazhdarcho
5153:Azhdarchiformes
5143:
5124:Chaoyangopterus
5109:
5038:
5014:
5000:Montanazhdarcho
4953:
4913:
4911:Azhdarchomorpha
4880:
4853:
4807:
4770:Aymberedactylus
4751:
4679:
4655:
4643:Aymberedactylus
4618:
4598:Thalassodromeus
4527:
4502:
4491:
4482:
4470:Montanazhdarcho
4428:
4411:
4399:Domeykodactylus
4384:
4378:Tendaguripterus
4315:
4306:
4288:
4275:
4258:
4246:
4230:
4210:
4204:Altmuehlopterus
4161:
4120:
4096:
4047:
4019:
3924:
3907:
3871:
3865:Gallodactylidae
3845:Aurorazhdarchia
3839:
3817:Normannognathus
3793:Gallodactylidae
3781:
3772:
3748:
3735:
3729:Tendaguripterus
3721:Normannognathus
3714:Germanodactylus
3706:Altmuehlopterus
3691:
3670:
3657:
3640:
3602:
3582:
3496:
3461:Batrachognathus
3446:
3441:Vesperopterylus
3396:
3370:
3361:
3336:
3315:
3271:Wukongopterinae
3265:
3247:Wukongopteridae
3241:
3210:
3197:Normannognathus
3174:
3165:
3139:
3126:
3109:
3096:
3088:
3052:
3032:
3005:Jianchangnathus
2988:Scaphognathidae
2978:Digibrevisauria
2960:
2955:Rhamphorhynchus
2924:
2911:Qinglongopterus
2903:Harpactognathus
2871:Rhamphorhynchae
2865:
2860:Qinglongopterus
2839:Harpactognathus
2799:
2793:Scaphognathinae
2785:Parapsicephalus
2749:
2736:
2724:Bergamodactylus
2703:
2694:
2676:
2662:
2640:Parapsicephalus
2603:
2582:
2580:Macronychoptera
2573:
2555:
2533:
2505:
2499:Arcticodactylus
2480:
2468:Raeticodactylus
2429:
2395:
2378:
2358:Arcticodactylus
2343:
2337:Raeticodactylus
2302:
2290:Austriadactylus
2275:
2254:
2241:
2216:
2196:
2190:Avemetatarsalia
2175:Avemetatarsalia
2165:
2150:Avemetatarsalia
2115:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2069:
2068:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1781:
1776:10.18435/B5059J
1744:
1743:
1734:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1640:10.2307/3627664
1613:
1612:
1608:
1593:10.2307/3626742
1574:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1542:
1469:
1464:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1072:Istiodactylidae
1054:
968:
817:
760:
728:
723:
685:of the central
481:
455:Late Cretaceous
422:
416:
406:
396:
387:
380:(Harksen, 1966)
378:
371:(Harksen, 1966)
369:
360:
354:
353:
343:
337:
325:
316:
300:
294:
293:
275:
272:
264:
263:
250:
228:
219:Pteranodontidae
215:
202:
189:
145:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:Late Cretaceous
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6889:
6887:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6835:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6795:
6782:
6769:
6756:
6751:Geosternbergia
6741:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6599:
6595:Caulkicephalus
6591:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6568:Uktenadactylus
6564:
6556:
6549:
6546:Coloborhynchus
6542:
6534:
6532:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6466:
6464:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6427:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6408:
6399:
6393:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6370:Targaryendraco
6366:
6358:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6312:
6303:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:Uktenadactylus
6280:
6272:
6269:Ornithocheirus
6265:
6257:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6225:
6221:Coloborhynchus
6217:
6209:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6160:Caulkicephalus
6156:
6148:
6145:Arthurdactylus
6141:
6133:
6127:
6114:
6111:Ornithocheirae
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5936:Linlongopterus
5932:
5924:
5922:
5920:Mimodactylidae
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:Lonchodectidae
5904:
5897:
5894:Linlongopterus
5890:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5849:
5836:
5835:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:Targaryendraco
5800:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5768:
5766:
5764:Lonchodectidae
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5681:
5678:Muzquizopteryx
5674:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5626:
5624:Aponyctosauria
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5546:
5537:
5535:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5498:
5493:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5352:Thanatosdrakon
5348:
5345:Quetzalcoatlus
5341:
5338:Phosphatodraco
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5310:Arambourgiania
5306:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5217:Navajodactylus
5213:
5206:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5138:Shenzhoupterus
5134:
5127:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5069:
5065:Argentinadraco
5061:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4976:Argentinadraco
4972:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4732:Nemicolopterus
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4636:
4626:
4624:Tapejariformes
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4559:Argentinadraco
4555:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4500:Tapejaromorpha
4498:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4443:
4440:Argentinadraco
4435:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4406:Dsungaripterus
4402:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4126:Pterodaustrini
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4053:Gnathosaurinae
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4025:Moganopterinae
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3944:Balaenognathus
3940:
3931:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3897:
3894:Aurorazhdarcho
3890:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:Moganopterinae
3829:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3802:Aurorazhdarcho
3797:
3795:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3402:Anurognathinae
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3378:Anurognathidae
3371:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3356:Douzhanopterus
3352:
3343:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3302:Douzhanopterus
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3260:Kunpengopterus
3255:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:Anurognathidae
3200:
3193:
3185:
3175:
3172:Monofenestrata
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2853:Orientognathus
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2770:Dolicorhamphus
2765:
2759:
2750:
2747:Breviquartossa
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2626:Caelestiventus
2622:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2552:Zambellisauria
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2520:Carniadactylus
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2373:Seazzadactylus
2369:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2322:Carniadactylus
2317:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2270:Daohugoupterus
2265:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2027:
1990:
1955:
1892:
1881:(4): 422–434.
1854:
1833:
1826:
1796:
1759:Harksen, 1966"
1732:
1681:
1653:
1606:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:Pterosaur size
1553:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1444:Geosternbergia
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:Ornithocheirae
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
994:
993:
984:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
917:
912:
910:
900:
898:
888:
869:Geosternbergia
857:Geosternbergia
816:
815:Classification
813:
789:pterodactylids
759:
758:Skull and beak
756:
727:
724:
722:
719:
701:stages of the
691:Geosternbergia
646:refers to the
555:Geosternbergia
503:Myrl V. Walker
480:
477:
472:Geosternbergia
442:pterodactyloid
433:is an extinct
424:
423:
421:
420:
410:
400:
398:(Miller, 1972)
391:
382:
373:
364:
346:
345:
344:
342:
341:
329:
320:
308:
302:Miller, 1972 (
291:Genus synonymy
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
277:
276:
273:
259:
258:
252:
251:
243:
241:
237:
236:
226:
222:
221:
213:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6888:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6846:
6845:United States
6836:
6834:
6824:
6820:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6681:
6634:
6633:
6632:Maaradactylus
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:Cearadactylus
6600:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6579:Anhanguerinae
6576:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:Siroccopteryx
6557:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6518:Tropeognathus
6515:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:Siroccopteryx
6500:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:Anhangueridae
6449:
6443:
6442:
6441:Iberodactylus
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6386:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6334:Cimoliopterus
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:Camposipterus
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6276:Siroccopteryx
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:Camposipterus
6210:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6185:
6184:Tropeognathus
6181:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:Cimoliopterus
6165:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:Camposipterus
6149:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:Araripesaurus
6135:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6079:Boreopteridae
6076:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6057:Cearadactylus
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6008:Istiodactylus
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:Yixianopterus
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5662:Nyctosauridae
5659:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5605:Alamodactylus
5602:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Pteranodontia
5521:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5448:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:Wellnhopterus
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5331:Hatzegopteryx
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:Aralazhdarcho
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:Radiodactylus
5171:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:Apatorhamphus
5054:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4848:Tupandactylus
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:Caupedactylus
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4650:Caupedactylus
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:Caupedactylia
4630:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4489:Neoazhdarchia
4485:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4426:Azhdarchoidea
4422:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:Puntanipterus
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4135:Beipiaopterus
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4091:Tacuadactylus
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:Forfexopterus
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:Elanodactylus
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:Cratonopterus
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:Cathayopterus
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:Ardeadactylus
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:Ardeadactylus
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:Cycnorhamphus
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3767:Pterodactylus
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:Diopecephalus
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3686:Prejanopterus
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3633:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:Herbstosaurus
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:Eurolimnornis
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:Dermodactylus
3516:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:Caelidracones
3364:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3312:
3311:
3310:Wukongopterus
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:Darwinopterus
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:Cuspicephalus
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3236:Pterorhynchus
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3092:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:Scaphognathus
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2688:Eudimorphodon
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:Peteinosaurus
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:Herbstosaurus
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2567:Peteinosaurus
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2530:
2529:
2528:Eudimorphodon
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2423:Preondactylia
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:Peteinosaurus
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:Eopterosauria
2389:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:Preondactylus
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2281:Preondactylia
2278:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:0-689-84113-2
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:(10): 20–33.
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1534:P. sternbergi
1531:
1527:
1526:P. sternbergi
1522:
1521:P. sternbergi
1518:
1514:
1513:P. sternbergi
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:P. sternbergi
1482:
1481:P. sternbergi
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:P. sternbergi
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
990:
983:
982:
976:
975:
972:
971:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
940:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
923:
916:
915:
908:
907:Nyctosauridae
904:
903:
896:
895:Pteranodontia
892:
891:
887:
885:
884:Pteranodontia
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
837:
836:P. sternbergi
832:
826:
825:P. sternbergi
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:P. sternbergi
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
773:P. sternbergi
769:
768:P. sternbergi
765:
764:cranial crest
757:
755:
753:
749:
748:P. sternbergi
744:
737:
736:P. sternbergi
732:
725:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:United States
684:
680:
676:
675:P. sternbergi
672:
670:
669:P. sternbergi
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:specific name
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:, a paper by
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Utica, Kansas
582:
580:
574:
570:
568:
564:
563:P. sternbergi
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:P. sternbergi
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:P. sternbergi
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
473:
468:
467:P. sternbergi
464:
463:P. sternbergi
460:
459:North America
456:
452:
451:
446:
443:
440:
439:pteranodontid
436:
432:
431:
418:Kellner, 2010
414:
411:
408:Kellner, 2010
404:
401:
395:
392:
386:
383:
377:
374:
368:
365:
362:Harksen, 1966
359:
356:
351:
350:G. sternbergi
339:Kellner, 2010
335:
334:
330:
324:
321:
315:
314:(Sternbergia)
313:
309:
305:
299:
296:
285:
282:
278:
274:Harksen, 1966
271:
269:
260:
257:
256:Binomial name
253:
249:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
132:P. sternbergi
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:88–80.5
44:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6833:Paleontology
6720:
6684:
6630:
6625:Ludodactylus
6623:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6586:
6566:
6558:
6553:Nicorhynchus
6551:
6544:
6537:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6439:
6432:
6424:Hamipteridae
6410:
6402:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6332:
6324:
6319:Aetodactylus
6317:
6282:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6253:Ludodactylus
6251:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6205:Aetodactylus
6203:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6093:
6086:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6015:Liaoxipterus
6013:
6006:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5943:Mimodactylus
5941:
5934:
5927:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5861:
5854:
5829:
5821:Lanceodontia
5802:
5794:
5789:Lonchodectes
5787:
5779:
5771:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5610:
5603:
5578:
5570:
5563:
5557:Ornithostoma
5555:
5548:
5540:
5511:
5451:
5365:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5324:Eurazhdarcho
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5252:Azhdarchinae
5238:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5193:Azhdarchidae
5179:
5172:
5164:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5101:
5093:
5088:Meilifeilong
5086:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5031:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4967:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4873:
4866:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4725:Huaxiapterus
4723:
4716:
4710:Eopteranodon
4708:
4700:
4694:Afrotapejara
4692:
4685:Sinopterinae
4674:Afrotapejara
4672:
4648:
4641:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4519:
4514:Bennettazhia
4512:
4477:Ornithostoma
4475:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4404:
4397:
4376:
4368:
4363:Ordosipterus
4361:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4313:Tapejaroidea
4298:
4202:
4156:Pterodaustro
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4113:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4069:Huanhepterus
4067:
4062:Gnathosaurus
4060:
4042:Moganopterus
4040:
4033:
4014:Pterofiltrus
4012:
4007:Petrodactyle
4005:
3998:
3993:Liaodactylus
3991:
3986:Kepodactylus
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3901:Huanhepterus
3899:
3892:
3884:
3863:
3858:Aerodactylus
3856:
3831:
3825:Petrodactyle
3823:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3765:
3758:
3727:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3684:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3541:Kryptodrakon
3539:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3489:
3483:Jeholopterus
3481:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3439:
3432:
3426:Jeholopterus
3424:
3416:
3411:Anurognathus
3409:
3391:Mesadactylus
3389:
3354:
3346:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3258:
3234:
3227:
3216:Darwinoptera
3202:
3195:
3188:
3157:
3149:
3095:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2953:
2947:Nesodactylus
2945:
2939:Cacibupteryx
2937:
2919:Sericipterus
2917:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2858:
2851:
2846:Nesodactylus
2844:
2837:
2830:
2825:Cacibupteryx
2823:
2818:Bellubrunnus
2816:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2729:
2722:
2686:
2673:Lonchognatha
2654:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2596:
2565:
2526:
2518:
2497:
2473:
2466:
2461:Pachagnathus
2459:
2451:
2421:
2413:
2407:Austriadraco
2405:
2371:
2366:Austriadraco
2364:
2356:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2295:
2288:
2268:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2003:
1993:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1841:
1836:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1785:cite journal
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1708:
1704:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1587:(1): 81–85.
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1462:Paleobiology
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1306:
1305:
1282:
1281:
1258:
1257:
1234:
1233:
1174:
1173:
1157:
1156:
1133:
1132:
1109:
1108:
1085:
1084:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1023:
1022:
987:
986:
954:
953:
937:
936:
920:
919:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
842:
841:
835:
824:
792:
782:
776:
772:
767:
762:The upright
761:
751:
747:
742:
741:
735:
714:
710:
690:
674:
673:
668:
664:
659:
655:
635:
625:generic name
620:
617:G. sternbegi
616:
585:
577:
567:P. longiceps
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
519:P. longiceps
518:
514:
510:
496:
484:
482:
471:
470:
466:
462:
448:
429:
428:
427:
412:
402:
393:
389:Miller, 1972
384:
375:
366:
357:
349:
348:Synonyms of
331:
327:Miller, 1978
322:
318:Miller, 1972
310:
297:
267:
262:
246:
245:
232:
131:
35:
29:
6745:Wikispecies
6511:Thapunngaka
6471:Amblydectes
6390:Anhangueria
6354:Aussiedraco
6088:Boreopterus
5863:Lonchodraco
5796:Lonchodraco
5739:Aussiedraco
5685:Nyctosaurus
5542:Bogolubovia
5210:Bogolubovia
5081:Lacusovagus
5073:Eoazhdarcho
5033:Eoazhdarcho
4992:Leptostomia
4984:Keresdrakon
4859:Caiuajarina
4826:Bakonydraco
4794:Lacusovagus
4786:Keresdrakon
4757:Tapejarinae
4718:Huaxiadraco
4702:Bakonydraco
4661:Tapejaridae
4590:Leptostomia
4582:Lacusovagus
4575:Kariridraco
4521:Keresdrakon
4462:Leptostomia
4454:Keresdrakon
4115:Ctenochasma
4077:Lusognathus
4000:Otogopterus
3655:Lophocratia
3588:Lophocratia
3555:Pangupterus
3491:Sinomacrops
2832:Dorygnathus
2701:Novialoidea
2656:Rhamphinion
2633:Dimorphodon
2308:Caviramidae
2252:Pterosauria
2239:Pterosauria
2202:Pterosauria
2141:Archosauria
2102:Pterosauria
1812:: 421–437.
878:Below is a
721:Description
551:Sternbergia
535:Sternbergia
304:preoccupied
298:Sternbergia
193:Pterosauria
6855:Categories
6588:Anhanguera
6479:Ferrodraco
6434:Hamipterus
6362:Barbosania
6237:Ferrodraco
6229:Draigwenia
6064:Hamipterus
6043:Barbosania
5988:Nurhachius
5856:Ikrandraco
5831:Draigwenia
5781:Ikrandraco
5746:Serradraco
5692:Volgadraco
5580:Volgadraco
5572:Tethydraco
5565:Pteranodon
5423:see below↓
5317:Cryodrakon
5240:Volgadraco
5232:Tethydraco
5131:Jidapterus
5095:Microtuban
4933:Microtuban
4834:Europejara
4813:Tapejarini
4802:Vectidraco
4739:Sinopterus
4356:Noripterus
4225:see below↓
4149:Gegepterus
4142:Eosipterus
3597:see below↓
3577:Wenupteryx
3468:Cascocauda
3047:see below↓
2475:Yelaphomte
2211:see below↓
2132:Sauropsida
2037:Pteranodon
1904:Pteranodon
1871:Pteranodon
1668:Pteranodon
1620:Longicepia
1616:Pteranodon
1577:Pteranodon
1562:References
1530:hypothesis
1517:polygynous
1507:and other
1456:P. maiseyi
1448:Pteranodon
873:G. maiseyi
861:Pteranodon
848:Pteranodon
777:G. maiseyi
715:G. maiseyi
703:Cretaceous
660:Pteranodon
547:P. walkeri
539:Pteranodon
527:Pteranodon
511:Pteranodon
450:Pteranodon
312:Pteranodon
233:Pteranodon
199:Suborder:
6539:Aerodraco
5981:Luchibang
5929:Haopterus
5651:Simurghia
5644:Epapatelo
5612:Cretornis
5550:Dawndraco
5276:Azhdarcho
5269:Albadraco
5261:Aerotitan
5181:Alanqidae
4959:Alanqidae
4925:Cretornis
4875:Torukjara
4868:Caiuajara
4605:Tupuxuara
4543:Aerotitan
4447:Inabtanin
4035:Feilongus
3434:Luopterus
3151:Allkaruen
2778:Klobiodon
2618:Allkaruen
2453:Caviramus
2330:Caviramus
2118:Kingdom:
2047:: 1–112.
2022:0891-2963
1932:2167-8359
1916:: –6031.
1769:: 47–59.
1751:] of
1624:longiceps
1509:pinnipeds
1505:sea lions
880:cladogram
699:Campanian
695:Coniacian
665:Dawndraco
656:D. kanzai
650:tribe of
605:Santonian
603:or early
601:Coniacian
579:Dawndraco
561:consider
531:subgenera
453:from the
445:pterosaur
333:Dawndraco
240:Species:
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
6736:Q1935939
6730:Wikidata
6611:Guidraco
6495:Mythunga
6487:Haliskia
6261:Mythunga
6245:Guidraco
6176:Haliskia
5753:Unwindia
5103:Xericeps
5008:Xericeps
4940:Xericeps
4841:Tapejara
4612:Xericeps
4567:Banguela
4340:Banguela
3569:Samrukia
3229:Ceoptera
2126:Chordata
2124:Phylum:
2120:Animalia
2061:90380603
2008:: 1–22.
1985:84617119
1950:30581660
1727:21152777
1540:See also
809:mandible
787:and the
734:Size of
697:– early
679:Niobrara
629:Iroquois
281:Synonyms
212:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
6819:Portals
6791:4128916
6778:1030343
6765:4818519
5637:Alcione
4746:Wightia
2130:Class:
1941:6296329
1678:: 1–70.
1648:3627664
1601:3626742
1074:
1005:
909:
897:
805:maxilla
642:". The
631:with a
623:. This
595:of the
513:called
437:of the
435:species
265:†
244:†
225:Genus:
186:Order:
6804:173998
5202:Alanqa
4969:Alanqa
4551:Alanqa
3159:Sordes
3026:Sordes
2059:
2020:
1983:
1948:
1938:
1930:
1848:
1824:
1725:
1646:
1599:
1479:Adult
1070:
1001:
905:
893:
652:Kansas
640:dragon
581:kanzai
447:genus
6773:IRMNG
4300:Piksi
2896:Dearc
2155:Clade
2146:Clade
2137:Clade
2057:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1910:PeerJ
1701:(PDF)
1644:JSTOR
1597:JSTOR
801:birds
648:Kanza
636:draco
633:Latin
6760:GBIF
2188:see
2018:ISSN
1946:PMID
1928:ISSN
1846:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1791:link
1723:PMID
1488:was
1454:and
797:beak
726:Size
681:and
609:2010
56:PreꞒ
2049:doi
2045:260
2010:doi
1973:doi
1969:103
1936:PMC
1918:doi
1883:doi
1814:doi
1771:doi
1749:sic
1713:doi
1676:169
1636:doi
1589:doi
766:of
638:, "
6857::
6801::
6788::
6775::
6762::
6747::
6732::
2157::
2148::
2139::
2055:.
2043:.
2016:.
2002:.
1979:.
1967:.
1944:.
1934:.
1926:.
1912:.
1908:.
1879:12
1877:.
1857:^
1820:.
1810:21
1787:}}
1783:{{
1765:.
1761:.
1735:^
1721:.
1709:82
1707:.
1703:.
1684:^
1674:.
1656:^
1642:.
1632:74
1630:.
1622:)
1595:.
1585:61
1583:.
1511:,
875:.
871:,
791:,
689:.
521:.
461:.
415:?
405:?
336:?
106:Pg
50:Ma
45:,
6821::
6606:?
6598:?
6563:?
6531:?
6506:?
6498:?
6490:?
6482:?
6474:?
6463:?
6426:?
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6216:?
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5799:?
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5264:?
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5220:?
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2094:e
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2063:.
2051::
2024:.
2012::
1987:.
1975::
1952:.
1920::
1914:6
1889:.
1885::
1852:.
1830:.
1816::
1793:)
1779:.
1773::
1767:3
1729:.
1715::
1650:.
1638::
1618:(
1603:.
1591::
1450:(
306:)
229:†
216:†
203:†
190:†
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
20:)
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