2158:
151:
2881:
2170:
552:
2893:
43:
620:) in April 1982. He claimed that at the end of the 20th century the needs for geographical information would reach a scope without precedent in history and that, in order to address these needs, it was necessary to integrate in a new discipline both the traditional disciplines of land surveying and the new tools and techniques of data capture, manipulation, storage and diffusion.
2917:
792:
2905:
2182:
809:(i.e. information that has a location). The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for spatial analysis and visualization. Geomatics engineers design, develop, and operate systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and manmade features.
812:
Geomatics engineers apply engineering principles to spatial information and implement relational data structures involving measurement sciences, thus using geomatics and acting as spatial information engineers. Geomatics engineers manage local, regional, national and global spatial data
749:
was considered too specific to the preparation of marine charts, and failed to include the broader concept of positioning or measurements in all marine environments. The use of different data processing technologies in hydrography does not change the purpose of its research.
1506:
756:
can improve our understanding of the important relationship between location and health, and thus assist us in Public Health tasks like disease prevention, and also in better healthcare service planning.
764:
science" have re-titled themselves using the terms "geomatics" or "geomatics engineering", while others have switched to program titles such as "spatial information technology", and similar names.
1904:
2958:
2808:
1401:
510:
676:
574:". Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in the collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data.
1582:
Lam, Steve Yau-Wah; Yip, Tsz Leung (February 2008). "The role of geomatics engineering in establishing the marine information system for maritime management".
597:
The term was proposed in French ("géomatique") at the end of the 1960s by scientist
Bernard Dubuisson to reflect at the time recent changes in the jobs of
332:
2220:
500:
468:
2859:
688:
571:
1946:
680:
478:
1828:
745:
covers the area associated with surveying work carried out on, above or below the surface of the sea or other areas of water. The older term of
1801:
1765:
1730:
1707:
1644:
1330:
1204:
458:
1196:
582:
1840:
955:
239:
2921:
606:
538:
126:
1244:
813:
infrastructures. Geomatics engineering also involves aspects of
Computer Engineering, Software Engineering and Civil Engineering.
2943:
2854:
2818:
683:, and many other international authorities, although some (especially in the United States) have shown a preference for the term
737:
has been proposed as alternative comprehensive term; however, their popularity is, like geomatics, largely dependent on country.
2953:
617:
616:
article, in 1981 and in a keynote address at the centennial congress of the
Canadian Institute of Surveying (now known as the
2813:
2567:
2213:
1097:
734:
652:
324:
64:
1781:"Geomatics", sec. 1.3 in Mathias Lemmens (2011), Geo-information: Technologies, Applications and the Environment, Springer.
1660:
1531:
Hazelton, N W J (September 2005). "Surveying, Geomatics, and
Engineering: A 'Structure' for a Rapidly Evolving Profession".
1480:
1749:
2673:
991:
703:
636:
340:
2839:
2600:
1939:
107:
1870:
1860:
2258:
2243:
1016:
900:
846:
79:
1221:"ACSG - Association canadienne des sciences géomatiques (Section Champlain) /// Des références utiles en géomatique"
60:
53:
2715:
2206:
1085:
951:
868:
644:
303:
86:
1691:
1007:
842:
767:
The rapid progress and increased visibility of geomatics since the 1990s has been made possible by advances in
270:
2080:
2075:
1354:"Proposal of Redefinition of the Terms Geomatics and Geoinformatics on the Basis of Terminological Postulates"
698:, such as the above, appear to encompass the entire discipline relating to geographic information – including
217:
2823:
2788:
2730:
2253:
1932:
1284:
Boehm, Richard G.; Mohan, Audrey (2010). "Geospatial
Technology: Curricular Keystone of Applied Geography".
1051:
977:
368:
93:
2643:
2610:
2358:
2288:
388:
150:
2765:
2605:
2577:
2458:
2308:
1540:
1003:
760:
A growing number of university departments which were once titled "surveying", "survey engineering" or "
575:
531:
448:
198:
2909:
1825:
1121:
ISO/TR 19122:2004(en) Geographic information/Geomatics — Qualification and certification of personnel
75:
2783:
2755:
2656:
2634:
2592:
2492:
2363:
2353:
2323:
2293:
2263:
2248:
2232:
1995:
1739:
Yvan BĂ©dard, "Geomatics" in Karen Kemp (2008), Encyclopedia of
Geographic Information Science, Sage.
1365:
862:
776:
711:
640:
438:
408:
348:
298:
224:
2864:
2849:
2544:
2449:
2390:
2373:
2348:
2298:
2186:
920:
825:
806:
586:
567:
260:
208:
2892:
2948:
2885:
2745:
2695:
2534:
2405:
2368:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2313:
2303:
2012:
1974:
1969:
1609:
1070:
894:
180:
609:
memorandum dated 1 June 1971 instituting a "standing committee of geomatics" in the government.
2615:
2435:
2395:
1797:
1761:
1740:
1726:
1703:
1640:
1462:
1454:
1413:
1383:
1326:
1301:
1200:
1122:
578:
was the widely used name for geomatic(s) engineering in the past. Geomatics was placed by the
280:
265:
1782:
2963:
2897:
2710:
2582:
2467:
2385:
2318:
2174:
2100:
2090:
2022:
2007:
1775:
1632:
1599:
1591:
1444:
1373:
1320:
1293:
1171:
1036:
1012:
997:
885:
772:
570:
concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of
524:
275:
2678:
2471:
2378:
2280:
2095:
2065:
1899:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1057:
1046:
986:
879:
1507:"White Mountains Community College- Spatial Information Technology Transcript Checklist"
1369:
2740:
2735:
2700:
2620:
2562:
2423:
2162:
2070:
2042:
2037:
2032:
1102:
1075:
1041:
1026:
1020:
937:
Geomatics integrates science and technology from both new and traditional disciplines:
925:
873:
836:
780:
728:
707:
660:
628:
624:
602:
488:
255:
229:
100:
31:
1909:
612:
The term was popularised in
English by French-Canadian surveyor Michel Paradis in his
17:
2937:
2705:
2668:
2497:
2444:
2085:
2047:
1894:
1787:
1722:
1613:
1246:
Arrêté du 27 décembre 1994 relatif à la terminologie de la télédétection aérospatiale
1220:
1031:
796:
551:
2844:
2683:
2520:
2439:
2428:
2413:
2338:
1880:
Lemmer, the
Netherlands: Geodetical Information & Trading Centre ISSN 1566-9076
905:
213:
1791:
1755:
2773:
2725:
2720:
2661:
2651:
2463:
2453:
2136:
2000:
1990:
1774:"Geomatics", Chap. 1 in Mario A. Gomarasca (2009) Basics of Geomatics, Springer.
1544:
1133:
994:(GIS), spatial database management and geographic information technology (GeoIT)
982:
967:
946:
910:
761:
746:
723:
715:
632:
170:
42:
2778:
2528:
2506:
2481:
2476:
2131:
2027:
1636:
1595:
1433:"Health Geomatics: An Enabling Suite of Technologies in Health and Healthcare"
972:
831:
664:
563:
1458:
1417:
1387:
1305:
2750:
2552:
2515:
2511:
2229:
2121:
1857:
1297:
1176:
1159:
961:
719:
668:
598:
249:
1886:
1466:
1449:
1432:
791:
675:. The term was originally used in Canada but has since been adopted by the
2524:
1818:
1378:
1353:
1061:
768:
428:
245:
234:
2688:
2557:
2501:
2485:
2418:
2141:
2126:
1955:
1604:
941:
699:
648:
308:
165:
142:
1913:
1000:, spatial data mining and knowledge discovery, and spatial statistics
964:(including land, cadastral, aerial, mining and engineering surveying)
656:
579:
418:
378:
316:
1875:
1265:
Paradis, Michel (September 1981). "De l'arpentage à la géomatique".
2198:
718:–, the term is almost exclusively restricted to the perspective of
1481:"Geomatics engineering & geographic information systems (GIS)"
1080:
915:
856:
790:
550:
203:
1850:
2105:
1918:
805:
is a rapidly developing engineering discipline which focuses on
505:
398:
2202:
1928:
1744:
Yvan BĂ©dard (2007), "Geomatics": 26 years of history already!,
1700:
Geomatic
Methods for the Analysis of Data in the Earth Sciences
1431:
Kamel Boulos, M. N; Roudsari, A. V; Carson, E. R (2001-06-01).
850:
672:
36:
1889: : Association de géometres pour aide au développement.
1559:"Department of Geomatics Engineering | Kathmandu University"
1698:
Dermanis, Athanasios; Grün, Armin; Sansò, Fernando (2000).
1924:
1793:
Geomatics
Engineering: A Practical Guide to Project Design
1558:
1322:
Geospatial Technology and the Role of Location in Science
1160:"What is Technical Geography – a letter from the editor"
1325:. GeoJournal Library. Springer Netherlands. p. 1.
555:
A surveyor's shed showing equipment used for geomatics
1627:
Ghosh, Jayanta Kumar; da Silva, Irineu, eds. (2020).
1485:
University of Colorado Denver- College of Engineering
1631:. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Vol. 33.
1286:
International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research
623:
Geomatics includes the tools and techniques used in
2832:
2801:
2764:
2642:
2633:
2591:
2543:
2404:
2279:
2272:
2114:
2056:
1983:
1962:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1921:at National Technical University of Athens (MEng)
1319:Scholten, H.J.; Velde, R.; van Manen, N. (2009).
687:, which may be defined as synonym of "geospatial
2959:Geographic data and information fields of study
1402:"Invited reply: Hydrography or hydrogeomatics?"
779:, as well as by airborne and space observation
1629:Applications of Geomatics in Civil Engineering
1358:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
677:International Organization for Standardization
2809:Geographic data and information organizations
2214:
1940:
532:
8:
1821:at Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
2639:
2276:
2221:
2207:
2199:
1947:
1933:
1925:
1858:Northwest Territories Centre for Geomatics
539:
525:
506:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
501:International Terrestrial Reference System
138:
2860:National Council for Geographic Education
1919:School of Rural and Surveying Engineering
1603:
1448:
1377:
1175:
689:information and communications technology
572:geographic data or geographic information
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1903:) is being considered for deletion. See
865:for disaster risk reduction and response
681:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
1114:
141:
1533:Surveying and Land Information Science
1195:(1 ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
1138:Applied Geomatics Research Laboratory
7:
2904:
2181:
583:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
364:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2916:
1563:Department of Geomatics Engineering
641:global navigation satellite systems
605:. The term was first employed in a
511:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
473:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
1871:Environment Agency Geomatics Group
956:global navigation satellite system
383:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
349:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
240:Horizontal position representation
25:
1907:to help reach a consensus. ›
1437:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
2915:
2903:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2855:International Geography Olympiad
2180:
2169:
2168:
2156:
1838:Bachelor of Science in Geomatics
1584:Maritime Policy & Management
299:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
149:
41:
1817:International Master's Program
1487:. University of Colorado Denver
726:toward geographic information.
618:Canadian Institute of Geomatics
614:The little Geodesist that could
607:French Ministry of Public Works
463:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
52:needs additional citations for
2568:Geographic information science
1352:Krawczyk, Artur (2022-11-09).
1098:Geographic Information Science
992:Geographic information systems
735:Geographic information science
704:geographic information systems
637:geographic information systems
493:Internet link to a point 2010
423:Geodetic Reference System 1980
341:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
1:
2674:Geographic information system
694:Although many definitions of
671:, and related forms of earth
483:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
2601:Environmental social science
1853:at the University of Florida
1847:at Nicholls State University
1754:Gomarasca, Mario A. (2009).
1225:acsg-champlain.scg.ulaval.ca
821:Application areas include:
566:series of standards as the "
433:Geographic point coord. 1983
2101:Precession of the equinoxes
1717:Kavanagh, Barry F. (2003).
1017:Visual communication design
901:Urban and regional planning
859:zone management and mapping
393:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
2980:
1412:: 34–37. 1 December 2003.
888:monitoring and development
453:World Geodetic System 1984
29:
27:Geographic data discipline
2875:
2716:Global Positioning System
2239:
2150:
1887:Géomètres sans Frontières
1637:10.1007/978-981-13-7067-0
1596:10.1080/03088830701848896
1086:Digital terrain modelling
1023:and multimedia technology
952:Global positioning system
928:/Environmental Monitoring
843:Archaeological excavation
443:North American Datum 1983
413:South American Datum 1969
1905:templates for discussion
1692:Natural Resources Canada
1665:engineering.ucdenver.edu
1067:Applications programming
1052:Land information systems
1008:scientific visualization
304:Global Pos. System (GPS)
271:Spatial reference system
30:Not to be confused with
2944:Geographical technology
2824:National mapping agency
2789:Survey (human research)
2731:Participant observation
1298:10.4018/jagr.2010071602
1177:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01
1015:, Geovisual Analytics,
978:Location-based services
2954:Science and technology
2814:Geographical societies
2611:Landscape architecture
1702:. New York: Springer.
1450:10.1006/jbin.2001.1015
891:Seismic Interpretation
799:
556:
18:Geospatial engineering
2606:Environmental studies
2578:Statistical geography
2459:Environmental science
2081:Earth's gravity field
2076:Earth's energy budget
1158:Haidu, Ionel (2016).
1004:Computer-aided design
803:Geomatics engineering
794:
787:Geomatics engineering
741:The related field of
685:geospatial technology
593:History and etymology
576:Surveying engineering
554:
199:Geographical distance
2819:Geoscience societies
2784:Interview (research)
2756:Land change modeling
2657:Computer cartography
2635:Techniques and tools
2493:Earth system science
1996:Computer cartography
1420:– via GITC BV.
1379:10.3390/ijgi11110557
1267:Le Géomètre Canadien
1191:Sala, Maria (2009).
863:Disaster informatics
826:Aeromagnetic surveys
777:software engineering
712:satellite navigation
585:under the branch of
373:Sea Level Datum 1929
225:Geodetic coordinates
61:improve this article
2865:Spatial citizenship
2850:Geographers on Film
2840:Geography education
2450:Atmospheric science
2115:Related disciplines
1757:Basics of Geomatics
1406:Hydro International
1370:2022IJGI...11..557K
1164:Geographia Technica
1064:, real property law
921:Resource Management
807:spatial information
587:technical geography
403:European Datum 1950
361:Standards (history)
261:Reference ellipsoid
209:Figure of the Earth
2746:Statistical survey
2696:Geologic modelling
2535:Quaternary science
2163:Geodesy portal
2013:Geodetic astronomy
1863:2020-01-28 at the
1843:2016-07-28 at the
1831:2021-11-23 at the
1661:"Marshall, Wesley"
1193:Geography Volume I
1071:Project management
933:Areas of knowledge
800:
562:is defined in the
557:
281:Vertical positions
2931:
2930:
2797:
2796:
2629:
2628:
2616:Landscape ecology
2436:Coastal geography
2196:
2195:
1877:GIM International
1851:Geomatics program
1826:Geomatics Program
1803:978-1-439-89511-5
1767:978-1-402-09014-1
1748:, 61(3):269–272.
1732:978-0-130-32289-0
1709:978-3-540-67476-4
1646:978-981-13-7066-3
1332:978-90-481-2620-0
1206:978-1-84826-960-6
795:Surveyor using a
549:
548:
497:
496:
276:Spatial relations
266:Satellite geodesy
221:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2971:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2711:Geovisualization
2640:
2583:Spatial analysis
2468:Paleoclimatology
2277:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2091:Gravity of Earth
2023:Gravity of Earth
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1885:
1807:
1771:
1736:
1713:
1688:Geomatics Canada
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1037:Image processing
1013:Geovisualization
998:Spatial analysis
886:Natural resource
773:computer science
754:Health geomatics
603:photogrammetrist
541:
534:
527:
365:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
252:
211:
153:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2871:
2828:
2793:
2760:
2679:Distributed GIS
2625:
2587:
2539:
2472:Palaeogeography
2400:
2268:
2235:
2227:
2197:
2192:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2110:
2096:Plate tectonics
2071:Coriolis effect
2066:Chandler wobble
2058:
2052:
1979:
1958:
1953:
1908:
1883:
1865:Wayback Machine
1845:Wayback Machine
1833:Wayback Machine
1814:
1804:
1786:
1768:
1753:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1682:Further reading
1679:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1094:
1058:Land management
1047:Computer vision
987:digital mapping
935:
880:Land management
869:The environment
819:
789:
595:
545:
516:
515:
362:
354:
353:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
294:
286:
285:
244:
194:
186:
185:
161:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Remote sensing
2738:
2736:Photogrammetry
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Geomathematics
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2621:Time geography
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Geoinformatics
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2474:
2461:
2456:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:Phytogeography
2421:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:Geopositioning
2040:
2038:Remote Sensing
2035:
2033:Photogrammetry
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1822:
1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1788:Ogaja, Clement
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1714:
1708:
1695:
1694:ISSN 1491-5480
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1652:
1645:
1619:
1574:
1550:
1539:(3): 211–222.
1523:
1498:
1472:
1443:(3): 195–219.
1423:
1393:
1344:
1331:
1311:
1276:
1257:
1236:
1212:
1205:
1183:
1150:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:Geoinformatics
1100:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:Land Surveying
1073:
1068:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1042:Photogrammetry
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:Remote sensing
1024:
1021:graphic design
1010:
1001:
995:
989:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
949:
944:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:Climate Change
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
889:
883:
877:
874:Infrastructure
871:
866:
860:
854:
840:
837:Air navigation
834:
828:
818:
815:
788:
785:
783:technologies.
781:remote-sensing
743:hydrogeomatics
729:Geoinformatics
708:remote sensing
661:photogrammetry
629:remote sensing
625:land surveying
594:
591:
547:
546:
544:
543:
536:
529:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:Map projection
253:
242:
237:
232:
230:Geodetic datum
227:
222:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
146:
145:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
32:Geoinformatics
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2976:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Geostatistics
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Geochronology
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:Geomorphology
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:Earth science
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2048:Virtual globe
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Earth's orbit
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1796:. CRC Press.
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1723:Prentice Hall
1720:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:(in French).
1268:
1261:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Digital Earth
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
932:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
816:
814:
810:
808:
804:
798:
797:total station
793:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:hydrographics
744:
739:
738:
736:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
339:
337:
331:
329:
323:
321:
317:BeiDou (BDS)
315:
313:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
218:circumference
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2845:Geo-literacy
2802:Institutions
2684:Internet GIS
2644:Quantitative
2572:
2521:Soil science
2440:Oceanography
2429:Zoogeography
2414:Biogeography
2289:Agricultural
2185:
2173:
2154:
2017:
1898:
1876:
1792:
1760:. Springer.
1756:
1745:
1718:
1699:
1687:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1628:
1622:
1590:(1): 53–60.
1587:
1583:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1321:
1314:
1292:(1): 26–39.
1289:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1250:, retrieved
1245:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1192:
1186:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1117:
936:
906:Oceanography
853:applications
820:
817:Applications
811:
802:
801:
766:
759:
753:
752:
742:
740:
733:
727:
695:
693:
684:
622:
613:
611:
596:
559:
558:
293:Technologies
248: /
175:
160:Fundamentals
123:
117:October 2021
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2922:WikiProject
2774:Ethnography
2766:Qualitative
2726:Map algebra
2721:Hydrography
2662:Web mapping
2652:Cartography
2464:Climatology
2454:Meteorology
2309:Development
2137:Mathematics
2001:Web mapping
1991:Cartography
1893:‹ The
1884:(in French)
1605:10397/27671
1364:(11): 557.
983:Cartography
968:Hydrography
947:Geodynamics
911:Meteorology
895:Subdivision
762:topographic
724:engineering
716:cartography
633:cartography
171:Geodynamics
76:"Geomatics"
2938:Categories
2779:Geopoetics
2593:Integrated
2529:Edaphology
2507:Glaciology
2482:Geophysics
2477:Geobiology
2364:Settlement
2354:Population
2324:Historical
2294:Behavioral
2254:Philosophy
2132:Geophysics
2028:Navigation
1975:Geodesists
1824:Namibia's
1670:2023-11-16
1568:2023-11-16
1516:October 3,
1491:October 3,
1338:2022-01-28
1252:2019-11-04
1230:2019-11-04
1134:"About Us"
1109:References
1006:(CAD) and
973:Navigation
882:and reform
876:management
832:geophysics
771:hardware,
665:geophysics
568:discipline
564:ISO/TC 211
87:newspapers
2949:Geomatics
2833:Education
2751:Surveying
2573:Geomatics
2553:Geodesign
2545:Technical
2516:Limnology
2512:Hydrology
2391:Strategic
2374:Transport
2349:Political
2339:Marketing
2299:Cognitive
2230:Geography
2122:Astronomy
2086:Geodynamo
2059:phenomena
2057:Physical
2018:Geomatics
1984:Subfields
1910:Geomatics
1856:Canada's
1819:Geomatics
1746:Geomatica
1719:Geomatics
1614:154941027
1545:202972772
1511:PDFFiller
1459:1532-0464
1418:1385-4569
1388:2220-9964
1306:1947-9654
1273:(3): 262.
962:Surveying
954:(GPS) or
830:Airborne
720:surveying
696:geomatics
669:geography
560:Geomatics
250:Longitude
176:Geomatics
2886:Category
2525:Pedology
2406:Physical
2369:Regional
2359:Religion
2344:Military
2334:Language
2329:Internet
2314:Economic
2304:Cultural
2273:Branches
2244:Glossary
2175:Category
1963:Overview
1895:template
1861:Archived
1841:Archived
1829:Archived
1790:(2016).
1690:Ottawa:
1541:ProQuest
1467:11723701
1199:UNESCO.
1092:See also
1062:cadastre
897:planning
839:services
769:computer
599:surveyor
429:ISO 6709
327:(Europe)
325:Galileo
311:(Russia)
309:GLONASS
246:Latitude
235:Geodesic
193:Concepts
2964:Geodesy
2910:Commons
2689:Web GIS
2558:Geodesy
2502:Geology
2486:Geodesy
2419:Ecology
2396:Tourism
2264:Outline
2249:History
2187:Commons
2142:Physics
2127:Geology
1970:History
1956:Geodesy
1897:below (
1366:Bibcode
1170:: 1–5.
1143:2 April
942:Geodesy
857:Coastal
700:geodesy
673:mapping
653:Galileo
649:GLONASS
639:(GIS),
489:Geo URI
459:NAVD 88
369:NGVD 29
343:(Japan)
335:(India)
319:(China)
181:History
166:Geodesy
143:Geodesy
101:scholar
2898:Portal
2386:Social
2319:Health
2233:topics
1914:Curlie
1900:Curlie
1800:
1764:
1729:
1706:
1643:
1612:
1543:
1465:
1457:
1416:
1386:
1329:
1304:
1203:
958:(GNSS)
847:survey
775:, and
714:, and
679:, the
657:BeiDou
580:UNESCO
479:GCJ-02
469:ETRS89
449:WGS 84
439:NAD 83
419:GRS 80
379:OSGB36
333:NAVIC
214:radius
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2379:Urban
2281:Human
2259:Index
1869:UK's
1610:S2CID
1197:EOLSS
1081:LIDAR
1054:(LIS)
916:Parks
409:SAD69
389:SK-42
204:Geoid
108:JSTOR
94:books
2106:Tide
1798:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1518:2021
1493:2021
1463:PMID
1455:ISSN
1414:ISSN
1384:ISSN
1327:ISBN
1302:ISSN
1201:ISBN
1145:2018
985:and
849:for
845:and
732:and
722:and
601:and
399:ED50
216:and
80:news
1912:at
1633:doi
1600:hdl
1592:doi
1445:doi
1374:doi
1294:doi
1172:doi
851:GIS
691:".
659:),
645:GPS
63:by
2940::
2514:/
2500:/
2484:/
2470:/
2466:/
2452:/
2438:/
1725:.
1721:.
1663:.
1639:.
1608:.
1598:.
1588:35
1586:.
1561:.
1537:65
1535:.
1509:.
1483:.
1461:.
1453:.
1441:34
1439:.
1435:.
1408:.
1404:.
1382:.
1372:.
1362:11
1360:.
1356:.
1300:.
1288:.
1271:35
1223:.
1168:11
1166:.
1162:.
1136:.
1060:,
1019:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
667:,
663:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
635:,
631:,
627:,
589:.
2531:)
2527:/
2523:(
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
1948:e
1941:t
1934:v
1806:.
1770:.
1735:.
1712:.
1673:.
1649:.
1635::
1616:.
1602::
1594::
1571:.
1547:.
1520:.
1495:.
1469:.
1447::
1410:7
1390:.
1376::
1368::
1341:.
1308:.
1296::
1290:1
1233:.
1209:.
1180:.
1174::
1147:.
643:(
540:e
533:t
526:v
220:)
212:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.