31:
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Ni P, Ruan J, Li Q, Zhu H, Liu D, Lu Z, Li N, Guo G, Zhang J, Ye J, Fang L, Hao Q, Chen Q, Liang Y, Su Y, San A, Ping C, Yang S, Chen F, Li L, Zhou K, Zheng H, Ren Y, Yang L, Gao Y, Yang G, Li Z, Feng X, Kristiansen K, Wong GK, Nielsen R, Durbin R, Bolund L, Zhang X, Li S, Yang H, Wang J (2008-11-06).
912:
Elsik, C. G.; Elsik, R. L.; Tellam, K. C.; Worley, R. A.; Gibbs, D. M.; Muzny, G. M.; Weinstock, D. L.; Adelson, E. E.; Eichler, L.; Elnitski, R.; Guigó, D. L.; Hamernik, S. M.; Kappes, H. A.; Lewin, D. J.; Lynn, F. W.; Nicholas, A.; Reymond, M.; Rijnkels, L. C.; Skow, E. M.; Zdobnov, L.; Schook, J.;
799:
Wang J, Wang W, Li R, Li Y, Tian G, Goodman L, Fan W, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Feng B, Li H, Lu Y, Fang X, Liang H, Du Z, Li D, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Yang Z, Zheng H, Hellmann I, Inouye M, Pool J, Yi X, Zhao J, Duan J, Zhou Y, Qin J, Ma L, Li G, Yang Z, Zhang G, Yang B, Yu C, Liang F, Li W, Li S, Li D,
733:
Rasmussen M, Li Y, Lindgreen S, Pedersen JS, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Kivisild T, Gupta R, Bertalan M, Nielsen K, Gilbert MT, Wang Y, Raghavan M, Campos PF, Kamp HM, Wilson AS, Gledhill A, Tridico S, Bunce M, Lorenzen ED, Binladen J, Guo X, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li Z, Chen
331:
the genome to provide a series of landmarks across the genome. Rather than sequence a chromosome in one go, it would be sequenced piece by piece (with the prior knowledge of approximately where that piece is located on the larger chromosome). Changes in technology and in particular improvements to
734:
M, Orlando L, Kristiansen K, Bak M, Tommerup N, Bendixen C, Pierre TL, Grønnow B, Meldgaard M, Andreasen C, Fedorova SA, Osipova LP, Higham TF, Ramsey CB, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Crawford MH, Brunak S, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Villems R, Nielsen R, Krogh A, Wang J, Willerslev E (2010-02-11).
377:
In the future, it is likely that it will become even cheaper and quicker to sequence a genome. This will allow for complete genome sequences to be determined from many different individuals of the same species. For humans, this will allow us to better understand aspects of
192:
Originally, most large-scale DNA sequencing centers developed their own software for assembling the sequences that they produced. However, this has changed as the software has grown more complex and as the number of sequencing centers has increased. An example of such
995:
Scott, Alison D; Zimin, Aleksey V; Puiu, Daniela; Workman, Rachael; Britton, Monica; Zaman, Sumaira; Caballero, Madison; Read, Andrew C; Bogdanove, Adam J; Burns, Emily; Wegrzyn, Jill; Timp, Winston; Salzberg, Steven L; Neale, David B (November 1, 2020).
258:
of a genome sequence has been determined, there are still likely to be errors present because DNA sequencing is not a completely accurate process. It could also be argued that a complete genome project should include the sequences of
1408:
254:). Thus, 'completed' genome sequences are rarely ever complete, and terms such as 'working draft' or 'essentially complete' have been used to more accurately describe the status of such genome projects. Even when every
366:) or species which have commercial importance (e.g. livestock and crop plants). Secondary emphasis is placed on species whose genomes will help answer important questions in
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containing a single chromosome, a genome project will aim to map the sequence of that chromosome. For the human species, whose genome includes 22 pairs of
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In many ways genome projects do not confine themselves to only determining a DNA sequence of an organism. Such projects may also include
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146:) is first fractured into millions of small pieces. These pieces are then "read" by automated sequencing machines. A genome assembly
913:
Womack, T.; Alioto, S. E.; Antonarakis, A.; Astashyn, C. E.; Chapple, H. -C.; Chen, J.; Chrast, F.; Câmara, O.; et al. (2009).
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may only account for a few percent of the entire sequence). However, it is not always possible (or desirable) to only sequence the
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When research agencies decide what new genomes to sequence, the emphasis has been on species which are either high importance as
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works by taking all the pieces and aligning them to one another, and detecting all places where two of the short sequences, or
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Li R, Zhu H, Ruan J, Qian W, Fang X, Shi Z, Li Y, Li S, Shan G, Kristiansen K, Li S, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J (February 2010).
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in that particular genome sequence. The proportion of a genome that encodes for genes may be very small (particularly in
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165:. These repeats can be thousands of nucleotides long, and occur different locations, especially in the large genomes of
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The Giant
Sequoia genome sequence was extracted from a single fertilized seed harvested from a 1,360-year-old tree in
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to find out where the genes are in a genome, and what those genes do. There may also be related projects to sequence
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technology have meant that the cost of sequencing a new genome sequence has steadily fallen (in terms of cost per
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Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including:
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It is often reported that the goal of sequencing a genome is to obtain information about the complete set of
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problem, made more difficult because many genomes contain large numbers of identical sequences, known as
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and other important genome-encoded features. The genome sequence of an organism includes the collective
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and 2 sex chromosomes, a complete genome sequence will involve 46 separate chromosome sequences.
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and then employing linking information to create scaffolds. Scaffolds are positioned along the
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a genome, there are usually regions that are difficult to sequence (often regions with highly
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The resulting (draft) genome sequence is produced by combining the information sequenced
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347:) and newer technology has also meant that genomes can be sequenced far more quickly.
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915:"The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution"
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When printed, the human genome sequence fills around 100 huge books of close print
675:"De novo assembly of human genomes with massively parallel short read sequencing"
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An
Echinoderm genomic database, (previous SpBase, a sea urchin genome database)
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Scientific endeavours to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism
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154:, overlap. These overlapping reads can be merged, and the process continues.
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer
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886:"What makes a cow a cow? Genome sequence sheds light on ruminant evolution"
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detection, resequencing, indel finding, and structural variation analysis.
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Genome assembly refers to the process of taking a large number of short
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separately. Also, as scientists understand more about the role of this
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Historically, when sequencing eukaryotic genomes (such as the worm
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L1 Dominette 01449, the
Hereford who serves as the subject of the
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the processing power of computers, means that genomes can now be '
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and reassembling them to create a representation of the original
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651:, Human Genome Project Information. 2009-10-09. Archived from
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736:"Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo"
588:, private company offering genome analysis & sequencing
45:
endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete
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for de novo assembly of human-sized genomes, alignment,
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645:"Potential Benefits of Human Genome Project Research"
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or have a relevance to human health (e.g. pathogenic
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project, all the DNA from a source (usually a single
802:"The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual"
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975:National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
998:"A Reference Genome Sequence for Giant Sequoia"
623:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell.
582:, private company involved in genome sequencing
552:International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium IMPC
313:to help find out where the genes actually are.
1124:
597:National Center for Biotechnology Information
184:of the chromosomes creating a "golden path".
108:is a well known example of a genome project.
8:
1087:Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance (GIGA)
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1404:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
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317:Historical and technological perspectives
555:Knockout Mouse Phenotyping Project KOMP2
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539:Tomato 150+ genome resequencing project
971:"2007 Release: Horse Genome Assembled"
619:Bioinformatics and functional genomics
510:Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium
198:Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package
1446:European Molecular Biology Laboratory
400:List of sequenced prokaryotic genomes
7:
392:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
157:Genome assembly is a very difficult
130:from which the DNA originated. In a
867:"Mammoth genome sequence completed"
530:International Grape Genome Program
421:Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Park
396:List of sequenced archaeal genomes
25:
81:) and to annotate protein-coding
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1523:
1511:
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1471:
1424:Chromosome conformation capture
865:Ghosh, Pallab (23 April 2015).
450:The Human Genome Project–Write
1:
1452:National Institutes of Health
465:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
1048:GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
1002:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
548:100K Pathogen Genome Project
535:International HapMap Project
1368:Structure-based drug design
884:Yates, Diana (2009-04-23).
1574:
1058:The Protein Naming Utility
615:Pevsner, Jonathan (2009).
469:Neanderthal Genome Project
389:
230:have created the need for
215:
115:
1467:
1458:Wellcome Sanger Institute
1099:Wellcome Sanger Institute
481:Chimpanzee Genome Project
327:) it was common to first
1414:Microfluidic-based tools
1259:Human Connectome Project
1191:Human Microbiome Project
563:Sequoiadendron giganteum
525:Human microbiome project
271:have their own genomes.
1399:Electrospray ionization
1271:Human Epigenome Project
1053:Genome Project Database
939:10.1126/science.1169588
543:100,000 Genomes Project
380:human genetic diversity
93:in the organism. For a
1440:DNA Data Bank of Japan
1356:Human proteome project
1159:Computational genomics
1104:Wellcome Genome Campus
575:Joint Genome Institute
424:
412:
324:Caenorhabditis elegans
294:(often referred to as
282:such as humans, where
35:
1419:Isotope affinity tags
1373:Expression proteomics
1014:10.1534/g3.120.401612
691:10.1101/gr.097261.109
490:Mammuthus primigenius
418:
410:Bovine Genome Project
407:
33:
1179:Human Genome Project
1164:Comparative genomics
649:Department of Energy
440:Human genome project
106:Human Genome Project
1389:2-D electrophoresis
1363:Call-map proteomics
1221:Structural genomics
1208:Population genomics
1169:Functional genomics
931:2009Sci...324..522A
826:10.1038/nature07484
818:2008Natur.456...60W
760:10.1038/nature08835
752:2010Natur.463..757R
368:molecular evolution
362:of disease such as
1343:Structural biology
1154:Cognitive genomics
1092:2021-01-21 at the
1073:2016-10-25 at the
457:, an ancient-human
425:
413:
242:Time of completion
138:, anything from a
132:shotgun sequencing
89:sequences of each
36:
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1394:Mass spectrometer
1203:Personal genomics
1008:(11): 3907–3919.
925:(5926): 522–528.
746:(7282): 757–762.
474:Common chimpanzee
372:common chimpanzee
334:shotgun sequenced
263:and (for plants)
224:molecular biology
222:Since the 1980s,
212:Genome annotation
188:Assembly software
118:Sequence assembly
16:(Redirected from
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1323:Systems biology
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889:(Press Release)
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467:(partial); see
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655:on 2013-07-08
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1186:Metagenomics
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1266:Epigenomics
1198:Pangenomics
1063:SUPERFAMILY
893:EurekAlert!
461:Neanderthal
128:chromosomes
1530:Technology
1351:Proteomics
1288:Lipidomics
1283:Immunomics
1068:EchinoBase
898:2012-12-22
659:2010-06-18
603:References
500:Bos taurus
370:(e.g. the
284:coding DNA
280:eukaryotes
269:organelles
248:sequencing
91:chromosome
53:(be it an
43:scientific
1278:Glycomics
834:0028-0836
768:1476-4687
699:1549-5469
494:Domestic
364:mosquitos
345:base pair
267:as these
256:base pair
236:sequences
195:assembler
148:algorithm
140:bacterium
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95:bacterium
67:bacterium
1552:Category
1542:Medicine
1490:Category
1216:genomics
1140:Genomics
1090:Archived
1071:Archived
1032:32948606
980:19 April
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871:BBC News
852:18987735
786:20148029
717:20019144
580:Illumina
569:See also
520:HRDetect
444:Humans,
386:Examples
356:bacteria
296:junk DNA
136:organism
71:archaean
51:organism
1518:Biology
1504:Portals
1239:Biochip
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927:Bibcode
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360:vectors
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311:mRNAs
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