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The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats. A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall
547:" forces (especially in the English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad.
806:
influence for instance but, while Italy still has the
Italian equivalent known as the Carabinieri, with a second more specialized agency called Guardia di Finanza, Belgium and Austria's gendarmeries have merged with the civil police (in, respectively, 2001 and 2005). Many former French colonies,
715:, a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of the French gendarmerie.
708:, a gendarmerie service, was created on 19 June 1982. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in the wake of growing unrest.
734:
In France, the gendarmerie is in charge of rural areas and small towns (typically less than 10,000 inhabitants) which represent 95% of the territory and close to 50% of the population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the
830:
and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. Those honours include
Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and the Second World War.
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582:, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. In addition, some gendarmeries can be part of a civilian police force, such as the
685:— initially an armed force located in police barracks, routinely unarmed after the 1880s when most civil unrest had subsided. Some consider this a gendarmerie, although this is tendentious as the subsequent
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620:
Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which the term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking
601:(GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from the Canadian Army), and have even been awarded
677:
performed a variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. Prior to the creation of the
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A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. For instance, the French language title of the
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In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with
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In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether a force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. Mexico's
617:; however, it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law.
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under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie.
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The use of military organisations to police civilian populations is common to many time periods and cultures. Being a French concept, the
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is referred to in French as the
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in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities. Gendarmeries are widely used for
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in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as
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is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the
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These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance the
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As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as "
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for the armed forces. It was introduced to several other
Western European countries during the
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628:). In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the "
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was created by King
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Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Italy,
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669:) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within
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The
Paradox of Gendarmeries : Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution
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of the Irish Free State were also uniformly armed but not described as a gendarmerie.
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Armed Forces in Law
Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective
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Forces de police et forces armées, sécurité et défense: où sont les frontières?
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Occupying Syria Under the French
Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation
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27:
Military force also tasked with law enforcement among the civilian population
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1059:. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
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A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence (e.g.
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This article is about the concept. For bodies called "Gendarmerie", see
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Accountability in
Namibia: Human rights and the transition to democracy
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946:(1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57.
632:"), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros".
1238:"The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?"
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has been the most influential model for such an organisation.
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or "Magav", which is the gendarmerie branch of the civilian
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A similar concept exists in Eastern Europe in the form of
338:. In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French
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especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. The Dutch
657:, were only defined as police for political reasons. In
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the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see:
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until 1980). Some historical military units, such as
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198:
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Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe
365:, which are present in many countries of the former
268:
204:
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256:
210:
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74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
846:Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing
282:) is derived from the medieval French expression
1215:official website of the French Defence Ministry
241:duties among the civilian population. The term
37:"Gendarme" redirects here. For other uses, see
1101:(2001 ed.). Human Rights Watch. pp.
1027:Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo
838:, first used as insignia by the French force.
1365:
605:and has retained its status as a regiment of
358:) adopted a gendarmerie after independence.
8:
1236:Arcudi, Giovanni; Smith, Michael E. (2013).
434:
422:
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1142:. Sage Publications India. pp. 90–94.
1029:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 44–49.
1004:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
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442:Historically, the spelling in English was
415:heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth
1253:
1095:Binaifer Nowrojee, Bronwen Manby (1993).
834:A common gendarmerie symbol is a flaming
814:The national police force of Canada, the
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
773:Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne
681:in 1922, some policing was based on the
578:) or even both ministries at once (e.g.
1278:
931:
858:operations, for instance in the former
824:Canadian Department of National Defence
937:
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494:National Republican Guard in Portugal
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7:
1025:Clark, John; Decalo, Samuel (2012).
975:. Oxford University Press. pp.
562:), a ministry of the interior (e.g.
72:adding citations to reliable sources
464:as the principal spelling, whereas
758:Gendarmerie des transports aériens
342:and colonial possessions (such as
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369:and its former allied countries.
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413:period, the term referred to a
59:needs additional citations for
802:have had gendarmeries through
611:Argentine National Gendarmerie
446:, but now the French spelling
1:
1128:, August 23, 2014, pp. 30–31.
1069:. SSR Paper 8. Archived from
816:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
595:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
383:is a singular extracted from
1255:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511
599:Gendarmerie royale du Canada
32:Gendarmerie (disambiguation)
725:armoured personnel carriers
645:British South Africa Police
472:as the principal spelling.
169:Gendarmerie General Command
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1050:Lutterbeck, Derek (2013).
868:European Gendarmerie Force
675:Special Corps of Gendarmes
156:on public order duties in
36:
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1167:"composition of the KFOR"
942:Lioe, Kim Eduard (2010).
667:Internal Troops of Russia
626:Gendarmerie (Switzerland)
453:Oxford English Dictionary
39:Gendarme (disambiguation)
842:Role in modern conflicts
822:. It is not part of the
683:Royal Irish Constabulary
326:that is responsible for
1138:Kumar, Kuldeep (2016).
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318:, the gendarmerie is a
290:, which translates to "
967:Emsley, Clive (1999).
622:Cantons of Switzerland
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1000:Deep, Daniel (2012).
711:In 2014, the Mexican
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890:List of gendarmeries
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820:Public Safety Canada
771:), mountain rescue (
752:Gendarmerie maritime
584:Israel Border Police
450:is more common. The
336:Napoleonic conquests
171:trooper on guard at
68:improve this article
1498:Paramilitary police
630:Chilean Gendarmerie
316:Francophone nations
150:Members of Italy's
1220:2011-09-21 at the
1205:, n° 2, pp. 17–64.
1197:2016-10-18 at the
1076:on 8 December 2019
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398:[ʒɑ̃d‿aʁm]
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1011:978-1-107-00006-3
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1268:Gendarmerie
1225:(in French)
895:Martial law
864:Ivory Coast
747:coast guard
639:, Brazil's
556:Netherlands
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926:References
880:Carabinier
860:Yugoslavia
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444:gendarmery
394:pronounced
385:Old French
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377:The word
373:Etymology
314:and some
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700:and the
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862:and in
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800:Austria
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1341:Data
1324:News
1144:ISBN
1107:ISBN
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