Language and gender - Knowledge (XXG)

913:

show a pattern that women tend to use more "standard" variable of the language. For example, in the case of negative concord, e.g., I didn't do anything vs. I didn't do nothing, women usually use the standard form. Pierre Bourdieu introduced the concept of the linguistic marketplace. According to this concept, different varieties of language have different values. When people want to be accepted in a diplomatic organization, they need to have a range of knowledge to show their competency. Possessing the right language is as important as the right style of dress. Both of these manners have social values. While Bourdieu focuses on the diplomatic corps, it would be true if people want to be accepted in other contexts such as an urban ghetto. The market that one wants to engage with has a profound effect on the value of the variation of language they may use. The relations of each gender to linguistic markets are different. A research on the pronunciation of English in Norwich has shown that women's usage is considerably more conservative regarding the standard variation of the language they speak. This research provides the pieces of evidence that women's exclusion from the workplace has led to this variation. As women in some cases have not had the same position as men and their opportunities to secure these positions have been fewer, they have tried to use more "valuable" variations of the language. It can be the standard one, or the polite version of it, or the so-called "right" one.

883:, there are certain stereotypes society places on the way men and women communicate. Men are stereotyped to be more of a public speaker and leader, while women are stereotyped to talk more in private among their family and friends. For women, society views their use of communication as a way to express feelings and emotions. For men, society views their use of communication as a way to express power and negotiate status among other individuals. There are also certain societal stereotypes about how men and women communicate within a heterosexual marriage or relationship. When a man and a woman are communicating within their relationship, the traditional language roles are altered. The man becomes more passive and the woman becomes more active. A man's stereotypical silent communication style is often disappointing for women, while a woman's emotionally articulate communication style is often seen as aggravating for a man. This creates the assumption that women and men have opposing communication styles, therefore creating society's cliche that men and women don't understand each other. 452:(Lakoff 1975). Tannen proposed that men and women tend to have different styles of communication, and these differences can be so significant that they are almost like different dialects or 'genderlects'. According to Tannen, "For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of rapport: a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships. For most men, talk is a primary means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain a status in the hierarchical social order" (Tannen 1990 p. 77). Males tend to focus on who is up and who is down, while females tend to focus on the closeness/distance dimension, though both are concerned with both. There is a power dynamic between male and female, female and female, and male and male. Tannen addresses gender differences as a type of cross-cultural communication and emphasizes that they occur in addition to geographic, ethnic, class, age and many other cultural influences. 922:

reviewed speeches given by female members of the United States Congress throughout the 2010s, congresswomen performed masculine verbal behavior (i.e., accusations, attacks on character) similarly to male members of Congress, but congresswomen performed more feminine non-verbal behaviors (i.e., smiling, facial expressions, varied tone of voice) compared to their male counterparts. Gender differences in political communication also appear in political arenas outside of the United States. In a study of speeches given by members of the United Kingdom's Parliament, female parliamentarians were found to use concrete examples or personal anecdotal evidence to support their arguments more than male parliamentarians. Male parliamentarians, on the other hand, were found to base their arguments in abstract descriptions of groups or issues. Additionally, the presence of a female MP increased female parliamentarians' participation in political debates.

788:

notable differences. Dunbar, Marriot and Duncan found that men display self-promoting conversational behaviors. This can look like discussing achievements at work or competitive leisure activities. Researchers discovered that this behavior increases when women are present in the conversation. Women, however, converse more about personal topics, such as children, family, and health. This social-networking behavior was rarely found in conversations held by older men. These content differences also impact the linguistic features of conversations. One study that examined 8,353 text-message conversations found that women used past tense verbs in conversation more than men, a reflection of their tendency to discuss past events and information related to people. In the same study, men used numbers in conversation more often than women did. These figures supported their discussions of money, sports and the workplace.

713:, "It will be found that the overall effect of 'women's language' – meaning both language restricted in use to women and language descriptive of women alone – is this: it submerges a woman's personal identity, by denying her the means of expressing herself strongly, on the one hand, and encouraging expressions that suggest triviality in subject matter and uncertainty about it; and, when a woman is being discussed, by treating her as an object – sexual or otherwise – but never a serious person with individual views" (Lakoff 1975). Women were expected to be polite and not as direct to fit the gender perceived role of women being homemakers and emotional which is not an accurate statement in today's society, although it differs from society to society. Men were given more privileges than women in American society and that power dynamic created an unequal playing field for many years. 805:

respondents was also assessed. Married people's non-intimate disclosure to friends was lower than that of unmarried people, regardless of gender. Married people's intimate disclosure to their spouses was high regardless of gender; in comparison, married men's intimate disclosure to their friends was low, while married women's disclosure to their friends was moderate or even as high as disclosure to their spouses. The results suggest that gender roles are not the only determinant of gender differences in disclosure to friends. Marital status appears to have an important influence on disclosure in friendship for men but not for women. It was concluded that research on gender differences in self-disclosure and friendship has neglected an important variable, that of marital status.

705:, "Such visions are inscribed in language, and most important, enacted in interaction. Although women's everyday talk and women's voice or consciousness have been studied separately, I have argued that both can be understood as strategic responses, often of resistance, to dominate hegemonic cultural forms" (Gal 1997). Dominant language is assumed through the male perspective and is considered assertive, direct, and a need for the individual to express their needs and desires. The other form of speech is submissive which many people assume is the female voice which consists of indirectness, politeness, and a focus on the listener's needs. These stereotypes are culturally based and are not always the reality of how individuals communicate or view the world. According to 555:

this view. One of the most outstanding sentiments in these studies is the concept of power. Researchers have been trying to understand the patterns of language to show how it can reflect the power imbalance in society. Some of them believe that men have social advantages which can be seen in the men's usage of language. Also, some of them think that there are women's disadvantages in society which are reflected in language. For example, some feminist language researchers have tried to find how the advantages of men had manifested in language. They argue how, in the past, philosophers, politicians, grammarians, linguists, and others were men who have had control over language, so they entered their sexist thoughts in it as a means to regulate their domination.

896:

concerned with forming and maintaining relationships, whereas men are more concerned with their status. Girls and women feel it is crucial that they be liked by their peers, a form of involvement that focuses on symmetrical connection. Boys and men feel it is crucial that they be respected by their peers, as form of involvement that focuses on asymmetrical status. These differences in priorities are reflected in the ways in which men and women communicate. A woman's communication will tend to be more focused on building and maintaining relationships. Men on the other hand, will place a higher priority on power, their communication styles will reflect their desire to maintain their status in the relationship.

568:' (smiling, expressive intonation, showing rapport/empathy and giving minimal responses) for their customer-callers. This emotional labor is commonly associated with the feminine domain, and the call center service workers are also typically women. However, the men working in this call center do not orient to the covertly gendered meanings when they are tasked to perform this emotional labor. While this does not mean that the 'woman's language' is revalued, nor does this necessarily call for a feminist celebration, Cameron highlights that it is possible that with time, more men may work in this service industry, and this may lead to a subsequent "de-gendering" of this linguistic style. 564:

differential power. Cameron suggests, "It is comforting to be told that nobody needs to 'feel awful': that there are no real conflicts, only misunderstandings. ... But the research evidence does not support the claims made by Tannen and others about the nature, the causes, and the prevalence of male-female miscommunication." She argues that social differences between men's and women's roles are not clearly reflected in language use. One additional example is a study she has done on call center operators in the UK, where these operators are trained to be scripted in what they say and to perform the necessary '

813:

they found that self-disclosure was higher in those couples who remained together at the second administration of the surveys than in those who broke up between two administrations. Similarly, researchers asked heterosexual couples who had just begun dating to complete a self-disclosure measure and to answer the same questionnaire four months later. They found that couples who were still dating four months later reported greater self-disclosure at the initial contact than did those who later broke up. This work shows self-disclosure can be beneficial to facilitating a positive relationship.

607:

and "female". However, there can be a secondary relationship between linguistic resources and gender where the linguistic resources can index certain acts, activities or stances which then indirectly index gender. In other words, these linguistic resources help constitute gender. Examples include the Japanese particles "wa" and "ze". The former directly index delicate intensity, which then indirectly indexes the female "voice" while the latter directly indexes coarse intensity, which then indirectly indexes the male "voice".

822:

aggression, while similar to indirect, is more resolute in its intentions. It can be a threat to terminate a friendship or spreading false rumors. The third type of aggression, social aggression, "is directed toward damaging another's self-esteem, social status, or both, and may take direct forms such as verbal rejection, negative facial expressions or body movements, or more indirect forms such as slanderous rumors or social exclusion." This third type has become more common in adolescent, both male and female, behavior.

832:. In another experiment, social aggression was used to see if verbal and nonverbal behaviors contributed to a person's social value. It was found that those who communicated nonverbal signals were seen as angry and annoyed by their peers. In a third study, the experimenters determined that while socially aggressive students were vastly disliked, they were alleged to be the popular kids and had the highest marked social status. Most research has been based on teacher assessments, case studies and surveys. 1096:). Some of the stereotypes found in the study pertain to language/communication, but most are stereotypes or attributes of the characters such as assertiveness, aggression, emotionality, and cattiness. In regards to language, the study found that male characters were more likely to ask questions, assert opinions, and direct others than female characters. Female characters, on the other hand, were more likely to "receive or make comments about body or beauty" than their male counterparts. 546:

differences in language to cultural differences. Comparing conversational goals, she argues that men tend to use a "report style", aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women more often use a "rapport style", which is more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. Scholars including Tannen and others argue that differences are pervasive across media, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti.

828:, leading researcher in child clinical psychology and developmental psychology, began using the term social aggression in several of her experiments. In one study, Underwood followed 250 third-graders and their families in order to understand how anger is communicated in relationships, especially in face-to-face and behind-the-back situations. It was found that technology and electronic communication has become a key factor in social aggression. This discovery has been termed 752:

others conversationally involved, techniques associated with a collaborative approach to language use. Therefore, women use questions more frequently. However, a study carried out by Alice Freed and Alice Greenwood in 1996 showed that there was no significant difference in the use of questions, such as "you know?" between genders. In writing, however, both genders use rhetorical questions as literary devices. For example, Mark Twain used them in "

809:

both within and across contexts, whereas femininity promoted self-disclosure in the context that was clearly social and expressive in character. Although masculinity failed to exert the expected facilitative impact on self-disclosure within the instrumental context, it nonetheless influenced the results; androgynous subjects, who scored high in both masculinity and femininity, were more self-revealing across contexts than was any other group."

743:

listening and interest and are not always signs of "support work", as Fishman claims. They can—as more detailed analysis of minimal responses show—signal understanding, demonstrate agreement, indicate scepticism or a critical attitude, demand clarification or show surprise. In other words, both male and female participants in a conversation can employ these minimal responses for interactive functions, rather than gender-specific functions.

871:

all actuality, a woman's reasons for behaving this way have nothing to do with her attitudes toward her knowledge, but are a result of her attitudes toward her relationships. The act of giving information frames the speaker with a higher status, while the act of listening frames the listener as lower. However, when women listen to men, they are not necessarily thinking in terms of status, but in terms of connection and support.

656:

develop communicative competence. Therefore, language and social norms are dynamic and interconnected. As people use language concerning these norms, it plays a vital role in manifesting and sustaining social standards and can be a tool for reproducing power relations and gender oppression. One of the examples to show this interconnection would be the fact that there is no equivalent for "sir" to use in addressing a female

644:

not only find the truth behind this common sense but also understand why this concept is taken for granted. This kind of research requires questioning some underlying assumptions about gender, and approaching this concept from a different point of view. Gender is not something people are born with, but people learn to perform and act based on the expected norms of it, which has nothing to do with physiology and hormones.

948:(action, comedy/adventure, and commercials) that aired on Saturdays. They analyzed randomly selected interactive dialogue taken once from every ten minutes of their tapes. Mulac et al. collected data for 37 language variables, from which they determined the thirteen that showed significant differences between usage by male and female characters. Mulac et al.'s definitions of these thirteen features are as follows: 243: 193: 616:

structures rather than being outside of it. For instance, the language of science helps to regulate the ideas of the dominant groups in it, which can never be completely neutral. Even in psychology, the interpretations of gender had always some benefits for the academics who were writing about it, so it was always important that who is using the language and how they are using it to explain something.

253: 1205:, which was spoken by both genders. The women's language had a distinct vocabulary, found in the records of religious rituals to be performed by women, also in the speech of goddesses in mythological texts. There has been some dispute about the role of Emesal, with suggestions by some scholars that Emegir was a dialect used by the public and more informally while Emesal was a literary language. 867:

largely increased use of minimal responses in relation to men. Men, however, interrupt far more frequently with non-related topics, especially in the mixed sex setting and, far from rendering a female speaker's responses minimal, are apt to greet her conversational spotlights with silence, as the work of Victoria DeFrancisco demonstrates.

892:

according to Jennifer Coates, that males are afforded more attention in the context of the classroom and that this can lead to their gaining more attention in scientific and technical subjects, which in turn can lead to their achieving better success in those areas, ultimately leading to their having more power in a technocratic society.

640:'s famous dictum manifests this idea: "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman." Accordingly, performing acts following social norms leads to the phenomenon of gendered speech. As femininity and masculinity are not fixed concepts, their style of talking can also be a result of power relations in society regulating social standards. 1259:, a small number of enclitics (approximately eight) differ in form based on the gender of the speaker. While many native speakers and linguists agree that certain enclitics are associated with particular genders, such usage may not be exclusive. That is, individual men sometimes use enclitics associated with women, and vice versa. 625:

the debate that who, initially, decided to set these differences and norms, and why these norms are generally accepted. "Language is a complex and dynamic system that produces meaning about social categories such as gender". In this sense, power is not something outside this system, but it is a part of it.

866:

in conversation, with its connotations of power to the listener as confidant of the speaker. This attachment of import by women to listening is inferred by women's normally lower rate of interruption – i.e., disrupting the flow of conversation with a topic unrelated to the previous one – and by their

835:

For years, all research on aggression focused primarily on males because it was believed females were non-confrontational. Recently however, people have realized that while "boys tend to be more overtly and physically aggressive, girls are more indirectly, socially, and relationally aggressive." In a

812:

Self-disclosure has also been researched within the context of heterosexual couples, as self-disclosure is considered to be a key factor in facilitating intimacy. For example, American heterosexual couples were studied using various measures twice a year. By using the average scores of both partners,

808:

While there are some gendered stereotypes and expectations about self-disclosure, other research shows that people have the ability to still self disclose very clearly regardless of masculine or feminine communication traits. "Sex consistently failed to predict subjects' willingness to self-disclose,

742:

While the above can be true in some contexts and situations, studies that dichotomize the communicative behavior of men and women may run the risk of overgeneralization. For example, "minimal responses appearing "throughout streams of talk", such as "mm" or "yeah", may only function to display active

624:

in society, doubting them leads to challenging the social orders which originate these patterns. Many studies in this field presume that there are gender differences in language use; therefore, they examine how different genders vary in their speech styles. However, this approach does not incorporate

615:

In the past, many feminist language researchers used to believe that power is something separate from language, which helps powerful groups, for example, men, to dominate the way language is being produced and used in society. Nowadays, some researchers consider that power is embedded in the language

602:

towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. That is, a polite and empathic man

545:

is an approach of equality, differentiating men and women as belonging to different 'sub-cultures' as they have been socialized to do so since childhood. This then results in the varying communicative styles of men and women. Deborah Tannen is a major advocate of this position. Tannen compares gender

1072:

The following tended to be higher in frequency for males: vocalized pauses, action verbs, present tense verbs, justifiers, subordinating conjunctions, and grammatical "errors". On the other hand, the following were found to occur more for females: total verbs, uncertainty verbs, adverbials beginning

796:

Self-disclosure is not simply providing information to another person. Instead, scholars define self-disclosure as sharing information with others that they would not normally know or discover. Self-disclosure involves risk and vulnerability on the part of the person sharing the information. Deborah

518:

model, which defines adult male language as the standard, and women's language as deficient. This approach created a dichotomy between women's language and men's language. This triggered criticism to the approach in that highlighting issues in women's language by using men's as a benchmark. As such,

921:

Situational context is another factor that affects verbal and non-verbal communication behaviors based on gender. In male-dominated fields, such as politics, women employ a balance of masculine and feminine behaviors to appear both competent and likable to an audience of male peers. In a study that

870:

When men talk, women listen and agree. However men tend to misinterpret this agreement, which was intended in a spirit of connection, as a reflection of status and power. A man might conclude that a woman is indecisive or insecure as a result of her listening and attempts of acknowledgment. When in

858:

In a conversation, meaning does not reside in the words spoken, but is filled in by the person listening. Each person decides if they think others are speaking in the spirit of differing status or symmetrical connection. The likelihood that individuals will tend to interpret someone else's words as

721:

Not all members of a particular gender may follow the specific gender roles that are prescribed by society. Scholars of language and gender are often interested in patterns of gendered communication, and these patterns are described below, however, not every member of that gender may fit into those

655:

believe that knowledge of structure and morphology alone cannot help a person to communicate with others. Instead, they think that one needs to know the social norms people use in different languages to interact with them. People gradually learn how to use language in specific social situations and

643:

In each society, the notion of gender is learned from early childhood through conversation, humour, parenting, institutions, media, and other ways of imparting knowledge. Hence, gender seems a natural and even scientific concept to all the individuals of a society. Many scholars have been trying to

554:

is an approach whereby women are seen as the subordinate group whose difference in style of speech results from male supremacy and also possibly an effect of patriarchy. This results in a primarily male-centered language. Scholars such as Dale Spender and Don Zimmerman and Candace West subscribe to

488:

Early work on language and gender began by noticing ways in which women's language deviated from the presumed default, or men's, language practices. In 1975 Robin Lakoff identified a "women's register", which she argued served to maintain women's (inferior) role in society. Lakoff argued that women

696:

Language is one of the most powerful ways of communicating with a wide variety of people in different contexts. Humans look for symbolism and meaning in the world. Language is a way of communicating how a person perceives the world and how one builds connections with oneself and others. Linguistic

606:

However, Ochs argues that gender can be indexed directly and indirectly. Direct indexicality is the primary relationship between linguistics resources (such as lexicon, morphology, syntax, phonology, dialect and language) and gender. For example, the pronouns "he" and "she" directly indexes "male"

531:

While later work has problematized Jespersen's view of women as inferior, of the chapter's language from a modern perspective, Jespersen's contributions about the prospect of language change based on social and gendered opportunity, lexical and phonological differences, and the idea of genderlects

351:

has described as 'different, and often competing, theoretical and political assumptions about the way discourse, ideology and gender identity should be conceived and understood'. As a result, research in this area can perhaps most usefully be divided into two main areas of study: first, there is a

912:

There is a generalization about conservativeness and politeness in women's speech. It is commonly believed that women are gentle, while men are rough and rude. Since there is no evidence for the total accuracy of this perception, researchers have tried to examine the reasons behind it. Statistics

899:

According to Tannen's research, men tend to tell stories as another way to maintain their status. Primarily, men tell jokes, or stories that focus on themselves. Women on the other hand, are less concerned with their own power, and therefore their stories revolve not around themselves, but around

891:

This, in turn, suggests a dichotomy between a male desire for conversational dominance – noted by Helena Leet-Pellegrini with reference to male experts speaking more verbosely than their female counterparts – and a female aspiration to group conversational participation. One corollary of this is,

783:

According to Bruce Dorval in his study of same-sex friend interaction, males tend to change subject more frequently than females. This difference may well be at the root of the conception that women chatter and talk too much. Goodwin observes that girls and women link their utterances to previous

435:

began evolving 150,000 years ago along with tool use, cultural practices, and communication with other hunter-gatherers to get their kill or gather different varieties of fruits. Men and women worked together well to continue to adapt and survive. The term "genderlect", which means the difference

751:

Some research has argued that men and women differ in their use of questions in conversations. For men, a question is usually a genuine request for information whereas with women it can often be a rhetorical means of engaging the other's conversational contribution or of acquiring attention from

1150:

features (e.g., pitch and /s/ production), lexical items (e.g., body part names and pronouns), and semiotic systems (e.g., linguistic and aesthetic style), have been shown to be important resources for naming trans identities and for constructing and communicating these identities to the world.

1076:

Another facet of Mulac et al.'s research was to gather participants' subjective ratings on characters' socio-intellectual status (high/low social status, white/blue collar, literate/illiterate, rich/poor), dynamism (aggressive/unaggressive, strong/weak, loud/soft, active/passive), and aesthetic

787:

However, a study of young American couples and their interactions reveal that while women raise twice as many topics as men, it is the men's topics that are usually taken up and subsequently elaborated in the conversation. An examination of conversational topics pursued by men and women reveals

895:

Conversation is not the only area where power is an important aspect of the male/female dynamic. Power is reflected in every aspect of communication from what the actual topic of the communication, to the ways in which it is communicated. Women are typically less concerned with power and more

563:

from which the female deviates. For example, the norm 'manager' becomes the marked form 'manageress' when referring to a female counterpart. On the other hand, Cameron argues that what the difference approach labels as different ways of using or understanding language are actually displays of

804:

Research has been conducted to examine whether self-disclosure in adult friendship differs according to gender and marital status. Sixty-seven women and fifty-three men were asked about intimate and non-intimate self-disclosure to closest same-sex friends. Disclosure to spouse among married

821:

Aggression can be defined by its three intersecting counterparts: indirect, relational and social. Indirect aggression occurs when the victim is attacked through covert and concealed attempts to cause social suffering. Examples are gossiping, exclusion or ignoring of the victim. Relational

770:

As the work of Victoria DeFrancisco shows, female linguistic behaviour characteristically encompasses a desire to take turns in conversation with others, which is opposed to men's tendency towards centering on their own point or remaining silent when presented with such implicit offers of

590:

approach is the most current approach to language and gender. Instead of speech falling into a natural gendered category, the dynamic nature and multiple factors of an interaction help a socially appropriate gendered construct. As such, West and Zimmerman describe these constructs as

619:

The norms of appropriate ways of talking for different genders are an example of the concept of power in language. There are many social forces to determine the ways different genders are supposed to communicate with each other. As these norms are the results of the present

338:

In methodological terms, there is no single approach that could be said to 'hold the field'. Discursive, poststructural, ethnomethodological, ethnographic, phenomenological, positivist and experimental approaches can all be seen in action during the study of

2259: 4201: 734:

features such as 'mm' and 'yeah', which is behaviour associated with collaborative language use. Men generally use them less frequently than women, and when they do, it is usually to show agreement, as Don Zimmerman and Candace West's study of

940:" focuses on identifying differing speech patterns of male versus female characters in popular children's television programs at the time (the 1980s). The data gathered by Mulac et al. comes from a two-week period in 1982 from three 801:, i.e., sharing their problems and experiences with others, often to offer sympathy, which contrasts with men's tendencies to non-self disclosure and professing advice or offering a solution when confronted with another's problems. 505:, below). This research was influential in questioning research on language that only looked at men's language practices and recognizing that gendered differences in language exist. However, not long after the publication of 595:" instead of the speech itself necessarily being classified in a particular category. This is to say that these social constructs, while affiliated with particular genders, can be utilized by speakers as they see fit. 532:

and gender roles influence language remain relevant. One refinement of the deficit argument is the so-called "dominance approach", which posits that gender differences in language reflect power differences in society.

1099:

In general, Aubrey found less stereotypical content for female characters than for male, which they recognize to be a possible effect of either the higher presence of male characters or the difficulty of measuring

756:" to provoke the reader to question his actions and beliefs. Tag questions are frequently used to verify or confirm information, though in women's language they may also be used to avoid making strong statements. 1126:

models of language and gender scholarship, there has been a turn towards explorations of how individuals of all genders perform masculinity and femininity (as well as other gendered identities) through language.

558:

Some scholars problematize both the dominance and the dual cultures approach. Deborah Cameron notes that throughout the history of scholarship on language and gender male-associated forms have been seen as the

1155:

have allowed non-normative gender individuals to claim linguistic agency over their own experience of gender as well as to challenge and reclaim pathological terminology ascribed by doctors and psychologists.

1146:'s work has been influential in developing the field of trans linguistics. Within the context of US and English-speaking trans and gender diverse communities, linguistic features at various levels, whether 908:

Lakoff identified three forms of politeness: formal, deference, and camaraderie. Women's language is characterized by formal and deference politeness, whereas men's language is exemplified by camaraderie.

372:, and studies that focus on the contextually specific and locally situated ways in which gender is constructed and operationalized. In this sense, researchers try to understand how language affects the 1226:

has a vocabulary split between terms used only by men and terms used only by women. This does not however affect the entire vocabulary but when it does, the terms used by men generally come from

352:

broad and sustained interest in the varieties of speech associated with a particular gender; also a related interest in the social norms and conventions that (re)produce gendered language use (a

523:

have been labeled the "deficit approach", since they posit that one gender is deficient in terms of the other. Descriptions of women's speech as deficient can actually be dated as far back as

1220:

languages, some Sanskrit plays recorded the speech of women in Prakrit, distinct from the Sanskrit of male speakers. This convention was also used for illiterate and low-caste male speakers.

3513:

Language: social psychological perspectives: selected papers from the first International Conference on Social Psychology and Language held at the University of Bristol, England, July 1979

900:

others. By putting themselves on the same level as those around them, women attempt to downplay their part in their own stories, which strengthens their connections to those around them.

775:

such as "y' know" and "isn't it". This desire for turn-taking gives rise to complex forms of interaction in relation to the more regimented form of turn-taking commonly exhibited by men.

660:. This fact cannot be related to the language itself, but it is correlated to the perception that authorities have always been male. The other example is the way women get addressed by 4799: 472:, and their goal was to discover the linkage between language usage and gender asymmetries. Since, feminists have been working on the ways that language is maintaining the existing 598:

Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. One explanation for this, is that people

1088:

values and interpersonal attraction. Aubrey chose shows for the study based on children's responses when asked to name their favorite television program (the top-named show was

468:, and political practice. The feminist movement of the 1970s and 1980s started to research on the relationship between language and gender. These researches were related to the 3484: 3944:

Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens; Harrison, Kristen (2004). "The gender-role content of children's favorite television programs and its links to their gender-related perceptions".

3337:

Blake, Jamilia J.; Kim, Eun Sook; Lease, A. Michele (July 2011). "Exploring the incremental validity of nonverbal social aggression: the utility of peer nominations".

1151:

Sociophonetic research within trans communities has explored how the gendered voice is constructed, performed, and heard. Lexical analyses have shown how labels and

3440:

Luther, Catherine A.; Legg Jr., J. Robert (2010). "Gender differences in depictions of social and physical aggression in children's television cartoons in the US".

5457: 3906:

Mulac, Anthony; Bradac, James J.; Karol Mann, Susan (June 1985). "Male/female language differences and attributional consequences in children's television".

2611: 1190:

during mourning and learn sign to communicate during this period, although they continue to use the language with other women even after the taboo is lifted.

431:

Verbal language has been around for over 150,000 years and non-verbal communication has existed since the beginning of the first bipedal locomotive species.

1922:

Mulac, Anthony; Studley, Lisa B.; Blau, Sheridan (November 1990). "The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays".

1186:

which are primarily used by older women. Men typically know a few signs, but do not sign extensively. This distinction has emerged because women observe a

4792: 282: 1998: 1887: 1850: 3476: 2871:

Sacks, Harvey; Schegloff, Emanuel A.; Jefferson, Gail (December 1974). "A simple systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation".

391:, as well as some earlier studies by Lakoff. The study of language and gender has developed greatly since the 1970s. Prominent scholars include 5498: 3093: 4785: 4765: 4743: 4370: 4085: 4000: 1848:

Fitzpatrick, Mary Anne; Mulac, Anthony; Dindia, Kathryn (March 1995). "Gender-preferential language use in spouse and stranger interaction".

1489: 1961: 509:, other scholars began to produce studies that both challenged Lakoff's arguments and expanded the field of language and gender studies. 3185:"Disclosing the disclosure: factors associated with communicating the results of genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer's disease" 1084:" identifies gender stereotypes in children's television programs and evaluates the effects of these stereotypes on children's personal 4350: 3980: 5290: 4684: 599: 4636: 4603: 3673:

Woolard, Kathryn A. (1985). "Language Variation and Cultural Hegemony: Toward an Integration of Sociolinguistic and Social Theory".

3575: 3550: 3525: 3399: 3167: 2964: 2937: 2778: 2660: 2593: 2438: 2400: 2335: 2168: 2140: 2079: 2044: 1829: 1789: 1754: 1719: 1687: 1588: 1560: 1531: 1448: 1366: 1073:

sentences, judgmental adjectives, concrete nouns, and polite forms. In addition, female characters had longer sentences on average.

859:

one or the other depends more on the hearer's own focus, concerns, and habits than on the spirit in which the words were intended.

4596:

Sex and gender in the ancient Near East: proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001

5372: 3773: 299:

is diverse. It crosses disciplinary boundaries, and, as a bare minimum, could be said to encompass work notionally housed within

931: 4021:

Shelagh, Davies; Goldberg, Joshua M. (2006-09-01). "Clinical Aspects of Transgender Speech Feminization and Masculinization".

4574: 2367: 2104: 1649: 1285: 320: 275: 4750: 469: 3853: 1885:

Hannah, Annette; Murachver, Tamar (June 1999). "Gender and conversational style as predictors of conversational behavior".

1118:

While much work on language and gender has focused on the differences between people of binary genders (men and women) and

1077:

quality (pleasing/displeasing, sweet/sour, nice/awful, beautiful/ugly), based on the transcripts from the shows' dialogue.

5462: 4628: 1248:, there is evidence for some difference between the speech of men and women, as evidenced for example in the comedies of 730:

One of the ways in which the communicative behaviors of men and women differ is in their use of minimal responses, i.e.,

5447: 4591: 3908: 5503: 2189: 142: 86: 5452: 3183:

Ashida, Sato; Koehly, Laura M.; Roberts, J. Scott; Chen, Clara A.; Hiraki, Susan; Green, Robert C. (December 2009).

1082:

The Gender-Role Content of Children's Favorite Television Programs and Its Links to Their Gender-Related Perceptions

5362: 5122: 2187:(August 2000). "Styling the worker: gender and the commodification of language in the globalized service economy". 2184: 2156: 2128: 1130:

Early work on transgender people's voice/language came out of speech pathology, as many transgender people undergo

797:

Tannen's work argues that men and women have different views of self-disclosure, that women have a tendency toward

412: 5508: 5102: 4202:"Gender as stylistic bricolage: Transmasculine voices and the relationship between fundamental frequency and /s/" 2207: 1131: 1040: 652: 268: 246: 225: 107: 4658:

Aboriginal language use in the Northern Territory: 5 reports: Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics

2834:

DeFrancisco, Victoria Leto (October 1991). "The sounds of silence: how men silence women in marital relations".

1175:, due to single sex Deaf schools, developed separate male and female vocabularies which can still be seen today. 603:

will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being a man.

628:

The notion of gender is not static. Rather, this notion varies from culture to culture and from time to time. "

332: 4155:"Hegemonic masculinity and the variability of gay-sounding speech: The perceived sexuality of transgender men" 5493: 5472: 4994: 2794:

Freed, Alice F.; Greenwood, Alice (March 1996). "Women, men, and type of talk: What makes the difference?".

1576: 1300: 1290: 1183: 1053: 945: 440:. In other words, it is a way of speaking that tends to be characteristic of a certain gender. The linguist 400: 304: 220: 196: 137: 91: 647:

In the matter of linguistic competence – the ability to produce knowledge and understand it via language –

5467: 4248: 3802:"Talk like a man, walk like a woman: an advanced political communication framework for female politicians" 3489: 3121: 2836: 1123: 585: 215: 157: 127: 5442: 4705: 2273: 2271:

Thomson, Rob; Murachver, Tamar; Green, James (March 2001). "Where Is the gender in gendered language?".

1139: 995:

Verb phrases in the present tense, including but not limited to habitual actions and historical present

353: 308: 230: 152: 519:

women's language was considered to have something inherently 'wrong' with it. Studies such as Lakoff's

4519: 4296:"Boycunts and Bonus Holes: Trans Men's Bodies, Neoliberalism, and the Sexual Productivity of Genitals" 4154: 5422: 5397: 5117: 3801: 1101: 836:

study done measuring cartoon character's aggressive acts on television, these statistics were found:

494: 3289:"Dyadic assessment of sexual self-disclosure and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual dating couples" 3097: 4905: 4735: 2796: 2225: 1924: 1278: 1172: 772: 324: 300: 210: 38: 2514: 2071: 2065: 252: 5295: 5174: 5052: 4547: 4500: 4331: 4276: 4229: 4182: 4135: 4046: 3961: 3881: 3829: 3755: 3706: 3698: 3655: 3620: 3457: 3362: 3354: 3316: 3269: 3074: 3022: 2908: 2900: 2873: 2853: 2813: 2702: 2536: 2495: 2487: 2298: 2250: 2242: 2015: 1941: 1904: 1867: 1781: 1775: 1231: 1209: 1135: 637: 256: 147: 132: 31: 3416: 2652: 2646: 2327: 2321: 1327: 930:

A specific area of study within the field of language and gender is the way in which it affects

4434:"Emerging genders: semiotic agency and the performance of gender among genderqueer individuals" 3517: 3511: 30:

This article is about how one's gender may influence language use. For noun class systems, see

5255: 4910: 4895: 4761: 4739: 4680: 4672: 4632: 4599: 4570: 4539: 4492: 4453: 4414: 4366: 4323: 4315: 4268: 4221: 4174: 4127: 4081: 4038: 3996: 3873: 3821: 3747: 3690: 3612: 3571: 3546: 3521: 3395: 3387: 3308: 3261: 3253: 3214: 3163: 3138: 3066: 3014: 3006: 2960: 2933: 2774: 2766: 2720: 2656: 2589: 2479: 2444: 2434: 2406: 2396: 2373: 2363: 2331: 2317: 2290: 2164: 2136: 2110: 2100: 2075: 2040: 1978: 1825: 1785: 1750: 1715: 1683: 1655: 1645: 1584: 1556: 1527: 1485: 1454: 1444: 1408: 1362: 1227: 1223: 1194: 1003:

Tells how, when, or where a sentence or phrase takes place ('Yesterday, I went to Taco Bell')

636:" are socially constructed concepts that through a set of repeated acts, have become natural. 498: 76: 71: 3234:"Role of Sexual Self-Disclosure in the Sexual Satisfaction of Long-Term Heterosexual Couples" 1324:, a syllabic script used exclusively among women in Jiangyong County in Hunan province, China 979:

Verb phrase that shows some level of uncertainty ('I'm not sure if...', 'It might be', etc.)

5270: 5127: 4727: 4714: 4531: 4484: 4445: 4404: 4362: 4358: 4307: 4260: 4213: 4166: 4119: 4077: 4073: 4030: 3992: 3988: 3953: 3917: 3865: 3813: 3737: 3682: 3647: 3604: 3449: 3346: 3300: 3245: 3204: 3196: 3130: 3119:

Dindia, Kathryn; Allen, Mike (July 1992). "Sex differences in disclosure: A meta-analysis".

3058: 3045:

Newman, Matthew L.; Groom, Carla J.; Handelman, Lori D.; Pennebaker, James W. (2008-05-15).

2998: 2890: 2882: 2845: 2805: 2747: 2710: 2694: 2620: 2526: 2471: 2282: 2234: 2198: 2007: 1970: 1933: 1896: 1859: 1511: 1477: 1398: 1350: 1316: 1310: 1238: 1187: 1113: 1093: 825: 328: 312: 47: 4772: 4065: 1959:

Thomson, Rob; Murachver, Tamar (June 2001). "Predicting gender from electronic discourse".

5357: 5336: 5243: 5223: 5192: 5161: 4900: 4890: 4821: 4812: 4808: 3543:

Women, men and language : a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language

2895: 2685: 1256: 1179: 798: 648: 565: 489:

tend to use linguistic forms that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role. These include

465: 416: 396: 81: 66: 4728: 4567:

Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives

1321: 3854:"The Gendered Debate: Do Men and Women Communicate Differently in the House of Commons?" 3608: 938:

Male/Female Language Differences and Attributional Consequences in Children's Television

5427: 5387: 5316: 5137: 4875: 4433: 3921: 3209: 3184: 2715: 2062:"Small insults: a study of interruptions in conversations between unacquainted persons" 1738: 1708: 1481: 1295: 829: 753: 731: 681: 524: 460:

The early studies on the notion of language and gender are combined into the fields of

441: 392: 380: 61: 3593:"Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community- Based Practice" 5487: 5392: 5382: 5352: 5331: 5321: 5280: 5248: 5197: 5032: 4885: 4551: 4504: 4280: 4233: 4186: 4139: 4050: 3965: 3885: 3833: 3710: 3659: 3461: 3366: 3320: 2912: 2857: 2817: 2540: 2499: 2356: 2254: 2019: 1945: 1908: 1871: 1548: 1519: 1507: 1245: 697:

abilities hold power and change through the lens of culture and gender. According to

685: 404: 373: 316: 112: 4620: 4335: 3726:"Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich" 3371: 3156:

Derlega, Valerian J.; Metts, Sandra; Petronio, Sandra; Margulis, Stephen T. (1993).

2302: 2034: 1142:

for transgender men) as part of their transition. Within sociocultural linguistics,

5377: 5367: 5275: 5087: 4989: 4964: 4653: 3273: 3078: 3026: 2220: 1996:

Green, James A. (September 2003). "The writing on the stall: gender and graffiti".

1515: 1249: 706: 592: 490: 437: 384: 5300: 5047: 4937: 4920: 3817: 3686: 2932:. Advances in Discourse Processes. Vol. XXXVIII. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex. 2391:

Beauvoir, Simone de (2009). Borde, Constance; Malovany-Chevallier, Sheila (eds.).

364:). Second, there are studies that focus on ways language can produce and maintain 295:

Research into the many possible relationships, intersections and tensions between

4311: 3507: 3157: 2954: 2927: 2642: 2515:"Introduction: Gender, language and translation at the crossroads of disciplines" 2061: 1819: 1771: 1742: 5432: 5187: 5097: 5082: 5062: 5042: 4954: 4932: 4915: 4865: 4249:"From Sissy to Sickening: The Indexical Landscape of /s/ in SoMa, San Francisco" 3134: 2849: 2475: 2238: 1900: 1354: 1346: 1085: 765: 736: 633: 461: 369: 348: 4777: 4295: 3957: 3651: 3233: 2680: 2624: 5326: 5218: 5182: 5132: 5037: 4974: 4217: 3869: 3742: 3725: 3453: 3288: 3249: 3200: 3062: 2986: 2809: 2767:"A diagnosis of doctor-patient discourse in the prescription of contraception" 1165: 1143: 1064: 784:

speakers and develop each other's topics, rather than introducing new topics.

629: 560: 473: 167: 5077: 4718: 4543: 4496: 4457: 4418: 4319: 4272: 4225: 4178: 4131: 4042: 3877: 3825: 3751: 3694: 3616: 3312: 3304: 3257: 3070: 3010: 2751: 2483: 2410: 2161:

The myth of Mars and Venus: do men and women really speak different languages

2011: 1863: 1458: 1412: 5228: 5067: 4927: 4870: 4860: 3421:. Collin College Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Student Research Conference 3046: 2448: 2286: 2202: 2114: 1974: 1659: 1147: 1119: 698: 657: 621: 408: 357: 122: 4472: 4327: 3265: 3218: 3018: 2724: 2377: 2294: 1982: 1305: 4535: 4488: 4170: 4034: 3350: 3142: 2886: 1403: 1386: 17: 5437: 5402: 5147: 5010: 4942: 4592:"Linguistic anthropology and the study of Emesal as (a) women's language" 1270: 1213: 340: 177: 162: 4107: 3638:

Bourdieu, Pierre (1977-12-01). "The economics of linguistic exchanges".

3358: 3047:"Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples" 2531: 5265: 5260: 5238: 5112: 5072: 5057: 4947: 4449: 4264: 4123: 3759: 3624: 3592: 3002: 1937: 1217: 1152: 1089: 863: 862:

It appears that women attach more weight than men to the importance of

117: 4409: 4392: 4066:"Transgender Language, Transgender Moment: Toward a Trans Linguistics" 3981:"Transgender Language, Transgender Moment: Toward a Trans Linguistics" 3702: 2904: 2706: 2491: 2246: 5213: 5142: 5107: 5020: 5015: 4979: 4880: 4855: 4832: 3545:(3rd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY: Routledge. 2985:

Dunbar, R. I. M.; Marriott, Anna; Duncan, N. D. C. (September 1997).

2039:(2nd ed.). London New York New York: New York University Press. 677: 477: 365: 344: 172: 2609:

Carli, Linda L. (November 1990). "Gender, language, and influence".

3774:"Facts and figures: Women's leadership and political participation" 2698: 2326:. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5285: 5025: 4984: 4845: 4473:"Hegemonic masculinity and the variability of gay-sounding speech" 3510:. In Giles, Howard; Robinson, W. Peters; Smith, Philip M. (eds.). 2956:

He-said-she-said: talk as social organization among Black children

2738:

Barnes, Douglas (1971). "Language and learning in the classroom".

2064:. In Thorne, Barrie; Kramarae, Cheris; Main Henley, Nancy (eds.). 1474:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

1774:. In Borker, Ruth; Furman, Nelly; MacConnel-Ginet, Sally (eds.). 1164:

Some natural languages have intricate systems of gender-specific

5092: 4850: 4598:. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 633–644. 4393:"Gender diversity and morphosyntax: An account of singular they" 3508:"Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise" 1443:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. 1027: 967: 665: 661: 360:

associated with a particular gender which is sometimes called a

4781: 4673:"Contextualizing the exotic few: gender dichotomies in Lakhota" 4349:

Conrod, Kirby (2020-09-02), Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.),

2323:

Rethinking context : language as an interactive phenomenon

1208:

For a significant period of time in the history of the ancient

843:

23.1% of physical aggression was committed by female characters

423:

is often referred to as a central text on language and gender.

5233: 4840: 4679:. New York London: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–122. 1553:

Gender articulated: language and the socially constructed self

1011:

Gives reason/justification for a previous utterance or action

941: 673: 669: 502: 421:

Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self

4064:

Zimman, Lal (2020-09-02), Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.),

3979:

Zimman, Lal (2020-09-02), Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.),

1351:"Introduction: feminism, discourse and conversation analysis" 849:

62.8% of social aggression was committed by female characters

840:

76.9% of physical aggression was committed by male characters

4675:. In Bucholtz, Mary; Liang, A.C.; Sutton, Laurel A. (eds.). 3388:"The meaning of girls' social aggression: nasty or mastery?" 2651:. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. pp. 2556:

Linguistic Anthropology (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)

2358:

Body politics : power, sex, and nonverbal communication

1274:, a German typographic convention promoting gender equality 846:

37.2% of social aggression was committed by male characters

37:"Gender and language" redirects here. For the journal, see 3488:. Vol. 1, no. 2. pp. 99–101. Archived from 3381: 3379: 2773:. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Pub. Corp. pp. 183–212. 1359:

Gender talk: feminism, discourse and conversation analysis

4660:. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 1–18. 3800:

Grebelsky-Lichtman, Tsfira; Bdolach, Liron (2017-07-03).

2462:

West, Candace; Zimmerman, Don H. (1987). "Doing Gender".

379:

The study of gender and language in sociolinguistics and

1821:

You just don't understand: women and men in conversation

1606:

You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation

1030:

that can be perceived by one or more of the five senses

446:

You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation

2771:

The social organization of doctor-patient communication

2674: 2672: 2643:"Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation" 2429:

Eckert, Penelope (2003). McConnell-Ginet, Sally (ed.).

1019:

Indicates a personal and subjective opinion/evaluation

4703:

Fassin, Eric (September 2016). "Gender is/in French".

4677:

Reinventing identities: the gendered self in discourse

1714:(2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Pub. 1706:

Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie, eds. (2006).

4520:"Nuance and normativity in trans linguistic research" 3390:. In Cupach, William R.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.). 2558:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 427. 684:. Unlike men, women's relationships can affect their 436:

between how men and women communicate, was coined by

3485:

Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics

3332: 3330: 2099:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1526:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–14. 1178:

Some Australian Aboriginal communities, such as the

688:, and they can be judged and qualified based on it. 448:. Tannen was inspired by Lakoff, who wrote the book 5415: 5345: 5309: 5206: 5173: 5160: 4963: 4831: 4820: 4730:

Communication: A First Look at Communication Theory

4706:

differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies

2320:. In Duranti, Alessandro; Goodwin, Charles (eds.). 2135:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. 1673: 1671: 1669: 4758:Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture 3852:Hargrave, Lotte; Langengen, Tone (December 2021). 3640:Information (International Social Science Council) 2355: 1707: 957:Utterance without semantic meaning (uh, um, etc.) 3591:Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1992). 2769:. In Fisher, Sue; Todd, Alexandra Dundas (eds.). 2070:. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. pp. 1680:Language and woman's place: text and commentaries 1524:Language and woman's place: text and commentaries 529:Language: Its Nature and Development, and Origin. 4734:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 4625:Banglapedia: national encyclopedia of Bangladesh 4294:Edelman, Elijah Adiv; Zimman, Lal (2014-05-04). 3394:. New York London: Routledge. pp. 297–316. 3287:MacNeil, Sheila; Byers, E. Sandra (April 2005). 3232:MacNeil, Sheila; Byers, E. Sandra (2009-02-03). 4594:. In Parpola, Simo; Whiting, Robert M. (eds.). 4391:Konnelly, Lex; Cowper, Elizabeth (2020-04-29). 2929:Conversational organization and its development 1843: 1841: 4623:. In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Shashwati (eds.). 4569:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–93. 3094:"Interpersonal communication: self-disclosure" 2829: 2827: 2219:West, Candace; Zimmerman, Don H. (June 1987). 1472:Gormley, Sarah (2015), "Language and Gender", 771:conversational turn-taking as are provided by 536:Dual culture and dominance models (1980–1990s) 4793: 4355:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality 4070:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality 3985:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality 1747:Language: its nature, development, and origin 1733: 1731: 1439:Coates, Jennifer; Pichler, Pia, eds. (2011). 917:Gender differences in political communication 276: 8: 5458:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 3516:. Oxford New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 3386:Willer, Erin K.; Cupach, William R. (2011). 3293:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2612:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2163:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 1777:Women and language in literature and society 1772:"'Women's language' or 'powerless language'" 1361:. London New York: Routledge. pp. 7–8. 2645:. In Thorne, Barrie; West, Candace (eds.). 2636: 2634: 1701: 1699: 1052:Utterances which are viewed incorrect by a 944:daytime programs and three categories from 27:Ways men and women use language differently 5170: 4828: 4800: 4786: 4778: 2648:Language and sex: difference and dominance 2573:. New York: Robin Lakoff Harper & Row. 1502: 1500: 880: 283: 269: 43: 4726:Griffin, Em (2011). "Genderlect Styles". 4408: 3741: 3208: 2959:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2894: 2714: 2641:Zimmerman, Don H.; West, Candace (1975). 2530: 2433:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2362:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 2060:West, Candace; Zimmerman, Don H. (1983). 1999:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 1888:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 1851:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 1402: 717:Language practices associated with gender 4760:(10th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. 4397:Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1770:O'Barr, William; Atkins, Bowman (1980). 1710:American English: dialects and variation 1583:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Pub. 1241:has separate dialects for men and women. 950: 527:"The Woman", a chapter in his 1922 book 444:introduced this term in her book titled 4023:International Journal of Transgenderism 3392:The dark side of close relationships II 1338: 1063:Utterances that express some degree of 503:Speech practices associated with gender 319:, feminist psychology, gender studies, 202: 185: 99: 53: 46: 1635: 1385:Attenborough, Frederick (2014-05-02). 4363:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.63 4078:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.45 3993:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.45 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3795: 3793: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2588:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2424: 2422: 2420: 2349: 2347: 1682:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1380: 1378: 572:Social constructionist models (2000s) 7: 1962:British Journal of Social Psychology 1313:, also known as lavender linguistics 1197:women had a special language called 1038:After, as soon as, until, etc. (See 456:History and development of the field 3609:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002333 3506:Leet-Pellegrini, Helena M. (1980). 3162:. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. 3096:. Allyn & Bacon. Archived from 1581:The handbook of language and gender 1441:Language and gender : a reader 1237:The indigenous Australian language 1201:, distinct from the main language, 987:Verbs that specify physical action 676:, which is a term that shows their 419:and others. The 1995 edited volume 4253:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 3922:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00057.x 3806:The Journal of Legislative Studies 3568:I only say this because I love you 1579:; Meyerhoff, Miriam, eds. (2003). 1482:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53055-4 1230:and those used by women come from 779:Changing the topic of conversation 672:, while men are only addressed by 25: 4524:Journal of Language and Sexuality 4477:Journal of Language and Sexuality 4351:"Pronouns and Gender in Language" 4159:Journal of Language and Sexuality 2953:Goodwin, Majorie Harness (1990). 2679:Fishman, Pamela (February 1977). 484:Difference/Deficit models (1970s) 383:is often said to have begun with 347:, producing and reproducing what 5373:Attraction to transgender people 2681:"Interaction: The work women do" 251: 242: 241: 192: 191: 4751:Detailed chapter outline online 4108:"Beyond the cis gays' cis gaze" 3442:Journal of Children & Media 3189:Journal of Health Communication 2987:"Human conversational behavior" 2765:Todd, Alexandra Dundas (1993). 1608:. New York: 1st Harper pbk. ed. 512:Another early approach was the 4432:Corwin, Anna I. (2017-06-20). 2896:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4337-3 1780:. New York: Praeger. pp. 1642:Gender, language and discourse 1476:, Elsevier, pp. 256–259, 1286:Gender differences in Japanese 427:History of gender and language 321:interactional sociolinguistics 1: 5499:Language varieties and styles 5463:Social construction of gender 4773:Contents, Introduction, Ch. 1 4629:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 3818:10.1080/13572334.2017.1358979 3687:10.1525/ae.1985.12.4.02a00090 3597:Annual Review of Anthropology 2740:Journal of Curriculum Studies 2067:Language, gender, and society 5448:Sex as a biological variable 4656:. In Ray, Michael J. (ed.). 4518:Konnelly, Lex (2021-02-15). 4312:10.1080/00918369.2014.870438 3909:Human Communication Research 3475:Fishman, Pamela (May 1977). 1212:, after the formal language 711:Language and A Woman's Place 4654:"Yanyuwa, a dying language" 4357:, Oxford University Press, 4072:, Oxford University Press, 3987:, Oxford University Press, 3135:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.106 2926:Dorval, Bruce, ed. (1990). 2850:10.1177/0957926591002004003 2476:10.1177/0891243287001002002 2239:10.1177/0891243287001002002 2190:Journal of Sociolinguistics 1901:10.1177/0261927x99018002002 1387:"Words, Contexts, Politics" 1035:Subordinating Conjunctions 946:commercial network programs 942:Public Broadcasting Service 887:Dominance versus subjection 854:Listening and attentiveness 739:in conversation indicates. 703:Language, Gender, and Power 470:women's liberation movement 5525: 5363:Androphilia and gynephilia 4619:Halder, Shashwati (2012). 4590:Whittaker, Gordon (2002). 4471:Zimman, Lal (2013-02-18). 4153:Zimman, Lal (2013-01-01). 4106:Zimman, Lal (2021-10-06). 3958:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_1 3652:10.1177/053901847701600601 2625:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.941 2571:Language and woman's place 1216:diverged from the popular 1160:Gender-specific vocabulary 1138:for transgender women and 1111: 1041:subordinating conjunctions 1000:Adverbials Begin Sentence 925: 875:Heterosexual relationships 763: 653:linguistic anthropologists 600:accommodate their language 521:Language and Woman's Place 507:Language and Woman's Place 450:Language and Woman's Place 389:Language and Woman's Place 36: 29: 4218:10.1017/S0047404517000070 4200:Zimman, Lal (June 2017). 3870:10.1017/S1743923X20000100 3743:10.1017/S0047404500000488 3541:Coates, Jennifer (2016). 3454:10.1080/17482791003629651 3250:10.1080/00224490802398399 3201:10.1080/10810730903295518 3063:10.1080/01638530802073712 2810:10.1017/S0047404500020418 2395:. London: Jonathan Cape. 1122:people, with the rise of 501:, among others (see also 226:Sociocultural linguistics 4911:Non-binary / genderqueer 4719:10.1215/10407391-3621771 4671:Trechter, Sarah (1999). 4652:Kirton, Jean F. (1988). 4300:Journal of Homosexuality 3724:Trudgill, Peter (1972). 3566:Tannen, Deborah (2003). 3477:"Interactional shitwork" 3418:Speech | Keynote Speaker 3415:Underwood, M.K. (2011). 3339:Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 3305:10.1177/0265407505050942 2752:10.1080/0022027710030104 2584:Tannen, Deborah (1996). 2012:10.1177/0261927X03255380 1864:10.1177/0261927x95141002 1824:. New York, NY: Morrow. 1818:Tannen, Deborah (1990). 1640:Weatherall, Ann (2002). 1604:Tannen, Deborah (2007). 1184:auxiliary sign languages 1132:specific voice therapies 333:feminist language reform 5473:Transgender archaeology 4756:Wood, Julia T. (2013). 4627:(2nd ed.). Dhaka: 4247:Calder, Jeremy (2019). 3778:UN Women – Headquarters 3238:Journal of Sex Research 2881:(4 (part 1)): 696–735. 2837:Discourse & Society 2354:Henley, Nancy. (1977). 2287:10.1111/1467-9280.00329 2203:10.1111/1467-9481.00119 2095:Spender, Dale. (1985). 1975:10.1348/014466601164812 1678:Lakoff, Robin (2004) . 1555:. New York: Routledge. 1512:"Editor's introduction" 1301:Gender role in language 1291:Gender-neutral language 1114:Transgender linguistics 1108:Transgender linguistics 305:linguistic anthropology 221:Linguistic anthropology 138:Phono-semantic matching 5468:Split attraction model 5453:Sex–gender distinction 4444:(2): 255–277–255–277. 3122:Psychological Bulletin 3092:Borchers, Tim (1999). 2569:Lakoff, Robin (1975). 2033:Spender, Dale (1998). 1193:It is speculated that 1124:social constructionist 1054:prescriptivist grammar 1016:Judgmental Adjectives 692:Language and symbolism 586:social constructionist 216:Historical linguistics 158:Linguistic description 128:Homophonic translation 5443:Queer heterosexuality 4565:Kendon, Adam (1988). 4536:10.1075/jls.00016.kon 4489:10.1075/jls.2.1.01zim 4171:10.1075/jls.2.1.01zim 4035:10.1300/J485v09n03_08 3858:Politics & Gender 3351:10.1353/mpq.2011.0015 2887:10.1353/lan.1974.0010 2513:Castro, Olga (2013). 2316:Ochs, Elinor (1992). 2274:Psychological Science 1404:10.1558/genl.v8i2.137 1140:voice masculinization 1080:Aubrey's 2004 study " 933:children's television 926:Children's television 309:conversation analysis 231:Sociology of language 5423:Anti-gender movement 5398:Romantic orientation 3675:American Ethnologist 2586:Gender and discourse 2226:Gender & Society 1644:. Hove : Routledge. 992:Present Tense Verbs 5175:Sexual orientations 4906:Masculine of center 4438:Gender and Language 4206:Language in Society 4112:Gender and Language 3730:Language in Society 3051:Discourse Processes 2797:Language in Society 2554:Gal, Susan (1997). 2532:10.1558/genl.v7i1.5 2519:Gender and Language 2431:Language and gender 1391:Gender and Language 1279:Gender and Language 1173:Irish Sign Language 1049:Grammatical Errors 495:question intonation 335:and media studies. 325:mediated stylistics 301:applied linguistics 297:language and gender 211:Applied linguistics 39:Gender and Language 5504:Gender in language 5296:Same gender loving 5207:Alternative labels 4450:10.1558/genl.27552 4265:10.1111/jola.12218 4124:10.1558/genl.20883 3570:. London: Virago. 3003:10.1007/BF02912493 2464:Gender and Society 1938:10.1007/bf00289762 1210:languages of India 1136:voice feminization 976:Uncertainty Verbs 936:. Mulac et al.'s " 826:Dr. M.K. Underwood 638:Simone de Beauvoir 611:Language and power 257:Linguistics portal 153:Language varieties 148:Discourse analysis 133:Macaronic language 32:Grammatical gender 5481: 5480: 5428:Gender assignment 5411: 5410: 5156: 5155: 4896:Gender neutrality 4767:978-1-428-22995-2 4745:978-0-07-353430-5 4410:10.5334/gjgl.1000 4372:978-0-19-021292-6 4087:978-0-19-021292-6 4002:978-0-19-021292-6 3495:on 21 March 2017. 2318:"Indexing gender" 2097:Man made language 2036:Man made language 1932:(9–10): 439–470. 1491:978-0-08-097087-5 1070: 1069: 954:Vocalized Pauses 817:Verbal aggression 726:Minimal responses 354:variety of speech 293: 292: 77:Language planning 72:Language ideology 16:(Redirected from 5516: 5509:Sociolinguistics 5271:Non-heterosexual 5171: 4829: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4771: 4749: 4733: 4722: 4691: 4690: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4029:(3–4): 167–196. 4018: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3946:Media Psychology 3941: 3926: 3925: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3849: 3838: 3837: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3745: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3042: 3031: 3030: 2982: 2971: 2970: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2898: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2415: 2414: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2185:Cameron, Deborah 2181: 2175: 2174: 2157:Cameron, Deborah 2153: 2147: 2146: 2129:Cameron, Deborah 2125: 2119: 2118: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2030: 2024: 2023: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1815: 1796: 1795: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1749:. Hamlin Press. 1735: 1726: 1725: 1713: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1637: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1436: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1343: 1311:LGBT linguistics 951: 525:Otto Jespersen's 329:sociolinguistics 313:cultural studies 285: 278: 271: 255: 245: 244: 195: 194: 48:Sociolinguistics 44: 21: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5407: 5358:Analloeroticism 5341: 5337:Heterosociality 5305: 5202: 5165: 5163: 5152: 4967: 4959: 4901:Gender variance 4891:Gender fluidity 4823: 4816: 4806: 4768: 4755: 4746: 4725: 4702: 4699: 4697:Further reading 4694: 4687: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3943: 3942: 3929: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3851: 3850: 3841: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3159:Self-disclosure 3155: 3154: 3150: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3100:on 20 July 2012 3091: 3090: 3086: 3044: 3043: 3034: 2984: 2983: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2686:Social Problems 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2370: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2032: 2031: 2027: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1817: 1816: 1799: 1792: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1739:Jespersen, Otto 1737: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1652: 1639: 1638: 1613: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1551:, eds. (1995). 1546: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1451: 1438: 1437: 1420: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1355:Speer, Susan A. 1345: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328:Women's studies 1266: 1257:Lakota language 1162: 1116: 1110: 1024:Concrete Nouns 928: 919: 906: 889: 877: 856: 819: 799:self-disclosure 794: 792:Self-disclosure 781: 768: 762: 749: 728: 719: 694: 649:sociolinguistic 613: 574: 566:emotional labor 538: 486: 466:feminist theory 458: 429: 417:Jane Sunderland 413:Deborah Cameron 397:Penelope Eckert 323:, linguistics, 289: 82:Multilingualism 67:Language change 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5494:Gender studies 5486: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Plurisexuality 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5317:Sociosexuality 5313: 5311: 5310:Social aspects 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Heteroflexible 5253: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:Vakasalewalewa 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4753: 4744: 4723: 4713:(2): 178–197. 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4686:978-0195126297 4685: 4663: 4644: 4637: 4611: 4604: 4582: 4575: 4557: 4510: 4463: 4424: 4383: 4371: 4341: 4306:(5): 673–690. 4286: 4259:(3): 332–358. 4239: 4212:(3): 339–370. 4192: 4145: 4098: 4086: 4056: 4013: 4001: 3971: 3952:(2): 111–146. 3927: 3916:(4): 481–506. 3891: 3864:(4): 580–606. 3839: 3812:(3): 275–300. 3789: 3765: 3736:(2): 179–195. 3716: 3681:(4): 738–748. 3665: 3646:(6): 645–668. 3630: 3583: 3576: 3558: 3551: 3533: 3526: 3498: 3467: 3448:(2): 191–205. 3432: 3407: 3400: 3375: 3345:(3): 293–318. 3326: 3299:(2): 169–181. 3279: 3224: 3195:(8): 768–784. 3175: 3168: 3148: 3129:(1): 106–124. 3111: 3084: 3057:(3): 211–236. 3032: 2997:(3): 231–246. 2972: 2965: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2863: 2844:(4): 413–423. 2823: 2786: 2779: 2757: 2730: 2699:10.2307/800091 2693:(3): 387–400. 2668: 2661: 2630: 2619:(5): 941–951. 2601: 2594: 2576: 2561: 2546: 2505: 2470:(2): 125–151. 2454: 2439: 2416: 2401: 2393:The second sex 2383: 2368: 2343: 2336: 2308: 2281:(2): 171–175. 2263: 2233:(2): 125–151. 2221:"Doing Gender" 2211: 2197:(3): 323–347. 2176: 2169: 2148: 2141: 2133:Verbal hygiene 2120: 2105: 2087: 2080: 2052: 2045: 2025: 2006:(3): 282–296. 1988: 1969:(2): 193–208. 1951: 1914: 1895:(2): 153–174. 1877: 1858:(1–2): 18–39. 1837: 1830: 1797: 1790: 1762: 1755: 1727: 1720: 1695: 1688: 1665: 1650: 1611: 1596: 1589: 1568: 1561: 1549:Bucholtz, Mary 1539: 1532: 1520:Bucholtz, Mary 1508:Bucholtz, Mary 1496: 1490: 1464: 1449: 1418: 1397:(2): 137–146. 1374: 1367: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296:Gender paradox 1293: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1242: 1235: 1221: 1206: 1191: 1176: 1161: 1158: 1109: 1106: 1092:, followed by 1068: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 989: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 973: 972: 963: 959: 958: 955: 927: 924: 918: 915: 905: 902: 888: 885: 876: 873: 855: 852: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 830:cyber-bullying 818: 815: 793: 790: 780: 777: 761: 758: 754:The War Prayer 748: 745: 732:paralinguistic 727: 724: 718: 715: 693: 690: 682:marital status 612: 609: 573: 570: 537: 534: 485: 482: 457: 454: 442:Deborah Tannen 428: 425: 393:Deborah Tannen 387:'s 1975 book, 381:gender studies 291: 290: 288: 287: 280: 273: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 249: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 205: 204: 203:Related fields 200: 199: 197:Sociolinguists 188: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 102: 101: 100:Areas of study 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 62:Code-switching 56: 55: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5521: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5393:Postgenderism 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Monosexuality 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Allosexuality 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5332:Homosociality 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Antisexuality 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995:Bugis genders 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965:Third genders 4962: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Gender bender 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4876:Cross-dresser 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4638:9789845120364 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4605:9789514590542 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3577:9781860499814 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3552:9781315645612 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3527:9780080246963 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3401:9780415804585 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3169:9780803939554 3165: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966:9780253206183 2962: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2939:9780893916633 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2780:9780893916992 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662:9780883770436 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2595:9780195101249 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2440:0-511-07765-3 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2402:9780224078597 2398: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337:9780521422888 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2170:9780199214471 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2142:9786613954404 2138: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2081:9780883772683 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2046:9780863584015 2042: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831:9780060959623 1827: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791:9780030578939 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1756:9781473302310 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721:9781405112666 1717: 1712: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689:9780195167573 1685: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1590:9780631225027 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Holmes, Janet 1572: 1569: 1564: 1562:9781136045424 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1533:9780195167573 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Lakoff, Robin 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450:9781405191449 1446: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368:9780415246446 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317:Men's studies 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246:Ancient Greek 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1060:Polite Forms 1059: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 991: 990: 986: 984:Action Verbs 983: 982: 978: 975: 974: 970: 969: 964: 961: 960: 956: 953: 952: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934: 923: 916: 914: 910: 903: 901: 897: 893: 886: 884: 882: 879:As described 874: 872: 868: 865: 860: 853: 848: 845: 842: 839: 838: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 791: 789: 785: 778: 776: 774: 767: 759: 757: 755: 746: 744: 740: 738: 733: 725: 723: 716: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 689: 687: 686:social status 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 626: 623: 617: 610: 608: 604: 601: 596: 594: 589: 588: 587: 581: 580: 571: 569: 567: 562: 561:unmarked norm 556: 553: 552: 547: 544: 543: 542:Dual cultures 535: 533: 530: 526: 522: 517: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 497:, and "weak" 496: 492: 491:tag questions 483: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:Mary Bucholtz 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 374:gender binary 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317:media studies 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 266: 264: 263: 258: 254: 250: 248: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 201: 198: 190: 189: 184: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 113:Bilingual pun 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 58: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 33: 19: 5433:Gender roles 5378:Kinsey scale 5368:Aromanticism 5244:Gray asexual 5193:Heterosexual 5118:Sworn virgin 5088:Mukhannathun 4990:Binabinaaine 4757: 4729: 4710: 4704: 4676: 4666: 4657: 4647: 4624: 4614: 4595: 4585: 4566: 4560: 4530:(1): 71–82. 4527: 4523: 4513: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4376:, retrieved 4354: 4344: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4091:, retrieved 4069: 4059: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4006:, retrieved 3984: 3974: 3949: 3945: 3913: 3907: 3861: 3857: 3809: 3805: 3781:. Retrieved 3777: 3768: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3567: 3561: 3542: 3536: 3512: 3501: 3490:the original 3483: 3470: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3417: 3410: 3391: 3342: 3338: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3158: 3151: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3098:the original 3087: 3054: 3050: 2994: 2991:Human Nature 2990: 2955: 2948: 2928: 2921: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2841: 2835: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2770: 2760: 2746:(1): 27–38. 2743: 2739: 2733: 2690: 2684: 2647: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2430: 2392: 2386: 2357: 2322: 2311: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2230: 2224: 2214: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2160: 2151: 2132: 2123: 2096: 2090: 2066: 2055: 2035: 2028: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1855: 1849: 1820: 1776: 1765: 1746: 1709: 1679: 1641: 1605: 1599: 1580: 1571: 1552: 1547:Hall, Kira; 1542: 1523: 1473: 1467: 1440: 1394: 1390: 1358: 1347:Speer, Susan 1341: 1322:Nüshu script 1277: 1269: 1250:Aristophanes 1202: 1198: 1188:speech taboo 1163: 1129: 1117: 1098: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1039: 966: 937: 932: 929: 920: 911: 907: 898: 894: 890: 878: 869: 861: 857: 834: 824: 820: 811: 807: 803: 795: 786: 782: 769: 750: 741: 729: 720: 710: 707:Robin Lakoff 702: 701:in the book 695: 646: 642: 627: 618: 614: 605: 597: 593:doing gender 584: 583: 578: 577: 575: 557: 550: 549: 548: 541: 540: 539: 528: 520: 514: 513: 511: 506: 487: 459: 449: 445: 438:Robin Lakoff 433:Homo sapiens 432: 430: 420: 401:Janet Holmes 388: 385:Robin Lakoff 378: 376:in society. 361: 337: 296: 294: 54:Key concepts 5291:Questioning 5164:orientation 5083:Mudoko dako 5043:Femminiello 4955:Transsexual 4933:Trans woman 4916:Transgender 4483:(1): 1–39. 4165:(1): 1–39. 3603:: 461–490. 3244:(1): 3–14. 3104:23 November 2804:(1): 1–26. 1743:"The woman" 1086:gender-role 1008:Justifiers 766:Turn-taking 760:Turn-taking 737:turn-taking 462:linguistics 370:gender bias 349:Susan Speer 315:, feminist 5488:Categories 5327:Asociality 5281:Polysexual 5249:Demisexual 5219:Bi-curious 5198:Homosexual 5166:identities 5133:Two-spirit 5038:Fakafifine 5033:Fa'afafine 4975:Androgynos 4824:identities 4815:identities 4576:0521360080 4378:2021-06-12 4093:2022-06-04 4008:2021-06-12 3783:2022-10-04 3425:1 December 2369:0130796409 2106:0710203152 1651:0203988817 1334:References 1166:vocabulary 1144:Lal Zimman 1112:See also: 1065:politeness 904:Politeness 764:See also: 722:patterns. 499:directives 474:patriarchy 362:genderlect 168:Pragmatics 18:Genderlect 5301:Takatāpui 5276:Pansexual 5229:Ex-ex-gay 5068:Koekchuch 5048:Güevedoce 4968:and sexes 4938:Fakaleitī 4928:Trans man 4921:Akava'ine 4871:Cisgender 4861:Androgyne 4621:"Prakrit" 4552:233949801 4544:2211-3770 4505:143437724 4497:2211-3770 4458:1747-633X 4419:2397-1835 4403:(1): 40. 4320:0091-8369 4281:165109392 4273:1548-1395 4234:151829941 4226:0047-4045 4187:143437724 4179:2211-3770 4140:240256058 4132:1747-633X 4051:143007221 4043:1553-2739 3966:144754474 3886:225495417 3878:1743-923X 3834:149194641 3826:1357-2334 3752:0047-4045 3711:143547128 3695:0094-0496 3660:144528140 3617:0084-6570 3462:145582028 3367:146188437 3321:145299560 3313:0265-4075 3258:0022-4499 3071:0163-853X 3011:1045-6767 2913:210072635 2858:145790027 2818:145500836 2541:144942425 2500:220519301 2484:0891-2432 2411:429598256 2255:220519301 2020:144331193 1946:144610138 1925:Sex Roles 1909:146518770 1872:145296984 1741:(2013) . 1510:(2004) . 1459:659305823 1413:1747-6321 1282:(journal) 1120:cisgender 1102:passivity 864:listening 747:Questions 709:'s book, 699:Susan Gal 658:authority 634:masculine 622:hierarchy 551:Dominance 409:Kira Hall 358:sociolect 123:Diglossia 92:Variation 5438:Intersex 5416:See also 5403:Sapphism 5188:Bisexual 5148:X-gender 5123:Travesti 5098:Nádleehi 5011:Chibados 4943:Mak nyah 4336:31263792 4328:24294971 3359:23098048 3266:19012061 3219:20029710 3019:26196965 2874:Language 2725:32921838 2525:: 5–12. 2449:57419689 2303:44597261 2295:11340928 2159:(2007). 2131:(2012). 2115:12072141 1983:11446227 1660:71813163 1522:(eds.). 1349:(2005). 1271:Binnen-I 1264:See also 1224:Garifuna 1214:Sanskrit 1195:Sumerian 1180:Warlpiri 1153:pronouns 1148:phonetic 630:Feminine 341:language 247:Category 178:Soramimi 163:Loanword 143:Register 87:Prestige 5266:Lesbian 5261:Khanith 5239:Gay men 5183:Asexual 5113:Sipiniq 5073:Lhamana 5058:Kathoey 5005:Calalai 5002:Calabai 4948:Rae-rae 4833:Genders 3760:4166683 3625:2155996 3274:8723727 3210:2801901 3143:1388280 3079:7160120 3027:1151885 2716:7485939 2653:105–129 2378:2646276 2328:335–357 2072:102–117 1357:(ed.). 1255:In the 1239:Yanyuwa 1218:Prakrit 1182:, have 1090:Rugrats 632:" and " 579:dynamic 515:deficit 118:Dialect 5224:Ex-gay 5214:Banjee 5162:Sexual 5143:Winkte 5128:Tumtum 5108:Palopa 5021:Eunuch 5016:Enaree 4980:Apwint 4881:Femboy 4856:Female 4822:Gender 4813:sexual 4809:Gender 4764: 4742: 4738:–446. 4683: 4635: 4602: 4573: 4550: 4542: 4503: 4495: 4456: 4417: 4369: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4279: 4271: 4232: 4224: 4185: 4177: 4138: 4130: 4084: 4049: 4041: 3999: 3964: 3884: 3876: 3832: 3824: 3758: 3750: 3709: 3703:644180 3701: 3693: 3658: 3623: 3615: 3574: 3549: 3524: 3518:97–104 3460: 3398: 3365: 3357: 3319: 3311: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3217: 3207: 3166: 3141: 3077: 3069: 3025: 3017: 3009: 2963: 2936: 2911: 2905:412243 2903: 2856: 2816: 2777: 2723: 2713: 2707:800091 2705: 2659: 2592: 2539: 2498: 2492:189945 2490: 2482: 2447: 2437: 2409: 2399: 2376: 2366: 2334: 2301: 2293: 2253: 2247:189945 2245: 2167: 2139: 2113: 2103: 2078: 2043: 2018: 1981: 1944: 1907: 1870: 1828: 1788: 1782:93–110 1753: 1718: 1686: 1658: 1648: 1587: 1559: 1530: 1488: 1457: 1447: 1411: 1365: 1306:Láadan 1232:Arawak 1203:Emegir 1199:Emesal 971:page) 962:Verbs 773:hedges 680:, not 678:gender 478:sexism 366:sexism 345:gender 331:, and 186:People 173:Pidgin 108:Accent 5346:Other 5286:Queer 5103:Nullo 5063:Köçek 5053:Hijra 5026:Galli 4999:Bissu 4985:Bakla 4846:Woman 4548:S2CID 4501:S2CID 4332:S2CID 4277:S2CID 4230:S2CID 4183:S2CID 4136:S2CID 4118:(3). 4047:S2CID 3962:S2CID 3882:S2CID 3830:S2CID 3756:JSTOR 3707:S2CID 3699:JSTOR 3656:S2CID 3621:JSTOR 3493:(PDF) 3480:(PDF) 3458:S2CID 3363:S2CID 3355:JSTOR 3317:S2CID 3270:S2CID 3075:S2CID 3023:S2CID 2909:S2CID 2901:JSTOR 2854:S2CID 2814:S2CID 2703:JSTOR 2537:S2CID 2496:S2CID 2488:JSTOR 2299:S2CID 2251:S2CID 2243:JSTOR 2016:S2CID 1942:S2CID 1905:S2CID 1868:S2CID 1514:. In 1353:. In 1228:Carib 1028:Nouns 965:(See 881:above 668:, or 356:, or 5093:Muxe 5078:Māhū 4851:Male 4811:and 4762:ISBN 4740:ISBN 4681:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4600:ISBN 4571:ISBN 4540:ISSN 4493:ISSN 4454:ISSN 4415:ISSN 4367:ISBN 4324:PMID 4316:ISSN 4269:ISSN 4222:ISSN 4175:ISSN 4128:ISSN 4082:ISBN 4039:ISSN 3997:ISBN 3874:ISSN 3822:ISSN 3748:ISSN 3691:ISSN 3613:ISSN 3572:ISBN 3547:ISBN 3522:ISBN 3427:2011 3396:ISBN 3372:Pdf. 3309:ISSN 3262:PMID 3254:ISSN 3215:PMID 3164:ISBN 3139:PMID 3106:2011 3067:ISSN 3015:PMID 3007:ISSN 2961:ISBN 2934:ISBN 2775:ISBN 2721:PMID 2657:ISBN 2590:ISBN 2480:ISSN 2445:OCLC 2435:ISBN 2407:OCLC 2397:ISBN 2374:OCLC 2364:ISBN 2332:ISBN 2291:PMID 2260:Pdf. 2208:Pdf. 2165:ISBN 2137:ISBN 2111:OCLC 2101:ISBN 2076:ISBN 2041:ISBN 1979:PMID 1826:ISBN 1786:ISBN 1751:ISBN 1716:ISBN 1684:ISBN 1656:OCLC 1646:ISBN 1585:ISBN 1557:ISBN 1528:ISBN 1486:ISBN 1455:OCLC 1445:ISBN 1409:ISSN 1363:ISBN 1094:Doug 968:verb 666:Mrs. 662:Miss 651:and 576:The 476:and 368:and 343:and 5234:Gay 4866:Boi 4841:Man 4736:435 4715:doi 4532:doi 4485:doi 4446:doi 4405:doi 4359:doi 4308:doi 4261:doi 4214:doi 4167:doi 4120:doi 4074:doi 4031:doi 3989:doi 3954:doi 3918:doi 3866:doi 3814:doi 3738:doi 3683:doi 3648:doi 3605:doi 3450:doi 3347:doi 3301:doi 3246:doi 3205:PMC 3197:doi 3131:doi 3127:112 3059:doi 2999:doi 2891:hdl 2883:doi 2846:doi 2806:doi 2748:doi 2711:PMC 2695:doi 2621:doi 2527:doi 2472:doi 2283:doi 2235:doi 2199:doi 2008:doi 1971:doi 1934:doi 1897:doi 1860:doi 1478:doi 1399:doi 1244:In 674:Mr. 670:Ms. 582:or 5490:: 4711:27 4709:. 4631:. 4546:. 4538:. 4528:10 4526:. 4522:. 4499:. 4491:. 4479:. 4475:. 4452:. 4442:11 4440:. 4436:. 4413:. 4399:. 4395:. 4365:, 4353:, 4330:. 4322:. 4314:. 4304:61 4302:. 4298:. 4275:. 4267:. 4257:29 4255:. 4251:. 4228:. 4220:. 4210:46 4208:. 4204:. 4181:. 4173:. 4161:. 4157:. 4134:. 4126:. 4116:15 4114:. 4110:. 4080:, 4068:, 4045:. 4037:. 4025:. 3995:, 3983:, 3960:. 3948:. 3930:^ 3914:11 3912:. 3894:^ 3880:. 3872:. 3862:17 3860:. 3856:. 3842:^ 3828:. 3820:. 3810:23 3808:. 3804:. 3792:^ 3776:. 3754:. 3746:. 3732:. 3728:. 3705:. 3697:. 3689:. 3679:12 3677:. 3654:. 3644:16 3642:. 3619:. 3611:. 3601:21 3599:. 3595:. 3520:. 3482:. 3456:. 3444:. 3378:^ 3361:. 3353:. 3343:57 3341:. 3329:^ 3315:. 3307:. 3297:22 3295:. 3291:. 3268:. 3260:. 3252:. 3242:46 3240:. 3236:. 3213:. 3203:. 3193:14 3191:. 3187:. 3137:. 3125:. 3073:. 3065:. 3055:45 3053:. 3049:. 3035:^ 3021:. 3013:. 3005:. 2993:. 2989:. 2975:^ 2907:. 2899:. 2889:. 2879:50 2877:. 2852:. 2840:. 2826:^ 2812:. 2802:25 2800:. 2742:. 2719:. 2709:. 2701:. 2691:24 2689:. 2683:. 2671:^ 2655:. 2633:^ 2617:59 2615:. 2535:. 2521:. 2517:. 2494:. 2486:. 2478:. 2466:. 2443:. 2419:^ 2405:. 2372:. 2346:^ 2330:. 2297:. 2289:. 2279:12 2277:. 2249:. 2241:. 2229:. 2223:. 2193:. 2109:. 2074:. 2014:. 2004:22 2002:. 1977:. 1967:40 1965:. 1940:. 1930:23 1928:. 1903:. 1893:18 1891:. 1866:. 1856:14 1854:. 1840:^ 1800:^ 1784:. 1745:. 1730:^ 1698:^ 1668:^ 1654:. 1614:^ 1518:; 1499:^ 1484:, 1453:. 1421:^ 1407:. 1393:. 1389:. 1377:^ 1168:. 1104:. 1044:) 664:, 493:, 480:. 464:, 415:, 411:, 407:, 403:, 399:, 395:, 327:, 311:, 307:, 303:, 4801:e 4794:t 4787:v 4770:. 4748:. 4721:. 4717:: 4689:. 4641:. 4608:. 4579:. 4554:. 4534:: 4507:. 4487:: 4481:2 4460:. 4448:: 4421:. 4407:: 4401:5 4361:: 4338:. 4310:: 4283:. 4263:: 4236:. 4216:: 4189:. 4169:: 4163:2 4142:. 4122:: 4076:: 4053:. 4033:: 4027:9 3991:: 3968:. 3956:: 3950:6 3924:. 3920:: 3888:. 3868:: 3836:. 3816:: 3786:. 3762:. 3740:: 3734:1 3713:. 3685:: 3662:. 3650:: 3627:. 3607:: 3580:. 3555:. 3530:. 3464:. 3452:: 3446:4 3429:. 3404:. 3369:. 3349:: 3323:. 3303:: 3276:. 3248:: 3221:. 3199:: 3172:. 3145:. 3133:: 3108:. 3081:. 3061:: 3029:. 3001:: 2995:8 2969:. 2942:. 2915:. 2893:: 2885:: 2860:. 2848:: 2842:2 2820:. 2808:: 2783:. 2754:. 2750:: 2744:3 2727:. 2697:: 2665:. 2627:. 2623:: 2598:. 2543:. 2529:: 2523:7 2502:. 2474:: 2468:1 2451:. 2413:. 2380:. 2340:. 2305:. 2285:: 2257:. 2237:: 2231:1 2205:. 2201:: 2195:4 2173:. 2145:. 2117:. 2084:. 2049:. 2022:. 2010:: 1985:. 1973:: 1948:. 1936:: 1911:. 1899:: 1874:. 1862:: 1834:. 1794:. 1759:. 1724:. 1692:. 1662:. 1593:. 1565:. 1536:. 1480:: 1461:. 1415:. 1401:: 1395:8 1371:. 1252:. 1234:. 1134:( 591:" 284:e 277:t 270:v 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.