36:
480:
of the tomato Pto/Prf/AvrPto interaction showed that the
Avirulence protein, AvrPto, interacted directly with Pto despite Pto not having an LRR. This makes Pto the guardee protein, which is protected by the NBS-LRR protein Prf. However, Pto is a resistance gene alone, which is an argument against the
408:
AvrPto is a small triple-helix protein that, like several other effectors, is targeted to the plasma membrane by N-myristoylation. AvrPto is an inhibitor of PRR kinase domains. PRRs signal plants to induce immunity when PAMPs are detected. The ability to target receptor kinases is required for the
447:
In only some cases is there direct interaction between the R gene product and the Avr gene product. For example, both FLS2 and XA21 interact with the microbial peptides. In contrast, for the NBS-LRR class of R genes, direct interaction has not been shown for most of the R/avr pairs. This lack of
397:
There is no common structure between avirulence gene products. Because there would be no evolutionary advantage to a pathogen keeping a protein that only serves to have it recognised by the plant, it is believed that the products of Avr genes play an important role in
357:
The term "avirulence gene" remains useful as a broad term that indicates a gene that encodes any determinant of the specificity of the interaction with the host. Thus, this term can encompass some conserved microbial signatures, also called
155:
ratios rather than genetics ratios in host-parasite systems. In doing so, he discovered the differential interaction that is common to all gene-for-gene relationships and that is now known as the Person differential interaction.
474:. The guardee protein is RIN4, which is hyperphosphorylated by the Avr proteins. Another high profile study that supports the guard hypothesis shows that the RPS5 pair uses PBS1, a protein kinase as a guardee against AvrPphB.
413:
strains, whereas Pto R gene is only found in a few wild tomato species. This suggests recent evolution of the Pto R gene and the pressure to evolve to target AvrPto, turning a virulence effector to an avirulence effector.
459:
proposes that the R proteins interact, or guard, a protein known as the guardee which is the target of the Avr protein. When it detects interference with the guardee protein, it activates resistance.
409:
virulence function of AvrPto in plants. However, Pto is a resistant gene that can detect AvrPto and induce immunity as well. AvrPto is an ancient effector that is conserved in many
300:
LRRs are involved in protein-protein interactions, and the greatest variation amongst resistance genes occurs in the LRR domain. LRR swapping experiments between resistance genes in
229:
The PRR class of R genes includes the rice XA21 resistance gene that recognizes the ax21 peptide and the
Arabidopsis FLS2 peptide that recognizes the flg22 peptide from flagellin.
362:(PAMPs or MAMPs), and pathogen effectors (e.g. bacterial type III effectors and oomycete effectors) as well as any genes that control variation in the activity of those molecules.
113:). Flor showed that the inheritance of both resistance in the host and parasite ability to cause disease is controlled by pairs of matching genes. One is a plant gene called the
54:
417:
Unlike the MAMP or PAMP class of avr genes that are recognized by the host PRRs, the targets of bacterial effector avr proteins appear to be proteins involved in plant
265:
tomato resistance gene (Pto) belongs to a class of its own. It encodes a Ser/Thr kinase but has no LRR. It requires the presence of a linked NBS-LRR gene,
973:"Xa21D encodes a receptor-like molecule with a leucine-rich repeat domain that determines race-specific recognition and is subject to adaptive evolution"
819:
Lee SW, Han SW, Sririyanum M, Park CJ, Seo YS, Ronald PC (November 2009). "A type I-secreted, sulfated peptide triggers XA21-mediated innate immunity".
1198:
Xin XF, He SY (2013). "Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000: a model pathogen for probing disease susceptibility and hormone signaling in plants".
495:
365:
Intracellular recognition of an avirulence gene product was first demonstrated by
Gopalan et al 1996. They found that artificial expression of
359:
1382:
Shao F, Golstein C, Ade J, Stoutemyer M, Dixon JE, Innes RW (August 2003). "Cleavage of
Arabidopsis PBS1 by a bacterial type III effector".
1159:"The solution structure of type III effector protein AvrPto reveals conformational and dynamic features important for plant pathogenesis"
1433:
Grzeskowiak L, Stephan W, Rose LE (October 2014). "Epistatic selection and coadaptation in the Prf resistance complex of wild tomato".
185:(LRR). The protein products of the PRRs contain extracellular, juxtamembrane, transmembrane and intracellular non-RD kinase domains.
72:
1030:"Isolation of genes expressed during compatible interactions between leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and wheat using cDNA-AFLP"
93:
that plants and their diseases each have single genes that interact with each other during an infection. It was proposed by
174:
430:
1118:
Whitham SA, Qi M, Innes RW, Ma W, Lopes-Caitar V, Hewezi T (August 2016). "Molecular
Soybean-Pathogen Interactions".
125:) gene. Plants producing a specific R gene product are resistant towards a pathogen that produces the corresponding
1127:
366:
1347:
Van der Biezen EA, Jones JD (December 1998). "Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept".
425:
of Avr genes in animal pathogens have been shown to do this. For example, the AvrBs3 family of proteins possess
437:
130:
1483:
490:
192:
One subclass has an amino-terminal Toll/Interleukin 1 receptor homology region (TIR). This includes the
1391:
927:
916:"The rice immune receptor XA21 recognizes a tyrosine-sulfated protein from a Gram-negative bacterium"
828:
723:
623:
477:
470:
464:
380:
327:
232:
There are other classes of R genes, such as the extracellular LRR class of R genes; examples include
201:
148:
1277:
Deslandes L, Rivas S (November 2012). "Catch me if you can: bacterial effectors and plant targets".
456:
182:
170:
109:
1415:
992:
896:
888:
852:
747:
422:
313:
556:
Flor HH (1955). "Host-parasite interaction in flax rust - its genetics and other implications".
433:
and acidic activation domains and are believed to function by altering host cell transcription.
1312:
Lahaye T, Bonas U (October 2001). "Molecular secrets of bacterial type III effector proteins".
301:
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953:
871:
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739:
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605:
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R gene specificity (recognising certain Avr gene products) is believed to be conferred by the
94:
27:
When a gene in a host directly protects against a gene in a pathogen, forming a 1-to-1 system
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1442:
1399:
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135:
1238:"Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPto blocks innate immunity by targeting receptor kinases"
418:
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141:
99:
90:
318:
129:
gene product. Gene-for-gene relationships are a widespread and very important aspect of
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Pruitt RN, Schwessinger B, Joe A, Thomas N, Liu F, Albert M, et al. (July 2015).
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1029:
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resulted in the specificity of the resistance gene for the avirulence gene changing.
751:
1419:
867:
856:
252:
1290:
735:
712:"A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21"
710:
Song WY, Wang GL, Chen LL, Kim HS, Pi LY, Holsten T, et al. (December 1995).
1446:
783:
394:. This proved recognition was occurring intracellularly and not on the surface.
286:
261:
238:
152:
767:"Plant and animal pathogen recognition receptors signal through non-RD kinases"
711:
1254:
1237:
1175:
1158:
449:
282:
220:
178:
971:
Wang GL, Ruan DL, Song WY, Sideris S, Chen L, Pi LY, et al. (May 1998).
17:
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331:
223:
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1411:
1333:
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1236:
Xiang T, Zong N, Zou Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Xing W, et al. (January 2008).
1219:
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957:
939:
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848:
802:
693:
1368:
1014:
885:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
743:
169:
There are several different classes of R genes. The major classes are the
342:
294:
281:
rich repeats. LRRs are multiple, serial repeats of a motif of roughly 24
219:
products encoded by this class of resistance gene are located within the
1455:
996:
468:
is able to respond to two completely unrelated avirulence factors from
290:
278:
216:
197:
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residues at regular intervals. Some may also contain regularly spaced
385:
334:
323:
247:
114:
988:
639:
448:
evidence for a direct interaction led to the formation of the guard
1157:
Wulf J, Pascuzzi PE, Fahmy A, Martin GB, Nicholson LK (July 2004).
1086:
462:
Several experiments support this hypothesis, e.g. the Rpm1 gene in
814:
812:
233:
104:
575:
Flor HH (1971). "Current status of the gene-for-gene concept".
426:
384:
produced cell death when combined with expression of the host
29:
1071:"Plant NBS-LRR proteins in pathogen sensing and host defense"
177:(PRR). The protein products of the NBS-LRR R genes contain a
626:(1959). "Gene-for-gene relationships in parasitic systems".
207:
The other subclass does not contain a TIR and instead has a
537:
Flor HH (1947). "Inheritance of reaction to rust in flax".
188:
Within the NBS-LRR class of R genes are two subclasses:
50:
121:. The other is a parasite gene called the avirulence (
45:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1231:
1229:
514:Flor HH (1942). "Inheritance of pathogenicity in
360:pathogen or microbe associated molecular patterns
1028:Zhang L, Meakin H, Dickinson M (November 2003).
656:McHale L, Tan X, Koehl P, Michelmore RW (2006).
705:
703:
651:
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8:
899:|...|intentional=yes}}
658:"Plant NBS-LRR proteins: adaptable guards"
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73:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:, without removing the technical details.
496:Gene-for-gene interactions in rust fungi
506:
151:was the first scientist to study plant
1069:DeYoung BJ, Innes RW (December 2006).
316:but there are some, most notably the
55:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
765:Dardick C, Ronald P (January 2006).
610:Host Management in Crop Pathosystems
1212:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102321
1136:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100156
589:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.001423
341:protects barley against nearly all
133:. Another example can be seen with
452:for the NBS-LRR class of R genes.
402:in genetically susceptible hosts.
285:in length, with leucines or other
25:
1435:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1047:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00192.x
34:
1200:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1120:Annual Review of Phytopathology
612:. Macmillan Publishing Company.
273:Specificity of resistance genes
250:that confer resistance against
1349:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
868:10.1126/science.342.6155.191-a
236:Xa21D for resistance against
1:
1361:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01311-5
1326:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02083-0
1291:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.011
736:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804
211:region at its amino terminal.
175:pattern recognition receptors
1447:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.019
784:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020002
431:nuclear localisation signals
330:resistance is conferred by
97:who was working with rust (
1505:
435:
312:Most resistance genes are
308:Recessive resistance genes
165:Classes of resistance gene
87:gene-for-gene relationship
1255:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.020
1176:10.1016/j.str.2004.04.017
1034:Molecular Plant Pathology
181:binding site (NBS) and a
478:Yeast two-hybrid studies
438:Avirulence on Ve1 (Ave1)
131:plant disease resistance
1404:10.1126/science.1085671
1314:Trends in Plant Science
1279:Trends in Plant Science
841:10.1126/science.1173438
675:10.1186/gb-2006-7-4-212
940:10.1126/sciadv.1500245
891:|...}}
862:(Retracted, see
491:Horizontal resistance
173:and the cell surface
577:Annu Rev Phytopathol
471:Pseudomonas syringae
465:Arabidopsis thaliana
368:Pseudomonas syringae
202:tobacco mosaic virus
149:Clayton Oscar Person
1396:2003Sci...301.1230S
1390:(5637): 1230–1233.
932:2015SciA....1E0245P
833:2009Sci...326..850L
728:1995Sci...270.1804S
722:(5243): 1804–1806.
253:Cladosporium fulvum
196:resistance gene of
183:leucine rich repeat
110:Linum usitatissimum
481:guard hypothesis.
314:autosomal dominant
1081:(12): 1243–1249.
1075:Nature Immunology
827:(5954): 850–853.
429:binding domains,
95:Harold Henry Flor
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16:(Redirected from
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353:Avirulence genes
269:, for activity.
160:Resistance genes
136:Lactuca serriola
89:is a concept in
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419:innate immunity
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142:Bremia lactucae
100:Melampsora lini
91:plant pathology
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51:help improve it
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1128:Annual Reviews
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977:The Plant Cell
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18:Gene-for-gene
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115:resistance (
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1441:: 456–471.
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628:Can. J. Bot
606:Robinson RA
583:: 275–296.
411:P. syringae
381:Arabidopsis
326:, in which
287:hydrophobic
283:amino acids
262:Pseudomonas
239:Xanthomonas
153:pathosystem
1478:Categories
1206:: 473–98.
668:(4): 212.
564:: 680–685.
545:: 241–262.
526:: 653–669.
502:References
450:hypothesis
436:See also:
423:homologues
221:plant cell
179:nucleotide
63:April 2013
1163:Structure
897:retracted
889:retracted
777:(1): e2.
624:Person CO
520:Phytopath
400:virulence
343:pathovars
332:recessive
328:monogenic
302:flax rust
295:arginines
246:genes of
224:cytoplasm
1489:Agronomy
1465:24997333
1412:12947197
1334:11590067
1299:22796464
1264:18158241
1220:23725467
1185:15242602
1144:27359370
1105:17110940
1056:20569406
958:26601222
876:24115421
849:19892983
803:16424920
752:10548988
694:16677430
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485:See also
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322:gene in
291:prolines
242:and the
200:against
1420:6418384
1392:Bibcode
1384:Science
1369:9868361
1096:1973153
1015:9596635
997:3870663
949:4646787
928:Bibcode
857:8726419
829:Bibcode
821:Science
794:1331981
744:8525370
724:Bibcode
716:Science
685:1557992
335:alleles
279:leucine
217:protein
198:tobacco
139:versus
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993:JSTOR
893:with
853:S2CID
748:S2CID
457:model
455:This
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1461:PMID
1408:PMID
1365:PMID
1330:PMID
1295:PMID
1260:PMID
1216:PMID
1181:PMID
1140:PMID
1101:PMID
1052:PMID
1011:PMID
954:PMID
872:PMID
845:PMID
799:PMID
740:PMID
690:PMID
391:RPM1
375:avrB
293:and
259:The
234:rice
215:The
105:flax
85:The
1451:hdl
1443:doi
1400:doi
1388:301
1357:doi
1322:doi
1287:doi
1250:doi
1208:doi
1171:doi
1132:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1042:doi
1001:PMC
985:doi
944:PMC
936:doi
864:doi
837:doi
825:326
789:PMC
779:doi
732:doi
720:270
680:PMC
670:doi
636:doi
585:doi
518:".
427:DNA
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339:mlo
319:mlo
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