35:, Egypt and Sudan. Beginning in 1998, South Africa is the major grower of GM crops, with Burkina Faso and Egypt starting in 2008. Sudan grew GM cotton in 2012. Other countries, with the aid of international governments and foundation, are conducting trials and research on crops important for Africa. Crops under research for use in Africa include cotton, maize, cassava, cowpea, sorgum, potato, banana, sweet potato, sugar cane, coconut, squash and grape. As well as disease, insect and virus resistance some of the research projects focus on traits particularly crucial for Africa like
50:(COMESA) produced a draft policy on GM technology, which was sent to all 19 national governments for consultation in September 2010. Under the proposed policy, new GM crops would be scientifically assessed by COMESA. If the GM crop was deemed safe for the environmental and human health, permission would be granted for the crop to be grown in all 19 member countries, although the final decision would be left to each individual country.
458:
394:
Kikulwe, E.; Birol, E.; Wesseler, J.; Falck-Zepeda, J. (2011). "A Latent Class
Approach to Investigating Developing Country Consumers' Demand for Genetically Modified Staple Food Crops: The Case of GM Banana in Uganda".
69:
A study investigating voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31% of products labeled GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%. 2011 studies for Uganda showed that transgenic bananas had a high potential to reduce
97:. This left the population without food aid during a famine. In December 2005 the Zambian government changed its position in the face of further famine and allowed the importation of GM maize. However, the Zambian
101:
Mundia
Sikatana insisted in 2006, that the ban on genetically modified maize remained, saying "We do not want GM (genetically modified) foods and our hope is that all of us can continue to produce non-GM foods."
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47:
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had approved trials of genetically altered crops. Ethiopia has also revised its biosafety laws and in 2015 was trying to source GM cotton seeds for trials.
1136:
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359:; Falck-Zepeda, J. (2011). "Attitudes, Perceptions, and Trust: Insights from a Consumer Survey Regarding Genetically Modified Banana in Uganda".
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passed laws in 2011, and Ghana and
Nigeria passed laws in 2012 which allowed the production and importation of GM crops. By 2013
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Botha, Gerda M.; Viljoen, Christopher D. (2009). "South Africa: A case study for voluntary GM labelling".
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Genetically modified (GM) crops have been commercially cultivated in four
African countries;
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but that urban consumers with a relatively higher income might reject the introduction.
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Zambian Leader
Defends Ban On Genetically Altered Foods – New York Times
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284:"Parliament Amends GMO Law to Allow Ethiopian Research Partnerships"
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51:
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305:"Ethiopia negotiating with Monsanto on GMO seeds for Bt cotton"
229:"Nigeria Passes Law Allowing Genetically Modified Plants".
86:
125:
As health fears ebb, Africa looks at easing GM crop bans
219:
Reuters Africa, 4 July 2004, Retrieved 9 November 2011
81:
cut off the flow of genetically modified food (mostly
421:
Maharaj, Davan and
Mukwita, Anthony (28 August 2002)
564:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
437:. Nytimes.com (2002-09-04). Retrieved on 2011-02-08.
123:
Dunmore, Charlie and
Kumwenda, Olivia (6 June 2013)
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215:Denge, Mark and Gachenge, Beatrice (4 July 2011)
449:. Consumerfreedom.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-08.
459:Africans vow to resist any US pressure on GMOs
495:
256:"Ghana to Allow Genetically Modified Crops".
127:Reuters, 6 June 2006, Retrieved 9 August 2013
48:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
8:
425:Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 November 2011
1137:Detection of genetically modified organisms
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46:In 2010, after nine years of talks, the
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473:. Planet Ark. Retrieved on 2011-02-08.
423:Zambia Rejects Gene-Altered U.S. Corn
145:"Plant genetic engineering in Africa"
7:
217:Kenya approves law to allow GM crops
139:
137:
135:
133:
1167:Genetic use restriction technology
25:
409:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00529.x
1185:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
447:Zambia Allows Its People To Eat
1311:Genetic engineering by country
342:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.050
1:
947:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
303:Staff Reporter (2016-01-15).
18:Genetic engineering in Africa
373:10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.001
1327:
309:Capital Ethiopia Newspaper
1270:
1005:Genetically modified food
258:Biotechnology Law Report
231:Biotechnology Law Report
99:Minister for Agriculture
179:(7316): 633–634. 2010.
471:World Environment News
397:Agricultural Economics
618:Roundup ready soybean
270:10.1089/blr.2012.9901
243:10.1089/blr.2012.9900
1157:Reverse transfection
932:Genetic transduction
264:(2): 153–154. 2012.
169:"Transgenic harvest"
93:on the basis of the
91:World Food Programme
1147:Genetics in fiction
1079:Genetic enhancement
881:Hepatitis B vaccine
511:Genetic engineering
461:, Reuters, 2/9/2006
185:2010Natur.467R.633.
1257:Stem cell research
876:Ice-minus bacteria
95:Cartagena Protocol
37:drought resistance
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1262:Synthetic biology
1152:Human enhancement
1142:Genetic pollution
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367:(2): 401–413.
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1074:Gene therapy
973:Transgenesis
952:Transfection
917:Agrobacteria
801:Knockout rat
623:Vistive Gold
519:Genetically
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357:Wesseler, J.
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152:. Retrieved
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68:
45:
33:Burkina Faso
29:South Africa
26:
1093:In research
1067:diagnostics
937:Lipofection
698:Arabidopsis
600:Golden rice
403:: 547–560.
1177:Regulation
1021:Companies
978:Cisgenesis
922:Biolistics
728:Sugar beet
641:Flavr Savr
541:Maize/corn
314:2017-06-05
289:2017-06-05
154:2017-06-05
106:References
1290:Bioethics
1194:Geography
1132:Transgene
900:Processes
791:Enviropig
784:Oncomouse
723:SmartStax
659:Bt cotton
523:organisms
77:In 2002,
1305:Category
1280:Genetics
1247:Eugenics
1125:articles
1050:Syngenta
1045:Monsanto
1017:Pharming
863:Bacteria
559:StarLink
521:modified
381:21704665
361:Appetite
203:20930796
56:Cameroon
1275:Biology
1252:Cloning
1231:Oceania
1123:Related
868:viruses
832:GloFish
822:Insects
766:Mammals
757:Animals
743:Mustard
733:Tobacco
703:Brinjal
610:Soybean
582:Amflora
554:MON 863
549:MON 810
181:Bibcode
85:) from
1206:Africa
1201:Europe
1063:humans
837:Salmon
806:Rabbit
713:Papaya
708:Canola
651:Cotton
633:Tomato
574:Potato
379:
201:
173:Nature
79:Zambia
64:Uganda
60:Malawi
1030:Bayer
961:Types
849:Frogs
844:Birds
774:Mouse
738:Trees
693:Apple
686:Other
669:Wheat
532:Crops
83:maize
52:Kenya
1211:Asia
1025:BASF
991:Uses
866:and
827:Fish
718:Rose
592:Rice
377:PMID
199:PMID
62:and
39:and
1065:and
1061:In
677:HB4
405:doi
369:doi
338:doi
334:112
266:doi
239:doi
189:doi
177:467
89:'s
1307::
1220:US
401:42
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132:^
114:^
87:UN
58:,
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268::
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191::
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157:.
20:)
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