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crops (Board on
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
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of the World Health
Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).
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GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
1955:
research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health
Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.
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the soybean to contain healthier components, or even focus on one aspect of the soybean to produce in larger quantities. These phases became known as the first and second generation of genetically modified (GM) foods. As Peter Celec describes, "benefits of the first generation of GM foods were oriented towards the production process and companies, the second generation of GM foods offers, on contrary, various advantages and added value for the consumer", including "improved
89:
25:
1922:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.
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GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have
1925:
Despite various concerns, today, the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far
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The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years
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Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views
2106:
Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the
National Research Council, the American Association for the
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In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of
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The literature about
Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process
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than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning
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The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops between countries, with some of the most marked differences
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makeup of a soybean gives it a wide variety of uses, thus keeping it in high demand. First, manufacturers only wanted to use transgenics to be able to grow more soybeans at a minimal cost to meet this demand, and to fix any problems in the growing process, but they eventually found they could modify
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Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM
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Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the
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The Royal
Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially
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The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent
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There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered
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Beckmann, V., C. Soregaroli, J. Wesseler (2011): Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value? In "Genetically modified food and global welfare" edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo
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The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage
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When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the
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We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly
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On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that
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A report issued by the scientific council of the
American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
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Advancement of
Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.
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of 20 milligrams per kilogram (9.1 mg/lb) for international trade. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for
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In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently
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available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.
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crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.
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Wesseler, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): Present and Future EU GMO policy. In Arie Oskam, Gerrit
Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23-323 – 23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic
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Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM
2054:" "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
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can be saved for subsequent years. According to its innovator, it is adapted to conditions in Arkansas. Several other varieties are being bred by crossing the original variety of Roundup Ready soybeans with other soybean varieties.
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been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.
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I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another
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Following expiration of Monsanto's patent on the first variety of glyphosate-resistant Roundup Ready soybeans, development began on glyphosate-resistant generic soybeans. The first variety, developed at the
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National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).
813:. GM crops also are involved in controversies over GM food with respect to whether food produced from GM crops are safe and whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs. See the
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Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.
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Application for authorization to place on the market MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed
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authorised GM soy for cultivation and use but then imposed a ban upon entry into the EU in 2007. This resulted in an immediate withdrawal of 70% of the soybean hectares in 2008 and a
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such as drought or hypersaline conditions. These characteristics result in increased yield compared to unmodified varieties. In 2015, HB4 soybean was approved in
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it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
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Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".
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of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
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1669:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops"
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363:
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33:
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Deng, Ping-Jian; et al. (2008). "The Definition, Source, Manifestation and Assessment of Unintended Effects in Genetically Modified Plants".
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Division of Agriculture, came to the market in 2015. With a slightly lower yield than newer Monsanto varieties, it costs about 1/2 as much, and
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2606:
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2009:
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Steinrücken, H.C.; Amrhein, N. (1980). "The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase".
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Moschini and Ian Sheldon, pp 201-224. Volume 10 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing
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Dong, Wei; Litao Yang1; Kailin Shen; Banghyun Kim; Gijs A. Kleter; Hans J.P. Marvin; Rong Guo; Wanqi Liang; Dabing Zhang (2008-06-04).
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Roller, Sibel; Susan Harlander (1998). "Modern food biotechnology: Overview of key issues". In Roller, Sibel; Susan Harlander (eds.).
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Soybean genetic transformation: a valuable tool for the functional study of genes and the production of agronomically improved plants
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191:
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Anthony, Kinney J.; Susan Knowlton (1998). "Designer oils: The high oleic acid soybean". In Roller, Sibel; Susan Harlander (eds.).
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676:-resistance gene, which completed the Brazilian regulatory process in 2010. This is a cross of two events, MON87701 x MON89788.
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These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
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It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA
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407:. In 2014, 90.7 million hectares of GM soybeans were planted worldwide, making up 82% of the total soybeans cultivation area.
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Monsanto's Bt Roundup Ready 2 Yield Soybeans Approved for Planting in Brazil - Crop Biotech Update (8/27/2010) | ISAAA.org/KC
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1996:. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.
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environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.
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created a high oleic fatty acid soybean with levels of oleic acid greater than 80%, and started marketing it in 2010.
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The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture announced on April 29, 2022, the approval of the drought-tolerant event, called
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2629:"Genetically Engineered Crops Benefit Many Farmers, but the Technology Needs Proper Management to Remain Effective"
2538:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics"
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151:
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Domingo, Jose' L (2007). "Toxicity Studies of Genetically Modified Plants: A Review of the Published Literature".
38:
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739:(ASA) is generally in favor of allowing new GM soy varieties. The ASA especially supports separate regulation of
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Wesseler, J. (ed.) (2005): Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic Crops. Dordrecht, NL: Springer Press
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Haslberger, Alexander G. (2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".
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965:. Purdue University, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. 1 October 2009. Archived from
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117.4m for purchase of replacement products. Farmer sentiment was very much in favour of relegalisation.
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A 2010 study found that in the United States, GM crops also provide a number of environmental benefits.
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2837:. Center for Environmental Risk Assessment. 2018-04-05. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014.
1963:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers""
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484:(EPSPS). EPSPS is not present in animals, which instead obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet.
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339:
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Celec P; et al. (Dec 2005). "Biological and Biomedical Aspects of Genetically Modified Food".
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700:, which limits its usefulness in the food industry. Genetic modifications increased the amount of
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513:. The plasmid with EPSPS and the other genetic elements mentioned above was inserted into soybean
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1962:
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Hera, Cristian; Popescu, Ana (2011). "Biotechnology and its role for a sustainable agriculture".
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soybeans (The first variety was also known as GTS 40-3-2 (OECD UI: MON-04032-6)) are a series of
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Fred Miller, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Communications (December 3, 2014).
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2059:"REPORT 2 OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods"
2005:
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Funke, Todd; Han, Huijong; Healy-Fried, Martha L.; Fischer, Markus; Schönbrunn, Ernst (2006).
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article for discussion of issues about GM crops and GM food. These controversies have led to
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224:
2094:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion"
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Monsanto's patent on the first generation of Roundup Ready products expires in March 2015....
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or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.
469:. These amino acids are called "essential" because animals cannot make them; only plants and
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Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:
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1997:
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2413:"Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States"
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implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
1884:
Yang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health".
1412:
1401:
1273:"Monsanto no longer controls one of the biggest innovations in the history of agriculture"
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techniques. In 1996, the first genetically modified soybean was introduced to the U.S. by
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88:
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data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.
1093:. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. Archived from
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HB4 soybean, whose technical name is IND-ØØ41Ø-5 soybean, is a variety produced through
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Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line
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525:. The patent on the first generation of Roundup Ready soybeans expired in March 2015.
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Roundup Ready Soybeans express a version of EPSPS from the CP4 strain of the bacteria
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3557:
3495:
3312:
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2801:
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1445:"Soybean Oil: Genetic Approaches for Modification of Functionality and Total Content"
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481:
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458:
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303:
236:
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1939:"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods"
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3368:
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2125:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149.
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959:"Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, The shikimate pathway – synthesis of chorismate"
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585:
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Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States
2447:
2352:
2263:
1842:
1754:
2673:
1773:
1630:
1612:"An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research"
1610:
Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013).
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developed a glyphosate-resistant soybean that also expresses Cry1Ac protein from
3332:
2995:
1712:
873:
833:
825:
753:
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498:
16:
Soybean that has had DNA introduced into it using genetic engineering techniques
2412:
1793:
Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment".
3373:
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589:
466:
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more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
1850:
1806:
1755:"A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants"
3685:
3652:
3527:
3186:
3179:
3118:
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3072:
3054:
2785:"Assessment of the Food Safety Issues Related to Genetically Modified Foods"
1191:
1146:"Arkansas: 'Look Ma, No Tech Fees.' Round Up Ready Soybean Variety Released"
1049:
693:
636:
546:
514:
509:, and a nopaline synthase (nos 3') transcriptional termination element from
421:
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2439:
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2227:
2148:
1913:
1858:
1781:
1731:
1638:
1478:
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944:
898:"Pocket K No. 16: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2014"
493:, expression of which is regulated by an enhanced 35S promoter (E35S) from
24:
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1009:
3675:
3642:
3445:
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3317:
663:
644:
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448:
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2774:. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 3 Dec 2008. Archived from
2219:
1058:
904:. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
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3227:
3128:
2977:
2949:
2944:
1944:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012
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625:
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502:
425:
388:
2875:
2868:
2712:
1905:
1250:
3108:
3046:
2033:"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)"
1025:"Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops"
791:
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that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater
648:
640:
558:
554:
538:
522:
477:
268:
2598:
2264:"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement"
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3425:
2001:
1696:"Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security"
652:
542:
263:
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Glyphosate kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the
809:
concerns raised by the fact that these organisms are subject to
801:
Critics have objected to GM crops on several grounds, including
787:
765:
684:
Soybean has been genetically modified to improve the quality of
606:
2879:
2386:"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe"
1987:
European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010).
396:
18:
2384:
Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001).
2177:"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods"
712:. By silencing, or knocking out, the delta 9 and delta 12
1671:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
631:
The HB4 soybean was created to more efficiently tolerate
476:
Plants and microorganisms make these amino acids with an
2565:"Study Says Overuse Threatens Gains From Modified Crops"
473:
can make them and animals obtain them by eating plants.
2122:
Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects
1548:"WTO | the WTO and the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius"
730:
Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
537:
during 1994, GTS 40-3-2 was subsequently introduced to
2306:"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society"
1968:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
2960:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
2512:"Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs"
2388:. Commission of European Communities. Archived from
2064:. American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from
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occurring between the US and Europe. In the US, the
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2913:
2411:Scott, Sydney E.; Inbar, Yoel; Rozin, Paul (2016).
1322:"Verdeca gets Paraguay's approval for HB4 soybeans"
990:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
743:and all other techniques. Soy beans are allowed a
480:that only plants and lower organisms have, called
2783:Kuiper, Harry A.; et al. (September 2001).
2462:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms"
2337:"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths"
1753:Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011).
2536:Lynch, Diahanna; Vogel, David (April 5, 2001).
1371:"China Approves Drought Tolerant HB4® Soybeans"
1347:"Canada Approves HB4 Drought Tolerant Soybeans"
1029:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2722:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2693:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2540:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
1990:A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010)
1886:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1515:. Winter 2017–2018. pp. 1–22. p. 8:
3712:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
2891:
1139:
1137:
643:(May 2019), the United States (August 2019),
565:in 2001. GMO Soybean is also approved by the
364:
8:
2304:Funk, Cary; Rainie, Lee (January 29, 2015).
2035:. American Medical Association. January 2001
1502:"ASA Responds to Withdrawal of Biotech Rule"
3533:Detection of genetically modified organisms
2867:'s GMO Detection Laboratory. Archived from
1443:Clemente, Tom E.; Cahoon, Edgar B. (2009).
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1223:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1175:"GMDD: a database of GMO detection methods"
680:Genetic modification to improve soybean oil
482:5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
3390:
3300:
3157:
2932:
2923:
2898:
2884:
2876:
2487:. American Bar Association. Archived from
2255:, advocate further caution based upon the
2251:Some medical organizations, including the
371:
357:
65:
2800:
2733:
2666:Genetic Modification in the Food Industry
2360:
2269:. British Medical Association. March 2004
1721:
1711:
1468:
1200:
1190:
1066:
1048:
866:Genetic Modification in the Food Industry
2510:Sifferlin, Alexandra (October 3, 2015).
1584:Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting
1404:Linked from the GMO Compass page on the
963:Metabolic Plant Physiology Lecture notes
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1961:Pinholster, Ginger (October 25, 2012).
1795:Science, Technology, & Human Values
856:
815:genetically modified food controversies
778:Genetically modified food controversies
320:Genetically modified food controversies
311:
278:
211:
176:
100:
77:
2840:
1530:"CODEX Alimentarius: Pesticide Detail"
1239:"GMO Detection method Database (GMDD)"
1216:
584:GTS 40-3-2 can be detected using both
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2668:. London: Blackie. pp. 193–213.
2420:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2308:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
692:profile that makes it susceptible to
7:
2096:. Library of Congress. June 30, 2015
1920:(citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011)
1118:Genet. Mol. Biol. vol.35 no.4 supl.1
2464:. Library of Congress. June 9, 2015
1652:connected with the use of GM crops.
533:First approved commercially in the
3563:Genetic use restriction technology
2483:Bashshur, Ramona (February 2013).
1271:Antonio Regalado (July 30, 2015).
868:. London: Blackie. pp. 5–26.
14:
2563:Andrew Pollack (April 13, 2010).
2048:(from online summary prepared by
1831:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
1619:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
925:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
2802:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01119.x
447:-resistant soybeans produced by
87:
23:
3581:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
1393:Staff, Monsanto. August, 2009.
411:Examples of transgenic soybeans
202:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
37:may be too short to adequately
2768:"Genetically Modified Soybean"
1694:Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011).
521:by scientists at Monsanto and
102:Genetically modified organisms
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
3343:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
2865:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2861:GMO Detection method Database
1843:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684
1247:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2674:10.1007/978-1-4615-5815-6_10
2639:National Academy of Sciences
2634:US National Research Council
2485:"FDA and Regulation of GMOs"
1774:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003
1631:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595
1513:American Soybean Association
1002:10.1016/0006-291X(80)90547-1
937:10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.013
737:American Soybean Association
708:and decreased the amount of
505:(CTP4) coding sequence from
385:genetically modified soybean
2353:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142
2253:British Medical Association
2179:. World Health Organization
1713:10.1534/genetics.111.128553
1511:. Vol. 5, no. 3.
874:10.1007/978-1-4615-5815-6_1
3748:
2857:"GTS 40-3-2 (MON-Ø4Ø32-6)"
2831:"GTS 40-3-2 (MON-Ø4Ø32-6)"
2825:List of approved varieties
1127:Padgette SR, et al (1995)
775:
727:
653:People's Republic of China
624:to respond efficiently to
287:Genetically modified crops
3666:
3401:Genetically modified food
2847:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2744:10.1080/10408390601177670
1762:Environment International
811:intellectual property law
511:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
490:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
399:introduced into it using
2591:National Academies Press
2432:10.1177/1745691615621275
1807:10.1177/0162243915598381
1243:GMO Detection Laboratory
1131:. Crop Sci 35:1451-1461.
1114:Homrich MS et al (2012)
495:cauliflower mosaic virus
2335:Marris, Claire (2001).
2257:precautionary principle
1192:10.1186/1471-2105-9-260
1050:10.1073/pnas.0603638103
325:GMO conspiracy theories
197:Substantial equivalence
1091:"GM Approval Database"
669:Bacillus thuringiensis
603:University of Arkansas
441:genetically engineered
177:History and regulation
3732:1998 in biotechnology
3014:Roundup ready soybean
2544:on September 29, 2016
1461:10.1104/pp.109.146282
1277:MIT Technology Review
832:, and to restrictive
745:Maximum Residue Limit
456:essential amino acids
432:Roundup Ready Soybean
3553:Reverse transfection
3328:Genetic transduction
2208:Nature Biotechnology
1517:USDA's withdrawal...
784:scientific consensus
596:Generic GMO soybeans
424:composition or even
340:StarLink corn recall
3543:Genetics in fiction
3475:Genetic enhancement
3277:Hepatitis B vaccine
2907:Genetic engineering
2705:2008JSFA...88.2401D
2220:10.1038/nbt0703-739
1898:2016JSFA...96.1851Y
1406:MON87701 x MON89788
1375:Crop Biotech Update
1351:Crop Biotech Update
1041:2006PNAS..10313010F
969:on 19 December 2007
836:in most countries.
823:international trade
622:genetic engineering
401:genetic engineering
80:Genetic engineering
3653:Stem cell research
3272:Ice-minus bacteria
2570:The New York Times
2312:on January 9, 2019
1411:2013-11-09 at the
1400:2012-09-05 at the
1179:BMC Bioinformatics
3694:
3693:
3658:Synthetic biology
3548:Human enhancement
3538:Genetic pollution
3514:
3513:
3382:
3381:
3290:
3289:
3253:
3252:
3147:
3146:
2713:10.1002/jsfa.3371
2699:(14): 2401–2413.
2683:978-1-4613-7665-1
2608:978-0-309-14708-8
2140:978-0-309-43738-7
2011:978-92-79-16344-9
1906:10.1002/jsfa.7523
1298:"Article Details"
883:978-1-4613-7665-1
696:, which makes it
381:
380:
345:He Jiankui affair
225:Molecular cloning
64:
63:
3739:
3727:Soybean industry
3431:Dow AgroSciences
3391:
3301:
3158:
2933:
2924:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2838:
2835:GM Crop Database
2814:
2804:
2779:
2763:
2737:
2716:
2687:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:on June 21, 2018
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1892:(4): 1851–1855.
1878:
1822:
1789:
1759:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1715:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:. Archived from
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:American Soybean
1506:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1449:Plant Physiology
1440:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1249:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1125:
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1106:
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1103:
1102:
1087:
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1080:
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1052:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
955:
949:
948:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
887:
861:
688:. Soy oil has a
590:protein analysis
373:
366:
359:
91:
66:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3662:
3631:
3585:
3567:
3520:
3510:
3484:
3480:Genetic testing
3462:
3452:
3378:
3364:Recombinant DNA
3352:
3323:Electroporation
3286:
3282:Oncolytic virus
3261:
3249:
3206:
3192:Herman the Bull
3143:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3023:
3000:
2982:
2964:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2855:
2839:
2829:
2821:
2782:
2766:
2735:10.1.1.662.4707
2719:
2690:
2684:
2663:
2660:
2658:Further reading
2655:
2650:
2646:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
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2583:
2582:
2578:
2562:
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2520:
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2509:
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2492:
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2477:
2467:
2465:
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2415:
2410:
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2250:
2246:
2205:
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2200:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2099:
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2092:
2091:
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2074:
2072:
2068:
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2016:
2014:
2012:
1993:
1986:
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1981:
1971:
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1965:
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1958:
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1546:
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1523:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1413:Wayback Machine
1402:Wayback Machine
1392:
1388:
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1369:
1368:
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1142:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1035:(35): 13010–5.
1022:
1021:
1017:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
957:
956:
952:
922:
921:
917:
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896:
895:
891:
884:
863:
862:
858:
854:
842:
780:
774:
732:
726:
682:
661:
651:(2021) and the
618:
598:
582:
531:
507:Petunia hybrida
471:micro-organisms
434:
413:
395:) that has had
377:
335:Séralini affair
230:Recombinant DNA
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Edible legumes
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3636:Similar fields
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3506:Gene targeting
3503:
3501:Gene knockdown
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:DuPont Pioneer
3433:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3395:
3394:In agriculture
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Microinjection
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:Knockout mouse
3166:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:on 2016-12-24.
2853:
2827:
2820:
2819:External links
2817:
2816:
2815:
2780:
2778:on 2017-02-02.
2764:
2728:(8): 721–733.
2717:
2688:
2682:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2620:
2607:
2599:10.17226/12804
2593:. 2010-07-26.
2576:
2555:
2528:
2502:
2475:
2453:
2426:(3): 315–324.
2403:
2376:
2347:(7): 545–548.
2327:
2296:
2244:
2214:(7): 739–741.
2198:
2168:
2139:
2131:10.17226/23395
2111:
2085:
2024:
2010:
1979:
1930:
1837:(2): 213–217.
1801:(6): 883–914.
1768:(4): 734–742.
1741:
1686:
1660:
1602:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1539:
1536:on 2016-10-19.
1521:
1493:
1491:Anthony, 196-7
1484:
1455:(3): 1030–40.
1428:
1417:
1386:
1362:
1338:
1326:NS Agriculture
1313:
1289:
1263:
1230:
1165:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1082:
1015:
996:(4): 1207–12.
980:
950:
931:(10): 531–40.
915:
889:
882:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
805:concerns, and
776:Main article:
773:
770:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
718:DuPont Pioneer
710:linolenic acid
681:
678:
660:
659:Stacked traits
657:
633:abiotic stress
617:
614:
597:
594:
581:
578:
567:United Nations
530:
527:
433:
430:
412:
409:
379:
378:
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
330:Pusztai affair
327:
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
295:
294:
281:
280:
276:
275:
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259:Genome editing
256:
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254:
249:
244:
242:Transformation
234:
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209:
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119:
118:
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105:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
84:
83:
75:
74:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3744:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Biotechnology
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:South America
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:North America
3610:
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3605:
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3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
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3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Transhumanism
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Gene knockout
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3406:Controversies
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3305:Inserting DNA
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:Other animals
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2795:(6): 503–28.
2794:
2790:
2789:Plant Journal
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2641:. 2010-04-13.
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2392:on 2017-05-25
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2071:on 2012-09-07
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2002:10.2777/97784
1999:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1964:
1956:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1825:And contrast:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:But see also:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1253:on 2012-03-28
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1097:on 2011-09-30
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
968:
964:
960:
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
903:
899:
893:
890:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
851:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
779:
771:
769:
767:
763:
762:trade deficit
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
677:
675:
671:
670:
665:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
608:
604:
595:
593:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
561:in 1998, and
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:United States
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:phenylalanine
457:
452:
450:
446:
443:varieties of
442:
438:
437:Roundup Ready
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
354:
352:
351:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:Controversies
310:
305:
304:Designer baby
302:
300:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
283:
282:
277:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
237:Gene delivery
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
99:
95:
94:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
68:
67:
58:
55:November 2015
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
3717:Soy products
3470:Gene therapy
3369:Transgenesis
3348:Transfection
3313:Agrobacteria
3197:Knockout rat
3019:Vistive Gold
3005:
2915:Genetically
2869:the original
2860:
2834:
2792:
2788:
2776:the original
2771:
2725:
2721:
2696:
2692:
2665:
2647:
2632:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2585:
2579:
2568:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2379:
2344:
2341:EMBO Reports
2340:
2330:
2321:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2299:
2278:
2271:. Retrieved
2247:
2239:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2181:. Retrieved
2171:
2160:
2159:
2152:. Retrieved
2121:
2114:
2105:
2098:. Retrieved
2088:
2080:
2073:. Retrieved
2066:the original
2047:
2044:
2037:. Retrieved
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
1989:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1953:
1946:. Retrieved
1933:
1919:
1917:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1706:(1): 11–20.
1703:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1673:. Retrieved
1663:
1650:
1625:(1): 77–88.
1622:
1618:
1605:
1591:(2): 26–43.
1588:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1542:
1534:the original
1524:
1516:
1508:
1496:
1487:
1452:
1448:
1420:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1328:. 2019-11-13
1325:
1316:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1242:
1233:
1219:cite journal
1185:(260): 4–7.
1182:
1178:
1168:
1160:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1123:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1085:
1032:
1028:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
962:
953:
928:
924:
918:
906:. Retrieved
901:
892:
865:
859:
846:Vistive Gold
800:
797:
792:human health
781:
733:
706:stearic acid
683:
667:
662:
630:
628:conditions.
619:
612:
599:
586:nucleic acid
583:
571:
563:South Africa
532:
510:
506:
488:
486:
475:
453:
435:
414:
392:
384:
382:
299:Gene therapy
279:Applications
252:Transduction
247:Transfection
161:
78:
52:
36:
34:lead section
3489:In research
3463:diagnostics
3333:Lipofection
3094:Arabidopsis
2996:Golden rice
2772:GMO Compass
973:2 September
908:23 February
834:legislation
782:There is a
772:Controversy
754:food safety
741:transgenics
714:desaturases
616:HB4 Soybean
499:chloroplast
426:therapeutic
422:nutritional
393:Glycine max
3701:Categories
3573:Regulation
3417:Companies
3374:Cisgenesis
3318:Biolistics
3124:Sugar beet
3037:Flavr Savr
2937:Maize/corn
2614:2021-04-12
2548:August 30,
2521:August 30,
2495:August 30,
2468:August 30,
2396:August 30,
2316:August 30,
2280:available.
2273:August 30,
2183:August 30,
2154:August 30,
2100:August 30,
2075:August 30,
2039:August 30,
2017:August 30,
1972:August 30,
1948:August 30,
1675:August 30,
1561:Publishers
1380:2022-09-22
1356:2022-09-22
1332:2022-09-22
1307:2022-05-14
1302:twasp.info
1257:2011-08-05
1101:2011-08-05
852:References
819:litigation
803:ecological
749:glyphosate
724:Regulation
702:oleic acid
690:fatty acid
674:glyphosate
639:, then in
497:(CaMV), a
467:tryptophan
445:glyphosate
428:effects."
220:Techniques
192:Regulation
152:Maize/corn
3686:Bioethics
3590:Geography
3528:Transgene
3296:Processes
3187:Enviropig
3180:Oncomouse
3119:SmartStax
3055:Bt cotton
2919:organisms
2730:CiteSeerX
1851:0738-8551
902:isaaa.org
694:oxidation
637:Argentina
592:methods.
580:Detection
569:in 1999.
553:in 1997,
549:in 1996,
547:Argentina
541:in 1995,
515:germplasm
39:summarize
3722:Monsanto
3676:Genetics
3643:Eugenics
3521:articles
3446:Syngenta
3441:Monsanto
3413:Pharming
3259:Bacteria
2955:StarLink
2917:modified
2843:cite web
2811:11576435
2760:15329669
2752:17987446
2440:27217243
2371:11463731
2228:12833088
2149:28230933
1914:26536836
1867:11786594
1859:26767435
1815:40855100
1782:21296423
1732:21546547
1700:Genetics
1639:24041244
1597:55001415
1479:19783644
1409:Archived
1398:Archived
1282:July 30,
1211:18522755
1155:July 30,
1077:16916934
1059:30050705
945:16298508
840:See also
830:protests
826:disputes
807:economic
672:and the
664:Monsanto
655:(2022).
647:(2019),
645:Paraguay
519:gene gun
501:transit
463:tyrosine
449:Monsanto
405:Monsanto
111:Bacteria
71:a series
69:Part of
3671:Biology
3648:Cloning
3627:Oceania
3519:Related
3264:viruses
3228:GloFish
3218:Insects
3162:Mammals
3153:Animals
3139:Mustard
3129:Tobacco
3099:Brinjal
3006:Soybean
2978:Amflora
2950:MON 863
2945:MON 810
2701:Bibcode
2362:1083956
2323:points.
2236:2533628
1894:Bibcode
1723:3120150
1647:9836802
1470:2773065
1202:2430717
1068:1559744
1037:Bibcode
1010:7396959
758:Romania
686:soy oil
626:drought
551:Uruguay
529:History
517:with a
503:peptide
417:genetic
389:soybean
212:Process
185:History
162:Soybean
138:Insects
128:Mammals
123:Animals
116:Viruses
3602:Africa
3597:Europe
3459:humans
3233:Salmon
3202:Rabbit
3109:Papaya
3104:Canola
3047:Cotton
3029:Tomato
2970:Potato
2809:
2758:
2750:
2732:
2680:
2605:
2448:261060
2446:
2438:
2369:
2359:
2234:
2226:
2190:foods.
2147:
2137:
2008:
1912:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1820:story.
1813:
1780:
1730:
1720:
1645:
1637:
1595:
1477:
1467:
1415:event.
1209:
1199:
1075:
1065:
1057:
1008:
943:
880:
828:, and
698:rancid
649:Canada
641:Brazil
559:Brazil
555:Mexico
539:Canada
523:Asgrow
478:enzyme
269:CRISPR
167:Potato
147:Plants
96:
3426:Bayer
3357:Types
3245:Frogs
3240:Birds
3170:Mouse
3134:Trees
3089:Apple
3082:Other
3065:Wheat
2928:Crops
2756:S2CID
2637:. US
2444:S2CID
2416:(PDF)
2267:(PDF)
2232:S2CID
2069:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
2050:ISAAA
1994:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1863:S2CID
1811:S2CID
1758:(PDF)
1643:S2CID
1615:(PDF)
1593:S2CID
1505:(PDF)
1150:AGFAX
1055:JSTOR
607:seeds
543:Japan
387:is a
264:TALEN
3607:Asia
3421:BASF
3387:Uses
3262:and
3223:Fish
3114:Rose
2988:Rice
2849:link
2807:PMID
2748:PMID
2678:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2550:2019
2523:2019
2516:Time
2497:2019
2470:2019
2436:PMID
2398:2019
2367:PMID
2318:2019
2275:2019
2224:PMID
2185:2019
2156:2019
2145:PMID
2135:ISBN
2102:2019
2077:2019
2041:2019
2019:2019
2006:ISBN
1974:2019
1950:2019
1910:PMID
1855:PMID
1847:ISSN
1778:PMID
1728:PMID
1677:2019
1635:PMID
1475:PMID
1284:2015
1225:link
1207:PMID
1157:2015
1073:PMID
1006:PMID
975:2014
941:PMID
910:2016
878:ISBN
788:risk
704:and
588:and
557:and
545:and
465:and
415:The
292:food
157:Rice
133:Fish
3461:and
3457:In
3073:HB4
2797:doi
2740:doi
2709:doi
2670:doi
2595:doi
2428:doi
2357:PMC
2349:doi
2216:doi
2127:doi
1998:doi
1902:doi
1881:and
1839:doi
1803:doi
1770:doi
1718:PMC
1708:doi
1704:188
1627:doi
1465:PMC
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