Genevieve - Knowledge (XXG)

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Ordinary processions honoured Genevieve, legitimised her "unique position in the hierarchy of the sacred in Paris", established the route, between Notre-Dame and her shrine, of the processions, and solidified the "reciprocal relationship" between the cathedral and the shrine. Ordinary processions were based on the calendar and were marches from city to the shrine outside the city, while extraordinary processions and invocations were called during emergencies and were carried into Paris, for the city. At first, extraordinary processions were religious events and controlled by the clergy, but by 1631, Paris' secular authorities ordered and planned them. As Sluhovsky states, "Religious and secular bodies now shared the responsibility of organizing invocations, determining their dates, mobilizing the city, and guarding the reliquaries". Sluhovsky goes on to state that the new, extraordinary processions and invocations were a combination of Masses and celebrations of urban pride, and focused on processions to and from Genevieve's shrine. The later processions, according to Sluhovsky, turned into urban moveable feasts and emphasised the growing power of the city's elites and government officials. He states, "The religious austerity that characterized the invocations of the thirteenth century and of late medieval Paris, with its emphasis on penance and contrition, was replaced by the contradictory expressions of supplication and triumphalism". Theologians and preachers criticised the new forms for becoming spectacles, called for a return to older models, and speculated that Genevieve would no longer grant the people's invocations because they no longer made their requests to her sincerely.

396: 831:, in iconography, and in textual metaphors that were motivated by changing social, political, and religious conditions. Despite a wide variety of changes throughout the history of Paris and despite the numerous choices its residents had for possible intercessors, Genevieve was chosen as the city's patron saint. According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve successfully maintained her place in what he called "the hierarchy of the sacred in Paris" throughout the city's history. The placement of her shrine, for example, remained static, despite the changes that occurred throughout the city's history. Her public cult connected segments of French society and the urban and rural parts of France by bringing peasants into the city and by motivating urban residents to pray to her for successful crops and harvests outside Paris. Two churches in England, where five convents celebrated her feast, were dedicated to her during the Middle Ages, and her cult also spread to Southwest Germany. 1461:

started in early May, before an official proclamation allowed both clerics and lay people to participate. At first, invocations were made at the abbey, but it was not enough to improve the weather, so a public procession was called for on May 27. According to Sluhovsky, the poor, who were most affected by the food shortage, were allowed to participate to serve "social and political goals". Sluhovsky states, "By mobilizing the 'deserving poor' to invoke the saint, the organizers made God and the saint accountable for the food shortage, thus preventing the poor from holding the authorities themselves responsible". Also according to Sluhovsky, "The procession led to the expected results". Rain began immediately after the procession began, saving the country's crops, and other miracles occurred, including a victory against Spain, healings from paralysis, and the decrease in the price of wheat. The government of Paris commissioned a painting commemorating the event by

988: 728: 1310: 1157:. Genevieve's prestige increased and a third feast day honouring her was set at November 26, in a special liturgy celebrated by the entire country. All but three of the ill who gathered at the cathedral were healed. According to Sluhovsky, this was the first time a procession with Genevieve's reliquary took place. By the late 15th century and until 1993, the event was commemorated annually in the churches in Paris. According to Sluhovsky, the procession was "purely clerical" and served to connect St. Genevieve's Abbey and Notre-Dame. In the early 1130s, a rumor, was circulated that Genevieve's head "was no longer attached to her body and was no longer in the possession of her abbey", which would have threatened both the religious and secular authority of the abbey and basilica. After an examination was conducted on January 10 by order of 1273:

Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève and processions became its most important task. By 1545, Genevieve's canons gave up their rights to carry her reliquary, for unclear reasons, and only the lay members of her confraternities did so. According to Sluhovsky, who called it a "laicization" of the ritual, the change happened at the same time that Genevieve's invocations were becoming major civic ceremonies. Also according to Sluhovsky, who describes the regulations and practices of the Company of the Bearers of Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève up until the 18th century, members had to financially support its activities, including payments to the abbey for its clerics to perform Masses for them. As of the late 20th century, the Company was still in existence in Paris and continued to carry Genevieve's reliquary in an annual procession held during her

573: 868:'". As Williams states, Genevieve's relics were "intimately tied to the city's history" and were called upon by the residents of Paris during times of crisis, "their faith rewarded with Saint Geneviève's long and impressive record of miracles". In 2016, Williams conducted an art-historical study of Genevieve's miracles, following four objects—her relics, two paintings, and Saint Genevieve's Church—across four events in the history of Paris, in order to demonstrate how their "use, reuse, transformations and appropriations reveal not religious decline, but shifting devotional practices and changing relationships with religious ideas and institutions" in Paris and throughout France. Williams also sought to demonstrate, using Genevieve's objects, the inseparability of religion from 18th-century Paris life. 1366:

sorts of agricultural and meteorological exigencies". As Sluhovsky stated, Genevieve "gradually became the patron saint of subsistence, the supplier of grain to the city". Beginning in the late 1500s, most of the processions with her reliquary occurred during the spring and early summer harvest months; in the previous centuries they occurred during the fall and winter, when the Seine was likely to flood. The response to all the major climate disasters of the 17th and 18th centuries were public invocations of Genevieve's interventions. Sluhovsky called this image of Genevieve "the nurturing patron" and considered it a feminization of her image at a time when women's roles were changing and becoming more restrictive, and when several canons took her as their patron saint, including novices to the

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as a woman with no official status or political power "rendered her innocuous in the context of secular power" and reports that Genevieve inspired the Franks to respect the Gallic saints and provided evidence to the rulers on both sides that God responded to her prayers. McNamara goes on to state, "Power, as expressed through miracles, protected Childeric and his successors from the possibility that whatever mercy and indulgence they showed towards the saints and to the poor they championed might be construed as a sign of weakness unbecoming a warrior". Sluhovsky states that miraculous healings, which included restoring sight to the blind, healing women of paralysis, and expelling demons from the possessed, occurred both during Genevieve's lifetime and after her death.

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completing her prayers, another candle was lit when she touched it and people were healed when they procured fragments of her candle. Later stories about this event report that a demon was trying to extinguish the candle and that an angel protected her. According to Sluhovsky, the residents of Paris were familiar with this story because an angel, looking over her right shoulder, and a demon, looking over her left shoulder, were featured with her in the most common iconographic representations of Genevieve, including in several late medieval and early modern drawings, miniatures, and engravings. The image also appeared in the earliest surviving statues and miniatures of her, including her statue at the

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devotion to her. According to Sluhovsky, the building "became a temple of the new deities of the Enlightenment" and "a temple of civic liberty". He also called it "a turning point in the history of the monument"; the same time Voltaire's remains were transferred, Genevieve's remains were moved out of the church and into another part of the abbey. A year later, in 1792, after the monarchy's fall, Saint Genevieve's Abbey was secularised and confiscated, and despite the protests of hundreds of nearby residents, her remains were transferred again, to the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. Sluhovsky reports that Paris residents opposed the secularisation of Genevieve's shrine. In 1793, at the beginning of the

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to fit new expectations". Sluhovsky also states that Genevieve remained relevant for her followers because "she was made and remade by them" and because her roles, which changed throughout the centuries, were designed with different meanings, functions, and attributes. For example, Sluhovsky reports that the French government controlled and used Genevieve's relics for religio-political purposes, invoking her intervention in wars and sieges throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. Her image was changed into a military protector of France and "a warrior in the service of Paris", but points out that this change did not replace other images of Genevieve, but was "one of the extension of roles".

518: 1090:, which, according to Sluhovsky, authenticated Genevieve's power. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve's connection with water-related miracles, images, and objects were established after the invocations to her interventions were successful and were "not self-evident, but rather a result of a culminative process of successful miracles ... and propagation of the saint's role by her guardians". Most of the sources that document Genevieve's water-based miracles and interventions were composed and complied at her abbey, during a period in which water disasters most threatened Paris. Historian Anne Lombard-Jourdan states that Genevieve was substituted for and assigned the attributes of 1130: 1486:. The construction was completed in 1764, when Louis XV laid the church's cornerstone. The project was criticised for being too expensive and unnecessary, and for the misuse of funds that could have been used for public relief. Sluhovsky called the building project the "beginning of one of the most important transformations of the cult since the construction of the original basilica in the sixth century". Genevieve was continued to be invoked by the royals throughout the 1700s, but the citizens of Paris often opposed and ridiculed them. The opposition of the royal appropriation of Genevieve occurred at the same time Protestants and Paris elites, including 947:; it related 14 episodes in her life, including her defence of Paris, and compared her to Joan of Arc. In 1512, the poet Pierre du Pont wrote a votive poem in honour of Genevieve, which was dedicated to Phillippe Cousin, who was the abbot of Saint Genevieve Abbey. It was the first work to portray Genevieve as a shepherdess, like Joan of Arc, which even though it contradicted Genevieve's family history and was historically inaccurate, became immediately popular in her literary and iconographic depictions. Other images created at the end of the 1600s include a large-size painting of Genevieve, which portrayed her surrounded by a flock of sheep, and an 1540: 453:

restored her mother's sight with it. According to Sluhovsky, the miracle confirmed Genevieve's sanctity and her family later allowed her to be brought with two girls before a bishop to be consecrated as virgins. The bishop blessed her before the other girls even though she was the youngest. Sluhovsky calls her mother's healing the first water-related miracle associated with Genevieve, who was invoked to protect Paris from floods centuries after her death. The Navarre well was a popular site of veneration well into the 15th century. By the 16th century, many miracles occurred at the site and it was one of the major pilgrimage sites in the

1178: 679: 614:, the city's first bishop, and wanted to build a basilica in his honour in 475, even though the local priests had few resources. She told them to go to the bridge of Paris, where they found an abandoned lime kiln, which provided the building materials for the basilica. After praying all night, one of the priests promised to raise the funds needed to hire workers, and carpenters donated their time to gather wood and other resources. When the workers ran out of water to drink, Genevieve prayed and made the sign of the cross over a vessel, and water was miraculously provided. The basilica was later called the 1396:, in a vision after Anne invoked her for peace and the protection of the Paris people, even though many had just rebelled against her. The vision gave a different interpretation of a miracle that had occurred during Genevieve's lifetime; another depiction of another vision of the same miracle was distributed using the printing press, the first time it was used to recruit Genevieve "into oppositional political propaganda". Both visions used Genevieve's prestige to "articulate contemporary public opinions and sentiments". In 1652, additional entreatments and processions were called in response to 800: 1062:; she was credited with the city's success in repelling them. Sluhovsky states that it "affirmed her role as a divine intercessor". It was also the first time that she was invocated for the city as a whole, not just for individuals who visited her shrine, and established a tradition of public invocations of Genevieve. According to Sluhovsky, the later 800s to the eleventh century was a time of rebuilding after the destruction of the abbey by the Normans, but it was also a time of growing popularity for Genevieve. Liturgical texts and hymns were written in her honor during this period. 1417: 1233:, was constructed near by. Rental fees were paid to the abbey by its parishioners, which increased the abbey's power and financial success. A new reliquary was built at the Étienne church beginning in 1230, and Genevieve's bones were translated there in 1242, the anniversary of her first translation during the first Norman attack of Paris. Genevieve was not the only saint who had lived in Paris and who was invoked with rituals and processions, but as Sluhovsky states, "from the twelfth century on she acquired a unique position among Parisian saints". 905: 1321:, which was included in what Sluhovsky called the "royal religion of early modern French absolutism" because the throne appropriated and changed it to support its authority and power in France. Sluhovsky goes on to say, "By parading the reliquary of the patron saint on a route which led from the royal parish to the cathedral, and by employing Sainte Geneviève to honor her superiors, a new balance of political powers in the city derive not from the patronage of Sainte Geneviève but from the powers of the 569:, calls it a "prayer marathon" and Genevieve's "most famous feat". Genevieve also persuaded the men to not remove their goods from Paris. The city's residents were again angered by her prophesies, and as Sluhovsky put it, "possibly by her disruption of gender hierarchies"; they again plotted to kill her, but she was saved by Germanus' intervention; a messenger was sent to bring her eucharistic loaves shortly after his death, which prevented the residents from carrying out their plan against Genevieve. 1490:, began to criticise Catholic practices such as the cult of the saints. The appropriation of Genevieve by the monarchy did not decrease the people's devotion to her during this time, even when processions stopped and invocations to her were made for the royal family during the late 18th century. She regularly appeared in the popular religious literature of the time. By the late 18th century, lay devotion to her was no longer controlled by municipal or royal authorities. During the 1362:, was planned to occur on Genevieve's feast day. Prayers were made at her shrine as the fighting happened, but the attack failed and D'Aumale was killed. Sluhovsky reported that the failure decreased the city's devotion toward Genevieve; he called their accusations against her "not unfounded". Two more supplicatory processions occurred in 1594, but it also failed; Sluhovsky states that they demonstrated the "authorities' inability to control the public cult of Sainte Geneviève". 1405: 872: 1019:, who rescued Rome from Attila the same year that she diverted Attila from Paris. She also participated in the consolidation of Clovis' power and in the defeat of Arianism, and her active life in Paris occurred at the same time the city's influence was increasing. Like other female saints, she "had to assume male characteristics in order to gain influence and to resolve the contradictions between her gender and her prominence". In her 1358:. It was the first time that the public invoked Genevieve against the king. As Sluhovsky states, "the Feast of Saint Genevieve became a feast of hatred and division, not of harmony and peace". Sluhovosky also states that for the first time, invocations of Genevieve changed from demonstrations of loyalty to public demonstrations of revolt and disloyalty to the king. In 1591, the royal army besieged Paris; an attack on the army, led by 1294:, and the king's presence symbolised the urban, the Catholic, and the national identities of the French, all of which "joined together to undo the harm of fragmentation and discord, symbolised by Protestantism". Sluhovsky also states that the procession presented new relationships between the identities and symbols, as demonstrated in the new route of the procession, which started at Notre-Dame, paused at the royal church of 498:, which included abstaining from meat and breaking her fast only twice a week. She fasted, between the ages of 15 to 50, from Sunday to Thursday and from Thursday to Sunday; her diet consisted of beans and barley bread, and she never drank alcohol. After she turned 50 and by order of her bishops, she added fish and milk to her diet. She devoutly kept vigil each Saturday night, "following the teaching of the Lord concerning 719:, a young girl who had not been able to walk for two years. Genevieve resurrected a four-year-old boy, the son of a woman she had healed of demon possession, who had fallen into a well and drowned. The boy was baptised on Easter and was subsequently called Cellomerus because he "had recovered his life in cell". Also during Easter, she healed a blind woman with prayers and with the sign of the cross. She healed a man from 602:

Paris gates closed so that Genevieve could not rescue prisoners he wanted to execute, but after Genevieve was informed of his plans, she opened the gates by touching them, without a key; she then met with Childeric and persuaded him not to execute the prisoners. She led a convoy, and "proved herself capable of leading a paramilitary operation which necessitated crossing enemy lines", through the blockade of Paris up the

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humility from the city, just as it demanded and obtained them from Sainte Geneviève". These processions broke the tradition of bringing the reliquary and relics of Saint Marcel to Genevieve's abbey before processing to Notre-Dame; instead, it required that her reliquary "humbled itself" to honour the Eucharist and the king. It was also the first time her reliquary was not the most prestigious part in a public ritual.

1494:, she was used "against the very same establishments which in previous centuries had been intimately connected with cult". In July 1789, Saint Genevieve's Church was used to celebrate the Revolution, although the Revolutionary authorities eventually ended her cult. Genevieve's shrine and relics were mostly destroyed during the French Revolution, but as Farmer states, "this by no means finished her cult in France". 1498: 1242: 5982: 5919: 265:. As times and conditions changed in Paris, so did the ways in which Genevieve was invoked and processed. As new calamities threatened the city and new intercessions to her were needed, new associations, images, and metaphors were required. Her cult remained popular throughout the history of Paris, although her cult has never returned to its pre-Revolutionary popularity and unifying status. 766:"; she was greeted there by a crowd of people possessed by demons, whom she healed, with prayers and the sign of the cross, in the Basilica of Saint Martin. Some victims reported that Genevieve's fingers "blazed up one by one with celestial fire" while healing them. She also healed three women of demon possession privately, in their homes, and at the request of their husbands. Genevieve's 5958: 5931: 376:. Germanus saw Genevieve in a crowd of villagers who gathered to meet and obtain Germanus' and Lupus' blessing and observed her thoughtfulness and piety. After speaking to her and encouraging her "to persevere in the path of virtue", Germanus interviewed her parents and told them that she would "be great before the face of the Lord" and that by her example, lead and teach many 5994: 666:, which was built early in the 6th century, was reported to heal blindness as late as the 9th century. Additional miracles experienced by pilgrims to her shrine were recorded into the 14th century. Similar to the miracles that occurred during Genevieve's lifetime, there were reports of miracles such as the healing of eye disease, paralysis, the plague, and high fever. 1513:, the early French Revolutionary leader, the French government secularised the Church of Saint Genevieve and turned it into a national monument and shrine honouring him. It ended an over 1,000-year period in which the building served as the center of Genevieve's cult, as well as the religious traditions centering on her processions. Also in 1791, the ashes of 887:; Sluhovsky adds that it was part of the new image of the female warrior that connected her with contemporary concerns, which increased in popularity during the 16th century, when "France was preoccupied with military affairs". This preoccupation included, during the 16th century, 17 public rituals "to implore God for the victory of the Catholic Church" over 50: 987: 5970: 494:, devoting herself to prayer and charitable works. She became severely paralysed and almost died; after she recovered, she reported that she had seen visions of heaven. In Paris, she became admired for her piety and devotion to works of charity, and practiced fasting, "severe corporal austerities", and the 1449:

invocation. Genevieve's reliquary was removed 50 more times in the next 100 years, 33 times for the health of members of the French royal family. According to Sluhovsky, by the 17th century, "The shepherdess from Nanterre that Parisians had invoked a thousand years as a humble neighbor became ... a royal

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allowed to leave her shrine unless they were accompanied, escorted, and protected by a male, Saint Marcel. Her works and miracles, such as food supply and charitable works, were associated with feminine activities, Anne of Austria invoked Genevieve for her fertility, and most of her followers were women.

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By the 17th century, public invocations of Genevieve, even though their liturgies remained the same, changed from clerical affairs to secular public celebrations. Sluhovsky calls the clerical-based processions "ordinary" and the later popular entreatments and processions of the saint "extraordinary".

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During the 1560s and 1570s and throughout the latter half of the 16th century, Genevieve was invoked for assistance during famines and food shortages, both in Paris and its outlying areas. Her invocations against water-based disasters, which influenced the country's crop yields, began to include "all

852:. The reasons for the invocations also changed, from protection against floods to prayers for military victories, against a variety of meteorological occurrences, and for a steady food supply into Paris. Over 70 emergency invocations of Genevieve were processions with her reliquary from her shrine to 348:

Even though popular tradition represents Genevieve's parents as poor peasants, their names, which were common amongst the Gallo-Roman aristocracy, are considered evidence that she was born into the Gallic upper class. She was recognised for her religious devotion from an early age. When Genevieve was

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Beginning in 1535 and through 1652, appeals to Genevieve "were always highly politicized" and included attempts to both impose and oppose royal authority. On January 21, 1535, Genevieve's reliquary took part in "a major supplicatory procession" to invoke God against the Protestants in France. It was

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approved the establishment of the Confraternity of the Bearers of the Reliquary of Saint Genevieve, perhaps as a way to consolidate his support in Paris and in the 1400s, a Ceremonial of Saint Genevieve, one of the oldest documents of its type, was published. It was a compilation of descriptions and

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Sluhovsky states that as times changed in Paris, the way in which she was invoked also changed. As new calamities threatened the city and new intercessions to her were needed, new readings of her vita provided the associations, images, and metaphors required. As Sluhovsky says, "Geneviève was remade

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The parents of a young boy brought her their son, whom she healed of blindness, deafness, and paralysis by making the sign of the cross and rubbing oil on him. Her prayers protected a harvest near Meaux from a whirlwind during a rainstorm; neither the reapers nor the crops were touched by any water.

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According to McNamara, during the Franks' many sieges of Paris, Genevieve had to convince them "that she and her God were allies worth having". McNamara also states that Genevieve "aligned with the poor and the conquered against unharnessed secular power". McNamara believes, however, that her status

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states that "she passed over in ripe old age, full of virtue"; she died at the age of 82. After her death, she was enshrined in the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, which she helped build. She was buried next to members of Clovis' family and she was considered a protector of the royal family. Miracles

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In 1694, for example, Paris was in the middle of a severe economic crisis, with poor harvests, bad weather, threats of starvation, and an ongoing war, so the residents of Paris and the Ile-de-France invoked Genevieve'a intervention. Spontaneous processions and pilgrimages to Saint Genevieve's abbey

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In the winter of 834, heavy rains deluged Paris; the city's bishop encouraged the residents to fast and do penance. The only dry church where prayers could be conducted was Genevieve's abbey, where the only dry area was floor around her deathbed, which was kept in the abbey. The waters of the Seine

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and Anne of Austria gained more political power in France. Although Genevieve was attributed with male qualities that were usually given to bishops and military leaders, the residents of Paris were aware of the fact that their patron saint was a woman. For example, her reliquary and relics were not

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who had a withered hand and arm; she prayed for him, touched his arm and joints, and made the sign of the cross over him; he was restored to health in 30 minutes. She released twelve people who lived in Paris of demon possession; she ordered them to go to the Basilica of Saint-Denis and healed them

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recorded a possibly earlier water miracle: when Genevieve was still in school, a bridge appeared over a ditch filled with water, and then disappeared after she crossed it. Platter argued that this miracle was the reason the residents of Paris ascribed Genevieve with the power to change the weather.

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In 1525, a lay confraternity, established at Saint Genevieve's Abbey in 1412, obtained permission from the convent's abbot to share with its canons the ability to carry Genevieve's reliquary during public processions. As a result, the confraternity changed its name to the Company of the Bearers of

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and from agricultural ruin. Its purpose was both agricultural and geographical, blessing the harvest and the urban space of Paris. The procession that occurred on Genevieve's feast day was reserved only for clerics of her abbey and of Notre-Dame, without the participation of the laity, unlike most

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relates a story about her mother being struck blind after violently preventing Genevieve from attending church on a feast day. After almost two years, Genevieve realised that she was the reason for her mother's blindness; after her mother asked her to retrieve water for her from a nearby well, she

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were transferred to the church, which was renamed the Panthéon. Despite the secularisation the transfer implied, Voltaire had a devotion to Genevieve and was proud of his grandfather's membership in the Company of the Bearers of Reliquary of Sainte Geneviève. On his deathbed, Voltaire renewed his

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appropriated and incorporated it into their royal rites, ending traditional forms of her veneration, creating new ones, and provided her with the new role of protecting the royal family. According to Sluhovsky, these changes also "distanced humble Parisian believers from direct communication with

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twice and the bridge's foundations were weakened from the threatening flood waters, it did not collapse until the reliquary was returned and no one was injured. According to Sluhovsky, by the second half of the 1200s and continuing into the early 16th century, a tradition of invoking Genevieve to

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images depicting Genevieve's water-based miracles were created during the Middle Ages, including a small bas-relief as part of her effigy in the portal of Notre-Dame, which also depicted the well in Navarre where Genevieve retrieved the water that healed her mother. A statue in the Abbey of Saint

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reports that she rekindled a candle after it went out on the way from her cell to the Basilica of Saint-Denis; the virgins with her were frightened, so she asked to hold the candle and it immediately lit up again. When she arrived at the basilica, the candle was consumed by its own fire and after

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Genevieve's neighbours, "filled with jealousy and envy", accused her in 445 or 446 of being a hypocrite and imposter, and that her visions and prophecies were frauds. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve "received the divine gift of reading people's thoughts", which displeased many residents of Paris.

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In 1725, Genevieve was invoked amidst religious and political conflict, which as Sluhovsky states, "had an impact on the ability of lay Parisians to maintain their traditional forms of devotion". Sluhovsky adds that the emotions the royal appropriation of Genevieve caused during the 1720s to the

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reports that Clovis, who venerated her, often pardoned criminals he had put in prison at Genevieve's request, even if they were guilty; Attawater states that Genevieve asked Clovis to free prisoners and be lenient to lawbreakers. According to Farmer, she "won Childeric's respect". He ordered the

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there in 1642. In 1658, Genevieve was invoked to heal Anne; no procession was called, but Genevieve's reliquary was removed, and Anne recovered from her illness. Two years later, however, Anne fell ill again and a similar ceremony was held, but it did not work this time and Anne died during the

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in Paris. Genevieve's connection with charity, caring for the poor, and food relief, which continued to occur during the late 1600s, were based upon events during her life and was also expressed with processions of her reliquary and reports of her distribution of food to the poor in 1665. Other

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In 1562, two processions were held to cleanse Paris from the heresy of Protestantism. The first procession ended at Saint Genevieve's Abbey and in the second, Genevieve's reliquary was carried by 20 barefoot laymen wearing flowers on their heads and was received with enthusiasm from the public.

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to Notre-Dame instead of from her abbey, where it was used during royal invocations against the Protestants. As Sluhovsky states, "The redrawing of the Catholic space of Paris strengthened royal authority in the urban space, a royal authority that demanded clear demonstrations of compliance and

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and a protector of Paris, which Sluhovsky finds remarkable because she was a woman. Sluhovsky called Genevieve's cult, which lasted over 1,000 years, "a success story" and said, "It was a process of expanding patronage—from monastery to neighborhood, to city, to the entire kingdom. Throughout,

690:, Genevieve had frequent visions of heavenly saints and angels. She also performed miracles in Paris and throughout the Ile-de-France, which included exorcising demons, healing the blind, resurrecting the dead, rescuing prisoners, and helping a consecrated virgin escape her fiancé. Genevieve's 863:

were involved in 120 public invocations between 1500 and 1793, with over one-third occurring during the 18th century, which art historian Hannah Williams found surprising because "superstitious spirituality, with miracle-working objects and cults of saints, sits uneasily with our idea of the

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also states that since there were no convents near Navarre, she "remained at home, leading an innocent, prayerful life"; according to historian Jo Ann McNamara, Germanus inspired Genevieve to dedicate her life and virginity to God's service, which was not limited to an established rule or a

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had a "special devotion" to Genevieve and would make yearly pilgrimages on January 3, Genevieve's feast day, to the well in Navarre and to pray for the birth of a male heir. After Anne's son was born, she visited Navarre to thank Genevieve and in 1642, donated the cornerstone for a new

1058:, although they were returned to Paris in 862. According to Sluhovsky, miracles occurred at all three sites and increased her fame throughout the Ile-de-France. In 885, the residents of Paris invoked the intercession of Genevieve and other saints when Paris was besieged by the 955:, which included traditional medieval images of her, as well as the newer image of her as a shepherdess and warrior. By the mid-1600s, the image of Genevieve as shepherdess also appeared in the Catholic liturgy. In 1652, a book of hymns dedicated to Genevieve was published by 1559:

founded a new Church of Saint Genevieve on the grounds of the Panthéon and she was reinstated as the patron saint of Paris. In 1831. A portion of Genevieve's stone tomb currently resides in a large casket in the church; a smaller reliquary contains the bones of one finger.

1153:, which Farmer called her most famous cure, was stayed after Genevieve's relics were carried in a public procession from her reliquary to Notre-Dame Cathedral. The city's bishop called for the procession only after everything else had been tried, including prayers to the 752:

also reports that many people, including those suffering from demon possession, had been healed after tearing off parts of her garments. She healed a city official, who had been deaf for four years, by touching his ears while making the sign of the cross over them. Her

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Genevieve, in the shape of a fountain, depicted her holding a candle with water flowing from the tip. Another small statue, erected inside the abbey's shrine, near the altar, depicted her with the emblem of Paris at her feet, and holding a key to heaven and a scepter.

514:. Her enemies plotted to drown her, but Germanus visited Paris again and defended her, although the attacks continued. The bishop of Paris appointed her to care for other consecrated virgins; "by her instruction and example she led them to a high degree of sanctity". 395: 1371:

processions included one in 1556, in response to a drought throughout France, when peasants organized a procession to numerous shrines throughout Paris, including Genevieve's, when they were joined by city residents "in spontaneous public invocations of the patron".

1302:, and ended back at Notre-Dame. It was the first time a procession marched in the commercial section of the Paris, connecting the royal church, the royal palace of the Louvre, and Notre-Dame; it was the first time that Genevieve's reliquary crossed the Seine to the 1164:

In December 1206, Genevieve was called upon to protect the city from a flood; another procession was organised and her relics were, like in 1129-1130, paraded into Paris and relics from other churches were escorted with hers. Her body was brought from the abbey to

218:, her hometown, to Paris, after her parents died and became known for her piety, healings, and miracles, although the residents of Paris resented her and would have killed her if not for Germanus' interventions. Her prayers saved Paris from being destroyed by the 1436:

their saint". Despite this, however, Genevieve maintained her prominence and her followers' loyalty to her did not decline. In 1764, in what Sluhovsky calls "the most significant event in the history of royal involvement with the cult of Sainte Geneviève",

1209:. Like most processions of the time, the processions started at Notre-Dame and ended at the appropriate religious sites, in this case, at Saint Genevieve's Abbey. One of the yearly processions conducted in Genevieve's honor occurred on the final day of the 1161:, the rumor was disproven and the date was established as the feast day of the Revelation of Genevieve's reliquary. At the end of the twelfth century, Genevieve's basilica was rebuilt by Danish nobles to compensate for its destruction by their ancestors. 1391:

and the center of monastic reform; by 1650, one-third of all monastic communities in France were included in the congregation. In 1649, when Paris was again engaged in open rebellion against the king, Genevieve appeared to Anne of Austria, the mother of

743:

of paralysis, which was done with prayer and the sign of the cross. While in Troyes, many people were brought to her for healing, including a sick child who was healed after drinking water she had blessed, as well as a blind man, whom the writer of her

790:

reports that on one occasion, she sent for a vessel with oil that was supposed to have been blessed by a bishop, but after she prayed for an hour, the vessel was miraculously filled with oil and she was able to heal someone from demon possession.

839:

Genevieve was publicly invoked during emergencies related to the needs and expectations of the residents of Paris 153 times between 885 and October 1791. They ranged from spontaneous and less-ritualized invocations and processions with her

1526:

and dismantled; the funds collected were put into the government's treasury. According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve's bones were put on trial, found guilty of collaborating with the royal authorities, and condemned to be publicly burned at the

1465:. According to Sluhovsky, "An entire day of communal mobilization replaced the austere early morning processions of the late Middle Ages". The event was criticised, despite its popularity, for changing the processions into secular events. 606:

from Troyes to bring food to the starving citizens. On her return home, Genevieve's prayers saved the eleven ships that carried her, her companions, and the grain for the residents of Paris. Back in Paris, she gave food to the poor first.

248:

Genevieve performed miracles both before and after her death. She was recognized as the patron saint of Paris in the 14th century. She was "a favorite of both the humblest residents and of the Bourbon family, and was equally venerated by

256:

Genevieve was publicly invoked during emergencies related to the needs and expectations of the residents of Paris 153 times between 885 and October 1791, ranging from spontaneous and less-ritualized invocations and processions with her

1117:, which emphasized living in community, although cloistering and poverty were not mandatory, and obedience to the rule was lax; for example, her secular canons were able to keep the funds they received. The community was reformed by 761:

through her intercessions, including raising the daughter of a family's matriarch from the dead and healing a man who became ill because he refused to forgive his servant. Genevieve then visited Tours, "braving many perils on the

1400:

and the food shortages it caused. According to Sluhovsky, traditional veneration of Genevieve had "given way to manipulation" and after 1652, "all public invocations would be confronted with wide public cynicism and skepticism".

710:

also reports that Genevieve was able to discern that a young woman was lying about her chastity and that "she restored vision, strength, and life to various people". Genevieve also healed a nine-year-old girl who lived in

1554:

at the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. New fragments of her relics were brought to Paris from other churches and a new reliquary was built. In 1806, Napoleon ordered that the Panthéon be returned to its original purpose. In 1822,

1482:; he invoked Genevieve, was healed, and made a pilgrimage to her shrine. The abbot and canons showed the king the church, which was deteriorated, and the king pledged to finance its renovation, which totaled over 25,000 226:

in 451 and other wars; her organisation of the city's women was called a "prayer marathon" and Genevieve's "most famous feat". She was involved in two major construction projects in Paris, a basilica in the honour of

506:

Sluhovsky also states that opposition to her occurred because she threatened the male hierarchy in Paris, so she needed patronage and recognition from established male authorities, which she received from Germanius,

1528: 1443:

For example, Anne of Austria not only financially supported Saint Genevieve's Abbey, she also supported the small church dedicated to Genevieve in Nanterre, where Anne made yearly pilgrimages and founded a

588:

and Clovis I, to be lenient towards the city's residents. According to Farmer, Genevieve made an agreement with soldiers during the siege of Paris to obtain provisions, which were transported by river from

1568:

reinstated it as a church in 1851. Genevieve's relics, which survived the Revolution and were stored in churches outside of Paris, are stored in a reliquary at the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, in her chapel.

1213:, an important three-day procession during the harvest season. The procession ended at St. Genevieve's Abbey and connected Genevieve to Marcel of France, another saint that had saved Paris from both a 824:

and revolutionary fishwives". Sluhovsky considers Genevieve "a cultural symbol which Parisians shared, appropriated, negotiated, and used according to specific communal assumptions and traditions".

706:

states that when a woman stole Genevieve's shoes, the woman was struck blind when she arrived at her home; someone led her back to Genevieve, who healed her after she asked for her forgiveness. Her

345:

was published; in 1367, the first French translation was published. As David Farmer states, "little can be known about her with certainty, but her cult has flourished on civil and national pride".

856:. By the 18th century, the public rituals invoking Genevieve "were motivated not so much by concern for the well-being of the city at large, but for the well-being of the royal family". 253:

and revolutionary fishwives" and was considered "a cultural symbol which Parisians shared, appropriated, negotiated, and used according to specific communal assumptions and traditions".

1260:

in Paris. Other confraternities and occupational and devotional groups were founded in Nanterre during the early modern period. In the 17th century, two confraternities existed in the

541:

persuaded the people of Paris that she "was not a prophetess of doom" and convinced the women that instead of joining their husbands and abandoning their homes, to pray and do acts of

727: 214:

when she was a child and dedicated herself to a virginal life. Miracles and healings began to happen around her early on and she became known for changing the weather. She moved from

1440:

began construction of a new church, which later became the Panthéon, in her honour, ending over 200 years of royal patronage of her and financial support of her abbey and churches.

384:, Germanus confirmed her desire to become a consecrated virgin, plucked a coin from the ground, and instructed her to have a necklace made from it to remind her about their meeting. 943:

published in the late 1400s and her image as a fountain is included in hymnals also published in the 1400s. In the early 1400s, a mystery play was composed by her canon called the

622:, the wife of Clovis I, to bring about his conversion to Christianity; shortly before her death, Genevieve convinced him to build the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, dedicated to 816:

however, the saint managed to maintain her intimate friendship with the people of Paris". According to Shuhovsky, " became a favorite of both the humblest residents and of the

1338:

Sluhovsky considered the processions as a reaffirmation of the Eucharist and of Genevieve's part in how the Catholic authorities in Paris handled the divisions caused by the

919:

The most notable artistic representations of Genevieve, which continued traditions from the late Middle Ages, were created between the 17th and 19th centuries, including the

572: 1584:. Also according to Sluhovsky, although Genevieve remains as the patron saint of Paris, her cult has never returned to its pre-Revolutionary popularity and unifying status. 1309: 473:

there. According to Sluhovsky, other fountains and springs were associated with Genevieve and were attributed with healing powers, including against high fevers, into the

891:

and the successful military operations associated with it. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve's image as a warrior and protector occurred at the same time when women like

329:

claims to be written by a contemporary of Genevieve and "Its authenticity and value are the subject of much discussion". According to historian Moshe Sluhovsky, the

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Genevieve's prestige, along with the power and prosperity of her community, increased through the Middle Ages. Processions were conducted annually throughout the

959:, a poet and the bishop of Venice, that invoked water-based images, metaphors, and associations connected with Genevieve. In 1913, the early 20th-century writer, 1264:; the second one included both men and women and had over 400 members between 1605 and 1640. Genevieve was also honoured in parishes throughout France. In 1412, 1149:

in times of disaster" during the Middle Ages and the citizens of Paris have "invoked her in times of national crisis" many times. In 1129, during an epidemic of

1746:

by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. p. 4. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X. Retrieved 3 October 2023.

380:. As Sluhovsky states, "Miracles marking the young girl as a bride of Christ followed". Genevieve told Germanus that she wanted to follow God; according to her 642:

records the earliest ones. Her entombment at the basilica helped Genevieve gain prestige; soon after her death, her tomb became a pilgrimage site. Genevieve's

387: 6034: 1510: 630:, which was completed after the year 500. After Genevieve's death, in recognition of her part in Clovis' conversion, Clothilde was able to honour her grave. 6059: 5891: 1169:, a Mass was said, and then she was returned to the abbey. The Seine receded and even though the relics and the participants in the procession crossed the 1380: 6069: 3855: 3808: 1359: 1034:

By the eighth century, a hospice for pilgrims was built next to the Basilica of the Holy Apostles; by the ninth century, the basilica was known as

6084: 2204:. Edited by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. p. 38. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X. 3733:

by McNamara, Jo Ann; Halborg, John E. Durham; with Whatley, E. Gordon, England: Duke University Press. 1992. pp. 17–37. ISBN 0-8223-1200-X.

662:

to the faith in ancient times from pages of history books". Healings took place at her shrine after Genevieve's death; oil that was kept in the

557:, Genevieve persuaded the women of Paris to undertake a series of fasts, prayers, and vigils "in order to ward off the threatening disaster, as 6074: 5795: 1737: 1129: 517: 6039: 1710: 421:

engraved with a cross and instructed her to wear it instead of pearls and gold jewelry to help her to remember her commitment to Christ. The

1325:

and the king". In the summer of 1549, Genevieve's reliquary was involved in a royal supplicatory procession, which crossed the Seine to the

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became the basilica's patron in exchange for their prayers for him and for the stability of France, an arrangement that was renewed under

24: 435: 999:

Many of Genevieve's activities during the Middle Ages were similar to contemporary Gallo-Roman bishops. For example, the author of her

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Complex images and attributions of Genevieve were created over a period of over 700 years, in liturgical writings, in editions of her

3746: 3709: 2095: 1539: 5667: 4838: 534: 6064: 499: 799: 6029: 5898: 4430: 1479: 1453:". Saint Genevieve's Church began to be rebuilt in 1746 because it had decayed; as Farmer states, it "was secularized at the 537:, Genevieve prophesied that the city would be spared, but that those who fled Paris would be killed. Genevieve and Germanus' 682:

Miniature of Saint Genevieve (at St. Genoveva Church in the Netherlands), with an angel on her right and a demon on her left

1416: 1042:

was formed and a small abbey was built in Genevieve's honor in the early 800s. The community was forced to flee during the

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In the early 17th century, many religious ceremonies were secularized, which required a remaking of Genevieve's cult. The

678: 5948: 6079: 6044: 4515: 1523: 1295: 430:. It is unknown when Genevieve received the consecration of virgins; some sources state that she received her veil from 3653: 1329:

and then to Notre-Dame; it included the burning of heretics. In 1551, 1568, and 1582, her reliquary processed from the

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Protestants. In 1589, processions were held and Genevieve was invoked in well-organised responses to conflict between

1219: 1174:

protect Paris from floods was established, often as a last resort, when the prayers to other saints were ineffective.

309: 3699: 1257: 774:

also reports that near Genevieve's home, she was able to spot and remove a demon from the opening of a water vessel.

1572:

According to Sluhovsky, Genevieve's cult experienced renewed popularity when she represented Catholic opposition to

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Genevieve was called one of the most venerated saints of the early eleventh century. As Farmer states, Genevieve's

615: 495: 478: 261:

during the Middle Ages to highly ritualized ones said before her unveiled reliquary in the years leading up to the

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Genevieve's abbey was fortified and included within the city's new walls in 1210, and a new parish church, the

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Years later, Genevieve "distinguished herself by her charity and self-sacrifice" during the defeat of Paris by

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Paris, shepherds, winemakers, wax-chandlers, hatmakers; against eye complaints, fever, plagues, drought, war

103: 883:

Scholar Maria Warner states that Genevieve "benefited from the extension of taxonomy of female types" like

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donated a new altar to the basilica and Genevieve's reliquary was moved from the crypt to the new altar.

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one of the largest and most spectacular religious processions that occurred in Paris and was ordered by

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Genevieve was also involved in two major construction projects in Paris. She had a strong devotion to

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The Consecration of Ste. Genevieve; painting by M. Basterot in the Church of Ste. Geneviève, Missouri

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instructions of all liturgical and semi-liturgical events conducted in the Abbey of St. Genevieve.

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and a procession carrying her relics occurred to prevent the German occupation of France during

1564:

reinstated the building to a secular temple and Genevieve's relics were sent to Notre-Dame, but

1404: 576:

Section of "Saint Geneviève Resupplying Besieged Paris," by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (c. 1890)

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to highly ritualized ones said before her unveiled reliquary in the years leading up to the

817: 627: 454: 418: 236: 137:

Lit candle, breviary, angels and demons, liturgical vessel, crown, keys of the city of Paris

115: 1387:, was appointed abbot of Saint Genevieve's Abbey, which became the new headquarters of the 5881: 5740: 5627: 5612: 5509: 5469: 5454: 5434: 5379: 5304: 5294: 5264: 5254: 5189: 5159: 5119: 5114: 4938: 4858: 4813: 4758: 4645: 4590: 4480: 4332: 4217: 4144: 4066: 4031: 3931: 3695: 1519: 1330: 1016: 804: 507: 465: 361: 338: 322: 298: 211: 192: 132: 127:

3 January, translation of relics (in Paris) 28 October, evelation of the relics 10 January

99: 4853: 1222:, the bishop of Paris, declared January 3 a public holiday; it was later approved by the 5903: 5876: 5705: 5682: 5597: 5537: 5479: 5464: 5449: 5429: 5424: 5384: 5374: 5284: 5259: 5244: 5229: 5224: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5134: 5016: 4986: 4971: 4928: 4898: 4873: 4743: 4703: 4668: 4545: 4525: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4420: 4317: 4262: 4197: 4149: 4061: 3888: 3835: 1483: 1351: 1118: 1024: 1004: 968: 956: 913: 611: 590: 562: 431: 228: 161: 60: 1497: 464:

and many of the well's visitors were members of the French royal family. For example,

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created a statue of Genevieve in 1928, which honoured her protection of Paris during

940: 888: 545:

to spare the city. It is claimed that the intercession of Genevieve's prayers caused

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Another time, while traveling by ship on the Seine, her prayers saved the ship; her

460:

In the 1700s, an annual pilgrimage to Navarre was celebrated the first Sunday after

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Saint Genevieve praying to stop the rain during the harvest (stained glass window

638:

started occurring at the basilica immediately following her internment there; her

434:, while others state that she, along with two companions, received them from the 5775: 5622: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5299: 5234: 5124: 4923: 4913: 4893: 4763: 4738: 4267: 4174: 3961: 3786: 1577: 1556: 1502: 1303: 1202: 1094:, the Greek marine goddess whose name might be the origin of the name of Paris. 972: 964: 928: 884: 845: 623: 585: 427: 404: 373: 319: 232: 5918: 786:

in the Gospels. Genevieve would often use oil to anoint and heal the sick. Her

5785: 5459: 5344: 5319: 5169: 5006: 4287: 1397: 1367: 1170: 1146: 1114: 1047: 1012: 758: 550: 538: 2088:

A calendar of saints: the lives of the principal saints of the Christian Year

1820: 770:

reports that in Tours, "everyone honored her in her comings and goings". Her

333:

was written shortly after her death, in the late 500s and was based upon the

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when she was 15 years old. Sluhovsky states that Genevieve was consecrated

3758:"Saint Geneviève's Miracles: Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Paris" 1550:

In 1803, after the end of the Revolution, Genevieve's cult was revived by

1306:

and made a statement that the city's unity depended upon royal authority.

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and was called the Panthéon, a burial place for the worthies of France".

1450: 1445: 1437: 1150: 619: 581: 511: 470: 365: 286: 215: 72: 3774: 3757: 1474:

1750s were motivated by Paris' deep attachment to Catholicism. In 1744,

1023:, Germanus advised Genevieve to "act manfully", and she was compared to 490:

After her parents' deaths, Genevieve went to live with her godmother in

49: 5642: 5617: 5562: 5079: 5044: 4485: 4440: 4202: 4139: 3994: 1059: 1051: 1015:, also like Genevieve, against the Huns. She has also been compared to 821: 740: 655: 647: 542: 250: 89: 1113:. At first, the members of St. Genevieve's abbey followed the Rule of 5647: 5582: 5572: 5557: 5532: 4585: 4212: 1705:(5 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 180. 1299: 1214: 1197:, four times per year: 3 January, her feast day; the third Sunday in 1142: 1055: 1046:

in 845; they brought Genevieve's reliquary with them and hid them in

1028: 920: 696: 594: 558: 546: 461: 305:, who is said to have blown out her candle when she prayed at night. 294: 223: 1420:"The aldermen of Paris paying homage to Saint Geneviève" (1696) by 1185:

in Paris, depicting a procession of Genevieve's shrine. Created by

5637: 5632: 5607: 5577: 5552: 5069: 5054: 5049: 4159: 3847: 1538: 1496: 1415: 1403: 1308: 1240: 1176: 1128: 1064: 986: 903: 870: 860: 798: 763: 726: 720: 677: 603: 571: 516: 491: 394: 386: 290: 188: 963:, wrote a series of poems referring to 15th-century French saint 5096: 5074: 5034: 4252: 1198: 712: 530: 369: 289:, a small village almost seven kilometers (4.3 mi) west of 219: 3790: 54:

Saint Genevieve, 17th-century painting, Musée Carnavalet, Paris

3739:

Patroness of Paris: Rituals of Devotion in Early Modern France

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Section of "Sainte Geneviève Watching over Paris, by muralist

206:

Recognized for her religious devotion at a young age, she met

1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1133:

Reliquary for the surviving relics of Saint Genevieve at the

699:, created in the 13th century, and a miniature at her abbey. 3444: 3442: 3405: 3403: 3378: 3376: 3351: 3349: 3336: 3334: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3268: 3266: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 565:

had done in the past". McNamara, who translated Genevieve's

3181: 3179: 3177: 2491: 2489: 2355: 2353: 2351: 231:

in 475 and the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, dedicated to

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In 1535, Genevieve's cult became connected to the cult of

1290:. According to Sluhovsky, the reliquary of Genevieve, the 939:

Genevieve is portrayed protecting Paris from a flood in a

293:, to Severus and Gerontia, who were of German or possibly 2583: 2581: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 584:

in 480 and was able to influence him and his successors,

1771: 1769: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1408:"The Échevins of Paris Praying before St Geneviève," by 1031:, Biblical figures who also crossed gender boundaries. 724:

after making the sign of the cross over each of them.

19:"Saint Genevieve" redirects here. For other uses, see 5946: 1226:

and Genevieve was honoured in all churches in Paris.

875:

Statue of Saint Genevieve inside Notre-Dame Cathedral

811:

By the 14th century, Genevieve was recognized as the

782:

makes the connection between this and the miracle of

748:

reports had been punished for working on Sunday. Her

5849: 5681: 5523: 5095: 5025: 4957: 4654: 4419: 4386: 4188: 4130: 4017: 3985: 3902: 3854: 3704:(3 ed.). New York: Penguin. pp. 151–152. 1086:in the Bible and her reliquary was compared to the 141: 131: 121: 109: 95: 82: 66: 59: 34: 967:as a reincarnation of Genevieve . French sculptor 318:appeared many centuries after her death, although 1082:receded immediately. The miracle was compared to 3654:"Église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, 5e arrondissment" 1825:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company 1245:Shrine in the Chapel of Saint Genevieve at the 3741:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. 2323: 2321: 2284: 2282: 3802: 1652: 1650: 1531:. Her ashes were then thrown into the Seine. 1313:Section of a fresco in the Nanterre Cathedral 8: 2110: 1939: 1854: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 297:origins. A candle is one of her most common 1819:MacErlean, Andrew (1909). "St. Genevieve". 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1003:compares her to Martin of Tours, who saved 500:the servant who awaited the master's return 341:. In 1310, the first French edition of her 3809: 3795: 3787: 807:, which depicts Genevieve as a shepherdess 739:Genevieve was asked to heal the wife of a 477:. In 1599, the Swiss physician and writer 31: 3773: 3678: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3394: 3382: 3367: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3313: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2693: 2676: 2664: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2480: 2422: 2410: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2255: 2234: 2222: 2141: 2073: 2022: 2010: 1993: 1972: 1960: 1888: 1873: 1775: 1760: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1641: 2465: 2453: 2434: 1701:Farmer, David Hugh (2011). "Genevieve". 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1576:. She was invoked to save France during 1256:in Genevieve's honour was formed in the 735:depicting Saint Genevieve blessing Paris 5953: 1593: 803:"Vision of Saint Genevieve" (1892) by 646:states, about the basilica, "A triple 2152: 2150: 1908: 1906: 1736:McNamara, Jo Ann. "Introduction". In 650:adjoins the church, with pictures of 301:; she is sometimes depicted with the 7: 2090:. London: Little, Brown. p. 9. 1606:Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church 757:describes miracles that happened in 3756:Williams, Hannah (September 2016). 1522:, her reliquary was brought to the 6060:Women in medieval European warfare 4709:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 3827:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints 1509:In April 1791, after the death of 1478:became ill in Lorraine during the 1469:18th century and French Revolution 1218:processions of the time. In 1447, 14: 3698:; John, Catherine Rachel (1993). 2200:"Clothild, Queen of the Franks". 25:Sainte-Geneviève (disambiguation) 6070:Female saints of medieval France 6035:Burials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 5992: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5929: 5917: 5796:María de las Maravillas de Jesús 5653:Seven Maccabees and their mother 4839:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 3701:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 2345:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 35—36. 2336:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 34—35. 2315:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 33—34. 2246:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 26—27. 2213:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 36—37. 2064:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 22—23. 2055:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 24—25. 1984:"Genovefa (423-502)", pp. 21—22. 1543:Reliquary of Saint Genevieve at 48: 1703:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints 1011:, who organised the defense of 820:, and was equally venerated by 616:Priory of Saint Denis de Strata 179:419/422 AD – 502/512 AD) was a 6085:5th-century Gallo-Roman people 3727:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 2202:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 1739:Sainted Women of the Dark Ages 1480:War of the Austrian Succession 1383:, a cardinal and confidant of 1073:, made in the 19th century by 618:. Genevieve collaborated with 1: 6075:5th-century Gallo-Roman women 5761:Faustina and Liberata of Como 4949:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia 4894:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross 3818:Saints of the Catholic Church 3729:. Edited and translated from 1742:. Edited and translated from 1535:Post-Revolution to modern age 1084:Moses' parting of the Red Sea 995:, in a 19th-century engraving 439: 368:on their way to Britain from 350: 279: 239: 176: 6040:French Roman Catholic saints 2327:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 34. 2306:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 33. 2297:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 31. 2288:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 30. 2276:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 29. 2267:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 27. 2191:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 32. 2182:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 28. 2170:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 36. 2156:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 23. 2043:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 24. 2034:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 22. 1951:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 18. 1921:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 21. 1912:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 20. 1900:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 19. 1381:François de La Rochefoucauld 1342:, between Catholics and the 1258:Church of the Holy Innocents 1252:In 1303, the earliest known 1183:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Church 945:Miracles De Sainte Genevieve 417:, Germanus gave Genevieve a 6050:6th-century Frankish saints 1656:"Genovefa (423-502)", p. 17 991:Front of the Church of the 908:Statue of Genevieve at the 864:eighteenth century as the ' 835:Invocations and processions 6103: 5924:Catholic Church portal 4884:Saints of the Cristero War 3658:www.patrimoine-histoire.fr 717:the laying on of her hands 553:instead. According to her 496:mortification of the flesh 21:Genevieve (disambiguation) 18: 5912: 4919:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 4689:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala 3864:Mother of God (Theotokos) 3824: 3737:Sluhovsky, Moshe (1998). 1822:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1296:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 925:Pierre Puvis de Chavannes 523:Pierre Puvis de Chavannes 308:Genevieve appears in the 47: 5065:Joseph (father of Jesus) 4451:Athanasius of Alexandria 4233:Athanasius of Alexandria 4117:Theophanes the Confessor 4097:Paul I of Constantinople 4092:Paphnutius the Confessor 4037:Athanasius the Confessor 2111:Attwater & John 1993 1940:Attwater & John 1993 1855:Attwater & John 1993 1205:; and on the Eve of the 1181:Stained glass window at 993:Abbey of Saint Genevieve 900:Artistic representations 784:Christ calming the storm 664:Abbey of Saint Genevieve 331:Vita of Sainte Geneviève 4997:Gregory the Illuminator 4967:Augustine of Canterbury 4516:Dionysius of Alexandria 4431:Alexander of Alexandria 2086:Bentley, James (1993). 1340:French Wars of Religion 1036:Saint Genevieve's Abbey 6065:Women in war in France 4436:Alexander of Jerusalem 4042:Chariton the Confessor 4004:in the Catholic Church 3725:"Genovefa (423-502)". 1547: 1506: 1463:Nicolas de Largillière 1424: 1422:Nicolas de Largilliére 1413: 1389:Congregation of France 1327:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 1314: 1249: 1190: 1138: 1078: 996: 941:Parisian Book of Hours 916: 876: 808: 736: 683: 577: 526: 408: 403:, created by sculptor 392: 165: 157: 6030:Christianity in Paris 5867:Fourteen Holy Helpers 5831:Trasilla and Emiliana 4982:Evermode of Ratzeburg 4864:Perpetua and Felicity 4834:Martyrs of Sandomierz 4704:Dismas the Good Thief 4631:Theophilus of Antioch 4601:Maximus the Confessor 4536:Epiphanius of Salamis 4476:Clement of Alexandria 4190:Doctors of the Church 4082:Maximus the Confessor 3869:Immaculate Conception 1608:. Baltimore, Maryland 1542: 1500: 1419: 1407: 1312: 1262:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1247:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1244: 1231:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1180: 1135:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 1132: 1068: 990: 907: 874: 802: 730: 688:Catholic Encyclopedia 681: 575: 520: 423:Catholic Encyclopedia 414:Catholic Encyclopedia 398: 390: 372:to put an end to the 311:Martyrology of Jerome 16:Patron saint of Paris 6025:People from Nanterre 5771:Hiltrude of Liessies 5716:Catherine of Bologna 5711:Bernadette Soubirous 4904:17 Thomasian Martyrs 4714:Four Crowned Martyrs 4636:Victorinus of Pettau 4616:Papias of Hierapolis 4586:Jerome of Stridonium 4551:Gregory of Nazianzus 4521:Dionysius of Corinth 4343:Lawrence of Brindisi 4298:Bernard of Clairvaux 4273:Anselm of Canterbury 4228:Gregory of Nazianzus 4155:Priscilla and Aquila 4052:Edward the Confessor 1545:Notre-Dame Cathedral 977:Pont de la Tournelle 910:Pont de la Tournelle 893:Catherine de' Medici 854:Notre-Dame Cathedral 731:Section of image in 612:Saint Denis of Paris 486:Later life and death 229:Saint Denis of Paris 86:502–512 (aged 79–93) 77:Western Roman Empire 6080:Angelic visionaries 6045:Consecrated virgins 5821:Teresa of the Andes 5701:Angela of the Cross 5663:Zechariah (prophet) 4809:Martyrs of La Rioja 4804:21 Martyrs of Libya 4694:Christina of Persia 4674:Charles de Foucauld 4611:Quadratus of Athens 4571:Ignatius of Antioch 4541:Fulgentius of Ruspe 4491:Cyril of Alexandria 4486:Cyprian of Carthage 4471:Cappadocian Fathers 4368:Hildegard of Bingen 4238:Cyril of Alexandria 4112:Sergius of Radonezh 3874:Perpetual virginity 1602:"Orthodox Calendar" 1224:Parliament of Paris 1121:beginning in 1147. 1088:Ark of the Covenant 1071:Notre-Dame de Paris 529:Shortly before the 475:early modern period 401:Germanus of Auxerre 378:consecrated virgins 358:Germanus of Auxerre 278:Genevieve was born 208:Germanus of Auxerre 6055:Gallo-Roman saints 6015:5th-century births 5862:Four Holy Marshals 5857:Calendar of saints 5826:Teresa of Calcutta 5806:Patricia of Naples 5731:Catherine of Siena 5012:Patrick of Ireland 4934:Vietnamese Martyrs 4824:Martyrs of Otranto 4779:Martyrs of Cajonos 4774:Martyrs of Algeria 4769:Martyrs of Albania 4729:The Holy Innocents 4699:Devasahayam Pillai 4684:Carthusian Martyrs 4626:Polycarp of Smyrna 4581:Isidore of Seville 4566:Hippolytus of Rome 4561:Hilary of Poitiers 4496:Cyril of Jerusalem 4461:Caesarius of Arles 4456:Augustine of Hippo 4358:Thérèse of Lisieux 4353:Catherine of Siena 4303:Hilary of Poitiers 4278:Isidore of Seville 4253:Bede the Venerable 4243:Cyril of Jerusalem 4208:Augustine of Hippo 4122:Pio of Pietrelcina 4087:Michael of Synnada 3631:, p. 207-208. 3571:, p. 203-204. 3559:, p. 156-157. 3523:, p. 147-147. 3511:, p. 144-146. 3499:, p. 142-143. 3397:, p. 139-141. 3370:, p. 138-139. 3328:, p. 104-105. 3287:, p. 130-131. 3260:, p. 126-128. 3147:, p. 124-125. 3135:, p. 122-124. 3123:, p. 121-122. 3099:, p. 119-121. 3087:, p. 117-119. 2982:, p. 167-169. 2958:, p. 165-166. 2934:, p. 160-162. 2113:, p. 151-152. 1548: 1524:Hôtel des Monnaies 1507: 1425: 1414: 1360:Chevalier d'Aumale 1315: 1250: 1220:Guillaume Chartier 1191: 1139: 1099:Robert I of France 1079: 997: 917: 877: 809: 737: 733:Nanterre Cathedral 684: 578: 527: 428:monastic lifestyle 409: 393: 181:consecrated virgin 5944: 5943: 5936:Saints portal 5887:Miles Christianus 5872:Martyr of charity 5841:Josephine Bakhita 5836:Ubaldesca Taccini 5781:Kateri Tekakwitha 5756:Faustina Kowalska 5746:Eulalia of Mérida 5726:Catherine Labouré 5721:Brigid of Kildare 5548:Baruch ben Neriah 4992:François de Laval 4977:Damien of Molokai 4944:Victor and Corona 4939:Valentine of Rome 4829:Martyrs of Prague 4794:Martyrs of Gorkum 4754:Martyrs of Lübeck 4641:Vincent of Lérins 4621:Peter Chrysologus 4576:Irenaeus of Lyons 4546:Gregory the Great 4531:Ephrem the Syrian 4328:Robert Bellarmine 4323:John of the Cross 4308:Alphonsus Liguori 4283:Peter Chrysologus 4258:Ephrem the Syrian 4223:Basil of Caesarea 4198:Gregory the Great 4180:Seventy disciples 4072:Lazarus Zographos 4057:Francis of Assisi 3927:James of Alphaeus 3884:Marian apparition 3775:10.1093/fh/crv076 1712:978-0-19-959660-7 1562:Louis Phillippe I 1492:French Revolution 1410:Georges Lallemand 1009:Aignan of Orléans 983:Early Middle Ages 850:French Revolution 686:According to the 502:from a wedding". 411:According to the 349:seven years old ( 283: 419 or 422 263:French Revolution 203:is on 3 January. 151: 150: 96:Venerated in 6092: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5984: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5921: 5801:Narcisa de Jesús 5786:Lucy of Syracuse 5691:Agatha of Sicily 5603:John the Baptist 4849:Maximilian Kolbe 4844:Martyrs of Zenta 4819:Martyrs of Natal 4799:Martyrs of Japan 4789:Martyrs of China 4784:Martyrs of Drina 4719:Gerard of Csanád 4679:Canadian Martyrs 4664:Abda and Abdisho 4606:Melito of Sardis 4596:John of Damascus 4556:Gregory of Nyssa 4441:Ambrose of Milan 4373:Gregory of Narek 4338:Anthony of Padua 4313:Francis de Sales 4248:John of Damascus 3894:Joseph (husband) 3846: → 3842: → 3838: → 3811: 3804: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3777: 3752: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3696:Attwater, Donald 3682: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3424:, p. 96-99. 3419: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3172: 3171:, p. 55-56. 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2910:, p. 23-24. 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2886:, p. 85-87. 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2850:, p. 35-36. 2845: 2839: 2838:, p. 32-33. 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2751:, p. 41-42. 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2727:, p. 33-34. 2722: 2716: 2710: 2697: 2691: 2680: 2679:, p. 15-16. 2674: 2668: 2662: 2651: 2650:, p. 12-13. 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2626:, p. 45-46. 2621: 2615: 2614:, p. 52-54. 2609: 2603: 2602:, p. 48-49. 2597: 2591: 2585: 2576: 2575:, p. 50-51. 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2510:, p. 47-48. 2505: 2499: 2493: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2425:, p. 92-93. 2420: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2225:, p. 25-26. 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2168: 2157: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2083: 2077: 2076:, p. 11-12. 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1997: 1996:, p. 42-43. 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1963:, p. 37-38. 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1858: 1852: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1816: 1779: 1773: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1734: 1717: 1716: 1698: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1639: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1598: 1237:Late Middle Ages 1195:High Middle Ages 1145:"was carried in 1125:High Middle Ages 953:Léonard Gaultier 444: 441: 399:Genevieve, with 355: 352: 325:states that her 287:Nanterre, France 284: 281: 244: 241: 199:traditions. Her 178: 158:Sainte Geneviève 116:Pre-congregation 52: 32: 6102: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5916: 5908: 5899:Seven Champions 5892:Church Militant 5882:Athleta Christi 5877:Military saints 5845: 5741:Clare of Assisi 5677: 5613:Judas Barsabbas 5519: 5091: 5021: 5007:Nino of Georgia 4953: 4859:Pedro Calungsod 4814:Martyrs of Laos 4759:Luigi Versiglia 4650: 4591:John Chrysostom 4481:Clement of Rome 4422: 4415: 4382: 4348:Teresa of Ávila 4333:Albertus Magnus 4218:John Chrysostom 4184: 4145:Mary of Bethany 4126: 4032:Anthony of Kiev 4013: 3981: 3932:James the Great 3898: 3850: 3829: 3820: 3815: 3755: 3749: 3736: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2700: 2692: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638:, pp. 1–2. 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1872: 1861: 1853: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1782: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1735: 1720: 1713: 1700: 1699: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1640: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1537: 1520:Reign of Terror 1471: 1377: 1368:Carmelite order 1356:Catholic League 1331:Sainte-Chapelle 1283: 1266:King Charles VI 1239: 1151:ergot poisoning 1127: 1103:Robert the Pius 985: 902: 837: 805:Alphonse Osbert 797: 715:and healed, by 672: 535:attack of Paris 508:Simeon Stylites 488: 466:Anne of Austria 442: 436:Bishop of Paris 374:Pelagian heresy 362:Lupus of Troyes 353: 339:Martin of Tours 323:Donald Attwater 282: 276: 271: 242: 212:Lupus of Troyes 104:Orthodox Church 102: 100:Catholic Church 87: 71: 55: 43: 40: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5926: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5904:Virtuous pagan 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5668:Zechariah (NT) 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5002:Junípero Serra 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987:Francis Xavier 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Uganda Martyrs 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:Titus Brandsma 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4874:Pietro Parenzo 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4744:Korean Martyrs 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Boris and Gleb 4666: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4511:Desert Mothers 4508: 4506:Desert Fathers 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318:Peter Canisius 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4263:Thomas Aquinas 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4150:Mary Magdalene 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4077:Louis Bertrand 4074: 4069: 4064: 4062:Francis Borgia 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3889:Titles of Mary 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3836:Servant of God 3825: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3768:(3): 322–353. 3762:French History 3753: 3747: 3734: 3731:Acta Sanctorum 3723: 3710: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681:, p. 209. 3679:Sluhovsky 1998 3671: 3645: 3643:, p. 208. 3641:Sluhovsky 1998 3633: 3629:Sluhovsky 1998 3621: 3619:, p. 205. 3617:Sluhovsky 1998 3609: 3607:, p. 207. 3605:Sluhovsky 1998 3597: 3595:, p. 204. 3593:Sluhovsky 1998 3585: 3583:, p. 206. 3581:Sluhovsky 1998 3573: 3569:Sluhovsky 1998 3561: 3557:Sluhovsky 1998 3549: 3547:, p. 156. 3545:Sluhovsky 1998 3537: 3535:, p. 155. 3533:Sluhovsky 1998 3525: 3521:Sluhovsky 1998 3513: 3509:Sluhovsky 1998 3501: 3497:Sluhovsky 1998 3489: 3487:, p. 154. 3485:Sluhovsky 1998 3477: 3475:, p. 151. 3473:Sluhovsky 1998 3465: 3463:, p. 107. 3461:Sluhovsky 1998 3453: 3451:, p. 103. 3449:Sluhovsky 1998 3438: 3436:, p. 100. 3434:Sluhovsky 1998 3426: 3422:Sluhovsky 1998 3414: 3412:, p. 142. 3410:Sluhovsky 1998 3399: 3395:Sluhovsky 1998 3387: 3385:, p. 139. 3383:Sluhovsky 1998 3372: 3368:Sluhovsky 1998 3360: 3358:, p. 106. 3356:Sluhovsky 1998 3345: 3343:, p. 105. 3341:Sluhovsky 1998 3330: 3326:Sluhovsky 1998 3318: 3316:, p. 104. 3314:Sluhovsky 1998 3301: 3299:, p. 133. 3297:Sluhovsky 1998 3289: 3285:Sluhovsky 1998 3277: 3275:, p. 128. 3273:Sluhovsky 1998 3262: 3258:Sluhovsky 1998 3250: 3248:, p. 140. 3246:Sluhovsky 1998 3238: 3234:Sluhovsky 1998 3226: 3222:Sluhovsky 1998 3214: 3210:Sluhovsky 1998 3202: 3198:Sluhovsky 1998 3190: 3186:Sluhovsky 1998 3173: 3169:Sluhovsky 1998 3161: 3159:, p. 125. 3157:Sluhovsky 1998 3149: 3145:Sluhovsky 1998 3137: 3133:Sluhovsky 1998 3125: 3121:Sluhovsky 1998 3113: 3111:, p. 121. 3109:Sluhovsky 1998 3101: 3097:Sluhovsky 1998 3089: 3085:Sluhovsky 1998 3077: 3075:, p. 115. 3073:Sluhovsky 1998 3065: 3063:, p. 114. 3061:Sluhovsky 1998 3044: 3042:, p. 113. 3040:Sluhovsky 1998 3032: 3030:, p. 111. 3028:Sluhovsky 1998 3020: 3018:, p. 110. 3016:Sluhovsky 1998 3008: 3006:, p. 136. 3004:Sluhovsky 1998 2996: 2994:, p. 202. 2992:Sluhovsky 1998 2984: 2980:Sluhovsky 1998 2972: 2970:, p. 166. 2968:Sluhovsky 1998 2960: 2956:Sluhovsky 1998 2948: 2944:Sluhovsky 1998 2936: 2932:Sluhovsky 1998 2924: 2920:Sluhovsky 1998 2912: 2908:Sluhovsky 1998 2900: 2896:Sluhovsky 1998 2888: 2884:Sluhovsky 1998 2876: 2872:Sluhovsky 1998 2864: 2860:Sluhovsky 1998 2852: 2848:Sluhovsky 1998 2840: 2836:Sluhovsky 1998 2828: 2824:Sluhovsky 1998 2816: 2812:Sluhovsky 1998 2801: 2797:Sluhovsky 1998 2789: 2785:Sluhovsky 1998 2777: 2773:Sluhovsky 1998 2765: 2761:Sluhovsky 1998 2753: 2749:Sluhovsky 1998 2741: 2737:Sluhovsky 1998 2729: 2725:Sluhovsky 1998 2717: 2713:Sluhovsky 1998 2698: 2694:Sluhovsky 1998 2681: 2677:Sluhovsky 1998 2669: 2665:Sluhovsky 1998 2652: 2648:Sluhovsky 1998 2640: 2636:Sluhovsky 1998 2628: 2624:Sluhovsky 1998 2616: 2612:Sluhovsky 1998 2604: 2600:Sluhovsky 1998 2592: 2588:Sluhovsky 1998 2577: 2573:Sluhovsky 1998 2565: 2561:Sluhovsky 1998 2553: 2549:Sluhovsky 1998 2536: 2532:Sluhovsky 1998 2524: 2520:Sluhovsky 1998 2512: 2508:Sluhovsky 1998 2500: 2498:, p. 212. 2496:Sluhovsky 1998 2485: 2481:Sluhovsky 1998 2470: 2468:, p. 325. 2458: 2456:, p. 322. 2439: 2437:, p. 323. 2427: 2423:Sluhovsky 1998 2415: 2411:Sluhovsky 1998 2400: 2398:, p. 5-6. 2396:Sluhovsky 1998 2388: 2384:Sluhovsky 1998 2376: 2374:, p. 3-4. 2372:Sluhovsky 1998 2364: 2362:, p. 214. 2360:Sluhovsky 1998 2347: 2338: 2329: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2258:, p. 127. 2256:Sluhovsky 1998 2248: 2239: 2235:Sluhovsky 1998 2227: 2223:Sluhovsky 1998 2215: 2206: 2193: 2184: 2172: 2158: 2146: 2142:Sluhovsky 1998 2115: 2103: 2096: 2078: 2074:Sluhovsky 1998 2066: 2057: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2023:Sluhovsky 1998 2015: 2011:Sluhovsky 1998 1998: 1994:Sluhovsky 1998 1986: 1977: 1973:Sluhovsky 1998 1965: 1961:Sluhovsky 1998 1953: 1944: 1942:, p. 151. 1923: 1914: 1902: 1893: 1889:Sluhovsky 1998 1878: 1874:Sluhovsky 1998 1859: 1857:, p. 152. 1836: 1780: 1776:Sluhovsky 1998 1765: 1761:Sluhovsky 1998 1748: 1744:Acta Sanctorum 1718: 1711: 1658: 1646: 1642:Sluhovsky 1998 1619: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1536: 1533: 1529:Place de Greve 1470: 1467: 1394:King Louis XIV 1376: 1373: 1352:House of Guise 1348:King Henry III 1319:Corpus Christi 1288:King Francis I 1282: 1279: 1238: 1235: 1187:Adolphe Didron 1137:(19th century) 1126: 1123: 1119:Pope Eugene II 1075:Alfred Gérente 1044:Siege of Paris 984: 981: 969:Paul Landowski 957:Antoine Godeau 914:Paul Landowski 901: 898: 836: 833: 818:Bourbon family 796: 793: 671: 668: 658:, Martyrs and 549:army to go to 525:(date unknown) 487: 484: 479:Thomas Platter 432:Pope Gregory I 275: 272: 270: 267: 168:; also called 149: 148: 145: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 97: 93: 92: 84: 80: 79: 68: 64: 63: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 41: 35: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6098: 6097: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5950: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791:Maria Goretti 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Agnes of Rome 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Thomas Becket 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Irish Martyrs 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4363:John of Ávila 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Leo the Great 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3748:90-04-10851-3 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3713: 3711:0-14-051312-4 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3236:, p. 91. 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224:, p. 60. 3223: 3218: 3215: 3212:, p. 58. 3211: 3206: 3203: 3200:, p. 57. 3199: 3194: 3191: 3188:, p. 56. 3187: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2946:, p. 93. 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2922:, p. 70. 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2898:, p. 88. 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874:, p. 77. 2873: 2868: 2865: 2862:, p. 23. 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2826:, p. 21. 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814:, p. 96. 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2799:, p. 94. 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787:, p. 31. 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775:, p. 22. 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 19. 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2739:, p. 37. 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2715:, p. 18. 2714: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2696:, p. 17. 2695: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 13. 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2563:, p. 50. 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551:, p. 49. 2550: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2534:, p. 54. 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522:, p. 48. 2521: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2483:, p. 46. 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Williams 2016 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454:Williams 2016 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:Williams 2016 2431: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413:, p. 30. 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2237:, p. 25. 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2144:, p. 12. 2143: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2097:9780316908139 2093: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2025:, p. 41. 2024: 2019: 2016: 2013:, p. 43. 2012: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1975:, p. 38. 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1891:, p. 24. 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1876:, p. 14. 1875: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1644:, p. 11. 1643: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:Republicanism 1570: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:King Louis XV 1468: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1438:King Louis XV 1434: 1429: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254:confraternity 1248: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211:Rogation Days 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 989: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:Charles Péguy 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 911: 906: 899: 897: 894: 890: 889:Protestantism 886: 881: 873: 869: 867: 866:age of reason 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 834: 832: 830: 825: 823: 819: 814: 806: 801: 794: 792: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 760: 756: 751: 747: 742: 734: 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 709: 705: 700: 698: 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4293:Peter Damian 4102:Peter Claver 3832:canonization 3765: 3761: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3715:. Retrieved 3700: 3674: 3662:. Retrieved 3657: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3429: 3417: 3390: 3363: 3321: 3292: 3280: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2672: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2590:, p. 1. 2568: 2556: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2461: 2430: 2418: 2391: 2386:, p. 5. 2379: 2367: 2341: 2332: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2272: 2263: 2251: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2187: 2106: 2087: 2081: 2069: 2060: 2039: 2030: 2018: 1989: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1947: 1917: 1896: 1827:. Retrieved 1821: 1778:, p. 3. 1763:, p. 2. 1743: 1738: 1702: 1610:. Retrieved 1605: 1596: 1582:World War II 1571: 1566:Napoleon III 1557:Louis XXVIII 1549: 1508: 1472: 1459: 1442: 1430: 1426: 1378: 1375:17th century 1364: 1336: 1316: 1284: 1281:16th century 1271: 1251: 1228: 1192: 1163: 1140: 1096: 1080: 1033: 1020: 1000: 998: 944: 938: 933:iconographic 918: 882: 878: 859:Genevieve's 858: 838: 828: 826: 813:patron saint 810: 787: 779: 776: 771: 767: 754: 749: 745: 738: 707: 703: 702:Genevieve's 701: 691: 687: 685: 673: 643: 639: 634: 633:Genevieve's 632: 609: 598: 579: 566: 554: 528: 504: 489: 459: 449: 448:Genevieve's 447: 422: 412: 410: 381: 347: 342: 334: 330: 326: 320:hagiographer 315: 310: 307: 277: 255: 247: 205: 185:patron saint 173: 169: 153: 152: 29: 5776:Joan of Arc 5706:Æthelthryth 5623:Melchizedek 5485:Telesphorus 5475:Sylvester I 5360:Marcellus I 5355:Marcellinus 5275:Gregory VII 5270:Gregory III 5185:Celestine V 5180:Celestine I 5175:Callixtus I 5165:Boniface IV 5155:Benedict II 5130:Alexander I 5105:Adeodatus I 4924:Ulma Family 4914:Thomas More 4764:Martyrology 4739:John Fisher 4388:Evangelists 4268:Bonaventure 3922:Bartholomew 3856:Virgin Mary 3689:Works cited 3660:(in French) 1578:World War I 1203:Palm Sunday 1155:Virgin Mary 973:World War I 965:Joan of Arc 885:Joan of Arc 846:Middle Ages 844:during the 764:River Loure 624:Saint Peter 405:Henri Chapu 364:stopped at 233:Saint Peter 6020:512 deaths 6009:Categories 5510:Zephyrinus 5470:Stephen IV 5455:Sixtus III 5435:Simplicius 5380:Nicholas I 5305:John XXIII 5295:Innocent I 5265:Gregory II 5255:Gelasius I 5160:Boniface I 5120:Agapetus I 5115:Adrian III 5086:Matriarchs 5027:Patriarchs 4646:Zephyrinus 4019:Confessors 3987:Archangels 3879:Assumption 3830:Stages of 3717:11 October 3664:20 January 1588:References 1455:Revolution 1398:the Fronde 1354:, and the 1304:Right Bank 1171:Petit Pont 1167:Notre-Dame 1147:procession 1115:Chrodegang 1038:. A small 931:. Several 660:Confessors 652:Patriarchs 628:Saint Paul 539:archdeacon 443: 437 354: 429 299:attributes 274:Early life 243: 500 237:Saint Paul 133:Attributes 70:c. 419–422 5975:Biography 5766:Genevieve 5673:Zephaniah 5480:Symmachus 5465:Stephen I 5450:Sixtus II 5430:Silverius 5425:Sergius I 5385:Paschal I 5375:Miltiades 5285:Hormisdas 5260:Gregory I 5245:Felix III 5230:Evaristus 5225:Eutychian 5210:Eleuterus 5205:Dionysius 5200:Damasus I 5195:Cornelius 5190:Clement I 5135:Anacletus 4879:Philomena 4526:Dionysius 4501:Damasus I 4446:Anatolius 4132:Disciples 4067:Homobonus 4027:Anatolius 3840:Venerable 1829:7 October 1385:Richelieu 1379:In 1619, 1298:near the 1292:Eucharist 1207:Ascension 1159:Louis VII 1092:Leucothea 975:, at the 949:engraving 842:reliquary 795:Influence 620:Clothilde 586:Childeric 407:(c. 1875) 259:reliquary 201:feast day 174:Genofeva; 156:(French: 154:Genevieve 143:Patronage 111:Canonized 42:Genevieve 5850:See also 5751:Euphemia 5588:Jeremiah 5568:Habakkuk 5525:Prophets 5500:Vitalian 5495:Victor I 5445:Sixtus I 5440:Siricius 5370:Martin I 5350:Lucius I 5315:Julius I 5280:Hilarius 5250:Felix IV 5220:Eusebius 5215:Eugene I 5145:Anicetus 5017:Remigius 4972:Boniface 4378:Irenaeus 4160:Silvanus 4107:Salonius 3952:Matthias 3917:Barnabas 3904:Apostles 1552:Napoleon 1515:Voltaire 1511:Mirabeau 1505:in Paris 1503:Panthéon 1488:Voltaire 1451:courtier 1446:seminary 1433:Bourbons 1344:Huguenot 1111:Louis VI 1097:In 997, 929:Panthéon 921:frescoes 670:Miracles 656:Prophets 547:Attila's 512:Clovis I 471:seminary 366:Nanterre 295:Frankish 216:Nanterre 197:Orthodox 193:Catholic 170:Genovefa 166:Genovefa 73:Nanterre 5949:Portals 5811:Rosalia 5736:Cecilia 5683:Virgins 5643:Obadiah 5618:Malachi 5563:Ezekiel 5515:Zosimus 5505:Zachary 5490:Urban I 5420:Pontian 5395:Paul VI 5330:Leo III 5290:Hyginus 5240:Felix I 5150:Anterus 5080:Solomon 5045:Abraham 4889:Stephen 4656:Martyrs 4423:Fathers 4396:Matthew 4203:Ambrose 4170:Timothy 4165:Stephen 4140:Apollos 4047:Dominic 4009:Raphael 4002: 4000:Michael 3995:Gabriel 3947:Matthew 3844:Blessed 1189:, 1882. 1107:Henry I 1060:Normans 1052:Draveil 1013:Orléans 927:in the 822:Erasmus 759:Orléans 741:tribune 648:portico 582:Merowig 551:Orléans 543:penance 251:Erasmus 191:in the 90:Francia 88:Paris, 5999:France 5963:Saints 5658:Simeon 5648:Samuel 5583:Isaiah 5573:Haggai 5558:Elijah 5533:Agabus 5415:Pius X 5410:Pius V 5405:Pius I 5390:Paul I 5340:Leo IX 5335:Leo IV 5325:Leo II 5300:John I 5235:Fabian 5125:Agatho 5060:Joseph 4421:Church 4213:Jerome 3977:Thomas 3967:Philip 3912:Andrew 3745: 3708: 2094: 1709: 1484:livres 1412:(1611) 1350:, the 1300:Louvre 1275:octave 1215:dragon 1143:shrine 1056:Marizy 1054:, and 1029:Esther 1025:Judith 1007:, and 861:relics 697:Louvre 597:. Her 595:Troyes 563:Judith 559:Esther 510:, and 462:Easter 314:; her 224:Attila 222:under 61:Virgin 5638:Nahum 5633:Moses 5628:Micah 5608:Jonah 5578:Hosea 5553:David 5460:Soter 5400:Peter 5345:Linus 5320:Leo I 5170:Caius 5097:Popes 5070:David 5055:Jacob 5050:Isaac 4466:Caius 4175:Titus 3972:Simon 3962:Peter 3848:Saint 1612:8 May 1201:; on 1048:Athis 1040:canon 1017:Leo I 1005:Worms 912:, by 721:Meaux 604:Seine 591:Arcis 531:Huns' 492:Paris 419:medal 303:devil 291:Paris 189:Paris 162:Latin 123:Feast 37:Saint 5598:Joel 5543:Anna 5538:Amos 5365:Mark 5075:Noah 5040:Abel 5035:Adam 4411:John 4406:Luke 4401:Mark 3957:Paul 3942:Jude 3937:John 3743:ISBN 3719:2023 3706:ISBN 3666:2024 2092:ISBN 1831:2023 1707:ISBN 1614:2024 1501:The 1323:Host 1199:Lent 1109:and 1027:and 1021:vita 1001:vita 829:Vita 788:vita 780:vita 772:vita 768:vita 755:vita 750:vita 746:vita 713:Lyon 708:vita 704:vita 692:vita 654:and 644:vita 640:vita 635:vita 626:and 599:vita 593:and 567:vita 561:and 555:vita 533:451 450:vita 382:vita 370:Gaul 360:and 343:vita 335:vita 327:vita 316:vita 269:Life 235:and 220:Huns 210:and 195:and 172:and 83:Died 67:Born 23:and 5593:Job 3770:doi 951:by 923:of 356:), 337:of 285:in 187:of 6011:: 3834:: 3766:30 3764:. 3760:. 3656:. 3441:^ 3402:^ 3375:^ 3348:^ 3333:^ 3304:^ 3265:^ 3176:^ 3047:^ 2804:^ 2701:^ 2684:^ 2655:^ 2580:^ 2539:^ 2488:^ 2473:^ 2442:^ 2403:^ 2350:^ 2320:^ 2281:^ 2175:^ 2161:^ 2149:^ 2118:^ 2048:^ 2001:^ 1926:^ 1905:^ 1881:^ 1862:^ 1839:^ 1783:^ 1768:^ 1751:^ 1721:^ 1661:^ 1649:^ 1622:^ 1604:. 1077:) 1050:, 979:. 457:. 445:. 440:c. 351:c. 280:c. 245:. 240:c. 177:c. 164:: 160:; 75:, 5951:: 3810:e 3803:t 3796:v 3778:. 3772:: 3751:. 3721:. 3668:. 2100:. 1833:. 1715:. 1616:. 27:.

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