59:, which set the precedent for the Indian court in Mexico. Spanish officials came to recognize that the access of indigenous individuals and communities to courts for summary judgments at low cost and without the possibility of extended litigation would benefit them. The legal theory underpinning the establishment of the court was that the crown had the duty to protect
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in 1571, indigenous were deemed perpetual neophytes and excluded from its jurisdiction, but the establishment of the
General Indian Court under Viceroy Luis Velasco II, indigenous, particularly in Central Mexico, had standing in the legal system. With the help of legal aides funded by a half-real
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examines the precedents for establishing the court, the procedures it adopted, and the financing legal aid to
Indians through a tax of a half real. Previous to the court’s formal establishment, viceroys handled a good number of complaints by indigenous, a practice initiated by New Spain’s first
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The court was established after the almost complete destruction of the indigenous populations in the
Caribbean and the precipitous fall in those populations in Central Mexico during the sixteenth century. Similar processes were at work in Peru and Viceroy
63:, such as widows and orphans, and the classification was extended to the indigenous peoples. The crown had already established a legal division between the Indians and the non-Indian populations broadly conceived (Spaniards, Africans, and mixed-race
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tax, indigenous could pursue legal redress through the courts. Vested
Spanish interests opposed the establishment of the court, since their practices could be blocked by complaints by indigenous about exploitation.
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to adjudicate disputes between indigenous communities and individuals. Creating a court that allowed
Indians swift, inexpensive, and effective justice came after the failure of crown efforts to provide
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Scardaville, Michael C. "Justice by
Paperwork: A Day in the Life of a Court Scribe in Bourbon Mexico City."
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Cunill, Caroline. "El indio miserable: nacimiento de la teorĂa legal en la AmĂ©rica colonial del siglo XVI."
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Justice by
Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real
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Justice by
Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real
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Avalos, F., 1991. "The Legal
Personality of the Colonial Period of Mexico." Law. Libr. J., 83, p.393.
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Juzgado
General de indios del PerĂş o juzgado particular de indios de El Cercado de Lima
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Traslosheros, Jorge E. "Orden judicial y herencia medieval en la Nueva España."
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24:) was a judicial body established 1585-1607 by the Spanish crown in
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through Spanish courts and legal procedures. A monograph by historian
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Cuadernos Inter. cambio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe
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Empire of law and Indian justice in colonial Mexico
200:. Berkeley: University of California Press 1983.
75:. Although with the establishment of the
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101:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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286:1585 establishments in North America
221:. Stanford University Press, 2008.
57:Juzgado General de Indios del Peru
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261:1580s establishments in New Spain
256:Indigenous people of the Americas
144:. Vol. 6. pp. 129–142.
126:. Durham: Duke University Press.
77:Holy Office of the Inquisition
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235:36, no. 4 (2003): 979-1007.
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233:Journal of Social History
22:Juzgado General de Indios
217:Owensby, Brian Philip.
97:Borah, Woodrow (1983).
281:Legal history of Spain
122:Aiton, Arthur (1927).
73:República de Españoles
18:General Indian Court
69:RepĂşblica de Indios
53:Francisco de Toledo
242:(2006): 1105-1138.
124:Antonio de Mendoza
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