1005:(FCC) proposed removing the individual licensing requirement. In 2015, the FCC ruled to keep the license requirement, but to remove the regulator fee for licensing. Adopted on May 20, 2015, the ruling would be in effect after a 90–day notification period to Congress; the fee will not be eliminated before August 18, 2015. The fee for a 5–year license was $ 90, with the regulatory fee portion of the license at $ 5 per year (or $ 25 for the 5–year life of the license). After the notification period, the fee for a 5–year license was to become $ 65. The change became effective on September 3, 2015.
956:
969:
over time or temperature so the bandwidth is further constrained to prevent interference to the adjacent channel. Channel spacing is 25 kHz for GMRS and so a 20 kHz bandwidth fits into that channel with protection on each side. FRS channels are spaced within a 12.5 kHz space directly between two GMRS channels. FRS radios generally utilize an 11 kHz transmitter bandwidth and a power lower than GMRS so the interference to an adjacent GMRS channel is minimized.
57:. The US GMRS license is issued for a period of 10 years. The United States permits use by adult individuals who possess a valid GMRS license, as well as their immediate family members. Immediate relatives of the GMRS system licensee are entitled to communicate among themselves for personal or business purposes, but employees of the licensee who are not family members are not covered by the license. Non-family members must be licensed separately.
80:
20:
2993:
3003:
2982:
76:-style radios are available as well, but these are normally commercial UHF radios as often used in the public service and commercial land mobile bands. These are legal for use in this service as long as they are certified for GMRS under USC 47 Part 95. Older radios that are certified under USC 47 Part 90 are "grandfathered in", and can also be used legally for GMRS.
3013:
982:
the norm for all U.S. land mobile services. There was also a Class B Citizens Radio
Service which used a different set of 461 MHz channels and was limited to five watts output. Business users were permitted to license in this radio service. Radios were built by consumer electronics firms and commercial two-way radio vendors.
1028:, hand-held GMRS radios up to 2 watts have been approved for use without a license since September 2004. Typically these are dual FRS and GMRS units, with fixed antennas, and operating at 2 watts on some GMRS channels and 0.5 watts on the FRS-only channels. Mobile units (permanently mounted in vehicles),
1427:
the FCC license requirements. As a result, these users will not require a GMRS license. Radios transmitting higher than the new FRS power restrictions are re-defined as GMRS radios and users will require a GMRS license to use these devices. The changes (channels and power limitations) went into effect on
September 28, 2017.
137:
surrounding terrain can extend the usable range to 20 miles or more (30+ km) depending on height. Obstructions such as hills, trees, and buildings will reduce range. Higher power does not give much increase in range although it may improve the reliability of communication at the limits of line-of-sight distance.
1426:
Paragraphs 51 and 52 list the changes on the FRS / GMRS channels and power restrictions. These modifications are meant to affect previous FRS / GMRS hybrid radios in the United States that were commonly sold to redefine them as FRS radios, since many users that purchase these radios did not know
951:
Effective
February 16, 1999, the GMRS rules have been amended and one may operate on any of the primary or interstitial channels shown in section 95.1763. Exception: Licensees who operate North of Line A and East of Line C may not operate on channels 462.650 MHz, 467.650 MHz, 462.700 MHz and 467.700
103:
Any individual in the United States who is at least 18 years of age and not a representative of a foreign government may apply for a GMRS license by completing the application form, online through the FCC's
Universal Licensing System. No exam is required. A GMRS license is issued for a 10–year
985:
In the 1960s, the UHF 450–470 MHz band was re-allocated to 25 kHz channels. This meant transmitter deviation was reduced to ±5 kHz. This doubled the number of channels available across the entire 450–470 MHz band. Class B Citizens Radio
Service channels were re-allocated to
981:
when it was commissioned in the 1960s. Tube-type transceivers were used, and transmitter power was limited to 60 watts (plate input power to the final amplifier tube). The original service ran wideband FM with ±15 kHz transmitter deviation and 50 kHz channel spacing. At the time, this was
119:
In any case, each GMRS station must be identified by transmission of its FCC-assigned call sign at the end of a transmission or a series of transmissions, and at least once every 15 minutes for a series lasting more than 15 minutes. The call sign may be spoken or sent with audible tones using Morse
1060:
Currently, the application fee for a GMRS license is $ 35. An FCC Report and Order released
December 23, 2020, and in a subsequent notice issued by the FCC on March 23, 2022, the fee dropped from $ 70 to $ 35 starting on April 19, 2022. The license is still valid for 10 years and covers an entire
1020:
The use of radio transmitters is regulated by national laws and international agreements. Often radio equipment accepted for use in one part of the world may not be operated in other parts due to conflicts with frequency assignments and technical standards. Some of the roles that the licensed GMRS
1008:
Effective
September 28, 2017, FCC revised the definition of the FRS service. FRS operation is now permitted with up to 2 watts on the shared FRS/GMRS channels. The FCC will not grant certification for hybrid radios that would exceed the limits for the FRS service on the FRS channels. Current
968:
The FCC stipulates a specific channel bandwidth for FRS and GMRS. The bandwidth is constrained by the modulation which is FM deviation (GMRS = +/- 5.0 kHz, FRS = +/- 2.5 kHz) plus the uncertainties of the filtering of the transmitter and receiver. Additionally receivers and transmitters may drift
989:
In the 1970s, allowed power was again changed to 50 watts across the output terminals of the transmitter. In 1987, licensing of business users was discontinued and businesses were allowed to continue operating until their licenses expired. There was congestion on all channels in larger
136:
can be estimated based on antenna height. Theoretically, the range between two hand-held units on flat ground would be about one or two miles (about 1.5–3 km). Mobile units might have a slightly farther range when mounted on a car roof. A GMRS repeater with an antenna mounted high above the
107:
A GMRS individual license extends to immediate family members and authorizes them to use the licensed system. GMRS license holders are allowed to communicate with FRS users on those frequencies that are shared between the two services. GMRS individual licenses do not extend to employees.
1039:
Other countries have licensed and unlicensed personal radio services with somewhat similar characteristics, but technical details and operating conditions vary according to national rules. Many
European countries use a similar 16–channel system near 446 MHz known as
1009:"hybrid" FRS/GMRS radios will not require a GMRS license for power up to 2 watts, but FRS radios will still not be permitted to use the input frequencies of GMRS repeaters. Any radio exceeding the limits of the new FRS service will be classified as a GMRS radio.
1021:
service fills in the United States are, in other countries, filled by unlicensed or class-licensed services. Generally these services have strict technical standards for equipment to prevent interference with licensed transmitters and systems.
159:
The eight main 467 MHz channels may only be used as repeater inputs, in conjunction with the 462 MHz channels as outputs. The repeater input frequencies are exclusive to GMRS, and may be used only by licensed GMRS operators.
193:(FRS) frequencies are shared with GMRS, and users of the two services may communicate with each other. With the exception of FRS channels 8 through 14, GMRS licensees may use higher power radios with detachable or external antennas.
111:
New GMRS licenses are being issued only to individuals. Prior to July 31, 1987, the FCC issued GMRS licenses to non-individuals (corporations, partnerships, government entities, etc.). These licensees are
1477:
The FCC definition of “immediate family” includes the licensee’s spouse, children, stepchildren, parents, stepparents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces, and in-laws. See
1012:
On
September 30, 2019, it became unlawful in the United States to import, manufacture, sell, or offer to sell radio equipment capable of operating under both GMRS and FRS.
945:
Some inexpensive GMRS mobiles and portables do not fully comply with FCC permissible modulation bandwidth for GMRS and thus have weak transmitter audio and reduced range.
1221:
145:
GMRS is allotted 30 frequency channels in the vicinity of 462 MHz and 467 MHz. They are divided into 16 main channels and 14 interstitial channels.
2965:
2937:
2932:
1957:
1479:
1360:
1344:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1280:
1264:
1191:
1175:
1100:
1080:
173:
The interstitial frequencies are in-between the main channels, and the 462 MHz interstitial frequencies may be used for simplex as long as the
1561:
1052:. GMRS equipment that is approved for use in the United States will not communicate with PMR446 radios due to using different frequency ranges.
2959:
1116:
1002:
2954:
2944:
2924:
2726:
1801:
936:(6) GMRS transmissions are limited to a bandwidth of 11 kHz with a transmitter deviation of +/- 2.5 kHz. Channels are on 12.5 kHz centers.
2949:
2795:
1811:
932:(4) FRS transmissions are limited to bandwidth of 11 kHz with a transmitter deviation of +/- 2.5 kHz. Channels are on 12.5 kHz centers.
2721:
120:
code. A repeater station handling properly identified transmissions of others is not required to send its own station identification.
2815:
1864:
1672:
1500:
1248:
92:
46:
934:(5) GMRS transmissions may have a bandwidth of 16 kHz with a transmitter deviation of +/- 5.0 kHz. Channels are on 25 kHz centers.
2600:
2148:
1950:
1508:
1439:
2711:
2706:
2257:
998:
channels would provide some relief. The radio service was changed to its present name; General Mobile Radio
Service or GMRS.
2731:
1781:
991:
91:
to extend their communications range. However repeaters cannot be linked together over the internet nor connected to the
3016:
3006:
2767:
2664:
2207:
1974:
1662:
2996:
2503:
1943:
1677:
1554:
1410:
1393:
1376:
3047:
2855:
2777:
2716:
2423:
1869:
1207:
177:
does not exceed 5 watts. The 467 MHz interstitial frequencies have a power limit of 500 milliwatts
3042:
2627:
2588:
2433:
2333:
2262:
2195:
2022:
1894:
1725:
1687:
133:
129:
1516:
2986:
2228:
2163:
2116:
2002:
1919:
1735:
178:
174:
167:
2825:
2810:
2654:
2605:
2528:
2428:
2106:
1992:
1987:
1879:
1629:
1070:
955:
2747:
2533:
2348:
2293:
2288:
2101:
2066:
1589:
1547:
2649:
2453:
2418:
2338:
2318:
2240:
2128:
2049:
1624:
930:(3) GMRS repeater input. The output frequency of this repeater input is the input frequency minus 5 MHz.
149:
2563:
2523:
2493:
2250:
2185:
2076:
1889:
1740:
1604:
1599:
1075:
190:
69:
65:
39:
36:
45:
service designed for short-range two-way voice communication and authorized under part 95 of the US
2573:
2513:
2272:
2234:
2091:
2032:
2017:
1924:
1771:
1657:
1594:
3037:
2800:
2757:
2688:
2558:
2488:
2463:
2398:
2245:
1966:
113:
2840:
2762:
2676:
2659:
2622:
2508:
2468:
2298:
2267:
2133:
2027:
1831:
1826:
1791:
1244:
2845:
2805:
2785:
2752:
2681:
2639:
2553:
2408:
2393:
2368:
2343:
2303:
2153:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1776:
79:
19:
1155:
2473:
2328:
2096:
2059:
1909:
1859:
170:, on the 16 main channels, but transmitting 1 to 5 watts is more common in practice.
2071:
1482:
1363:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1194:
1178:
1141:
1103:
2671:
2543:
2518:
2478:
2448:
2323:
2158:
2044:
1730:
1033:
3031:
2820:
2593:
2583:
2498:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2358:
2180:
2039:
1745:
1715:
1584:
1570:
995:
61:
50:
2698:
2538:
2483:
2413:
2378:
2313:
2212:
2202:
2054:
1884:
1821:
1720:
1710:
1029:
73:
68:(FRS) radios, and they share a frequency band with FRS near 462 and 467 MHz.
2898:
2548:
2458:
2443:
2403:
2363:
2222:
1914:
1904:
1899:
952:
MHz (ch. 19 and 21), unless one's previous license authorized such operations.
2903:
2610:
2308:
2217:
2173:
2143:
2121:
2111:
2086:
2888:
2353:
2168:
1874:
116:
and may renew but not make major modifications to their existing licenses.
16:
Land-mobile FM UHF radio service for short-distance two-way communications
2883:
2873:
2790:
2615:
2438:
1816:
1761:
1682:
1049:
153:
88:
104:
term. The fee was reduced to $ 35 for all applicants on April 19, 2022.
2878:
2863:
1836:
1766:
1667:
1614:
2908:
2868:
2190:
1982:
1935:
1841:
1806:
1692:
1639:
1634:
1619:
1045:
1041:
1025:
128:
As with other UHF radio services, reliable range is considered to be
54:
1524:
181:, and only hand-held portable units may transmit on these channels.
2893:
2830:
2138:
954:
42:
53:, but some GMRS compatible equipment can be used license-free in
2835:
1539:
164:
1939:
1543:
2081:
1036:
are not currently permitted on the GMRS channels in Canada.
148:
Licensees may use the eight main 462 MHz channels for
1532:
163:
GMRS operators are permitted to transmit at up to 50
938:(7) National GMRS calling channel (CTCSS tone 141.3 Hz).
1210:. Wireless Services: General Mobile Radio Service. FCC.
928:(2) Shared FRS and GMRS simplex; GMRS repeater output.
1501:"GMRS Specifications and U.S. licensing information"
1454:
Low-Power Licence Exempt Radiocommunications Devices
2917:
2854:
2776:
2740:
2697:
2638:
2572:
2281:
1973:
1850:
1790:
1754:
1701:
1648:
1577:
1411:"FCC Part 95 Personal Radio Services Rules Reform"
959:GMRS and FRS radio frequency and power limitations
1442:. Personal Radio Service reform. August 29, 2017.
1222:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)"
1951:
1555:
1226:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)
60:GMRS radios are typically handheld portable (
8:
2966:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1081:Unlicensed Personal Communications Services
3002:
1958:
1944:
1936:
1562:
1548:
1540:
1044:, as well as a 69–channel low-power
200:
1241:Two-way radios & scanners for dummies
1048:which is shared with the 433.92 MHz
1170:
1168:
1016:Use of GMRS equipment in other countries
87:GMRS licensees are allowed to establish
78:
18:
1470:
1092:
1509:"§ 95.1773 GMRS authorized bandwidths"
1003:U.S. Federal Communications Commission
1117:"General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS)"
7:
3012:
1416:. Federal Communications Commission
979:Class A Citizens Radio Service
49:code. It requires a license in the
977:The predecessor to GMRS was named
14:
1673:Common traffic advisory frequency
1525:"Example nonprofit GMRS Repeater"
1121:Federal Communications Commission
93:public switched telephone network
3011:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2601:Free-space optical communication
926:(1) Shared FRS and GMRS simplex.
1533:"MyGMRS.com Repeater Directory"
992:metropolitan statistical areas
1:
1782:Maritime mobile amateur radio
2987:Telecommunication portal
2768:Telecommunications equipment
1925:Voting (diversity combining)
1663:Aircraft emergency frequency
1610:General Mobile Radio Service
964:Bandwidth vs channel spacing
29:General Mobile Radio Service
2504:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1678:Mandatory frequency airport
1456:. Industry Canada. RSS 210.
1243:. For Dummies. p. 56.
83:Retevis RT49P GMRS version.
23:TIDRADIO TD-H5 GMRS radios.
3064:
2208:Telecommunications history
1870:Automatic vehicle location
2975:
2816:Public Switched Telephone
2628:telecommunication circuit
2589:Fiber-optic communication
2334:Francis Blake (telephone)
2129:Optical telecommunication
1895:Dynamic range compression
1812:Dual-tone multi-frequency
1726:Professional mobile radio
1688:Single Frequency Approach
994:and moving businesses to
2727:Orbital angular-momentum
2164:Satellite communications
2003:Communications satellite
1920:Radiotelephony procedure
1736:Specialized Mobile Radio
1239:Silver, H. Ward (2005).
1208:"Licensing: Eligibility"
175:effective radiated power
168:transmitter power output
132:and the distance to the
2606:Molecular communication
2429:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2258:Undersea telegraph line
1993:Cable protection system
1630:Multi-Use Radio Service
1071:Multi-Use Radio Service
1056:GMRS License fee change
2748:Communication protocol
2534:Charles Sumner Tainter
2349:Walter Houser Brattain
2294:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2102:Information revolution
1702:Land-based commercial
1590:Amateur radio repeater
996:Business Radio Service
986:other radio services.
960:
84:
24:
2722:Polarization-division
2454:Narinder Singh Kapany
2419:Erna Schneider Hoover
2339:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2319:Alexander Graham Bell
2050:online video platform
1704:and government mobile
1651:(aeronautical mobile)
958:
150:simplex communication
141:Frequency assignments
82:
22:
2564:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2524:Almon Brown Strowger
2494:Charles Grafton Page
2149:Prepaid mobile phone
2077:Electrical telegraph
1741:Trunked radio system
1605:Public Radio Service
1600:Family Radio Service
1578:Amateur and hobbyist
1076:Public Radio Service
191:Family Radio Service
66:Family Radio Service
2514:Johann Philipp Reis
2273:Wireless revolution
2235:The Telephone Cases
2092:Hydraulic telegraph
1772:Coast radio station
1658:Air traffic control
1595:Citizens band radio
1503:. FCC. August 2011.
1156:"GMRS fee schedule"
1144:. FCC. August 2011.
35:) is a land-mobile
2712:Frequency-division
2689:Telephone exchange
2559:Charles Wheatstone
2489:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2464:Innocenzo Manzetti
2399:Reginald Fessenden
2134:Optical telegraphy
1967:Telecommunications
1755:Marine (shipboard)
1640:UHF CB (Australia)
1440:"47 CFR § 95.1792"
1142:"GMRS Information"
961:
85:
25:
3048:Radio regulations
3025:
3024:
2763:Store and forward
2758:Data transmission
2672:Network switching
2623:Transmission line
2469:Guglielmo Marconi
2434:Internet pioneers
2299:Mohamed M. Atalla
2268:Whistled language
1933:
1932:
1794:Selective calling
1382:. Daily Releases.
920:
919:
898:467.7250 MHz
875:467.7000 MHz
852:467.6750 MHz
829:467.6500 MHz
806:467.6250 MHz
783:467.6000 MHz
760:467.5750 MHz
737:467.5500 MHz
714:462.7250 MHz
691:462.7000 MHz
668:462.6750 MHz
645:462.6500 MHz
622:462.6250 MHz
599:462.6000 MHz
576:462.5750 MHz
553:462.5500 MHz
530:467.7125 MHz
507:467.6875 MHz
484:467.6625 MHz
461:467.6375 MHz
438:467.6125 MHz
415:467.5875 MHz
392:467.5625 MHz
369:462.7125 MHz
346:462.6875 MHz
323:462.6625 MHz
300:462.6375 MHz
277:462.6125 MHz
254:462.5875 MHz
231:462.5625 MHz
3055:
3043:Radio technology
3015:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2856:Notable networks
2846:Wireless network
2786:Cellular network
2778:Types of network
2753:Computer network
2640:Network topology
2554:Thomas A. Watson
2409:Oliver Heaviside
2394:Philo Farnsworth
2369:Daniel Davis Jr.
2344:Charles Bourseul
2304:John Logie Baird
2013:Data compression
2008:Computer network
1960:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1851:System elements
1777:Marine VHF radio
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1097:
201:
185:Sharing with FRS
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2913:
2850:
2772:
2736:
2693:
2642:
2634:
2575:
2568:
2474:Robert Metcalfe
2329:Tim Berners-Lee
2277:
2097:Information Age
1969:
1964:
1934:
1929:
1910:Rayleigh fading
1852:
1846:
1793:
1786:
1750:
1703:
1697:
1650:
1644:
1573:
1568:
1531:
1523:
1517:"FRS Band Plan"
1515:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1067:
1058:
1018:
975:
966:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
222:
214:
199:
197:Frequency table
187:
143:
126:
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Space-division
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
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2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Camille Tissot
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Claude Shannon
2516:
2511:
2509:Tivadar Puskás
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Antonio Meucci
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Charles K. Kao
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Harold Hopkins
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
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2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
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2326:
2324:Emile Berliner
2321:
2316:
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2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
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2279:
2278:
2276:
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2265:
2263:Videotelephony
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
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2178:
2177:
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2161:
2159:Radiotelephone
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2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
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2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
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2089:
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2079:
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2069:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Internet video
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
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1853:and principles
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1731:Radio repeater
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1494:External links
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100:
97:
62:walkie-talkies
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
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2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:Code-division
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Time-division
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:and switching
2641:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:optical fiber
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Coaxial cable
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2562:
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2557:
2555:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Radia Perlman
2497:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Lee de Forest
2387:
2385:
2384:Thomas Edison
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Donald Davies
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Claude Chappe
2357:
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2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Smoke signals
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:Semiconductor
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
2098:
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2068:
2065:
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2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:Digital media
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
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1911:
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1898:
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1753:
1747:
1746:Walkie-talkie
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Business band
1714:
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1709:
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1694:
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1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Amateur radio
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:Two-way radio
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
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1464:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1394:"FCC-15-59A1"
1389:
1386:
1378:
1377:"FCC-15-59A1"
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1250:0-7645-9582-2
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:base stations
1027:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
987:
983:
980:
972:
970:
963:
957:
953:
950:
946:
944:
925:
922:
921:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
723:12.5 kHz
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
700:12.5 kHz
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
677:12.5 kHz
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
654:12.5 kHz
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
631:12.5 kHz
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
608:12.5 kHz
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
585:12.5 kHz
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
562:12.5 kHz
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:12.5 kHz
544:
541:
539:12.5 kHz
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
522:12.5 kHz
521:
518:
516:12.5 kHz
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:12.5 kHz
498:
495:
493:12.5 kHz
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:12.5 kHz
475:
472:
470:12.5 kHz
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
455:
453:12.5 kHz
452:
449:
447:12.5 kHz
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:12.5 kHz
429:
426:
424:12.5 kHz
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:12.5 kHz
406:
403:
401:12.5 kHz
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
378:12.5 kHz
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
357:
355:12.5 kHz
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
334:
332:12.5 kHz
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
309:12.5 kHz
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:12.5 kHz
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:12.5 kHz
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:12.5 kHz
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
220:
217:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
196:
194:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
166:
161:
157:
155:
151:
146:
140:
138:
135:
134:radio horizon
131:
130:line-of-sight
123:
121:
117:
115:
114:grandfathered
109:
105:
98:
96:
94:
90:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
51:United States
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2699:Multiplexing
2574:Transmission
2539:Nikola Tesla
2529:Henry Sutton
2484:Samuel Morse
2414:Robert Hooke
2379:Amos Dolbear
2314:John Bardeen
2233:
2213:Telautograph
2117:Mobile phone
2072:Edholm's law
2055:social media
1988:Broadcasting
1832:Quik-Call II
1822:Push-to-talk
1792:Signaling /
1721:Mobile radio
1711:Base station
1609:
1473:
1453:
1448:
1434:
1425:
1418:. Retrieved
1405:
1399:. p. 9.
1388:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1323:
1307:
1291:
1275:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1202:
1186:
1150:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1123:. 2024-08-14
1120:
1111:
1095:
1059:
1038:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1001:In 2010 the
1000:
988:
984:
978:
976:
967:
948:
947:
942:
941:
188:
172:
162:
158:
147:
144:
127:
118:
110:
106:
102:
86:
74:base station
64:) much like
59:
32:
28:
26:
2899:NPL network
2611:Radio waves
2549:Alfred Vail
2459:Hedy Lamarr
2444:Dawon Kahng
2404:Elisha Gray
2364:Yogen Dalal
2289:Nasir Ahmed
2223:Teleprinter
2087:Heliographs
1915:Tone remote
1905:Link budget
1900:Fade margin
1827:Quik-Call I
1480:47 CFR
1361:47 CFR
1345:47 CFR
1329:47 CFR
1313:47 CFR
1297:47 CFR
1281:47 CFR
1265:47 CFR
1192:47 CFR
1176:47 CFR
1101:47 CFR
949:Conditions:
923:Table notes
913:20 kHz
890:20 kHz
867:20 kHz
844:20 kHz
821:20 kHz
798:20 kHz
775:20 kHz
752:20 kHz
729:20 kHz
706:20 kHz
683:20 kHz
660:20 kHz
637:20 kHz
614:20 kHz
591:20 kHz
568:20 kHz
384:20 kHz
361:20 kHz
338:20 kHz
315:20 kHz
292:20 kHz
269:20 kHz
246:20 kHz
3032:Categories
2945:Antarctica
2904:Toasternet
2826:Television
2309:Paul Baran
2241:Television
2225:(teletype)
2218:Telegraphy
2196:transistor
2174:Phryctoria
2144:Photophone
2122:Smartphone
2112:Mass media
1625:Mobile rig
1127:2024-08-24
1087:References
686:(2)(5)(7)
548:(1)(4)(6)
542:0.5 W
536:0.5 W
525:(1)(4)(6)
519:0.5 W
513:0.5 W
502:(1)(4)(6)
496:0.5 W
490:0.5 W
479:(1)(4)(6)
473:0.5 W
467:0.5 W
456:(1)(4)(6)
450:0.5 W
444:0.5 W
433:(1)(4)(6)
427:0.5 W
421:0.5 W
410:(1)(4)(6)
404:0.5 W
398:0.5 W
387:(1)(4)(5)
364:(1)(4)(5)
341:(1)(4)(5)
318:(1)(4)(5)
295:(1)(4)(5)
272:(1)(4)(5)
249:(1)(4)(5)
218:GMRS power
3038:Bandplans
2929:Americas
2918:Locations
2889:Internet2
2650:Bandwidth
2354:Vint Cerf
2251:streaming
2229:Telephone
2169:Semaphore
2060:streaming
1885:DC remote
1875:Call sign
1649:Aviation
1465:Footnotes
1034:repeaters
910:50 W
887:50 W
864:50 W
841:50 W
818:50 W
795:50 W
772:50 W
749:50 W
726:50 W
703:50 W
680:50 W
657:50 W
634:50 W
611:50 W
588:50 W
565:50 W
223:bandwidth
215:bandwidth
210:FRS power
204:Frequency
156:outputs.
99:Licensing
89:repeaters
2997:Category
2884:Internet
2874:CYCLADES
2791:Ethernet
2741:Concepts
2665:terminal
2616:wireless
2439:Bob Kahn
2282:Pioneers
2107:Internet
1998:Cable TV
1890:Dispatch
1817:MDC-1200
1762:2182 kHz
1683:MULTICOM
1065:See also
1061:family.
1050:ISM band
720:2 W
697:2 W
674:2 W
651:2 W
628:2 W
605:2 W
582:2 W
559:2 W
381:5 W
375:2 W
358:5 W
352:2 W
335:5 W
329:2 W
312:5 W
306:2 W
289:5 W
283:2 W
266:5 W
260:2 W
243:5 W
237:2 W
154:repeater
3017:Commons
3007:Outline
2960:Oceania
2879:FidoNet
2864:ARPANET
2677:circuit
2246:digital
1975:History
1860:Antenna
1837:Selcall
1767:500 kHz
1668:Airband
1615:KDR 444
1483:95.1705
1420:May 19,
1364:95.1763
1348:95.1767
1332:95.1767
1316:95.1767
1300:95.1763
1284:95.1763
1268:95.1763
1195:95.1731
1179:95.1705
1104:95.1731
973:History
916:(3)(5)
893:(3)(5)
870:(3)(5)
847:(3)(5)
824:(3)(5)
801:(3)(5)
778:(3)(5)
755:(3)(5)
732:(2)(5)
709:(2)(5)
663:(2)(5)
640:(2)(5)
617:(2)(5)
594:(2)(5)
571:(2)(5)
207:Channel
189:All 22
2955:Europe
2925:Africa
2909:Usenet
2869:BITNET
2806:Mobile
2682:packet
2191:MOSFET
2186:device
1983:Beacon
1842:SELCAL
1807:D-STAR
1693:UNICOM
1635:PMR446
1620:LPD433
1519:. FCC.
1511:. FCC.
1247:
1161:. FCC.
1046:LPD433
1042:PMR446
1026:Canada
226:Notes
70:Mobile
55:Canada
2938:South
2933:North
2894:JANET
2831:Telex
2821:Radio
2660:Nodes
2655:Links
2576:media
2154:Radio
2139:Pager
2067:Drums
2033:video
2028:image
2018:audio
1802:CTCSS
1414:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1380:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
943:Note:
165:watts
124:Range
43:radio
2950:Asia
2836:UUCP
2796:ISDN
1865:APRS
1422:2017
1245:ISBN
1032:and
221:GMRS
72:and
33:GMRS
27:The
2841:WAN
2811:NGN
2801:LAN
2082:Fax
2023:DCT
1880:CAD
1024:In
901:22R
878:21R
855:20R
832:19R
809:18R
786:17R
763:16R
740:15R
213:FRS
179:ERP
152:or
47:FCC
40:UHF
3034::
1424:.
1224:.
1167:^
1119:.
717:22
694:21
671:20
648:19
625:18
602:17
579:16
556:15
533:14
510:13
487:12
464:11
441:10
95:.
37:FM
2968:)
2964:(
1959:e
1952:t
1945:v
1563:e
1556:t
1549:v
1535:.
1527:.
1486:.
1253:.
1228:.
1130:.
907:—
904:—
884:—
881:—
861:—
858:—
838:—
835:—
815:—
812:—
792:—
789:—
769:—
766:—
746:—
743:—
418:9
395:8
372:7
349:6
326:5
303:4
280:3
257:2
234:1
31:(
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