279:, internists are defined as "physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection, and treatment of illnesses in adults." While there may be some overlap in the patient population served by both internal medicine and family medicine physicians, internists primarily focus on adult care with an emphasis on diagnosis, whereas family medicine incorporates a holistic approach to care for the entire family unit. Internists also receive substantial training in various recognized subspecialties within the field and are experienced in both inpatient and outpatient settings. On the other hand, family medicine physicians receive education covering a wide range of conditions and typically train in an outpatient setting with less exposure to hospital settings. The historical roots of internal medicine can be traced back to the incorporation of scientific principles into medical practice in the 1800s, while family medicine emerged as part of the primary care movement in the 1960s.
1365:
diseases. These profiles include findings that are typically associated with the disease and are based on the likelihood that someone with the disease has a particular symptom. A list of potential diagnoses is termed the "differential diagnosis" for the patient and is typically ordered from most likely to least likely, with special attention given to those conditions that have dire consequences for the patient if they were missed. Epidemiology and endemic conditions are also considered in creating and evaluating the list of diagnoses.
1170:, completion of the required post-graduate education, and certification from the RCPSC. Any additional requirements from separate medical regulatory authorities in each province or territory is also required. Internists may practice in Canada as generalists in Internal Medicine or serve in one of seventeen subspecialty areas. Internists may work in many settings including outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, critical care units, and emergency departments. The currently recognized subspecialties include the following:
1271:
1034:(UEMS) - Internal Medicine Section and the European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) to provide guidance on standardizing training and practice of internal medicine throughout Europe. The EBIM published training requirements in 2016 for postgraduate education in internal medicine, and efforts to create a European Certificate of Internal Medicine (ECIM) to facilitate the free movement of medical professionals with the EU are currently underway.
406:
6186:
6216:
6226:
6206:
6196:
122:
1511:
1062:(AHPRA). Medical graduates apply for provisional registration in order to complete intern training. Those completing an accredited internship program are then eligible to apply for general registration. Once the candidate completes the required basic and advanced post-graduate training and a written and clinical examination, the
1364:
Determining which pieces of information are most important to the next phase of the diagnostic process is of vital importance. It is during this stage that clinical bias like anchoring or premature closure may be introduced. Once key findings are determined, they are compared to profiles of possible
1041:
and typically requires five years of multi-disciplinary post-graduate education. The specialty of internal medicine is seen as providing care in a wide variety of conditions involving every organ system and is distinguished from family medicine in that the latter provides a broader model of care the
1021:
Many training programmes provide dual accreditation with general (internal) medicine and are involved in the general care to hospitalised patients. These are acute medicine, cardiology, Clinical
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, gastroenterology, infectious diseases,
1443:
The relationship is built upon the physician obligations of competency, respect for the patient, and appropriate referrals while the patient requirements include decision-making and provides or withdraws consent for any treatment plan. Good communication is key to a strong relationship but has
1413:
Training the next generation of internists is an important part of the profession. As mentioned above, post-graduate medical education is provided by licensed physicians as part of accredited education programs that are usually affiliated with teaching hospitals. Studies show that there are no
1066:
confers designation Fellow of the Royal
Australasian College of Physicians (FRACP). Basic training consists of three years of full-time equivalent (FTE) training (including intern year) and advanced training consists of 3–4 years, depending on specialty. The fields of specialty practice are approved
4857:
Farnan, Jeanne M.; Snyder
Sulmasy, Lois; Worster, Brooke K.; Chaudhry, Humayun J.; Rhyne, Janelle A.; Arora, Vineet M.; American College of Physicians Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee; American College of Physicians Council of Associates; Federation of State Medical Boards Special
1498:
Withholding information from a patient is typically seen as unethical and in violation of a patient's right to make informed decisions. However, in situations where a patient has requested not to be informed or to have the information provided to a second party or in an emergency situation in
1422:
Inherent in any medical profession are legal and ethical considerations. Specific laws vary by jurisdiction and may or may not be congruent with ethical considerations. Thus, a strong ethical foundation is paramount to any medical profession. Medical ethics guidelines in the
Western world typically
1385:
Communication is a vital part of the diagnostic process. The
Internist uses both synchronous and asynchronous communication with other members of the medical care team, including other internists, radiologists, specialists, and laboratory technicians. Tools to evaluate teamwork exist and have
231:
Internal medicine specialists, also referred to as general internal medicine specialists or general medicine physicians in
Commonwealth countries, are specialized physicians trained to manage complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-organ specialists may not be equipped to handle. They
1452:
Providing treatment including prescribing medications based on remote information gathering without a proper established relationship is not accepted as good practice with few exceptions. These exceptions include cross-coverage within a practice and certain public health urgent or emergent issues.
1397:
Treatment modalities generally include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, depending on the primary diagnosis. Additional treatment options include referral to specialist care including physical therapy and rehabilitation. Treatment recommendations differ in the acute inpatient and
203:
in the 19th century. During this time, internal medicine emerged as a field that integrated the clinical approach with the use of investigations. Many
American physicians of the early 20th century studied medicine in Germany and introduced this medical field to the United States, adopting the name
358:
for four years after the completion of their medical degree (foundation and core years). After this period, they are able to advance to registrar grade when they undergo a compulsory subspecialty training (including acute internal medicine or a dual subspecialty including internal medicine). This
1368:
The list is dynamic and changes as the physician obtains additional information that makes a condition more ("rule-in") or less ("rule-out") likely based on the disease profile. The list is used to determine what information will be acquired next, including which diagnostic test or imaging
1267:. Previous medical records including laboratory findings, imaging, and clinical notes from other physicians is also an important source of information; however, it is vital to talk to and examine the patient to find out what the patient is currently experiencing to make an accurate diagnosis.
1469:
Ethical considerations in financial include accurate billing practices and clearly defined financial relationships. Physicians have both a professional duty and obligation under the justice principle to ensure that patients are provided the same care regardless of status or ability to
1414:
differences in patient outcomes in teaching versus non-teaching facilities. Medical research is an important part of most post-graduate education programs, and many licensed physicians continue to be involved in research activities after completing post-graduate training.
1460:
including questions on its impact to diagnosis, physician-patient relationship, and continuity of care have been raised;, however, with appropriate use and specific guidelines, risks may be minimized and the benefits including increased access to care may be realized.
232:
are often called upon to address undifferentiated presentations that do not fit neatly within the scope of a single-organ specialty, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, confusion, or alterations in conscious state. They may manage serious
1376:
An important part of this process is knowledge of the various ways that a disease can present in a patient. This knowledge is gathered and shared to add to the database of disease profiles used by physicians. This is especially important in rare diseases.
1161:
After completing medical school, internists in Canada require an additional four years of training. Internists desiring to subspecialize are required to complete two additional years of training that may begin after the third year of internist training. The
367:
In the US, three organizations are responsible for the certification of trained internists (i.e., doctors who have completed an accredited residency training program) in terms of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for patient care: the
250:
Due to the complexity involved in explaining the treatment of diseases that are not localized to a single organ, there has been some confusion surrounding the meaning of internal medicine and the role of an "internist". Although internists may serve as
247:, general internal medicine specialists do not necessarily possess any lesser expertise than single-organ specialists. Rather, they are specifically trained to care for patients with multiple simultaneous problems or complex comorbidities.
1255:. The diagnostic process involves gathering data, generating one or more diagnostic hypotheses, and iteratively testing these potential diagnoses against dynamic disease profiles to determine the best course of action for the patient.
1022:
renal medicine, respiratory medicine and often, rheumatology. The role of general medicine, after a period of decline, was reemphasised by the Royal
College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013).
5224:
Meltzer, David; Manning, WG; Morrison, J; Shah, MN; Jin, L; Guth, T; Levinson, W (Dec 3, 2002). "Effects of
Physician Experience on Costs and Outcomes on an Academic General Medicine Service: Results of a Trial of Hospitalists".
1406:
Aside from diagnosing and treating acute conditions, the
Internist may also assess disease risk and recommend preventive screening and intervention. Some of the tools available to the Internist include genetic evaluation.
4033:
Leite, Renata Giacomini Oliveira Ferreira; Banzato, Luísa Rocco; Galendi, Julia Simões Corrêa; Mendes, Adriana Lucia; Bolfi, Fernanda; Veroniki, Areti Angeliki; Thabane, Lehana; Nunes-Nogueira, Vania Dos Santos (2020-01-12).
335:". Then, doctors may follow specialty training in internal medicine if they wish, typically being selected to training programs through competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as
2350:
3858:
Fu, Jinming; Liu, Yupeng; Zhang, Lei; Zhou, Lu; Li, Dapeng; Quan, Hude; Zhu, Lin; Hu, Fulan; Li, Xia; Meng, Shuhan; Yan, Ran; Zhao, Suhua; Onwuka, Justina Ucheojor; Yang, Baofeng; Sun, Dianjun (2020-10-20).
1355:
Other tests are ordered, and patients are also referred to specialists for further evaluation. The effectiveness and efficiency of the specialist referral process is an area of potential improvement.
3307:
Knuuti, Juhani; Ballo, Haitham; Juarez-Orozco, Luis Eduardo; Saraste, Antti; Kolh, Philippe; Rutjes, Anne Wilhelmina Saskia; Jüni, Peter; Windecker, Stephan; Bax, Jeroen J.; Wijns, William (2018-09-14).
819:) are responsible for setting curricula and training programmes through the Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board (JRCPTB), although the process is monitored and accredited by the independent
2565:"Australian Medical Council | The AMC's purpose is to ensure that standards of education, training and assessment of the medical profession promote and protect the health of the Australian community"
1477:
including financial relationships, investments, research and referral relationships, and any other instances that may subjugate or give the appearance of subjugating patient care to self-interest.
1166:(RCPSC) is a national non-profit agency that oversees and accredits medical education in Canada. A full medical license in Internal Medicine in Canada requires a medical degree, a license from the
3310:"The performance of non-invasive tests to rule-in and rule-out significant coronary artery stenosis in patients with stable angina: a meta-analysis focused on post-test disease probability"
3976:
Viniegra Domínguez, M. Adela; Parellada Esquius, Neus; Miranda de Moraes Ribeiro, Rafaela; Parellada Pérez, Laura Mar; Planas Olives, Carme; Momblan Trejo, Cristina (June 2015).
4092:"Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Guidelines"
816:
2072:
3032:"Which physical examination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder? Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests"
1529:
1163:
2973:
Akbari, Ayub; Mayhew, Alain; Al-Alawi, Manal Alawi; Grimshaw, Jeremy; Winkens, Ron; Glidewell, Elizabeth; Pritchard, Chanie; Thomas, Ruth; Fraser, Cynthia (2008-10-08).
316:. In the US, medical school consists of four years. Hence, gaining a basic medical education may typically take eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.
3365:
Westwood, Marie; Ramaekers, Bram; Grimm, Sabine; Worthy, Gill; Fayter, Debra; Armstrong, Nigel; Buksnys, Titas; Ross, Janine; Joore, Manuela; Kleijnen, Jos (May 2021).
416:
4860:"Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards"
1059:
2374:
4036:"Effectiveness of non-pharmacological strategies in the management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1474:
373:
1634:
1331:
3367:"High-sensitivity troponin assays for early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction in people with acute chest pain: a systematic review and economic evaluation"
1495:
have been shown to improve patient care but have risks including data breaches and inappropriate and/or unauthorized disclosure of protected health information.
319:
Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before their
978:
835:
102:
interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems. The certification process and available subspecialties may vary across different countries.
4261:"Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care"
5055:
Sulmasy, Lois Snyder; López, Ana María; Horwitch, Carrie A.; American College of Physicians Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee (August 2017).
3754:"Communication practices that encourage and constrain shared decision making in health-care encounters: Systematic review of conversation analytic research"
3638:
Vermeir, P.; Vandijck, D.; Degroote, S.; Peleman, R.; Verhaeghe, R.; Mortier, E.; Hallaert, G.; Van Daele, S.; Buylaert, W.; Vogelaers, D. (November 2015).
3248:
Fusco, Francesco Maria; Pisapia, Raffaella; Nardiello, Salvatore; Cicala, Stefano Domenico; Gaeta, Giovanni Battista; Brancaccio, Giuseppina (2019-07-22).
5715:
1470:
pay. However, informal copayment forgiveness may have legal ramifications and the providing professional courtesy may have negatively impact care.
699:
300:" education is typically four or five years in length. Graduate medical education programs vary in length by country. Medical education programs are
6056:
3695:
Havyer, Rachel D. A.; Wingo, Majken T.; Comfere, Nneka I.; Nelson, Darlene R.; Halvorsen, Andrew J.; McDonald, Furman S.; Reed, Darcy A. (June 2014).
1524:
1063:
812:
385:
1435:. These principles underlie the patient-physician relationship and the obligation to put the welfare and interests of the patient above their own.
5655:
1184:
1116:
592:
377:
56:
focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases in adults. Medical practitioners of internal medicine are referred to as
1773:
1389:
Communication to the patient is also important to ensure there is informed consent and shared decision-making throughout the diagnostic process.
1951:
1067:
by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) and managed by the MBA. The following is a list of currently recognized specialist physicians.
176:(the study of diseases) through a clinical approach that involved diagnosing and managing diseases based on careful bedside observation of the
4687:"Best Practices in Resident Research- A National Survey of High Functioning Internal Medicine Residency Programs in Resident Research in USA"
3811:"Educating patients about the benefits of physical activity and exercise for their hip and knee osteoarthritis. Systematic literature review"
2029:
1410:
Internists also routinely provide pre-operative medical evaluations including individualized assessment and communication of operative risk.
1031:
5955:
4913:
3978:"[An integral approach to insomnia in primary care: Non-pharmacological and phytotherapy measures compared to standard treatment]"
359:
latter stage of training is achieved through competition rather than just by yearly progress as the first years of postgraduate training.
72:(outpatient) patients and often contribute significantly to teaching and research. Internists are qualified physicians who have undergone
5324:
Wetterneck, Tosha B.; Linzer, M; McMurray, JE; Douglas, J; Schwartz, MD; Bigby, J; Gerrity, MS; Pathman, DE; et al. (Mar 25, 2002).
4532:
Bowen, Judith L.; Salerno, Stephen M.; Chamberlain, John K.; Eckstrom, Elizabeth; Chen, Helen L.; Brandenburg, Suzanne (December 2005).
481:
465:
369:
3030:
Hegedus, Eric J.; Goode, Adam P.; Cook, Chad E.; Michener, Lori; Myer, Cortney A.; Myer, Daniel M.; Wright, Alexis A. (November 2012).
6091:
5433:
2519:
539:
5031:
4996:
446:
6209:
3193:
Kwok, Chun Shing; Bennett, Sadie; Azam, Ziyad; Welsh, Victoria; Potluri, Rahul; Loke, Yoon K.; Mallen, Christian D. (2021-09-01).
3526:
Garcia-Casal, Maria Nieves; Pasricha, Sant-Rayn; Martinez, Ricardo X.; Lopez-Perez, Lucero; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo (2021-05-24).
4259:
Kripalani, Sunil; LeFevre, Frank; Phillips, Christopher O.; Williams, Mark V.; Basaviah, Preetha; Baker, David W. (2007-02-28).
2135:
Abyad, Abdulrazak; Al-Baho, Abeer Khaled; Unluoglu, Ilhami; Tarawneh, Mohammed; Al Hilfy, Thamer Kadum Yousif (November 2007).
4107:
1846:"A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory: Part 1—Ancient times through the 19th century"
346:
In most countries, residency training for internal medicine lasts three years and centers on secondary and tertiary levels of
6081:
5515:
1055:
276:
180:
and their treatment. Sydenham emphasized understanding the internal mechanisms and causes of symptoms rather than dissecting
3916:
Malesker, Mark A.; Callahan-Lyon, Priscilla; Ireland, Belinda; Irwin, Richard S.; CHEST Expert Cough Panel (November 2017).
2174:
1058:(MCNZ). The Medical Board of Australia (MBA) is the registering body for Australian doctors and provides information to the
4591:"Patient outcomes in teaching versus nonteaching general internal medicine services: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2378:
949:
469:
4308:"Association of Inpatient Continuity of Care With Complications and Length of Stay Among Hospitalized Medicare Enrollees"
3918:"Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report"
1918:
6061:
1981:"Specialist or generalist care? A study of the impact of a selective admitting policy for patients with cardiac failure"
1641:
5705:
4755:
Sulmasy, Lois Snyder; Bledsoe, Thomas A.; for the ACP Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee (2019-01-15).
3861:"Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Reducing Blood Pressure in Adults With Prehypertension to Established Hypertension"
2662:
2421:
164:
of patients. This approach differed from earlier generations of physicians, such as the 17th-century English physician
5382:
1370:
808:
3250:"Fever of unknown origin (FUO): which are the factors influencing the final diagnosis? A 2005-2015 systematic review"
1549:
6250:
5685:
5112:
1485:
Other foundational ethical considerations include privacy, confidentiality, accurate and complete medical records,
1051:
192:
177:
6114:
1309:
1167:
752:
613:
389:
5195:
Goldman, Lee (15 April 2001). "Key challenges confronting internal medicine in the early twenty-first century".
2229:
5906:
5828:
5823:
5743:
5503:
2272:
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857:
236:
that affect multiple organ systems concurrently within a single patient, as well as the management of multiple
196:
4685:
Ng, Ercan-Fang; Ma, Mahmoud; C, Cottrell; Jp, Campbell; Dm, MacDonald; T, Arayssi; Dc, Rockey (January 2021).
1845:
3422:
Hegedus, E. J.; Goode, A.; Campbell, S.; Morin, A.; Tamaddoni, M.; Moorman, C. T.; Cook, C. (February 2008).
834:(CT1/CT2), or three years of Internal Medicine Training (IMT1/IMT2/IMT3) as of 2019, since and attaining the
64:
in Commonwealth nations. Internists possess specialized skills in managing patients with undifferentiated or
6255:
5886:
5860:
5374:
4306:
Goodwin, James S.; Li, Shuang; Hommel, Erin; Nattinger, Ann B.; Kuo, Yong-Fang; Raji, Mukaila (2021-08-02).
1574:
Arneson, J; McDonald, WJ (July 1998). "Can we educate the public about internal medicine? Initial results".
989:
820:
381:
199:
gained increasing significance, with contributions from physicians like German physician and bacteriologist
94:
Internists primarily work in hospitals, as their patients are frequently seriously ill or require extensive
2543:
1398:
outpatient settings. Continuity of care and long-term follow-up is crucial in successful patient outcomes.
5478:
5426:
4477:"Effectiveness of preoperative medical consultations by internal medicine physicians: a systematic review"
1444:
ethical considerations as well, including proper use of electronic communication and clear documentation.
1318:
1314:
1174:
913:
723:
544:
428:
252:
5020:
Snyder, L; Hillman, AL (2005). "Financial incentives and physician decision making". In Snyder, L (ed.).
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6015:
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4534:"Changing habits of practice. Transforming internal medicine residency education in ambulatory settings"
3424:"Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests"
1270:
1081:
884:
831:
804:
340:
260:
77:
31:
1289:
Internists who pursue sub-specialties have additional diagnostic tools, including those listed below.
472:. Physicians (not only internists) who successfully pass board exams receive "board certified" status.
464:
In the US, two organizations are responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field: the
5396:
1781:
1609:
1499:
which the patient does not have decision-making capacity, withholding information may be appropriate.
87:
In the United States and Commonwealth nations, there is often confusion between internal medicine and
6149:
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5700:
5552:
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Olgers, T. J.; Azizi, N.; Blans, M. J.; Bosch, F. H.; Gans, R. O. B.; Ter Maaten, J. C. (June 2019).
2192:
1697:
Echenberg, D. (2007). "A history of internal medicine: medical specialization: as old as antiquity".
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45:
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263:", or "GPs". The training of internists is solely focused on adults and does not typically include
110:
65:
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modality to order. The selection of tests is also based on the physician's knowledge of the
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4722:
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4174:
3697:"Teamwork assessment in internal medicine: a systematic review of validity evidence and outcomes"
3640:"Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations"
3620:
3461:
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934:
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General (internal) medicine (with possible subspecialty in metabolic medicine or stroke medicine)
777:
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644:
572:
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305:
301:
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Many programs require previous undergraduate education prior to medical school admission. This "
4475:
Pham, Clarabelle T.; Gibb, Catherine L.; Fitridge, Robert A.; Karnon, Jonathan D. (2017-12-03).
1030:
The European Board of Internal Medicine (EBIM) was formed as a collaborative effort between the
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293:
The training and career pathways for internists vary considerably across different countries.
288:
256:
195:, an Italian anatomist of the 18th century, is considered the father of anatomical pathology.
106:
49:
5238:
3087:
Saposnik, Gustavo; Redelmeier, Donald; Ruff, Christian C.; Tobler, Philippe N. (2016-11-03).
1919:"Restoring the Balance - The Importance of General Medicine in the New Zealand Health System"
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3002:
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2931:
2881:"Point-of-care Ultrasound (PoCUS) for the internist in Acute Medicine: a uniform curriculum"
2843:
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1992:
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547:, is dealing with life-threatening conditions requiring intensive monitoring and treatment.
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Bernstein, Jonathan A.; Fox, Roger W.; Martin, Vincent T.; Lockey, Richard F. (May 2013).
2743:"Information By Discipline :: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
1516:
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Accreditation for medical education and training programs in Australia is provided by the
772:
681:
165:
88:
69:
53:
4422:"Physician Characteristics and Decisions Regarding Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review"
5295:
Sox, Harold C (Jun 15, 2001). "Supply, demand, and the workforce of internal medicine".
4420:
Neugut, Alfred I.; MacLean, Sarah A.; Dai, Wei F.; Jacobson, Judith S. (February 2019).
3481:"Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
6051:
6005:
5818:
5748:
5567:
5089:
5056:
4566:
4533:
4509:
4476:
4397:
4364:
4340:
4323:
4307:
4068:
4035:
4010:
3977:
3950:
3917:
3893:
3860:
3786:
3753:
3729:
3696:
3672:
3639:
3560:
3527:
3399:
3366:
3284:
3249:
3123:
3088:
3007:
2974:
2098:"[A history of internal medicine: medical specialization: as old as antiquity]"
1821:
1804:
1750:
1725:
1145:
1038:
1010:
995:
842:
792:
676:
328:
309:
81:
5308:
5279:
5208:
4756:
3496:
2447:"European Board of Internal Medicine – EBIM Educational Platform of Internal Medicine"
1587:
6244:
6134:
5923:
5918:
5780:
5720:
5623:
5057:"Ethical Implications of the Electronic Health Record: In the Service of the Patient"
4971:
4726:
4589:
Au, Anita G.; Padwal, Raj S.; Majumdar, Sumit R.; McAlister, Finlay A. (March 2014).
4245:
4178:
3479:
Wacker, Christina; Prkno, Anna; Brunkhorst, Frank M.; Schlattmann, Peter (May 2013).
3234:
2816:
1301:
1204:
1086:
955:
895:
728:
550:
533:
233:
212:
208:
5254:
5177:
4985:
Snyder, Lois; Weiner, J (2005). "Ethics and Medicaid patients". In Snyder, L (ed.).
4899:
4796:
4632:
4549:
4461:
3624:
3528:"Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload"
3195:"Misdiagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
2959:
2295:
148:. Originally, internal medicine focused on determining the underlying "internal" or
6199:
6139:
6124:
5950:
5675:
5525:
5510:
5456:
3543:
3465:
3073:
2990:
2975:"Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care"
2544:"European Certification in Internal Medicine – European Board of Internal Medicine"
2278:"Subspecialty Section Membership | American College of Osteopathic Internists"
1349:
1199:
1150:
1005:
787:
662:
622:
244:
149:
99:
95:
73:
2742:
4607:
4590:
4380:
4154:
3210:
3048:
3031:
2045:
5998:
5943:
5840:
5695:
5670:
5488:
4702:
4492:
4051:
3993:
3933:
3827:
3810:
1345:
1297:
1235:
1108:
890:
782:
649:
347:
297:
200:
169:
125:
17:
6086:
5342:
5325:
5026:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. pp. 169–75.
4954:
4937:
3325:
2848:
2831:
1926:
1774:"Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine: Thomas Sydenham (1624-89)"
5971:
5938:
5710:
5660:
5645:
5640:
5633:
5618:
5608:
5264:"Patient perceptions of the capabilities of internists: a multi-center survey"
5072:
5006:
4938:"Model Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of the Internet in Medical Practice"
3712:
3600:
3266:
3163:
3105:
2935:
2254:
1997:
1980:
1741:
1506:
1457:
1336:
1293:
1283:
1252:
1240:
1222:
1217:
1179:
1126:
1095:
1071:
929:
924:
904:
865:
762:
743:
715:
710:
687:
635:
577:
525:
507:
498:
493:
313:
272:
268:
5161:
5080:
4963:
4883:
4835:
4780:
4710:
4663:
4616:
4557:
4500:
4445:
4388:
4331:
4284:
4229:
4210:
4193:
4162:
4115:
4059:
4001:
3941:
3884:
3836:
3777:
3720:
3663:
3608:
3551:
3504:
3449:
3440:
3423:
3390:
3343:
3275:
3218:
3171:
3114:
3057:
2998:
2943:
2896:
2857:
2800:
2152:
2113:
1263:
Data may be gathered directly from the patient in medical history-taking and
327:, is granted, typically one or two years. This period may be referred to as "
6159:
5901:
5896:
5760:
5738:
5613:
5577:
5041:
4827:
4686:
4138:
3876:
2718:
1327:
1274:
History and physical examination are a vital part of the diagnostic process.
1189:
1131:
963:
670:
604:
511:
320:
243:
While many internal medicine physicians choose to subspecialize in specific
137:
5379:
5351:
5316:
5287:
5246:
5216:
5169:
5137:
5098:
4891:
4859:
4843:
4811:
4788:
4718:
4671:
4647:
4624:
4575:
4518:
4453:
4421:
4406:
4349:
4292:
4276:
4260:
4237:
4170:
4123:
4091:
4077:
4019:
3959:
3902:
3844:
3795:
3738:
3681:
3616:
3584:
3569:
3512:
3480:
3457:
3408:
3351:
3309:
3293:
3226:
3194:
3179:
3147:
3132:
3065:
3016:
2951:
2919:
2904:
2880:
2865:
2808:
2792:
2237:
2160:
2136:
2121:
2097:
2006:
1864:
1830:
1759:
1710:
384:
oversees licensing and certification of internal medicine physicians. The
4595:
Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
4437:
2471:
1595:
388:
confers fellowship to internists (and sub-specialists) in Australia. The
5665:
5442:
5138:"Ignorance is bliss? Ethical considerations in therapeutic nondisclosure"
5021:
3334:
3089:"Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review"
2776:
2400:"Approved specialty and subspecialty training curricula by Royal College"
767:
747:
608:
558:
216:
173:
157:
153:
4220:
121:
6144:
5604:
5572:
5465:
3655:
2472:"What is Internal Medicine? | European Federation of Internal Medicine"
1979:
Lowe, J.; Candlish, P.; Henry, D.; Wlodarcyk, J.; Fletcher, P. (2000).
1726:"John Locke and the preface to Thomas Sydenham's Observationes medicae"
1432:
1037:
The internal medicine specialist is recognized in every country in the
852:
706:
503:
264:
220:
181:
5262:
Salerno, Stephen M; Landry, Francis J; Kaboli, Peter J (Feb 1, 2001).
5153:
4986:
3769:
1974:
1972:
1805:"Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. (1682–1771)"
1251:
Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with
4812:"Professional medical associations: ethical and practical guidelines"
4772:
3382:
977:
Paediatric cardiology (the only pediatric subspecialty not under the
846:
639:
630:
519:
515:
5263:
2685:
2683:
105:
Additionally, internal medicine is recognized as a specialty within
4108:
10.1002/1529-0131(199909)42:9<1785::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-#
2610:
2323:
84:
but does not yet have a license to practice medicine unsupervised.
4194:"Continuity of care: Vital, but how do we measure and promote it?"
1946:
1944:
1042:
includes both surgery and obstetrics in both adults and children.
653:
600:
581:
529:
68:
processes. They provide care to both hospitalized (inpatient) and
2230:"Like to puzzle over diagnoses? Internal medicine may be for you"
2024:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 229–250.
1278:
Internists often can perform and interpret diagnostic tests like
215:. The earliest texts about internal medicine can be found in the
5366:
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI)
3146:
Weingart, C.; Schneider, H.-J.; Sieber, C. C. (September 2017).
2832:"Headache and facial pain: differential diagnosis and treatment"
80:", a term commonly used for a medical doctor who has obtained a
76:
training in internal medicine, and should not be confused with "
5415:
4757:"American College of Physicians Ethics Manual: Seventh Edition"
3585:"Lupus protein-losing enteropathy (LUPLE): a systematic review"
2585:"Medical Council of New Zealand · Te Kaunihera Rata o Aotearoa"
2446:
2289:
2287:
830:
completing a basic postgraduate curriculum. After two years of
399:
204:"internal medicine" in imitation of the existing German term.
3809:
Gay, C.; Chabaud, A.; Guilley, E.; Coudeyre, E. (June 2016).
1886:
Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
826:
Doctors who have completed medical school spend two years in
638:, dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the
5406:
3752:
Land, Victoria; Parry, Ruth; Seymour, Jane (December 2017).
510:, concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and management of
5411:
2836:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
2584:
2520:"Main UEMS - European Standards in Medical Training - ETRs"
3971:
3969:
2564:
168:, known as the father of English medicine or "the English
5369:
5365:
5023:
Ethical choices : case studies for medical practice
4988:
Ethical choices : case studies for medical practice
2719:"The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
1884:
United States. Department of Health and Human Services.
1489:, disclosure, and informed decision-making and consent.
838:, physicians commit to one of the medical specialties:
30:"Internist" redirects here. For the medical intern, see
4858:
Committee on Ethics and Professionalism* (2013-04-16).
2495:
480:
The following are the subspecialties recognized by the
424:
354:. In Commonwealth countries, trainees are often called
5401:
5391:
5380:
Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
2175:"How To Become an Internal Medicine Doctor in 6 Steps"
1923:
Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
91:, with people mistakenly considering them equivalent.
952:, although entry is through CMT and MRCP is required)
343:
if the internist decides to train in a subspecialty.
2067:
2065:
184:
and scrutinizing the internal workings of the body.
6102:
6040:
5801:
5729:
5684:
5593:
5464:
5449:
4648:"Abundance of research talent in internal medicine"
2137:"Development of family medicine in the middle East"
817:
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
160:through a combination of medical tests and bedside
4991:. American College of Physicians. pp. 130–5.
2022:The ultimate guide to choosing a medical specialty
1530:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
1164:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
128:, 19th century German physician and microbiologist
5370:American Board of Allergy & Immunology (ABAI)
5326:"Worklife and Satisfaction of General Internists"
4137:A, Pérez; A, Ramos; G, Carreras (Jan–Feb 2020).
2427:. Royal College of Physicians. 16 September 2013
1912:
1910:
1060:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
948:(clinical or radiation oncology falls under the
823:(which also maintains the specialist register).
499:Advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology
4810:Pellegrino, E. D.; Relman, A. S. (1999-09-08).
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
2322:Physicians, The Royal Australasian College of,
2193:"How To Become an Internal Medicine Specialist"
992:(with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
966:(with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
921:(with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
887:(with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
868:(with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
470:American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine
374:American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine
187:In the 17th century, there was a shift towards
5402:The American College of Osteopathic Internists
4192:Jackson, Claire; Ball, Lauren (October 2018).
3815:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2690:Canadian Medical Association (December 2019).
2611:"Regulating Australia's Medical Practitioners"
2422:"Future hospital: Caring for medical patients"
2328:, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
5427:
2317:
2315:
2073:"Internal Medicine vs. Family Medicine | ACP"
1664:
1662:
979:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
836:Membership of the Royal College of Physicians
584:, the blood-forming organs and its disorders.
413:The examples and perspective in this section
27:Medical specialty dealing with adult diseases
8:
4691:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
2325:The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
1956:The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
1286:imaging (Point-of-care Ultrasound – PoCUS).
392:oversees licensing of internists in Canada.
142:
3532:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3093:BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
2979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2777:"Learning the Art and Science of Diagnosis"
2635:Medical Board of Australia (January 2022).
2609:Medical Board of Australia (January 2022).
2466:
2464:
2462:
1692:
1690:
1610:"What is an Internist - Doctors for Adults"
378:Board of Certification in Internal Medicine
5716:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
5461:
5434:
5420:
5412:
5375:International Society of Internal Medicine
4139:"Insulin Therapy in Hospitalized Patients"
3644:International Journal of Clinical Practice
1465:Financial issues and conflicts of interest
700:American College of Osteopathic Internists
694:American College of Osteopathic Internists
431:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
207:Internal medicine has historical roots in
6057:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
5341:
5088:
4953:
4606:
4565:
4508:
4396:
4339:
4219:
4209:
4067:
4009:
3949:
3892:
3865:Journal of the American Heart Association
3826:
3785:
3728:
3671:
3559:
3439:
3398:
3333:
3283:
3265:
3122:
3104:
3047:
3006:
2847:
2345:
2343:
2341:
1996:
1820:
1749:
803:In the United Kingdom, the three medical
702:recognizes the following subspecialties:
447:Learn how and when to remove this message
5239:10.7326/0003-4819-137-11-200212030-00007
4363:Laukaitis, Christina M. (January 2012).
2918:Möckel, M.; Störk, T. (September 2017).
1525:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
1269:
1064:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
813:Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
551:Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism
386:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
120:
5392:The American Board of Internal Medicine
5113:"Withholding Information from Patients"
4876:10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00100
2661:Medical Board of Australia (May 2021).
2249:
2247:
2215:
1541:
4198:Australian Journal of General Practice
3583:Al-Mogairen, Sultan M. (August 2011).
3148:"[Syncope, falls and vertigo]"
1809:Medical Library and Historical Journal
1640:. ACGME. June 28, 2011. Archived from
1473:Physicians must disclose all possible
885:Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
5397:Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
1032:European Union of Medical Specialists
595:, concerned with disease caused by a
227:Role of internal medicine specialists
7:
6195:
5956:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
5061:Journal of General Internal Medicine
4538:Journal of General Internal Medicine
4365:"Genetics for the general internist"
3701:Journal of General Internal Medicine
2663:"Recognition of Medical Specialties"
1386:been employed in multiple settings.
117:Etymology and historical development
6205:
4652:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
2885:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
2692:"General Internal Medicine Profile"
2228:Schierhorn, Carolyn (Dec 6, 2012).
896:Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus
557:and its specific secretions called
482:American Board of Internal Medicine
476:American Board of Internal Medicine
466:American Board of Internal Medicine
370:American Board of Internal Medicine
331:", "conditional registration", or "
172:." Sydenham developed the field of
6092:Medical Scientist Training Program
4324:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20622
3428:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3036:British Journal of Sports Medicine
540:Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
25:
1952:"General and Acute Care Medicine"
1423:follow four principles including
588:Hospice & palliative medicine
6224:
6214:
6204:
6194:
6185:
6184:
5297:The American Journal of Medicine
5268:The American Journal of Medicine
5197:The American Journal of Medicine
4369:The American Journal of Medicine
4143:American Journal of Therapeutics
4102:(9): 1785–1796. September 1999.
2294:General Medical Council (2022).
2096:Echenberg, Donald (2007-11-28).
1576:The American Journal of Medicine
1509:
1360:Generating diagnostic hypotheses
553:, dealing with disorders of the
528:, dealing with disorders of the
404:
255:, they are not synonymous with "
140:in the 19th-century German term
6225:
4550:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0248.x
3485:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3199:Critical Pathways in Cardiology
2775:Detsky, Allan S. (2022-05-10).
1247:Medical diagnosis and treatment
1232:Clinical allergy and immunology
1056:Medical Council of New Zealeand
903:(with possible subspecialty in
845:(with possible subspecialty in
652:, dealing with diseases of the
6082:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
5516:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
5407:American College of Physicians
3544:10.1002/14651858.CD011817.pub2
2991:10.1002/14651858.CD005471.pub2
2050:American College of Physicians
1614:American College of Physicians
1439:Patient-physician relationship
566:, concerned with the field of
494:Adult congenital heart disease
277:American College of Physicians
1:
5330:Archives of Internal Medicine
5309:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00756-2
5280:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00666-5
5209:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00649-0
4942:Journal of Medical Regulation
3497:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70323-7
1903:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 93.
1588:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00220-4
1402:Prevention and other services
950:Royal College of Radiologists
629:(immunological) treatment of
6062:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
5829:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
5117:American Medical Association
4608:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000154
4426:Population Health Management
4381:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.034
4155:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001078
3371:Health Technology Assessment
3211:10.1097/HPC.0000000000000256
3049:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091066
2920:"[Acute chest pain]"
2699:Canadian Medical Association
2296:"Registration and Licensing"
1550:"What Is Internal Medicine?"
1205:Endocrinology and metabolism
259:", "family practitioners", "
191:and laboratory studies, and
5227:Annals of Internal Medicine
5136:Berger, Jeffrey T. (2005).
4864:Annals of Internal Medicine
4761:Annals of Internal Medicine
4703:10.1016/j.amjms.2020.08.004
4493:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018632
4052:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034481
3994:10.1016/j.aprim.2014.07.009
3934:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009
3828:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.02.005
3434:(2): 80–92, discussion 92.
1371:specificity and sensitivity
1011:Sport and exercise medicine
862:Aviation and space medicine
809:Royal College of Physicians
427:, discuss the issue on the
6272:
5343:10.1001/archinte.162.6.649
4955:10.30770/2572-1852-88.2.81
3589:Rheumatology International
2849:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.03.014
2020:Freeman, Brian S. (2012).
1448:Treatment and telemedicine
1052:Australian Medical Council
339:, followed by an optional
286:
193:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
178:natural history of disease
29:
6180:
5073:10.1007/s11606-017-4030-1
4918:policysearch.ama-assn.org
3713:10.1007/s11606-013-2686-8
3601:10.1007/s00296-011-1827-9
3267:10.1186/s12879-019-4285-8
3164:10.1007/s00108-017-0292-2
3106:10.1186/s12911-016-0377-1
2936:10.1007/s00108-017-0299-8
2402:. General Medical Council
1742:10.1017/s0025727300009467
1493:Electronic health records
1487:electronic health records
1310:intra-aortic balloon pump
1214:General internal medicine
1168:Medical Council of Canada
858:Audio vestibular medicine
753:Interventional cardiology
720:Cardiac electrophysiology
614:Interventional cardiology
390:Medical Council of Canada
197:Laboratory investigations
42:general internal medicine
6016:Transplantation medicine
5907:Clinical neurophysiology
5824:Obstetric anesthesiology
5744:Interventional radiology
5504:Digestive system surgery
4948:(2): 81–87. 2002-06-01.
4767:(2_Supplement): S1–S32.
4211:10.31128/AJGP-05-18-4568
4096:Arthritis and Rheumatism
3441:10.1136/bjsm.2007.038406
3326:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy267
2637:"Registration Standards"
1844:Berger, Darlene (1999).
1674:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1431:, patient autonomy, and
877:Clinical neurophysiology
773:Palliative care medicine
460:United States of America
98:. Internists often have
5887:Intensive care medicine
5861:Mass gathering medicine
5706:Maternal–fetal medicine
4828:10.1001/jama.282.10.984
3877:10.1161/JAHA.120.016804
3254:BMC Infectious Diseases
2300:General Medical Council
1998:10.1093/intqhc/12.4.339
1859:(7): 28–30, 32, 34–40.
1803:Morgagnu, G.B. (1903).
990:Rehabilitation medicine
939:Intensive care medicine
914:Genito-urinary medicine
843:Acute internal medicine
821:General Medical Council
382:General Medical Council
253:primary care physicians
5479:Cardiothoracic surgery
4646:Levi, M. (June 2010).
4277:10.1001/jama.297.8.831
3314:European Heart Journal
2793:10.1001/jama.2022.4650
1985:Int J Qual Health Care
1778:Science Museum, London
1724:Meynell, G.G. (2006).
1373:of a particular test.
1319:mechanical ventilation
1315:Critical care medicine
1275:
1175:Critical care medicine
1113:Immunology and allergy
724:Critical care medicine
545:Critical care medicine
526:Cardiovascular disease
283:Education and training
143:
129:
6130:Personalized medicine
5989:Reproductive medicine
5914:Occupational medicine
5868:Evolutionary medicine
4914:"Policy Finder | AMA"
4438:10.1089/pop.2017.0206
2102:Revue Médicale Suisse
1475:conflicts of interest
1273:
1082:Clinical pharmacology
974:Occupational medicine
956:Medical ophthalmology
832:Core Medical Training
518:and disorders of the
356:senior house officers
261:general practitioners
240:in a single patient.
124:
32:Internship (medicine)
6150:Traditional medicine
6110:Alternative medicine
5977:Addiction psychiatry
5791:Transfusion medicine
5786:Medical microbiology
5701:Gynecologic oncology
5553:Reproductive surgery
5142:Cancer Investigation
2240:on October 20, 2013.
1265:physical examination
1195:Respiratory medicine
1001:Respiratory medicine
942:Medical microbiology
425:improve this section
415:may not represent a
333:foundation programme
189:anatomical pathology
162:clinical examination
66:multi-system disease
46:Commonwealth nations
6172:History of medicine
6155:Veterinary medicine
5962:Preventive medicine
5814:Adolescent medicine
5656:Infectious diseases
3758:Health Expectations
2747:www.royalcollege.ca
2723:www.royalcollege.ca
2667:Medical Board AHPRA
2641:Medical Board AHPRA
2615:Medical Board AHPRA
1899:Frank Joseph Goes.
1647:on 15 November 2012
1635:"Glossary of Terms"
1185:Infectious diseases
1117:Infectious diseases
985:Palliative medicine
935:Infectious diseases
828:foundation training
758:Infectious diseases
621:, dealing with the
489:Adolescent medicine
352:primary health care
275:. According to the
136:in English has its
111:veterinary medicine
6120:Molecular oncology
6077:Doctor of Medicine
6067:Master of Medicine
5984:Radiation oncology
5856:Emergency medicine
5809:Addiction medicine
5776:Clinical chemistry
5771:Clinical pathology
5563:Transplant surgery
5521:Orthopedic surgery
5499:Colorectal surgery
5385:2016-08-31 at the
3656:10.1111/ijcp.12686
2496:"Main UEMS - Home"
2108:(135): 2737–2739.
1901:The Eye in History
1276:
1104:Geriatric medicine
919:Geriatric medicine
778:Pulmonary Diseases
645:Neurocritical care
625:(chemical) and/or
593:Infectious disease
573:Geriatric medicine
568:digestive diseases
337:residency training
308:, undertaken at a
130:
6251:Internal medicine
6238:
6237:
6072:Master of Surgery
6036:
6035:
6021:Tropical medicine
5967:Prison healthcare
5882:Hospital medicine
5846:Disaster medicine
5836:Aviation medicine
5651:Hospital medicine
5558:Surgical oncology
5543:Pediatric surgery
5537:
5484:Endocrine surgery
5154:10.1081/CNV-46392
4544:(12): 1181–1187.
4312:JAMA Network Open
3982:Atencion Primaria
3770:10.1111/hex.12557
3650:(11): 1257–1267.
3320:(35): 3322–3330.
2787:(18): 1759–1760.
2077:www.acponline.org
2046:"ACP: Who We Are"
2031:978-0-07-179027-7
1917:Poole, Philippa.
1784:on 14 August 2017
1077:Clinical genetics
1016:Tropical medicine
881:Clinical oncology
872:Clinical genetics
665:, devoted to the
658:respiratory tract
650:Pulmonary disease
627:immunotherapeutic
580:, concerned with
457:
456:
449:
380:. In the UK, the
289:Medical education
257:family physicians
134:internal medicine
107:clinical pharmacy
50:medical specialty
38:Internal medicine
16:(Redirected from
6263:
6228:
6227:
6218:
6208:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6188:
6187:
5892:Medical genetics
5877:General practice
5754:Nuclear medicine
5629:Gastroenterology
5585:Vascular surgery
5535:
5462:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5355:
5345:
5320:
5291:
5258:
5220:
5182:
5181:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4957:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4773:10.7326/M18-2160
4752:
4731:
4730:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4610:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4223:
4213:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3928:(5): 1021–1037.
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3830:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3764:(6): 1228–1247.
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3443:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3383:10.3310/hta25330
3362:
3356:
3355:
3337:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3108:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3051:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:. 28 August 2020
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2377:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2236:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1929:on 10 March 2017
1925:. Archived from
1914:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:. Archived from
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1324:Gastroenterology
1306:cardiac ablation
1228:Medical oncology
1210:Gastroenterology
1137:Nuclear medicine
1122:Medical oncology
1100:General medicine
1092:Gastroenterology
970:Nuclear medicine
960:Medical virology
946:Medical oncology
901:Gastroenterology
734:Gastroenterology
623:chemotherapeutic
619:Medical oncology
597:biological agent
564:Gastroenterology
555:endocrine system
452:
445:
441:
438:
432:
408:
407:
400:
350:, as opposed to
238:chronic diseases
146:
40:, also known as
21:
18:General Medicine
6271:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6176:
6165:Chief physician
6098:
6043:
6032:
6026:Travel medicine
6011:Sports medicine
5994:Sexual medicine
5934:Palliative care
5929:Pain management
5873:Family medicine
5851:Diving medicine
5797:
5725:
5687:
5680:
5596:
5589:
5548:Plastic surgery
5494:General surgery
5474:Cardiac surgery
5455:
5453:
5445:
5440:
5387:Wayback Machine
5362:
5323:
5294:
5261:
5223:
5194:
5191:
5189:Further reading
5186:
5185:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5034:
5019:
5018:
5014:
4999:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4822:(10): 984–986.
4809:
4808:
4804:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4487:(12): e018632.
4474:
4473:
4469:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4318:(8): e2120622.
4305:
4304:
4300:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4204:(10): 662–664.
4191:
4190:
4186:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4032:
4031:
4027:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3871:(19): e016804.
3857:
3856:
3852:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3595:(8): 995–1001.
3582:
3581:
3577:
3538:(5): CD011817.
3525:
3524:
3520:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3042:(14): 964–978.
3029:
3028:
3024:
2985:(4): CD005471.
2972:
2971:
2967:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2774:
2773:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2589:Medical Council
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2147:(10): 736–741.
2141:Family Medicine
2134:
2133:
2129:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1853:MLO Med Lab Obs
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1730:Medical History
1723:
1722:
1718:
1705:(135): 2737–9.
1696:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1554:Castle Connolly
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1517:Medicine portal
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1483:
1467:
1450:
1441:
1429:non-maleficence
1420:
1404:
1395:
1383:
1362:
1261:
1249:
1159:
1048:
1028:
847:stroke medicine
811:of London, the
801:
696:
682:Sports medicine
669:and therapy of
478:
462:
453:
442:
436:
433:
422:
409:
405:
398:
365:
291:
285:
234:acute illnesses
229:
219:anthologies of
166:Thomas Sydenham
119:
89:family medicine
54:medical doctors
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6258:
6256:Hospital staff
6253:
6243:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6103:Related topics
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Medical school
6048:
6046:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6006:Sleep medicine
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5819:Anesthesiology
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5749:Neuroradiology
5746:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:Obstetrics and
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5568:Trauma surgery
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5531:Otolaryngology
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5457:subspecialties
5447:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5377:
5372:
5361:
5360:External links
5358:
5357:
5356:
5321:
5303:(9): 745–749.
5292:
5274:(2): 111–117.
5259:
5233:(11): 866–74.
5221:
5203:(6): 463–470.
5190:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5128:
5104:
5067:(8): 935–939.
5047:
5032:
5012:
4997:
4977:
4929:
4905:
4870:(8): 620–627.
4849:
4802:
4732:
4677:
4658:(6): 234–235.
4638:
4601:(3): 517–523.
4581:
4524:
4467:
4412:
4355:
4298:
4271:(8): 831–841.
4251:
4184:
4149:(1): e71–e78.
4129:
4083:
4046:(1): e034481.
4025:
3988:(6): 351–358.
3965:
3908:
3850:
3821:(3): 174–183.
3801:
3744:
3707:(6): 894–910.
3687:
3630:
3575:
3518:
3491:(5): 426–435.
3471:
3414:
3357:
3299:
3240:
3205:(3): 155–162.
3185:
3158:(9): 916–924.
3138:
3079:
3022:
2965:
2930:(9): 900–907.
2910:
2891:(5): 168–176.
2871:
2842:(3): 242–251.
2822:
2758:
2734:
2710:
2679:
2653:
2627:
2601:
2576:
2556:
2535:
2511:
2487:
2458:
2438:
2413:
2391:
2366:
2337:
2311:
2283:
2266:
2243:
2220:
2218:, pp. 236
2208:
2184:
2166:
2127:
2088:
2061:
2037:
2030:
2012:
1968:
1940:
1906:
1891:
1876:
1836:
1815:(4): 270–277.
1795:
1765:
1716:
1699:Rev Med Suisse
1686:
1658:
1626:
1601:
1566:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1504:
1501:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1463:
1456:The ethics of
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1321:
1312:
1260:
1259:Gathering data
1257:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:sleep medicine
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1054:(AMC) and the
1047:
1044:
1039:European Union
1027:
1026:European Union
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:Renal medicine
993:
987:
982:
975:
972:
967:
961:
958:
953:
943:
940:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
911:
908:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
874:
869:
863:
860:
855:
850:
805:Royal Colleges
800:
799:United Kingdom
797:
796:
795:
793:Sleep medicine
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
718:
713:
695:
692:
691:
690:
684:
679:
677:Sleep medicine
674:
660:
647:
642:
633:
616:
611:
590:
585:
575:
570:
561:
548:
542:
537:
523:
501:
496:
491:
477:
474:
461:
458:
455:
454:
419:of the subject
417:worldwide view
412:
410:
403:
397:
396:Subspecialties
394:
364:
361:
312:attached to a
310:medical school
287:Main article:
284:
281:
228:
225:
144:Innere Medizin
118:
115:
82:medical degree
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6268:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6231:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6203:
6201:
6193:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6135:Public health
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:Allied health
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6039:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Oral medicine
5922:
5920:
5919:Ophthalmology
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:Cytopathology
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5721:Urogynecology
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Endocrinology
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5336:(6): 649–56.
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5129:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5033:1-930513-57-7
5029:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4998:1-930513-57-7
4994:
4990:
4989:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:(33): 1–276.
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:11380/1286682
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:Der Internist
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:Der Internist
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2381:on 2016-03-24
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2181:. 2023-03-03.
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1991:(4): 339–45.
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1888:. p. 12.
1887:
1880:
1877:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:(1): 93–110.
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1671:
1670:"Robert Koch"
1665:
1663:
1659:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1381:Communication
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:cardioversion
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Endocrinology
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
980:
976:
973:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
920:
917:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Endocrinology
727:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
701:
693:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
637:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:such as by a
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
565:
562:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
534:blood vessels
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
483:
475:
473:
471:
467:
459:
451:
448:
440:
437:December 2010
430:
426:
420:
418:
411:
402:
401:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:Certification
362:
360:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
246:
245:organ systems
241:
239:
235:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:ancient China
210:
209:ancient India
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
139:
135:
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