334:(仏) added for the plural. For a plural generic antecedent such as "people (in general)", the referring pronoun will always be written as the masculine plural form unless the generic group is known to be inherently female (as in "women (in general)"), in which case the feminine form is used. For a singular generic antecedent such as "someone", the referring pronoun is always written as the masculine singular form unless the generic antecedent is known to be inherently female (as in "(an unspecified) woman").
680:
624:
599:
570:
547:
25:
497:
662:. Some writers prefer to alternate between male and female generic usage to provide clarity without the appearance of bias. Other speakers intentionally use female generic forms as a political or cultural statement against the conventional practice of generic use of the masculine form. A study of English language usage over the past twenty years shows that
1229:"This group of some 200 distinguished educators, writers, and public speakers enriches dictionary with their judgments concerning difficult or disputed usage. Most of its members are writers, editors, critics, or educators while others hold distinguished positions in law, government, diplomacy, medicine, science, business, and the arts." See
520:
923:
The reforms involving gender are explicitly political in intent and represent a quest for social justice rather than a wish for more consistent logic. And unlike other political language reforms, which tend to be limited to individual names for ethnic groups, gender reforms involve basic grammatical
433:
In these examples, some speakers might mean that all nurses are female, or that all bosses are male, while others might intend the pronouns as generic and hence gender-unspecific. Ambiguity arises from the possibility that the listener might interpret the meaning differently from what the speaker
274:
is used to refer to grammatically feminine antecedents. Thus, for both generic and non-generic antecedents, the natural gender of the antecedent, whether known or unknown, is irrelevant, as the deciding factor for the choice of a referring pronoun is the grammatical gender of the antecedent.
376:
But difficulty arises in choosing a singular pronoun to refer to a single, unspecified human (whose gender is indeterminate, as the reference is equally to a hypothetical male or a hypothetical female). In particular, the overlap of generic use with
189:
Many languages share the following issue with
English: the generic antecedent is a representative individual of a class, whose gender is unknown or irrelevant, but pronouns are gender-specific. In languages such as English that distinguish
825:
Resistance remains strongest when the sentence refers to a specific individual whose gender is unknown, rather than to a generic individual representative of anyone: in our 2015 survey, 58 percent of the Panel found
918:
should be proscribed. Both these points of view have found many followers; however, they generally do not accurately describe the usage or rationale of the wide range of options common in the
English language.
1505:
1456:
1444:
1247:
940:. Some of these elements have been in the language for over a thousand years. It is not surprising, therefore, that the effort to undo them can often be a difficult and untidy business.
783:
258:
both the singular and plural pronouns in the third person are marked for grammatical gender, and the antecedent always has grammatical gender. The masculine form of "they",
262:, is always used when referring to a plural and grammatically masculine antecedent, while for plural antecedents that are grammatically feminine the feminine form
1437:
483:
What has become controversial among users of
English is the choice of pronoun to refer back to a generalized, and hence generic, singular antecedent such as
1552:
2026:
1289:
1430:
230:
were used for this purpose but, particularly since the nineteenth century, English style guides have frequently recommended the otherwise masculine
774:
There is historical precedent for the third option as well as popular contemporary usage. However, there are contemporary, as well as historical,
342:
If an antecedent is a thing, either specific or generic (such as a snowman), rather than a person, the appropriate pronoun to refer back to it is
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1122:
1394:
2243:
1894:
1561:
1356:
1331:
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in nouns, normally masculine, but sometimes feminine, forms of pronouns are used for the generic reference, in what is called the
2248:
2238:
89:
736:
staffs well. (Making the antecedent plural, thus requiring the use of a plural pronoun, which in
English is not gender-specific)
1981:
218:
Unless there is reason to believe the speaker thinks ambitious academics are always female in the relevant context, the use of
61:
1635:
346:, and no difficulty arises. Likewise, if the antecedent is more than one thing, again either specific or generic, the pronoun
2102:
1976:
1545:
1190:
46:
1092:
1754:
1575:
834:, was rejected by 48 percent (a substantial change from our 1996 survey, in which 80 percent rejected this same sentence).
68:
1063:
1136:
Pauwels, Anne (2003). "Linguistic sexism and feminist linguistic activism". In Holmes, Janet; Meyerhoff Miriam (eds.).
751:, incorrect in formal English according to some sources, especially older or traditional ones, but accepted by others).
2263:
2253:
1640:
1207:
1728:
353:
When the antecedent is a specific person (whose gender is therefore known), the correct referring pronoun is either
75:
2258:
2122:
1784:
1605:
35:
2278:
2127:
2077:
1839:
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is used, again without any difficulty arising. And when the antecedent is generic and plural, again the pronoun
2182:
2046:
1625:
361:, depending on the person's gender. When the antecedent is a specific group of two or more people, the pronoun
57:
2177:
1723:
907:
615:
141:
914:
in certain contexts, to making it valid or even mandatory in all. Other prescriptivists argue that generic
886:, is suitably singular and unspecific with respect to gender; but it can take only "one" as an antecedent.
2207:
1879:
1849:
1824:
1764:
1663:
1595:
1286:
873:
767:
1113:
2107:
2001:
1966:
1854:
1829:
1673:
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1046:
The
American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English
590:
658:
Many recent style guides discourage generic constructions or accept approaches other than the generic
2092:
1899:
1678:
1090:'In Search of Gender Neutrality: Is Singular They a Cognitively Efficient Substitute for Generic He?'
1001:
243:
156:
983: â State of standing out as unusual or difficult in comparison to a more common or regular form
2172:
2087:
2031:
1934:
1919:
1889:
1869:
1844:
1713:
1698:
1212:
965:, also known as generic mood â Grammatical feature used to express general truths or aphorisms
585:
1176:
Updating the New
International Version of the Bible: Notes from the Committee on Bible Translation
2217:
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1991:
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195:
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The question of appropriate style for using pronouns to refer to such generic antecedents in the
318:
form of writing
Mandarin in the Latin alphabet, there is no distinction between "he" and "she" (
202:
usage of the pronoun. The context makes the generic intent of the usage clear in communication.
82:
1149:
924:
components like pronouns, basic grammatical rules like pronoun agreement, and basic words like
666:
is now the most common way that modern speakers and writers refer back to generic antecedents.
651:
as a singular pronoun that can refer to both men and women (generic usage). Use of the generic
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2197:
2152:
2137:
2097:
2036:
2006:
1986:
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1708:
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in each case). However, when
Mandarin is written in characters, a gender distinction is made:
2202:
2132:
2021:
1799:
1453:
1137:
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in each case), nor is there a distinction between "they (masculine)" and "they (feminine)" (
311:
178:
2011:
1914:
1809:
1774:
1398:
1293:
1194:
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255:
1384:
710:
Speakers opposed to gender role stereotyping often use one of the following strategies.
693:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2112:
1996:
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1769:
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The typical student in the program takes about six years to complete their course work
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unacceptable. ⊠Panel members do seem to distinguish between singular nouns, such as
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234:
as a singular generic pronoun. Since the middle of the twentieth century the use of
2147:
2072:
1939:
1819:
1703:
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1352:
1327:
623:
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491:. Examples of accepted, disputed, and impossible constructions in English include:
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is perceived as subtly biasing the listener to assume the antecedent is masculine.
1422:
1187:
2067:
2041:
1924:
1688:
1615:
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staff well. (Issues: cumbersome if overused, have to place genders in an order.)
805:, and pronouns that are grammatically singular but semantically plural, such as
775:
378:
24:
1409:
278:
Some French speakers advocate the use of created gender-free pronouns, such as
2212:
1864:
1630:
1585:
1580:
1510:
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381:
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became politicized in the 1970s, and remains a matter of substantial dispute.
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Representatives of classes in a situation in which gender is typically unknown
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A person at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in
2016:
1834:
1759:
1738:
1668:
1620:
1600:
956:
152:
821:
update, the dictionary reported "their resistance has declined over time":
222:
in this sentence must be interpreted as a generic use. Traditionally both
1929:
1718:
149:
125:
843:
Options other than generic pronouns, rephrasing in the plural, or using
496:
1266:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
1004: â Pronoun that is associated with a particular grammatical person
129:
519:
266:
of "they" is used. Likewise, in the singular the third person pronoun
315:
145:
133:
1041:
1794:
1377:
971: â Use of the pronoun you to refer to an unspecified person
847:
can be well suited to some contexts, but problematic in others.
818:
797:
with singular antecedents. Eighty-two percent find the sentence
779:
1534:
1426:
613:(especially if used repeatedly) and recommended against by the
959: â Quality of a word with identical female and male forms
876:, xe, and many others â have been accepted into the language.)
673:
18:
350:
is used to refer back to it, and again no difficulty arises.
238:
for this purpose has been discouraged, partly because use of
1369:
Helge LĂždrup. "Norwegian
Anaphors without Visible Binders."
1344:. Edited by M. Kanazawa and others. Stanford: CSLI: 171â199.
1287:'The Epicene Pronouns: A Chronology of the Word That Failed'
270:
is used to refer to grammatically masculine antecedents and
1405:. Edited by Stefan MĂŒller. Lisbon: CSLI Publications, 2005.
1251:, Fourth edition, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000).
159:
in boldface and the referring pronoun in italics) include "
828:
We thank the anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments
330:
is written as ä» or ć„č for "he" or "she" respectively, with
136:
is typically unknown or irrelevant. These mostly arise in
647:
English guidelines before the 1980s supported the use of
588:, for example); condemned by some older sources, such as
1248:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
124:
are representatives of classes, referred to in ordinary
1006:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
991:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
830:
unacceptable. A sentence with a generic antecedent,
2165:
2055:
1959:
1952:
1747:
1656:
1649:
1568:
542:(singular pronoun cannot have a plural antecedent.)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1383:Anna Pycha, Constance Milbrath and Stephen Eyre. "
953: â Sentence that resists simple formalization
1414:CĂrculo de lingĂŒĂstica aplicada a la comunicaciĂłn
1387:." Oakland: Linguistics Society of America, 2005.
2027:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1349:Studies in the Semantics of Generic Noun Phrases
655:, however, has been decreasing since the 1960s.
921:
862:does, it is good. (Issue: written option only.)
823:
791:
565:generic, or are all members of the group male?)
793:Most of the Usage Panelists reject the use of
1546:
1438:
290:("they (masculine) and they (feminine)") and
8:
1115:Gender in English pronouns: Myth and reality
302:("those (feminine) and those (masculine)").
1307:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
1088:Julie Foertsch and Morton Ann Gernsbacher,
977: â Pronoun without a definite referent
594:, but endorsed by many modern style guides.
1956:
1653:
1553:
1539:
1531:
1445:
1431:
1423:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
868:will be happy and so will they. (Issue:
369:is used and is not problematic, because
1017:
998: â Gender-neutral English pronoun
1982:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
1401:Implications for Binding Theory." In
1171:
1169:
1068:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
7:
1403:Proceedings of the HPSG05 Conference
1390:Jeffrey T. Runner and Elsi Kaiser. "
1385:Anaphora in African-American English
442:Speakers of all languages use words
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1895:Quantificational variability effect
1562:Formal semantics (natural language)
1357:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1340:"(In)definites and genericity." In
1332:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1206:"A person can't help their birth."
1140:The Handbook of Language and Gender
1123:Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitÀt Freiburg
987:Quantificational variability effect
384:has led to controversy in English.
1342:Quantifiers, Deduction and Context
14:
1231:The American Heritage Usage Panel
880:The indefinite personal pronoun,
778:that discourage this option. In
1410:Determiners as Modified Pronouns
1392:Binding in Picture Noun Phrases:
1268:. HarperCollins Publishers. 2022
786:The American Heritage Dictionary
722:staff well. (Use of the pronoun
678:
622:
597:
568:
545:
518:
495:
23:
1371:Journal of Germanic Linguistics
140:and are particularly common in
34:needs additional citations for
1977:Combinatory categorial grammar
1030:Journal of English Linguistics
538:is the intended antecedent of
185:Treatment in various languages
163:of Knowledge (XXG) appreciate
128:by another word (most often a
1:
2269:Language varieties and styles
1755:Antecedent-contained deletion
1378:http://journals.cambridge.org
1324:Reference to Kinds in English
1112:Susanne Wagner (2004-07-22).
910:argue from the valid use of
2244:English usage controversies
1376:(2007): 1â22. Available at
1208:William Makepeace Thackeray
1062:Spevak, Olga (2014-06-15).
872:of the invented pronouns â
762:staff well. (Rare use of a
472:Example of generalization:
465:Example of generalization:
454:Example of distinction: My
438:Approaches taken in English
132:), in a situation in which
2295:
1636:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1026:'The Rise of Epicene They'
338:Gender in English pronouns
2128:Question under discussion
2078:Conversational scoreboard
1855:Intersective modification
1840:Homogeneity (linguistics)
1501:
1463:
1188:'Gender-Neutral Pronouns'
687:This section needs to be
2183:Distributional semantics
1050:Houghton Mifflin Company
989: â formal semantics
373:is not gender-specific.
210:will publish as soon as
174:spends in this market".
2249:Gender-neutral language
2239:Gender-neutral pronouns
2178:Computational semantics
1920:Subsective modification
1724:Propositional attitudes
1457:gender-neutral pronouns
616:Chicago Manual of Style
2208:Philosophy of language
1850:Inalienable possession
1830:Free choice inferences
1825:Faultless disagreement
1596:Generalized quantifier
942:
836:
815:
768:gender-neutral pronoun
526:people get hungry, so
503:people get hungry, so
2108:Plural quantification
2002:Inquisitive semantics
1967:Alternative semantics
1148:: Blackwell. p.
1100:Psychological Science
643:specific or generic?)
605:one gets thirsty, so
591:The Elements of Style
576:one gets thirsty, so
553:one gets thirsty, so
446:to make distinctions
167:encyclopedia", "the
155:. Examples (with the
2093:Function application
1900:Responsive predicate
1890:Privative adjectives
1002:Third-person pronoun
851:A boss should treat
747:staff well. (Use of
246:have been proposed.
244:Various alternatives
194:in pronouns but not
58:"Generic antecedent"
43:improve this article
2173:Cognitive semantics
2088:Existential closure
2032:Situation semantics
1935:Temperature paradox
1905:Rising declaratives
1870:Modal subordination
1845:Hurford disjunction
1805:Discourse relations
1347:Wilkinson, Karina.
1121:(Doctoral thesis).
803:the typical student
726:to expected gender)
396:gets adequate rest.
392:should ensure that
122:Generic antecedents
2264:Grammatical number
2254:Grammatical gender
2218:Semantics of logic
2143:Strict conditional
2118:Quantifier raising
2083:Downward entailing
2063:Autonomy of syntax
1992:Generative grammar
1972:Categorial grammar
1910:Scalar implicature
1815:Epistemic modality
1790:De dicto and de re
1397:2006-09-18 at the
1292:2006-12-03 at the
1193:2008-10-15 at the
1102:8 (1997): 106â111.
1095:2007-06-21 at the
1032:32 (2004): 79â104.
975:Indefinite pronoun
839:Other alternatives
458:thinks..., but my
208:ambitious academic
196:grammatical gender
2259:Personal pronouns
2226:
2225:
2198:Logic translation
2161:
2160:
2153:Universal grinder
2138:Squiggle operator
2098:Meaning postulate
2037:Supervaluationism
2007:Intensional logic
1987:Dynamic semantics
1948:
1947:
1780:Crossover effects
1729:Tenseâaspectâmood
1709:Lexical semantics
1528:
1527:
1186:Michael Quinion,
708:
707:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2286:
2279:Sociolinguistics
2203:Linguistics wars
2133:Semantic parsing
2022:Montague grammar
1957:
1800:Deontic modality
1654:
1641:Truth conditions
1576:Compositionality
1569:Central concepts
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670:Modern solutions
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584:Long in use (by
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403:should maintain
312:Mandarin Chinese
306:Mandarin Chinese
179:English language
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2012:Lambda calculus
1944:
1915:Sloppy identity
1875:Opaque contexts
1810:Donkey anaphora
1775:Counterfactuals
1743:
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1559:
1529:
1524:
1516:Spivak pronouns
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1399:Wayback Machine
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1322:Carlson, Greg.
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1317:Further reading
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951:Donkey sentence
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908:prescriptivists
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841:
784:Usage Panel of
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672:
450:to generalize:
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418:diet carefully.
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138:generalizations
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1997:Glue semantics
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1408:Marta LujĂĄn. "
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1364:External links
1362:
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1285:Dennis Baron,
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1024:Mark Balhorn,
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893:takes care of
878:
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764:Spivak pronoun
752:
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686:
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401:police officer
397:
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300:celles et ceux
251:
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192:natural gender
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2035:
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2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
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2008:
2005:
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1995:
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1911:
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1901:
1898:
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1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Performatives
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Logophoricity
1858:
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1838:
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1694:Evidentiality
1692:
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1309:, work cited.
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1302:
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996:Singular they
994:
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963:Gnomic aspect
961:
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749:singular they
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731:
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699:February 2021
690:
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314:, and in the
313:
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99:February 2015
91:
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60: â
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2148:Type shifter
2123:Quantization
2073:Continuation
1940:Veridicality
1820:Exhaustivity
1785:Cumulativity
1704:Indexicality
1684:Definiteness
1679:Conditionals
1606:Logical form
1416:
1413:
1402:
1373:
1370:
1353:Ph.D. Thesis
1348:
1341:
1338:De Swart, H.
1328:Ph.D. Thesis
1323:
1306:
1301:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
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1238:
1225:
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1139:
1131:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1084:
1065:Noun Valency
1064:
1057:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1020:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
915:
911:
906:Some modern
905:
894:
890:
881:
879:
869:
865:
859:
852:
844:
842:
831:
827:
824:
816:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
792:
785:
776:style guides
773:
759:
755:
744:
740:
733:
729:
723:
719:
715:
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696:
688:
663:
659:
657:
652:
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640:
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614:
610:
606:
602:
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581:
577:
573:
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554:
550:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
512:
508:
504:
500:
489:every parent
488:
484:
482:
479:believes....
476:
473:
466:
459:
455:
447:
443:
441:
432:
426:
422:
415:
411:
404:
400:
393:
389:
382:stereotyping
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
347:
343:
341:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
299:
295:
291:
288:ils et elles
287:
283:
279:
277:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
211:
207:
206:Example: An
199:
188:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2068:Context set
2042:Type theory
1925:Subtrigging
1689:Disjunction
1616:Proposition
1511:neopronouns
1473:generic she
1213:Vanity Fair
1048:, (Boston:
969:Generic you
766:; also see
586:Shakespeare
515:is plural.)
469:believe....
429:staff well.
379:gender role
146:theoretical
2233:Categories
2213:Pragmatics
1865:Mirativity
1631:Speech act
1586:Entailment
1581:Denotation
1506:neologisms
1468:generic he
1272:2024-08-28
1144:. Malden,
1012:References
981:Markedness
853:her or his
631:is tired,
582:Acceptable
536:all people
513:All people
509:Acceptable
485:any parent
434:intended.
310:In spoken
157:antecedent
69:newspapers
2017:Mereology
1953:Formalism
1835:Givenness
1760:Cataphora
1748:Phenomena
1739:Vagueness
1669:Ambiguity
1621:Reference
1601:Intension
1591:Extension
957:Epicenity
817:By their
789:wrote:
607:he or she
532:Incorrect
153:discourse
150:strategic
2274:Pronouns
2166:See also
2056:Concepts
1930:Telicity
1765:Coercion
1719:Negation
1714:Modality
1664:Anaphora
1395:Archived
1290:Archived
1216:, 1848,
1191:Archived
1093:Archived
1052:, 1996).
1042:'Gender'
945:See also
902:Opinions
811:everyone
724:opposite
637:Disputed
635:sleeps.
629:a person
619:, et al.
609:drinks.
559:Disputed
557:drinks.
462:says....
407:fitness.
169:customer
142:abstract
126:language
1674:Binding
1454:English
1419:(2002).
1359:, 1991.
1334:, 1977.
1296:, 2006.
1197:, 2002.
689:updated
611:Awkward
580:drink.
467:Parents
296:ceulles
292:celleux
200:generic
161:readers
130:pronoun
83:scholar
2103:Monads
1650:Topics
1262:"They"
1243:'They'
1156:
1072:
938:female
930:father
807:anyone
782:, the
730:Bosses
530:eats.
477:parent
460:father
456:mother
412:dancer
316:pinyin
256:French
250:French
134:gender
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1795:De se
1699:Focus
1657:Areas
1626:Scope
1218:c. 41
1119:(PDF)
1044:, in
895:one's
860:(s)he
745:their
734:their
627:When
507:eat.
487:, or
390:nurse
324:tÄmen
280:illes
264:elles
165:their
90:JSTOR
76:books
1154:ISBN
1070:ISBN
936:and
934:male
912:they
897:own.
874:thon
870:none
866:Thon
845:they
819:2022
809:and
795:they
780:2000
756:boss
741:boss
716:boss
664:they
639:(Is
603:Each
578:they
574:Each
561:(Is
551:Each
505:they
444:both
423:boss
371:they
367:they
363:they
348:they
332:-men
298:for
286:for
272:elle
228:they
226:and
214:can.
62:news
2047:TTR
1488:who
1483:one
1412:."
1150:563
926:man
891:One
883:one
858:If
760:eir
720:her
641:she
633:she
540:she
534:if
528:she
524:All
501:All
474:Any
448:and
427:his
416:her
405:his
394:she
359:she
357:or
294:or
284:els
282:or
260:ils
254:In
220:she
212:she
172:who
148:or
45:by
2235::
1478:it
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1351:.
1330:.
1326:.
1264:.
1245:,
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1168:^
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1146:MA
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754:A
739:A
714:A
660:he
653:he
649:he
563:he
555:he
421:A
410:A
399:A
388:A
355:he
344:it
328:tÄ
320:tÄ
268:il
240:he
236:he
232:he
224:he
144:,
1554:e
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1540:v
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1432:v
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1162:.
1125:.
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813:.
701:)
697:(
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511:(
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
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