318:(March) 1845 to deliberate on the affairs of the body. Twenty-seven congregations were represented by delegates, of whom only two or at most three were in clerical orders. The council proceeded under the presidency of Professor Wigard to arrange a system of doctrine and practice which was to form the basis of union for the whole Church. The Bible was recognized as the sole standard of faith and its interpretation was left to reason, "penetrated and animated" by the Christian idea. Only two sacraments were admitted: baptism and the Lord's Supper. In matters of ritual, each congregation was left free to carry into practice its own views. Each congregation was to choose its own pastor and elders. Affairs of a general interest were entrusted to the management of a general council to meet every five years, but the decisions of this council were to be ratified by a majority of the congregations before they came valid. The authority of the Pope was not recognized.
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428:, which had formed themselves by secession from the Protestant churches, and the election of a joint executive committee from both denominations, which was to act as a presiding board until the meeting of a triennial diet, which was appointed for 1852, but it did not meet. In June 1859, the representatives of the German Catholics and Free Congregations met at
443:
Many of the congregations which were formed in 1844 and the years immediately following dissolved, including that of
SchneidemĂĽhl itself, which ceased to exist in 1857. The majority of the German Catholics joined the national Protestant church. As of 1911, there were only about two thousand strict
439:
Legislation in the different states had become more tolerant, and the carrying out of the scheme of the council of Gotha seemed to be at least practicable. But the result proved otherwise. The confederation consisted of too heterogeneous elements. While some of the members receding further and
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Czerski was at some of the sittings of the council of
Leipzig, but when a formula somewhat similar to that of Breslau had been adopted, he refused his signature because the divinity of Christ had been ignored, and he and his congregation continued to retain by preference the name of "Christian
292:
of the clergy. The result had been his suspension from office in March 1844; his public withdrawal, along with twenty-four adherents, from the Roman communion in August; his excommunication; and the formation, in
October, of a "Christian Catholic" congregation which, while rejecting clerical
325:, but in some respects the German Catholics went even further than the majority of Protestants in a liberal direction, inasmuch as they claimed for all complete religious liberty and declared their religion to be capable of development and modification with the progress of the human mind.
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to the cathedral. Bishop
Arnoldi had proclaimed that the artifact had healing powers, and accompanied the exhibition of the holy coat by a promise of plenary indulgence to whoever should make a pilgrimage to Trier to honor it. Ronge denounced the projected pilgrimages as
224:
in
December 1844. The ex-priest received much public sympathy, and a dissenting congregation calling itself the "New Catholics" was soon formed at Breslau. They were later forced to change their name from "New Catholics" to "German Catholics".
305:
theology and the doctrine of the seven sacraments. Together Ronge and
Czerski appealed to the lower grades of the clergy to unite in founding a National German Church independent of the Pope and governed by councils and synods.
440:
further from orthodoxy proclaimed simple design as their religion and abolished baptism and the Lord's Supper, others on the contrary lost themselves in an exaggerated mysticism.
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the adherents of the new creed were put under various disabilities, being suspected of both undermining religion and encouraging the revolutionary tendencies of the age.
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Even before the beginning of the agitation led by Ronge, another movement fundamentally distinct, though in some respects similar, had been originated at
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288:, also a priest, who had come into collision with the church authorities on the then much discussed question of mixed marriages, and also on that of the
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was also prominent among the towns where congregations belonging to the new body were formed. There an instructor named Kote was a prominent worker.
436:(Confederation of free religious congregations). It was proposed that the confederation admit all free Protestant and even Jewish congregations.
216:. He had already been suspended from his charge on account of his independent views. Ronge's article made a great sensation, and led to his
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Within less than a year, the German
Catholics grew to over 8,000 members. Communities were formed at
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of the priests were abolished. Nothing was declared either for or against the subject of purgatory.
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Many of the German
Catholics were involved in politics. Ronge himself was a foremost figure in the
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425:
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150:. This latter movement took the name of Christian Catholics and originated in SchneidemĂĽhl (now
146:). They were joined for a time by somewhat more conservative dissidents under the leadership of
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Jesus Christ the
Saviour, who delivers from the bondage of sin by his life, doctrine and death.
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since 1842, for having ordered (for the first time since 1810) the exposition of the alleged
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in divine service, prohibition of mixed marriages, the hierarchy of the clergy and the
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569:
This work in turn cites the following four items as references and further reading:
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German
Catholics adhered to a very simple creed, in which the chief beliefs were:
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on account of the interference of the police. It proposed an alliance with the
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567:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 770–771.
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A second council in Leipzig, which met in May 1850, had to be transferred to
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597:, founded by J. J. Herzog, 3d ed. by A. Hauck, Leipzig (1896–1909) iv. 583.
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273:. Blum published writings of the new movement and helped to organize it.
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celibacy, the use of Latin in public worship, and the doctrines of
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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and several other locations. The movement garnered support from
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The constitution of the new Church was thus democratic and
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Realencyklopadie fur Protestantische Theologie und Kirche
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364:God the Father, creator and ruler of the universe.
603:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
352:Catholics", which they had originally assumed.
376:Forgiveness of sins and the life everlasting.
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55:introducing citations to additional sources
662:Christian denominations founded in Germany
142:. The movement originated in Breslau (now
208:Ronge, who had formerly been chaplain at
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45:Relevant discussion may be found on the
646:Is the Old Catholic Movement a Failure?
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448:. The movement was superseded by the
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574:Die Mission des Deutschkatholicismus
373:A holy, universal, Christian church.
170:In the 15 October 1844 issue of the
588:Der Deutschkatholicismus in Sachsen
184:, published a vigorous attack upon
672:Independent Catholic denominations
581:Das Wesen des Deutschkatholicismus
130:) were formed in December 1844 by
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687:1850s in the German Confederation
682:1840s in the German Confederation
667:History of Catholicism in Germany
620:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
336:, canonization and invocation of
314:A council convened at Leipzig at
644:New York Times, 30 August 1879:
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370:The operation of the Holy Ghost.
166:Wilhelm Arnoldi, bishop of Trier
158:Controversy over robe exposition
38:relies largely or entirely on a
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677:German revolutions of 1848–1849
284:, Posen, under the guidance of
196:, an event that drew countless
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434:Bund freireligiöser Gemeinden
212:, was then a schoolmaster at
180:, a Roman Catholic priest in
173:Sächsische Vaterlandsblätter
66:"German Catholics" sect
269:, a newspaper publisher in
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138:, under the leadership of
18:Catholic Church in Germany
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444:German Catholics, all in
396:, and ultimately also in
623:"German Catholics"
606:"German Catholics"
16:Not to be confused with
612:The American Cyclopædia
564:Encyclopædia Britannica
629:Encyclopedia Americana
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194:seamless robe of Jesus
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136:Roman Catholic Church
467:Friends of the Light
134:dissidents from the
51:improve this article
532:, pp. 770–771.
462:Religion in Germany
450:Old Catholic Church
426:Free Congregations
416:Later developments
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128:Deutschkatholiken
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334:indulgences
267:Robert Blum
656:Categories
579:F. Kampe,
473:References
330:confession
323:Protestant
214:LaurahĂĽtte
77:newspapers
332:of sins,
295:purgatory
275:Magdeburg
263:Wiesbaden
47:talk page
586:Findel,
456:See also
381:Politics
346:celibacy
290:celibacy
210:Grottkau
203:idolatry
198:pilgrims
552::
402:Prussia
398:Bavaria
394:Austria
356:Beliefs
271:Leipzig
247:Dresden
243:Leipzig
222:Breslau
182:Silesia
144:Wrocław
91:scholar
590:(1895)
583:(1860)
576:(1846)
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446:Saxony
422:Köthen
410:Saxony
338:saints
316:Easter
303:Nicene
251:Berlin
132:German
124:German
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430:Gotha
406:Baden
259:Worms
98:JSTOR
84:books
408:and
328:The
297:and
152:Piła
118:The
70:news
561:".
392:In
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