171:
87:
in
Germany. He developed the theory of "culture morphology" - the idea of culture as a living organism and its development by diffusion from a limited number of "culture areas" (for example the ancient Greeks). Frobenius theorised that many of the artefacts he found in his expeditions were of non-African origin. His subsequent conclusions about the development of African civilisations from pre-existing non-African cultures have proved controversial and are not supported by modern writers. Frobenius has also been accused of using the expeditions to loot items of cultural value from Africa.
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96:
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28:
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437:. The expedition was led by Frobenius, though he did not accompany it - the leader of the field group was Jensen. This would be the last of the Frobenius Expeditions to Africa; though he would lead the "Frobenius Expedition I" to New Guinea in 1937-8 and the "Frobenius Expedition II" to Australia in 1938. He died in August 1938.
452:. Jensen struggled to raise money in war-devastated Frankfurt but managed to secure funding for an expedition to Ethiopia. Jensen led the expedition which took place between 1950 and 1952. Jensen's party included doctors Eike Haberland and Willy Schulz-Weidner; Haberland later also became a director of the Frobenius Institute.
71:, DIAFE) to Africa between 1904 and 1935. He intended these to comprise a systematic analysis of African culture. Frobenius published details of the expeditions in numerous books and journal articles and the majority of his original field notes, drawings and photographs have survived with many being preserved at the
463:
The institute undertook further expeditions to
Ethiopia, though these were under a separate programme. The expeditions were halted in 1974 among political turmoil following the socialist takeover of Ethiopia. The institute's Ethiopian Studies department ceased to exist until re-established in 2010.
86:
The scale of the expeditions has been described as epic and
Frobenius' work is of considerable value for its documentary nature. Frobenius has been described as the "pioneering German comparative ethnographer of Africa" and a "master of the general survey" and was in the development of anthropology
107:
of the Congo. Frobenius himself later described it as an "almost foolhardy" enterprise in which he undertook with a
Hamburg Museum to supply as many artefacts as possible for a low price. Frobenius' wife Editha was in charge of organising the movements of the expedition and managing supplies of
385:, which helped Frobenius to build one of the most important collections of such work, some of which was sold to South African museums. It also investigated ancient ore mines and provided samples for some of the first metallographic and chemical analysis of southern African indigenous metals.
66:
was a self-taught German ethnologist and archaeologist who specialised in
African cultures. He published his first articles on Africa at the age of 21 (circa 1894). Frobenius led twelve German Inner Africa Research Expeditions
220:
in
Nigeria and published his findings in twelve volumes between 1921 and 1928. Frobenius theorised that the intricate bronze and terracotta sculptures he discovered at Ife were relics from the mythological city of
327:
but were discovered by the
Italian authorities soon after their arrival in Eritrea and had no opportunity to enter Ethiopia. Frobenius and the expedition were eventually granted safe passage to Italy.
108:
food, water and medicine. The expedition also had a dedicated artist by the name of Lemme. The expedition returned to
Germany in 1906 having secured 8,000 pieces for the museum. Frobenius published
151:), Burkina Faso and the Ivory Coast. During the expedition Frobenius collected stories from the inhabitants and published some which were of an erotic nature, in a 1910 collection entitled
1050:
Arabian
Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula
1156:
Miller, Duncan (1992). "Pioneering
Metallographic Analyses of Indigenous Metal Artefacts from Southern Africa: Material Collected by the Frobenius Expedition in 1929/1930".
294:
47:) were a series of 14 expeditions to Africa carried out between 1904 and 1955 by German scientists. The first 12 of these expeditions were led by the ethnologist
207:
348:
299:
The seventh expedition was to Eritrea in 1915. It served as a front for a German military espionage mission to Ethiopia, and was intended to persuade Emperor
147:. It ran from 1907 to 1909 and primarily ran from Senegal through Niger and Liberia to Togo. Frobenius also visited Mali (including the ancient city of
916:
764:
440:
Jensen published the findings from the twelfth expedition as a book in 1936. He later took over the directorship of the Frobenius Institute.
843:
1130:
212:
The fourth expedition visited Nigeria and Cameroon between 1910 and 1912. Frobenius carried out archaeological excavations at the ancient
401:
and part of the route was carried out by motor car procured through the German consul. The expedition returned to Rome by mid September.
170:
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315:. This could have threatened British and Italian colonies in Eastern Africa and possibly the vital supply route of the
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266:
353:
The ninth expedition ran between August 1928 and March 1930 in Southern Africa. It visited parts of modern-day
772:
103:
Frobenius provided the initial funding for this expedition himself. It ran from 1904 to 1906 and explored the
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The final German Inner Africa Research Expedition was led by Jensen to Ethiopia between 1954 and 1955.
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242:
238:
225:. However, later research has shown them to be the work of 12th-15th century AD Yoruba craftsmen.
72:
27:
277:
The sixth Frobenius expedition explored Algeria between 1912 and 1914. The expedition documented
1181:
1134:
429:
The Twelfth German Inner Africa Research Expedition was carried out between 1934 and 1935 in the
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Frobenius' sketch of a rock engraving found in the Sahara desert during the eleventh expedition
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802:. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. 1974.
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179:
143:
The second expedition was funded by the German Colonial Office and supported by the City of
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in Sudan. Upon returning to Germany he found his fame had earned him an audience with
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Die Suche nach dem Fremden: Geschichte der Ethnologie in der Bundesrepublik 1945-1990
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79:. Two further expeditions were organised after Frobenius' 1938 death by his student
63:
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182:. It visited Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Frobenius collected stories from the
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139:
Photograph taken by Frobenius of a house in Timbuktu during the second expedition
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Aspects of (Post)Colonial Linguistics: Current Perspectives and New Approaches
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An ornate neck support brought back by Frobenius from the first expedition
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Jensen resumed the German Inner Africa Research Expeditions after the
584:
Schmidt-BrĂĽcken, Daniel; Schuster, Susanne; Wienberg, Marina (2016).
394:
378:
324:
282:
1169:
1058:
905:. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei. 1996. p. 484.
16:
Series of 14 expeditions to Africa carried out between 1904 and 1955
1297:
Cultural Research in Northeast Africa: German Histories and Stories
1282:
Cultural Research in Northeast Africa: German Histories and Stories
1228:
Cultural Research in Northeast Africa: German Histories and Stories
1090:
Cultural Research in Northeast Africa: German Histories and Stories
946:"The African sculptures mistaken for remains of Atlantis - CNN.com"
486:
Cultural Research in Northeast Africa: German Histories and Stories
285:
region and in 1913 excavated ancient tombs on the Moroccan border.
269:(the German emperor) who agreed to sponsor his future expeditions.
31:
Original albums containing photographs taken during the expeditions
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312:
197:
169:
134:
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26:
18:
1133:. Iziko Museums of South Africa. 3 September 2015. Archived from
1046:"Leo Frobenius' Secret Mission in Arabia and Eritrea (1914–1915)"
250:
835:
The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7
339:
in Sudan in 1926. Part of its work was to document rock art.
217:
202:
A terracotta head brought to Berlin by the fourth expedition
1105:"The Frobenius expedition to Natal and the Cinyati archive"
1012:"The Frobenius expedition to Natal and the Cinyati archive"
682:"The Frobenius expedition to Natal and the Cinyati archive"
652:"The Frobenius expedition to Natal and the Cinyati archive"
625:"The Frobenius expedition to Natal and the Cinyati archive"
545:"The Present Situation of Ethnological Research in Germany"
504:"The Present Situation of Ethnological Research in Germany"
393:
The tenth Frobenius expedition was carried out in 1932 to
417:
The eleventh expedition was carried out in 1933 to the
983:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p.
765:"Expeditions - Frobenius-Institut Frankfurt am Main"
869:
Imperial Projections: Screening the German Colonies
590:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 348.
976:
838:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 1243.
41:Deutsche Innerafrikanische Forschungs-Expeditionen
69:Deutsche Innerafrikanische Forschungs-Expeditions
178:The third expedition was carried out in 1910 to
1204:(in German). Akademie-Verlag. 1932. p. 413
1044:Da Riva, RocĂo; Biocca, Dario (5 August 2016).
295:Seventh German Inner Africa Research Expedition
1295:Schmidt, Wolbert; Thubauville, Sophia (2015).
1280:Schmidt, Wolbert; Thubauville, Sophia (2015).
1226:Schmidt, Wolbert; Thubauville, Sophia (2015).
1088:Schmidt, Wolbert; Thubauville, Sophia (2015).
484:Schmidt, Wolbert; Thubauville, Sophia (2015).
381:. It recorded a large quantity of indigenous
249:. The expedition travelled through Egypt via
208:Fourth German Inner Africa Research Expedition
1299:. Frankfurt: Frobenius-Institut. p. 181.
1284:. Frankfurt: Frobenius-Institut. p. 180.
1230:. Frankfurt: Frobenius-Institut. p. 179.
1092:. Frankfurt: Frobenius-Institut. p. 174.
970:
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488:. Frankfurt: Frobenius-Institut. p. 173.
349:Ninth German Inner Africa Research Expedition
311:and provide assistance to an uprising in the
8:
479:
477:
241:with the objective of locating the mines of
543:Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid (October 1959).
502:Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid (October 1959).
233:Frobenius led the 1912 fifth expedition to
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128:Depiction of the second expedition on the
51:and they are sometimes referred to as the
1247:(in German). Campus Verlag. p. 156.
1158:The South African Archaeological Bulletin
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335:The eighth expedition travelled to the
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832:Magill, Frank M., ed. (13 May 2011).
771:. Frobenius Institute. Archived from
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174:The third expedition at Oued-Bassira
116:) in 1907 based on this expedition.
397:in Italian Libya. It started from
1103:Wintjes, Justine (November 2013).
944:Busari, Stephanie (21 June 2010).
866:Fuhrmann, Wolfgang (30 May 2015).
680:Wintjes, Justine (November 2013).
650:Wintjes, Justine (November 2013).
623:Wintjes, Justine (November 2013).
14:
712:University of Melbourne (1955).
114:In the Shadow of the Congo State
872:. Berghahn Books. p. 160.
186:and carried out a study of the
1:
562:10.1525/aa.1959.61.5.02a00110
521:10.1525/aa.1959.61.5.02a00110
1201:Forschungen und Fortschritte
110:Im Schatten des Kongostaates
1109:Southern African Humanities
1016:Southern African Humanities
686:Southern African Humanities
656:Southern African Humanities
629:Southern African Humanities
1458:
1131:"Pre-colonial Archaeology"
346:
292:
257:. Frobenius also visited
205:
975:Calasso, Roberto (1994).
769:www.frobenius-institut.de
319:. The party crossed the
1317:Expeditions from Germany
1241:Haller, Dieter (2012).
549:American Anthropologist
508:American Anthropologist
799:Occasional publication
431:Emirate of Transjordan
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153:Der Schwarze Dekameron
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444:Thirteenth expedition
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81:Adolf Ellegard Jensen
53:Frobenius Expeditions
30:
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1022:: 169. November 2013
239:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1322:African expeditions
1137:on 3 September 2015
917:"Collection online"
775:on 30 December 2016
405:Eleventh expedition
73:Frobenius Institute
425:Twelfth expedition
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289:Seventh expedition
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1052:(in French) (6).
979:The Ruin of Kasch
845:978-1-57958-046-9
718:Meanjin Quarterly
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194:Fourth expedition
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1135:the original
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