660:
691:
222:
764:
676:
311:
707:
1442:
1414:
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1302:, and the act of reading. The early Lutheran church documents promoted reading and the importance of education. Early reformers emphasised the value of literacy of the masses such that they were able to read the Bible, as well as strengths in mathematics and literacy. Lutheran Church teachings on the standards for the education of students were published in 1529, emphasising the study of grammar, definitions and the
1253:
246:, endorsed by Luther, with the intent to defend the rights of princes and the religion. The league became central to the spread of Protestantism by using its political sway in Germany, helping the restoration of the Lutheran Duke of Wurttemberg in 1534, enabling the establishment of Protestantism in the region. Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire, resolved by the 1548
1484:
inhabited by
Protestant archbishops, joined only by nobles and princes. In the later centuries, separate church buildings were constructed along the Rhine region, due to controversial marriage laws that mandated Protestants and Catholics marry separately. The spreading of Protestant architecture was slower in other parts of Germany, however, such as the city of
631:. The Lutheran literature dispersed throughout Germany after the Reformation called for the elimination of clerical tax exemptions and the economic privileges granted to religious institutions. Through the 16th century, however, the Protestant movement brought with it wealthy and influential Lutheran princes who formed a new social class.
1590:
The reformation itself was grounded in a rebellion against the German
Catholic church, emphasizing the primacy of the Bible, the abolition of the Catholic ritualistic mass and a rejection of clerical celibacy. The 19th century saw movements within German Protestantism involving practical devotion and
501:
rule of the region. This opposition increased citizens' church involvement; however, the end of the German
Democratic Republic led to a demographic decline in the Protestant church as the role of political activism was lost. In terms of political affiliations throughout the German Democratic Republic
1483:
The
Protestant church has influenced German architecture. Among adherents to Protestantism in Germany were engineers, craftsmen and architects, enabling Lutheran constructions. The earliest Protestant constructions were in the 17th century, where the castles built along Germany's Middle Rhine were
237:
treated German
Protestantism as a competitor to its geo-political power, issuing a decree in 1524 banning the recitation of its Lutheran works. This prompted riots across Germany and in 1529 a formal protestation was issued by a body of Protestant leaders and Princes, claiming the need for a clear
178:
movement within
Germany was to question its existing power structures, imploring lay nobles for church reformation, critiquing the Roman mass, sacraments and seeking to reaffirm the importance of faith in good works. His subsequent excommunication from the Church ensured Germany had an ideological
1358:
to spread their ideas. The printing press enabled the dispersion of
Protestant literature throughout greater Germany. In order to curb this dispersion, the 16th-century Council of Trent compiled an Index of Prohibited Books in 1559, which included the works of Protestant theologians and those who
203:
where key
Protestant theologians agreed on theological questions relevant to Germany. The Marburg Colloquy reforms included a restructuring of the Protestant Church in the light of the early church, the dissolution of monastic communities, establishment of Protestant universities, the regular
1389:
is divided on the issue of stem cell research; however, those opposing liberalising laws have characterised it as a threat to the sanctity of human life. Within the German
Democratic Republic, the Federation of Evangelical Churches, formed in June 1969 and lasting until April 1991, was where
644:
When the
Reformation occurred, the art industry was declining in Germany; however, it provided a new inspiration for graphic arts, sculptures and paintings. Protestant churches displayed medieval images, along with uniquely Lutheran artistic traditions, such as the Wittenberg workshop of
1359:
desired reform within the Church. This act reduced the ability for Protestant material to spread throughout Germany. One of the pioneers of Protestant literature was Phillip Melanchthon, who organised and consolidated the Lutheran movement in Germany in the early 16th century. His work
1488:
where its first Protestant church was constructed in 1857. Large Protestant places of worship were commissioned across Germany, such as the Garrison Church in the city of Ulm built in 1910 which could hold 2,000 congregants. In the early 1920s, architects such as
455:, despite pressure on pastors to endorse the new form of government, the Protestant church insisted on remaining impartial. The Communist Party, however, grew hostile to the church, moving to replace the festival of Christmas with celebrations of the birthday of
208:, which took place from 1618 to 1648, stunted the theological development of Protestantism in Germany due to the severe reduction in population it triggered, with estimates suggesting as much as 90% of the German population was lost and barbary was common.
1346:(Halle, Leipzig, Jena, Greifswald, and Rostock) funded by the Communist budget. The Protestant leadership protested the insertion of a "materialist view" on school students' writing and the alteration of textbooks to include Communist ideology.
1591:
spiritual energy. The 20th century saw the creation of new Protestant organisations, such as the Evangelical Alliance, YMCA, and the German Student Christian movement, whose active participation involved church adherents from other nations.
481:. Official government orders, such as the 15 February 1956 Fechner Decree, banned religious instruction before school. In terms of political involvement, Protestant Church leaders also pushed for the introduction of the policies of
270:, that sought a rebirth of the Church in Germany but also a greater emphasis on gaining support for social welfare and relief programs among Protestants. Throughout the 19th century Protestant churches in Germany were
250:, maintained a lack of concessions to the German Protestants, and country-wide riots ensured it was not accepted. The official separation of Protestantism and the Reichstag in Germany came with the adoption of the
419:
gained power, it actively destroyed the institutional structures of the Protestant church itself. After the fall of Nazi power post-1945, the wider church conducted a de-Nazification effort. At the conclusion of
690:
370:('foreign invasion') of the arts, fashion and finance industries, reflecting the anti-Semitism of many church leaders. There were actions taken by some church members to fight against Nazism, such as
2320:
763:
113:
1326:, the oldest Protestant university in the world. By the 19th century, German universities were recognised as leading the Western world, with Protestant theology globally influenced by
659:
1460:
1930:
Ekelund, Jr., R., Hébert, R., & Tollison, R. (2002). An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation. Journal Of Political Economy, 110(3), 646-671. doi: 10.1086/339721
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language. To achieve literacy across Germany, every child was forced to memorise the church's catechism. At the Marburg Colloquy of October 1529, it was decided by
1939:
Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015). Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6-43.
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movement, emphasised the importance of Old Testament Law. Luther called upon the assistance of German princes to further the Protestant movement, namely
2082:
Charbonnier, R. (2008). "The Contribution of the Protestant Church in Germany to the Pluralist Discourse in Bioethics: The Case of Stem Cell Research".
1459:
428:, which acknowledged the inadequacy of church opposition to Nazism and their culpability in the regime's power. With an increase in Protestant church
731:
Martin Luther's early reforms included an emphasis on the value music provides as an aid to worship. New branches of Protestantism, however, such as
3367:
2978:
2218:
1451:
653:. The Protestant movement brought a new variation of figural sculptures, portraits, artwork and illustrations to the interiors of German churches.
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Stained glass window within the Sternberg Protestant Parish in Mecklenburg, commemorating the introduction of Protestantism in the region in 1549.
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were involved in changing Protestant architecture towards modern constructions. An example of this new form of architecture was the Protestant
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2422:
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Protestant Cathedral erected in Berlin,1894.The altar is made of white marble, yellow onyx candleholders and gilded iron Apostles screen.
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against Protestantism was also employed, with several West German church periodicals banned by the government, including the official
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497:(GDR). As a result of concerted state intrusions against Protestantism, the church became a place to organise opposition against the
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239:
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1116:
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The initial effect of the Protestant revolution in Germany was to facilitate the entry of entrepreneurship with the decline of
459:, along with the jailing of more than 70 Evangelical pastors and lay workers from January 1953. One popular Protestant pastor,
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3537:
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2611:
2295:
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Boppart, T., Falkinger, J., & Grossmann, V. (2014). "Protestantism and Education: Reading (The Bible) and other skills".
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leaders to bolster their political movement. Protestant pastors, bishops and theologians utilised Luther's writings, such as
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1342:. Within the GDR in the 1980s, the Church maintained Protestant theological faculties in six of the state universities in
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386:. Several leading church figures, however, published substantial anti-Semitic publications, such as the Thuringian bishop
234:
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3109:
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in particular maintained objections to merging of the Protestant Church and Nazi state, resulting in some being sent to
327:
62:
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1549:
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2739:
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2621:
2437:
2417:
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1641:
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52:
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to German Protestantism and promoted Protestant unity, ensuring the anti-Baptist sect re-joined the wider church.
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and other prominent German Protestant reformers, that a Protestant university should be formed. This became the
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The Protestant church has influenced changes in wider culture in Germany, contributing to the debate around
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1369:. He worked extensively to reform the German education system, local schooling and national universities.
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243:
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42:
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1819:
Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). "For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler".
1564:
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735:, reduced the role of liturgical music and the expression of faith through the development of music.
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205:
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Elton, G., & Pettegree, A. (1999). Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (pp. 30-84). Oxford: Blackwell.
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God and Caesar in East Germany. The conflicts of Church and State in East Germany since 1945, etc.
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divide between Protestant sects and other Christian denominations. Another prominent reformer,
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2022:
Gawthrop, R., & Strauss, G. (1984). "Protestantism And Literacy In Early Modern Germany".
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2335:
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2067:
2047:
2027:
1851:
1824:
1425:
1311:
911:
796:
247:
200:
196:
82:
72:
4072:
4047:
3835:
3818:
3663:
3104:
3099:
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1331:
1229:
1184:
1076:
961:
956:
133:
117:
365:
4022:
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4007:
4002:
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3723:
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2734:
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1355:
1295:
1189:
1086:
1020:
713:
507:
4178:
4118:
3917:
2447:
1982:
German sculpture of the later Renaissance, c. 1520-1580: art in an age of uncertainty
1494:
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1307:
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and the right to autonomy. In February 1531, prominent Protestant Princes formed the
163:
137:
108:
1294:
In the immediate post-Reformation and subsequent decades, the Lutheran principle of
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3907:
3778:
3696:
2832:
2507:
2502:
2477:
2472:
2371:
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1516:
The Protestant church published five regional papers throughout the GDR, including
1121:
534:
421:
359:
331:
275:
180:
125:
2164:
Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation
1458:
400:
396:
322:, over three-fifths of the population were Protestant and were divided among the
17:
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3897:
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2842:
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2391:
2340:
1315:
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1039:
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993:
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921:
916:
870:
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490:
375:
351:
319:
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271:
188:
153:
141:
129:
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prejudice escalating in Germany. During one 1927 Protestant Church Congress in
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836:
503:
468:
464:
416:
355:
175:
98:
1524:
3872:
2662:
2310:
2031:
1846:
Ramet, S. (1991). "Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up".
1382:
1378:
1366:
1252:
1179:
1096:
1027:
732:
628:
192:
184:
3217:
2151:
Before the Bauhaus: Architecture, Politics and the German State, 1890–1920
1883:
Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe
1354:
In the years after the Reformation, Luther and his followers utilised the
4082:
3877:
2071:
1948:
Christensen, C. (1973). "The Reformation and the Decline of German Art".
1391:
1066:
988:
941:
486:
472:
429:
2091:
3952:
3763:
2941:
2361:
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2227:
2051:
1485:
1386:
1081:
1061:
951:
2120:
The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany
1953:
1885:(2nd ed., pp. 67–101). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
1343:
498:
436:
was formed as a forum to discuss the direction of the church. Former
166:
in 1517. The key element of this religious upheaval was a break from
3601:
2064:
Printing and Protestants: Reforming the Economics of the Reformation
1828:
2196:
1921:(1st ed., pp. 235–260). Michigan: Macmillan University of Michigan.
334:
writings of Martin Luther were used by some Protestant pastors and
2300:
2102:
Tuffs, A. (2001). "Germany debates embryonic stem cell research".
2066:. The George L. Argyros School of Business & Economics, 2–76.
1303:
1299:
1044:
309:
287:
220:
171:
2122:(1st ed., pp. 32–100). Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
204:
inspection of Parishes and the conversion of nuns and monks. The
1901:
Protestants in Communist East Germany: In the Storm of the World
335:
3605:
3221:
2200:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
2321:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
1466:
Church bells playing at the Mannheim Protestant Christ Church
330:
and those unaffiliated to either. In the early 20th century,
2153:(1st ed., pp. 12–340). New York: Cambridge University Press.
1984:(1st ed., pp. 23–78). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1709:
Popular culture and popular movements in Reformation Germany
1531:(Berlin, circulation 42,500; also in a Greifswald edition),
1440:
1419:
The Protestant Christ Church of Mannheim, completed in 1911.
502:
era, members of the Protestant Church ranged from far-left
1969:
A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran Germany
1971:(2nd ed., pp. 23–79). New York: Oxford University Press.
1404:
The Reformation and its influence on church architecture
447:
Communism and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1990
2183:. New York, United States: The Continuum. p. 151.
2192:. New York, United States: Random House. p. 161.
467:, charged with "agitation to boycott the republic".
278:. Protestant theologians rejected the tenets of the
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3672:
3639:
3551:
3513:
3255:
3032:
2903:
2777:
2649:
2576:
2539:
2518:
2400:
2354:
2278:
2247:
2238:
314:
German Lutheran Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer in 1938.
170:'s emphasis on tradition, favouring a focus on the
1803:(pp. 3–98). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1298:prompted followers of the religion to promote the
128:, was founded within Germany in the 16th-century
1952:, 6(3), 207–232. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from
1508:built in the city of Essen in 1929 by Bartning.
405:who distributed thirty-seven thousand copies of
29:Overview of the role of Protestantism in Germany
3617:
3233:
2212:
1995:Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation
1774:(1st ed., pp. 4–190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
1275:
132:. It was formed as a new direction from some
8:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1748:(2nd ed., pp. 151–407). New York: Continuum.
1577:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1517:
565:Baptist Federation (Manfred Suit, President)
551:Methodist (Rüdiger Minor, Bishop of Dresden)
476:
408:Martin Luther über die Juden: Weg mit ihnen!
406:
363:
339:
2331:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
2166:. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6–43.
2018:
2016:
362:gave a famous keynote address deriding the
3624:
3610:
3602:
3240:
3226:
3218:
2909:
2783:
2655:
2582:
2244:
2219:
2205:
2197:
2140:(2nd ed., pp. 3–158). New York: Routledge.
1997:(1st ed., pp. 4–350). New York: Routledge.
1913:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1282:
1268:
762:
742:
593:Old Lutheran (Johannes Zellmer, President)
413:Martin Luther on the Jews: Away with Them!
2114:
2112:
2010:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1903:(1st ed., pp. 4–95). New York: Routledge.
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1787:(1st ed., pp. 32–100). London: Routledge.
1586:Influences on Christianity within Germany
2132:
2130:
2128:
1795:
1793:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
515:
463:, was imprisoned for five years after a
290:, evidenced by the notable addresses of
2162:Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015).
2138:German Architecture for a Mass Audience
1963:
1961:
1663:
1385:research. The Protestant leadership in
754:
655:
579:Reformed (HansJürgen Sievers, Chairman)
294:'s "Address to the German Nations" and
1473:
478:Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirchenzeitung
286:. This nationalism, was combined with
519:Protestants in East Germany 1949–1989
266:pioneered a Protestant movement, the
7:
1365:began the publication of Protestant
136:principles. It was led initially by
35:Religion in Germany (2022 estimate)
4139:History of the Mediterranean region
2190:Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet
2181:Illustrated History of Christianity
1954:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545672
1785:Church and state in Western society
1746:Illustrated history of Christianity
1561:(Mecklenburg, circulation 15,000),
424:, leading church clergy issued the
1686:"Kirchenmitglieder: 47,45 Prozent"
712:Bronze sculpture of Luther, 1868,
258:Rebirth of political Protestantism
174:. The lasting effects of Luther's
156:began with the publication of the
25:
434:German Protestant Church Assembly
4124:Bibliography of European history
3719:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
1724:(Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
1576:(Jena, circulation 35,000), and
1474:Problems playing this file? See
1456:
1424:
1412:
1251:
727:Reformation § Music and art
705:
689:
674:
658:
282:, seeing instead an increase in
191:, whose writings formulated the
4149:History of Western civilization
3752:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2423:German revolutions of 1848–1849
2392:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
1772:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
1672:"Religionszugehörigkeiten 2022"
1582:(Potsdam, circulation 15,000).
1550:Mecklenburgische Kirchenzeitung
1546:(Dresden, circulation 40,000),
3993:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3936:Christianity in the modern era
3707:Christianity in late antiquity
2408:Early modern period, 1500–1800
2296:List of early Germanic peoples
2136:James-Chakraborty, K. (2000).
443:has been a regular attendant.
426:Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt
217:Separation of church and state
1:
4144:History of the European Union
2531:History of Germany since 1990
1622:Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany
432:after the end of Nazism, the
374:who rescued multiple Jews in
342:Von den Juden and ihren Lügen
1617:Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany
1612:Roman Catholicism in Germany
91: Other religions (1.7%)
4103:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3714:Crisis of the Third Century
1848:Religion in Communist Lands
1127:United and uniting churches
957:Great Awakenings in America
635:Social and cultural effects
4206:
4159:Military history of Europe
4154:Maritime history of Europe
2438:North German Confederation
2418:Confederation of the Rhine
1722:The Reformation in Germany
1642:Criticism of Protestantism
1499:Church of the Resurrection
1401:
1373:Wider culture and theology
724:
700:by Lucas Cranach the Elder
495:German Democratic Republic
348:On the Jews and Their Lies
4129:Genetic history of Europe
3172:
2912:
2786:
2658:
2585:
2179:Littel, Franklin (2005).
1856:10.1080/09637499108431513
1637:European wars of religion
651:Lucas Cranach the Younger
183:, introduced the rite of
4190:Protestantism by country
4185:Protestantism in Germany
3249:Protestantism in Europe
2590:Administrative divisions
2008:Protestant worship music
2006:Etherington, C. (1978).
1950:Central European History
1707:Scribner, R. W. (1987).
1652:Protestantism by country
1328:Friedrich Schleiermacher
827:Relations with Catholics
451:In the initial years of
229:In the early 1500s, the
4134:History of Christianity
1647:Protestantism and Islam
1452:Protestant Church bells
1258:Christianity portal
683:Lucas Cranach the Elder
647:Lucas Cranach the Elder
3958:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3298:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2851:Science and technology
2552:History of Brandenburg
2443:Unification of Germany
2433:Frankfurt Constitution
2188:Roper, Lyndal (2018).
1993:Oettinger, R. (2001).
1578:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1445:
1240:Spiritual Christianity
669:by Lucas Cranach, 1562
477:
407:
364:
340:
315:
292:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
264:Johann Hinrich Wichern
244:League of Schmalkalden
226:
121:
4038:Industrial Revolution
2488:Flight and expulsions
2149:Maciuika, J. (2008).
2032:10.1093/past/104.1.31
1821:German Studies Review
1720:Dixon, C. S. (2008).
1444:
1324:University of Marburg
725:Further information:
313:
262:In the 19th century,
224:
162:by Augustinian friar
4093:European debt crisis
4088:European integration
4028:Age of Enlightenment
3868:Republic of Florence
3160:World Heritage Sites
2838:German states by GDP
2428:German Confederation
2072:10.2139/ssrn.1742523
1917:Solberg, R. (1961).
1899:Tyndale, W. (2016).
1850:, 19(3–4), 160–196.
1744:Littell, F. (2005).
927:Crypto-Protestantism
864:Bohemian Reformation
461:Siegfried Schmutzler
298:'s writings against
238:separation from the
4058:Revolutions of 1848
3988:Early modern France
3769:Anglo-Saxon England
3674:Classical antiquity
3514:States with limited
2796:Automobile industry
2382:Carolingian dynasty
2316:History of the Huns
2118:Taylor, R. (1998).
2084:Christian Bioethics
1801:Demonizing the Jews
1799:Probst, C. (2012).
1783:Eberle, E. (2016).
1770:Hughes, M. (1992).
1607:Baptists in Germany
1602:Religion in Germany
1320:Phillip Melanchthon
1165:Confessing Movement
905:Augsburg Confession
859:Proto-Protestantism
384:concentration camps
372:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
350:), to reaffirm the
252:Weimar Constitution
4164:Crusading movement
4068:Russian Revolution
3903:Hundred Years' War
3799:Maritime republics
3702:Early Christianity
3692:Hellenistic period
3649:Paleolithic Europe
2866:Telecommunications
2547:History of Prussia
2463:Revolution of 1918
2458:War guilt question
2377:Carolingian Empire
2346:Sack of Rome (410)
2255:History of Germany
2062:Rubin, J. (2011).
2052:10.1111/ecin.12058
2046:, 52(2), 874–895.
1980:Smith, J. (1994).
1881:Ramet, S. (1998).
1632:Religion in Europe
1446:
1150:Augsburg Catholics
1117:Eastern Protestant
899:Ninety-five Theses
792:Anti-Protestantism
698:Frederick the Wise
316:
300:Napoleon Bonaparte
296:Ernst Moritz Arndt
227:
159:Ninety-five Theses
4172:
4171:
4098:COVID-19 pandemic
4043:French Revolution
4018:Habsburg monarchy
3998:Cossack Hetmanate
3978:Portuguese Empire
3968:Absolute monarchy
3963:Thirty Years' War
3858:Holy Roman Empire
3783:Bulgarian Empire
3742:Early Middle Ages
3659:Bronze Age Europe
3633:History of Europe
3599:
3598:
3215:
3214:
3168:
3167:
2899:
2898:
2813:Chemical Triangle
2773:
2772:
2760:Political parties
2708:Foreign relations
2645:
2644:
2572:
2571:
2483:Allied occupation
2387:Holy Roman Empire
2092:10.1093/cb/cbn006
2086:, 14(1), 95–107.
2026:, 104(1), 31–30.
1967:Heal, B. (2018).
1627:Culture of Europe
1565:Glaube und Heimat
1461:
1394:were determined.
1340:Adolf von Harnack
1336:Julius Wellhausen
1292:
1291:
1132:Nondenominational
1092:Plymouth Brethren
984:Proto-Protestants
620:
619:
483:Mikhail Gorbachev
438:German chancellor
380:Confessing Church
328:German Christians
324:Confessing Church
280:French Revolution
231:Holy Roman Empire
212:Political effects
206:Thirty Years' War
199:who convened the
168:Roman Catholicism
83:Eastern Orthodoxy
63:Protestant Church
18:German Protestant
16:(Redirected from
4197:
4033:Great Divergence
3948:Age of Discovery
3893:Late Middle Ages
3863:High Middle Ages
3774:Byzantine Empire
3757:Christianization
3747:Migration Period
3682:Classical Greece
3654:Neolithic Europe
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3552:Dependencies and
3256:Sovereign states
3242:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3145:Prussian virtues
2910:
2818:Economic history
2784:
2678:
2656:
2607:Cities and towns
2583:
2563:Baden Revolution
2367:Treaty of Verdun
2336:Marcomannic Wars
2291:Migration Period
2286:Germanic peoples
2270:Military history
2245:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2184:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2044:Economic Inquiry
2040:
2034:
2024:Past and Present
2020:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1904:
1897:
1886:
1879:
1858:
1844:
1831:
1817:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1749:
1742:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1711:. A&C Black.
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1581:
1579:Potsdamer Kirche
1575:
1573:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1528:
1507:
1463:
1462:
1443:
1428:
1416:
1312:Phillip of Hesse
1284:
1277:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1215:Neo-charismatics
962:Revival meetings
912:Huldrych Zwingli
766:
743:
709:
693:
678:
662:
623:Economic effects
516:
493:policies in the
480:
410:
404:
369:
345:
274:and politically
248:Council of Trent
201:Marburg Colloquy
197:Phillip of Hesse
116:
107:The religion of
96:
90:
80:
70:
60:
50:
40:
21:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4107:
4073:Interwar period
4048:Napoleonic Wars
3912:
3883:Mongol invasion
3836:Crown of Aragon
3728:
3668:
3664:Iron Age Europe
3635:
3630:
3600:
3595:
3553:
3547:
3533:Northern Cyprus
3515:
3509:
3430:North Macedonia
3251:
3246:
3216:
3211:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3164:
3028:
2979:Life expectancy
2895:
2769:
2740:Law enforcement
2676:
2641:
2568:
2535:
2514:
2498:Divided Germany
2468:Weimar Republic
2396:
2362:Frankish Empire
2350:
2274:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2173:Further reading
2170:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2081:
2077:
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2057:
2041:
2037:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1861:
1845:
1834:
1829:10.2307/1431915
1818:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1769:
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1429:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1375:
1352:
1332:Ernst Troeltsch
1288:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1230:Paleo-orthodoxy
1185:Emerging church
1160:Confessionalism
1145:
1137:
1136:
1077:Radical Pietism
979:
969:
968:
854:
844:
843:
787:
779:
741:
729:
723:
716:
710:
701:
694:
685:
679:
670:
663:
642:
637:
625:
528:No. of pastors
449:
390:
308:
260:
219:
214:
152:The Protestant
150:
122:Protestantismus
112:
105:
104:
103:
102:
94:
92:
88:
86:
78:
76:
68:
66:
58:
56:
53:Catholic Church
48:
46:
38:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4187:
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4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Russian Empire
4020:
4015:
4013:British Empire
4010:
4008:Dutch Republic
4005:
4003:Swedish Empire
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Spanish Empire
3980:
3975:
3973:Ottoman Empire
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Serbian Empire
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
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3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3724:Late antiquity
3721:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Roman Republic
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3554:other entities
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3505:United Kingdom
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
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3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
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3392:
3387:
3382:
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3372:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Czech Republic
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
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3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
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3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
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3170:
3169:
3166:
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3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:Cultural icons
3074:
3069:
3064:
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3049:
3044:
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3027:
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2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Stock exchange
2853:
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2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2809:
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2798:
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2710:
2705:
2700:
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2670:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
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2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2493:Denazification
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
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2389:
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2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
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2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2265:Historiography
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2124:
2108:
2095:
2075:
2055:
2035:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1905:
1887:
1859:
1832:
1823:, 17(3), 579.
1805:
1789:
1776:
1750:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1691:
1677:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
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1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1513:
1510:
1491:Gottfried Böhm
1471:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1374:
1371:
1356:printing press
1351:
1348:
1296:sola scriptura
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:Fundamentalism
1192:
1190:Evangelicalism
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Stone-Campbell
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:Congregational
1018:
1013:
1003:
998:
997:
996:
991:
980:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
965:
964:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
932:Nonconformists
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
868:
867:
866:
855:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
778:
777:
771:
768:
767:
759:
758:
752:
751:
740:
737:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:Worms, Germany
711:
704:
702:
695:
688:
686:
680:
673:
671:
664:
657:
641:
638:
636:
633:
624:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
604:
603:
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589:
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583:
580:
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572:
569:
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562:
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558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
530:
529:
526:
523:
522:No. of members
520:
508:anti-communist
453:communist rule
448:
445:
307:
304:
259:
256:
218:
215:
213:
210:
149:
146:
134:Roman Catholic
93:
87:
77:
67:
57:
47:
37:
33:
32:
31:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4202:
4191:
4188:
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4183:
4182:
4180:
4165:
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4160:
4157:
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4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
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4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Art of Europe
4117:
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4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
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4086:
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4059:
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4031:
4029:
4026:
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4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
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3019:Social issues
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2526:Reunification
2524:
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2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
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1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
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1945:
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1936:
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1526:
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1500:
1496:
1495:Otto Bartning
1492:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1453:
1427:
1415:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1390:questions of
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:Loci communes
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:Martin Luther
1305:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Progressivism
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:New Calvinism
1223:
1221:
1220:Neo-orthodoxy
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Church Growth
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
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1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
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1128:
1125:
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1118:
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1113:
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1103:
1100:
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1070:
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1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Presbyterians
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
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973:
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948:
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925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
900:
896:
895:
894:
893:Martin Luther
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
856:
853:
848:
847:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
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795:
793:
790:
789:
783:
782:
776:
773:
772:
770:
769:
765:
761:
760:
757:
756:Protestantism
753:
749:
745:
744:
738:
736:
734:
728:
720:
715:
708:
703:
699:
692:
687:
684:
677:
672:
668:
667:Martin Luther
661:
656:
654:
652:
648:
639:
634:
632:
630:
622:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
514:
512:
511:conservatives
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:Church organ
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Joseph Stalin
454:
446:
444:
442:
441:Angela Merkel
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
409:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Inner mission
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Imperial Diet
236:
232:
223:
216:
211:
209:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Martin Luther
161:
160:
155:
147:
145:
143:
140:and later by
139:
138:Martin Luther
135:
131:
127:
124:), a form of
123:
119:
115:
110:
109:Protestantism
100:
84:
74:
64:
54:
44:
43:Non-religious
36:
27:
19:
4078:World War II
3931:Early modern
3908:Kalmar Union
3779:Papal States
3697:Roman Empire
3543:Transnistria
3347:
3193:Bibliography
3067:Coat of arms
3047:Architecture
3024:Trade unions
3004:Prostitution
2964:Homelessness
2927:Demographics
2876:Trade unions
2843:
2833:German model
2806:Central bank
2750:Conservatism
2713:Human rights
2698:Court system
2693:Constitution
2673:
2519:Contemporary
2508:West Germany
2503:East Germany
2478:World War II
2473:Nazi Germany
2413:18th-century
2372:East Francia
2326:Cimbrian War
2189:
2180:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2119:
2103:
2098:
2083:
2078:
2063:
2058:
2043:
2038:
2023:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1900:
1882:
1847:
1820:
1800:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1745:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1589:
1515:
1482:
1398:Architecture
1376:
1361:
1353:
1293:
1155:Charismatics
1122:Pentecostals
897:
817:Ecclesiology
812:Demographics
730:
696:Portrait of
681:Portrait of
665:Portrait of
643:
626:
535:Werner Leich
525:No. parishes
485:, including
450:
422:World War II
412:
388:Martin Sasse
366:Überfremdung
360:Paul Althaus
347:
332:anti-Semitic
317:
306:Nazi Germany
276:conservative
261:
228:
181:Martin Bucer
157:
151:
126:Christianity
106:
97: Other
34:
26:
4063:World War I
4053:Nationalism
3941:Reformation
3926:Renaissance
3898:Black Death
3831:Kievan Rus'
3734:Middle Ages
3581:Isle of Man
3516:recognition
3490:Switzerland
3425:Netherlands
2994:Pornography
2969:Immigration
2932:Drug policy
2844:Mittelstand
2791:Agriculture
2755:Nationalism
2728:Transgender
2612:Earthquakes
2559:, 1583-1588
2557:Cologne War
2453:World War I
2355:Middle Ages
2341:Gothic Wars
1568: [
1553: [
1538: [
1535:Der Sonntag
1523: [
1502: [
1316:John Calvin
1200:High church
1170:Convergence
1112:Keswickians
1040:Anabaptists
1011:Continental
994:Waldensians
947:John Wesley
922:Arminianism
917:John Calvin
876:Magisterial
871:Reformation
537:, Chairman)
491:perestroika
391: [
376:Operation 7
352:anti-Jewish
320:Third Reich
318:During the
284:nationalism
272:reactionary
189:John Calvin
154:Reformation
142:John Calvin
130:Reformation
4179:Categories
3826:Viking Age
3641:Prehistory
3460:San Marino
3420:Montenegro
3400:Luxembourg
3380:Kazakhstan
3283:Azerbaijan
3155:Television
3140:Philosophy
3115:Literature
2974:Irreligion
2959:Healthcare
2922:Corruption
2688:Chancellor
2677:(military)
2674:Bundeswehr
1659:References
1520:Die Kirche
1476:media help
1350:Literature
1205:Liberalism
1072:Methodists
1055:Mennonites
1050:Hutterites
1033:Continuing
937:Dissenters
837:Five Solas
832:Theologies
533:Lutheran (
504:Stalinists
469:Censorship
465:show trial
417:Nazi Party
415:). As the
356:Konigsberg
176:Protestant
99:Christians
3873:Feudalism
3844:Catalonia
3571:Gibraltar
3395:Lithuania
3110:Libraries
3090:Festivals
2937:Education
2881:Transport
2846:companies
2765:President
2703:Elections
2668:Bundesrat
2663:Bundestag
2632:Mountains
2600:Districts
2578:Geography
2311:Visigoths
2248:Overviews
2106:, 8, 323.
1383:stem cell
1379:bioethics
1367:dogmatics
1210:Mainlines
1180:Ecumenism
1144:Movements
1097:Adventist
1028:Anglicans
1001:Lutherans
802:Criticism
739:Education
733:Calvinism
629:feudalism
610:6,505,150
540:6,435,000
254:in 1919.
235:Charles V
193:Calvinist
185:communion
114:‹See Tfd›
4112:See also
4083:Cold War
3878:Crusades
3848:Valencia
3591:Svalbard
3576:Guernsey
3523:Abkhazia
3475:Slovenia
3470:Slovakia
3445:Portugal
3303:Bulgaria
3202:Category
3120:Internet
3105:Language
3095:Folklore
3014:Religion
2989:Pensions
2984:Naturism
2861:Taxation
2745:Lobbying
2718:Intersex
2651:Politics
2260:Timeline
2239:General
2232:articles
1595:See also
1392:morality
1107:Holiness
1067:Baptists
1006:Reformed
989:Hussites
977:Branches
942:Puritans
786:Concepts
748:a series
746:Part of
487:glasnost
473:Lutheran
430:pacifism
3953:Baroque
3852:Majorca
3764:Francia
3500:Ukraine
3450:Romania
3410:Moldova
3368:Ireland
3363:Iceland
3358:Hungary
3348:Germany
3343:Georgia
3333:Finland
3328:Estonia
3323:Denmark
3308:Croatia
3293:Belgium
3288:Belarus
3278:Austria
3273:Armenia
3268:Andorra
3263:Albania
3179:Outline
3085:Fashion
3072:Cuisine
3034:Culture
2999:Poverty
2942:Germans
2905:Society
2886:Welfare
2871:Tourism
2828:Exports
2801:Banking
2779:Economy
2683:Cabinet
2622:Islands
2617:Geology
2540:Regions
2306:Teutons
2279:Ancient
2241:History
2228:Germany
1486:Cologne
1387:Germany
1102:Irvings
1082:Shakers
1062:Quakers
952:Pietism
886:Counter
881:Radical
852:History
822:Liturgy
807:Culture
775:Outline
233:led by
148:History
65:(22.6%)
55:(24.8%)
45:(43.8%)
3840:Aragon
3819:Amalfi
3804:Venice
3792:Second
3586:Jersey
3528:Kosovo
3495:Turkey
3485:Sweden
3465:Serbia
3455:Russia
3440:Poland
3435:Norway
3415:Monaco
3385:Latvia
3353:Greece
3338:France
3313:Cyprus
3207:Portal
3062:Cinema
3042:Anthem
3009:Racism
2823:Energy
2637:Rivers
2595:States
2565:, 1848
2401:Modern
2230:
1344:Berlin
616:4,473
582:15,000
568:20,000
554:28,000
546:4,161
499:Soviet
378:. The
118:German
101:(1.2%)
95:
89:
85:(2.2%)
81:
79:
75:(3.7%)
71:
69:
61:
59:
51:
49:
41:
39:
3809:Genoa
3787:First
3561:Åland
3480:Spain
3405:Malta
3375:Italy
3186:Index
3150:Sport
3135:Names
3130:Music
3125:Media
3080:Dance
2952:Women
2917:Crime
2891:Women
2627:Lakes
2301:Goths
1572:]
1557:]
1542:]
1527:]
1512:Media
1506:]
1304:Latin
1300:Bible
1045:Amish
797:Bible
721:Music
613:8,020
607:Total
596:7,150
543:7,347
403:]
288:piety
172:Bible
73:Islam
3814:Pisa
3100:Flag
3057:Arts
2723:LGBT
1493:and
1381:and
1338:and
649:and
574:130
560:140
489:and
336:Nazi
3052:Art
2735:Law
2104:BMJ
2088:doi
2068:doi
2048:doi
2028:doi
1852:doi
1825:doi
640:Art
602:22
588:20
571:222
557:400
506:to
4181::
3850:,
3846:,
3842:,
2127:^
2111:^
2015:^
1960:^
1908:^
1890:^
1862:^
1835:^
1808:^
1792:^
1753:^
1729:^
1570:de
1555:de
1540:de
1525:de
1504:de
1334:,
1330:,
1318:,
1314:,
1310:,
750:on
599:27
585:24
513:.
401:no
399:;
397:es
395:;
393:de
358:,
326:,
302:.
144:.
120::
3854:)
3838:(
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
3241:e
3234:t
3227:v
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
2090::
2070::
2050::
2030::
1854::
1827::
1688:.
1674:.
1478:.
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
411:(
346:(
111:(
20:)
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