German General Staff - Knowledge (XXG)

2221: 2758: 3736: 1500: 1005:), which was supervised by the Inspector-General of Military Education. Students at the War Academy attended about 20 hours of lectures per week. Instruction was by professors from Berlin University and officers serving on the Great General Staff, who thereby enhanced their own educations. In 1872 the War Academy was taken from the Inspector of Military Education and placed under the Chief of the General Staff. The spirit of the academy was articulated by Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke, who emphasized the importance "of an active process of mental give and take between teacher and pupils, so as to stimulate the pupils to become fellow-workers". 3556: 3470: 3782: 3425: 3657: 1570:

outside world and military history will not have knowledge of a domestic quarrel. The competence of command and control is based on this fusion of the two personalities. It does not matter if the order bears the commander's signature, or if the Chief of Staff has signed it for the High Command (today 'For the commander') according to our old custom. The commander always issues his orders through his Chief of Staff, and even the most senior subordinate leader must submit himself to his orders without objection, because his orders will always be given on behalf of the supreme commander.

1837:, always had personal influence with Hitler which no Army leader had. Another was the increasing tension between OKH and OKW. While the need for a joint headquarters to coordinate the work of all the services was desirable in theory, for example to determine industrial and manpower priorities and avoid duplication of effort, OKW was increasingly used as an alternate Army planning staff by Hitler. At the same time, OKW failed in its task of overseeing the overall war effort, resulting in wasteful diversion of resources to several competing and unregulated forces (such as the 282: 270: 258: 3306: 3349: 3133: 3090: 228: 204: 3219: 2579: 1307:, and was responsible for military planning for the German Empire. They began preparing for what seemed to be another inevitable war with France, which was intent on revenge and recovery of the provinces annexed by Germany. Bismarck's diplomatic skill had prevented any hostile European coalition forming against Germany, but the young Kaiser William II replaced him in 1890 and turned away from their friendly accommodation with Russia in favor of an alliance with Austria-Hungary. Before long France and Russia allied. 2534: 2462: 159: 3045: 2713: 246: 949:

officers. In 1821 the Quartermaster General Staff was renamed to the General Staff, and its officers were identified by distinctive uniform markings, including a crimson trouser stripe. Staff positions did not depend on lineage. "General von Krauseneck, who was the Chief of the General Staff from 1829 to 1848, was the son of a Brandenburg organ player and had been promoted from the ranks. General von Rheyer, Chief of the Prussian General Staff from 1848 to 1857 was a shepherd in his youth."

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preserve and somehow institutionalize the military talent that Frederick had assembled in his army. They argued that a carefully assembled cadre of talented officer staff could plan logistics and train the Army in peace as well as in war. In the last years of the eighteenth century, it became the practice to assign military experts to assist the generals of Prussia's Army, largely at the instigation of comparatively junior but gifted officers such as

3608: 1165:, stated "We have the inestimable advantage of being able to carry our Field Army of 285,000 men over five railway lines and of virtually concentrating them in twenty-five days ... Austria has only one railway line and it will take her forty-five days to assemble 200,000 men." Although there were inevitable mistakes and confusion on the battlefield, Moltke's pre-war calculations were proved correct, and the Austrian army was brought to battle at 2299: 2338: 401: 1013:

years. Lectures were supplemented by visits to fortifications, arms factories and exercises of the railway regiment. During the three month summer breaks the students attended manoeuvres and were taken on field tactical exercises in which they commanded imaginary units. At the end of the course they took their second examination. Only about thirty students passed this extremely difficult test. They were then assigned (

1237:, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated flawlessly on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. (Most of these were reservists who had not been able to join their units before the units were hastily dispatched to join the armies forming up near the frontier.) 2922: 2143: 1109:, Moltke needed only to issue brief directives expressing his intentions to the main formations, leaving the staffs at the subordinate headquarters to implement the details according to the doctrines and methods he had laid down, while the Supreme Commands of his opponents became bogged down in mountains of paperwork and trivia as they tried to control the entire army from a single overworked headquarters. 2967: 2801: 2846: 36: 1017:) to the Great General Staff, while retaining their regimental attachments. After two years they took their third and final examination, after which five to eight officers were permanently posted to fill vacancies in the General Staff — a remarkable winnowing from the many who had entered the competition. Occasionally, an exceptional officer was appointed without this training: for example 3513: 842:, social and political convention often placed members of noble or royal households in command of its armies or corps but the actual responsibility for the planning and conduct of operations lay with the formation's staff officers. For other European armies which lacked this professionally trained staff corps, the same conventions were often a recipe for disaster. Even the Army of the 1284: 1699:) was established in 1935. The General Staff advised Hitler that the Army could not be fully modernized until 1944 or 1945. When Hitler went to war in 1939, the tank columns were still followed by horse-drawn artillery pieces. Throughout the war, German industry was unable to furnish small arms in sufficient quantities, forcing the Army to rely heavily on older weapons, 1117:(section or department) which studied and promoted the development of railway networks within Prussia and incorporated them into its deployment plans. He also formed telegraphic, and other scientific and technical departments within the General Staff and a Historical division, which analysed past and current conflicts and published accounts of them and lessons learned. 2667: 1101:. Although these officers subsequently alternated between regimental and staff duties, they could be relied upon to think and act exactly as Moltke had taught them when they became the Chiefs of Staff of major formations. Moltke himself referred to them as the "nervous system" of the Prussian Army. In the victories which the Prussian Army was to gain against 1352:

though it required the violation of the neutrality of Belgium, which the Germans had guaranteed by treaty. Nor was the German Navy's high command informed. It failed to take adequate account of logistics and the inability of horse-drawn transport to supply troops far from rail-heads. The plan has been accused of being too rigid. The philosopher

5008: 1722:, the army stood aside and effectually acquiesced in the extrajudicial murders involved, including those of army officers. While the General Staff welcomed Hitler's expansion of the army, they were opposed to many of his wilder schemes and continually urged caution. When several of Hitler's early moves such as the 1797:). They provide him with information and advice, prepare decisions, turn them into orders and measures and supervise their execution. If necessary, they urge the commander to decide and act. Their thinking and actions must be guided by his will and intentions and must be determined by his decisions and orders. 1009:

than rote memory. The graders of the essays did not know the names or regiments of the candidates. From hundreds of applicants, about one hundred were accepted every year to enter the first-year course at the academy. Those who performed satisfactorily were promoted to the second and then the third year.

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artillery coverage of the advanced guard on contact and of the main body during subsequent deployment on the field. A renewed emphasis was placed on maintaining contact with subordinate and superior commands, so that commanders always were informed of units' locations on the battlefield, reducing the "

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does no operational defense planning, which was the classic task of former German General Staffs. Therefore, the role of the General Staff officer is as the adviser to an operational commander, "his main task is to advise his commander in all matters, and he is entitled to the commander's attention".

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At a lower level, training of General Staff officers continued, but the course was still almost as long, intense, and exclusive as in peacetime. Properly-trained staff officers became increasingly scarce, and in some cases newly qualified staff officers lacked the dedication or moral courage of their

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The attack of a position is becoming notably more difficult than its defense. The defensive during the first phase of battle offers a decisive superiority. The task of a skillful offensive will consist of forcing our foe to attack a position chosen by us, and only when casualties, demoralization, and

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Nor was there ever a large pool of officers to draw upon to perform General Staff duties. In 1871, there were only 375 officers fully qualified to serve on the General Staff, even after an emergency expansion during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1914, there were 625 General Staff-qualified officers for

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Nor had the General Staff, before the war, considered the use of potential allies such as Turkey, or dissident factions within the French, British and Russian empires, to distract or weaken the Allied war effort. "A swift victory over the main armies in the main theatre of war was the German General

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Admission to the academy was highly selective. Officers with at least five years service who wanted to become General Staff officers prepared themselves for the entrance examination, which included tactics, surveying, geography, mathematics and French, with questions set to test understanding rather

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The chief of staff of a Prussian formation in the field had the right to disagree, in writing, with the plans or orders of the commander of the formation, and appeal to the commander of the next highest formation (which might ultimately be the king, or emperor, who would be guided by the head of the

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only (and administration of the army as a whole), while OKW directed operations on the other fronts. There were now effectively two general staffs, often competing with each other, with arbitration of all disputes in the hands of Hitler, further increasing his personal power. Finally, in late 1941,

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In the first year, fourteen hours of lectures each week were on military subjects, including military history, while seventeen hours were non-military, which included general history, mathematics, science and a choice of French or Russian. Roughly the same time allocations were used in the last two

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and several promising young officers to his Military Reorganization Commission. This commission acted as a general staff to plan and implement the reconstruction of the Prussian Army. They persuaded the king that to match the French commanders, who rose by merit, each Prussian commander of an Army,

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brought success to the Prussian arms, his successors lacked his talent, so generalship in the Army declined, even though they were assisted by a Quartermaster General Staff of adjutants and engineers established by Frederick the Great. Reformers in the army began to write and lecture on the need to

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The decision is taken in private, and when the two men come out, there is only one decision. They have amalgamated it; they share one mind with each other. Should the opinions have differed, in the evening of this happy day in a military marriage the two halves will no longer know who gave in. The

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convinced him that this was unthinkable because the thousands of orders could not be quickly rewritten and because the French with their quicker mobilization and excellent railways would be attacking a German border in force long before the Russians. One of the eight German Armies was commanded by

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were needed to pass budgets, but aside from this had no power over the conduct of the government. This was one of the seeds of the mass destruction of the First World War, as military planning was not subject to political control. Thus, the Schlieffen Plan was adopted without political input, even

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The General Staff reformed by Moltke was the most effective in Europe, an autonomous institution dedicated solely to the efficient execution of war, unlike in other countries, whose staffs were often fettered by meddling courtiers, parliaments and government officials. On the contrary, the General

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thought that the history of ancient battles should be minimized to give more time to modern, and that trigonometry was only useful to those who would be surveyors. The final two years satisfied him. While at the academy he was invited into the social circle of Prince Alexander of Prussia, where he

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For these reasons, Prussian and German military victories were often credited professionally to the chief of staff, rather than to the nominal commander of an army. Often the commander of an army was himself a member of the General Staff, but it was now institutionally recognized that not only was

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was a major contributor to their run of successes. At the beginning of 1918 — having defeated the Russians — Hindenburg and Ludendorff resolved to win in the west. Tactically, their staff work was brilliant. Using only weapons that had failed at Verdun, they devised a long, comprehensive list of

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was proclaimed "German Emperor" on 18 January 1871. The German victory surprised many military professionals around the world. France had been considered a great military power while Prussia was widely considered a lesser power, despite its military successes in 1813–15 against Napoleon and more

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organised the Staff into Eastern (Russia), Southern (Austria), and Western (France and the other German states) Divisions. Sixteen staff officers served in the Prussian Ministry of War and six staff officers worked in the main embassies. Each army corps had one chief of staff and two other staff

1935:

However, many General Staff officers were clearly implicated in the plot, and the General Staff was revealed as a center of dissent. In the months after 20 July, several dozen General Staff officers were arrested and in most cases executed. Also, Luftwaffe, SS, or "National Socialist Leadership

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Therefore, an encircled Germany faced the probability that of war on both Eastern and Western fronts. Prior to his retirement in 1888, Moltke's plan for such a conflict had always been to remain on the defensive against the French while committing the majority of German forces to face Russia.

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would no longer be placed in the rear of the order of march for employment behind the infantry; instead, a significant detachment would travel with the advanced guard of the leading corps or other major element, and the remainder would march with the front of the main body, providing immediate

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for example, the staff that accompanied the headquarters of the King (as commander-in-chief) and was responsible for the direction of armies that totaled 850,000 men, consisted of the chief of staff, a quartermaster-general and an intendant-general whose duties were not directly concerned with

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The General Staff continually planned for likely and unlikely scenarios. In 1843, when Europe had been largely at peace for nearly thirty years and most major nations had no plans for war, observers noted sheaves of orders at the Prussian War Ministry, already made out to cover all foreseeable

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In a broader sense, the Prussian General Staff corps consisted of those officers qualified to perform staff duties, and formed a unique military fraternity. Their exhaustive training was designed not only to weed out the less motivated or less able candidates, but also to produce a body of

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To an extent, the General Staff became obsessed with perfecting the methods which had gained victory in the late nineteenth century. Although he maintained an icy formal demeanor, Moltke the Elder had been a flexible and innovative thinker in many fields. Schlieffen, by comparison, was a

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During the war, there were again the inevitable mistakes due to the "fog of war", but German formations moved with a speed and precision which French staff officers, accustomed only to moving battalion-sized punitive columns, could not match. In the French army of the time, there was an

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Corps and Division should have a staff-trained officer assigned as his adjutant. Scharnhorst intended them to "support incompetent Generals, providing the talents that might otherwise be wanting among leaders and commanders". The unlikely pairing of the erratic but popular Field Marshal

1141:, vindicated Moltke's concepts of operations and led to an overhaul of the command arrangements of the Prussian Army. Moltke envisaged a rapid attack to prevent the Danes falling back behind water obstacles which the Prussian Navy could not overcome. A rigid system of seniority placed 1582:

who was already the Prussian war minister. After failing to dislodge the Entente in Flanders, he put the Western Front on the defensive. He was replaced at the war ministry in early 1915, and in 1916 Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over as advisers to the supreme commander. They led

1347:, effectively discounting any realistic prospect of maintaining British neutrality. In Bismarck's German constitution the Kaiser commanded the army and also appointed the chancellor and his cabinet, who had no control of the military. The elected representatives in the 1219:

was undoubtedly startled by the Prussian victory over Austria, and urgently sought to reform their army to face the conflict with Prussia which seemed inevitable and imminent. Their senior officers entirely failed to grasp the methods of the Prussian General Staff. The

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and a desire to avoid tedious regimental duties, or after uninspiring training which made them into plodding, rule-bound clerks. In all aspects of preparation, planning and execution, their muddled efforts compared badly with that of their Prussian counterparts.

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and the principal military adviser to the Government. In the event of war the Federal Republic of Germany is the only NATO country which immediately relinquishes operational command over all combat units of her armed forces to NATO commanders. Hence the

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When Hindenburg died, the Army replaced their oath to the constitution with one to the Führer Adolf Hitler. Hitler was soon able to curtail the Army's traditional independence, by the fortuitous disgrace of the commander in chief of the armed forces,

1964:), pointing out that General Staff officers are "the defenders and guardians of the values of German military tradition", extending back 147 years. German students are admitted to the Army Academy after studying at a Federal Armed Forces University ( 928:

as commander in chief with Lieutenant General Gneisenau as his chief of staff showed this system to its best advantage: Blücher lauded Gneisenau for his role in maneuvering the Prussian Army during a difficult retreat through the Harz mountains.

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determined that British neutrality in a future conflict could no longer be counted on, thus exposing Germany to the potential combined might of the British, French and their vast colonial empires in the west in case of any extended conflict.

1611:, but the Allies held strategic points. They were sure that a series of successful breakthroughs would snap their enemy's resolve, ignoring the fact that each victory sapped German strength, while their foes were continually strengthened by 1040:

The General Staff of that time was a small, elite body, numbering as few as fifty officers and rarely exceeding one hundred officers. Only one or two officers were permanently assigned to the General Staff, described in official returns as

6552: 1145:, widely regarded as being in his dotage, in command. He ignored all of Moltke's directives and his own staff's advice, and by allowing the Danish Army to withdraw at its leisure he prolonged the war for several months. The resulting 1853:, the commander in chief of the Army, and assumed direct command of the Army himself. From this time onwards, neither OKW nor OKH could independently plan or conduct operations, but merely implemented Hitler's often flawed commands. 932:

Gneisenau is recognized as the first "great Chief of Staff". He institutionalized the right of the commander's adviser to take part in command and control by advising the commander until he makes a decision. Gneisenau also founded

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Great General Staff). This served as a check on incompetence and also served for the objecting officer to officially disassociate himself from a flawed plan. Only the most stubborn commanders would not give way before this threat.

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A favorable situation will never be exploited if commanders wait for orders. The highest commander and the youngest soldier must always be conscious of the fact that omission and inactivity are worse than resorting to the wrong

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succeeded despite advice from the General Staff that these might bring about a premature war with France and Britain, Hitler was further convinced that his intuition was superior to the General Staff's intellectual analysis.

1996:) in Hamburg. General Staff officers are rotated through line commands to keep them familiar with everyday unit problems. General Staff officers are identified by crimson facings on their uniforms and by inserting "i. G." ( 985:) was published posthumously. From his studies and experiences during the Napoleonic Wars, he wrote a syllabus which became the staff's central doctrine. This standardization of doctrine — which was an attempt to grasp the 1264:

Throughout his tenure, Moltke pushed for the Prussian army to engage in reassessment and self-improvement at every command level to maintain tactical superiority relative to other nations. Moltke formalised the concept of

1774:) and the other service commands, and almost entirely displacing the Reich War Ministry. However, OKW from its inception had generally weaker, more pliant staff officers than OKH and the Luftwaffe. A weakness of both the 6400: 2220: 6143: 5485: 1112:

Moltke's wide experience also prompted the General Staff to consider fields of study outside the purely military, and rapidly adapt them to military use. Immediately upon his appointment, he established the

5870: 536: 896:. Nevertheless, such measures were insufficient to overcome the inefficiency of the Army, which was commanded by aged veterans of the campaigns of Frederick the Great, almost half a century earlier. 6597: 1543:, a senior general staff officer — the kaiser instructed his thirty-two-year-old son: "whatever he advises you must do". The system also removed uncertainty about the competence of Army Commanders 835:

professional military experts with common methods and outlook. General Staff–qualified officers alternated between line and staff duties but remained lifelong members of this special organization.

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anti-intellectual prejudice in favour of brave and unimaginative regimental officers over intelligent and well-trained staff officers. The French Army paid dearly for this bias in 1870 and 1871.

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Every General Staff officer had to be able, at any time, to take over the work of another and apply to it the same body of basic ideas and the same principles of operational and tactical thought.

1891:, which removed the danger of war and justified Hitler's policy; the dissidents let the matter drop. In November 1939, Halder, still fearing the war would end in disaster, discussed a coup with 1599:, to allow examined officers to serve as staff apprentices, raising concerns that these new General Staff Corps officers were not evaluated or trained at the level of those they were replacing. 5880: 1189:

would no longer be held in reserve, but would actively screen the army's movements at all levels, make first contact with the enemy, and constantly observe hostile activities. Newly developed

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After its defeat in the war against Prussia of 1866, Bavaria established its own War Academy and continued to train its own staff officers after the foundation of the German Empire in 1870.

1161:(1866) became almost inevitable after the end of hostilities with Denmark. Many Prussians regarded the war as a sad necessity. Moltke, describing his reasons for confidence to War Minister 5850: 1045:("of the General Staff") at any time; most were attached to the General Staff while remaining affiliated to their parent regiments, usually for several years at a time, and were listed as 1595:

students to army and corps general staffs, some of them before reaching their second year curriculum. Later, standards for General Staff assignment were altered due to the closure of the

6153: 5726: 1269:, which emphasized the importance of initiative at all levels of command, even the lowest. Every Prussian tactical manual published after the Franco-Prussian War included this passage: 920: 5912: 5875: 1411:, who supervised the heads of the General Staff departments. The Railroad Department had the largest number of officers assigned, while the Second Department was the most important. 5845: 5254: 541: 531: 2004:

division. At the headquarters of Allied Forces Central Europe in Brunssum Netherlands there are roughly one hundred German officers, but only seventeen are General Staff officers.

941:), in which the commander determines the objective of an operation and allocates the forces used, while the subordinate on the spot determines how the objective will be attained. 911:. In the aftermath of this debacle, the Prussian Army and state largely collapsed. "Seldom in history has an army been reduced to impotence more swiftly or decisively." After the 5977: 1635:: "The Great German General Staff and all similar organisations shall be dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form." The German Army was limited to 4,000 officers. The 846:, whose senior officers had supposedly reached high rank as a result of bravery and success on the battlefield, was crushed by the Prussian and other German armies during the 5917: 5691: 1979:

there are General Staff officers, but no General Staff officer branch or corps. The chief of staff of the Federal Armed Forces is the supreme military representative of the

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In reviewing Prussian deficiencies against the Austrians, the General Staff made several improvements to increase the strategic and tactical proficiency of the King's army.

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was the "Chief of the General Staff" and was also the technical superior of all general staff officers. The Chief of the General Staff's chief deputy held the title of

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curriculum and General Staff doctrine was that it focused primarily on tactical and operational matters. There was no institution comparable to the United States

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measures to smash through enemy field fortifications, which were then taught to all ranks in the attacking units. The German Army had tactical success during the

792:, and for drawing up and reviewing plans for mobilization or campaign. It existed unofficially from 1806, and was formally established by law in 1814, the first 6445: 6309: 1499: 1056:

military operations, three heads of departments, eleven other officers, ten draughtsmen, seven clerks and fifty-nine other ranks (orderlies, messengers, etc.).

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to remove Hitler from power, and avoid what they believed would be a disastrous and premature war. They planned a coup as response to Hitler ordering war on

6430: 6410: 6329: 6163: 1051:("on the General Staff"). When the General Staff was required to take the field during major campaigns, it remained a small but effective body. During the 904: 1591:, changing the original goal of defending Germany's borders to conquest and expansion. A consequence of wartime attrition was the premature deployment of 5927: 5840: 5756: 5360: 5247: 2423: 1021:, who was trained as an artilleryman, became a prominent member of the Great General Staff, with the reputation of being the smartest man in the army. 6450: 6379: 6158: 6128: 6017: 5500: 5305: 872: 803:

The Prussian General Staff also enjoyed greater freedom from political control than its contemporaries, and this autonomy was enshrined in law on the

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became Reichskanzler in 1933, he instructed the Truppenamt/General Staff to ignore the Versailles restrictions; he would create a greatly expanded

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exhaustion have drained his strength will we ourselves take up the tactical offensive.... Our strategy must be offensive, our tactics defensive.

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Changing geopolitical factors around the turn of the century, including the establishment of vast European colonial empires and especially the

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Towards the end of the War of 1914 to 1918, the General Staff had almost wholly usurped the political power of the state. At the beginning of

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detachments would take control of Germany. On 20 July 1944, the conspirators tried to kill Hitler, thought they had succeeded, and initiated

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countries are their classmates. The academy also teaches a 10-month Army General Staff Officer Course for officers from non-NATO countries.

1519:(OHL, Supreme Army Command). The General Staff was streamlined into only three departments; Operations, Intelligence and Political Affairs. 1515:, were reassigned to the headquarters of the Armies and Corps. The remaining core became the "General Staff of the Field Army", part of the 858:

command leadership important, but effective staff work was a significant key to success in both pre-war planning and in wartime operations.

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recently over Austria during the Seven Weeks' War of 1866. Many nations adopted Prussian staff methods and structures, with mixed success.

511: 465: 3656: 2310: 2533: 2461: 6455: 6440: 6284: 6279: 6188: 6183: 5922: 5892: 5855: 5681: 5460: 3862: 3261: 2376: 2000:) after their rank. Less than four per cent of officers are members of the General Staff. There are five General Staff officers in each 1233:, fatuously stated in 1870 that the French Army was ready for war, "down to the last gaiter button." In the event, at the outset of the 3305: 6504: 6405: 6364: 6319: 6304: 6289: 6216: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5942: 5525: 5395: 5300: 5170: 5063: 3218: 2115: 1544: 1540: 5771: 1786:

where higher-ranking officers of all services could study wider economic, political and diplomatic issues related to broad strategy.

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were confident in the ability of a relatively modest German garrison to defend the country's western frontier against the forces of

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The Military Reorganization Commission opened military schools in Königsberg and Breslau. On 15 October 1810 Scharnhorst opened the

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eventually led the German General Staff to reassess the wisdom of such a strategy. Whereas Moltke and his immediate successor

1095:" (a system of tactical exercises without troops in the field) under Moltke himself, and war games and map exercises known as 800:

rather than patronage or wealth, and by the exhaustive and rigorously structured training which its staff officers undertook.

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Before the nineteenth century, success on the battlefield largely depended on the military competence of the sovereign. Duke

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The War Book of the German General Staff: Being "The Usages of War on Land" Issued by the Great General Staff of German Army

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In part this was due to the increasing pre-eminence of the other branches of the German armed forces, in particular of the

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Since commanders were no longer selected by pedigree, the chiefs of staff were no longer joint commanders. Their role was

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Initially, the Army's leaders feared that their leading role as the defenders of Germany would be usurped by the unruly

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The interactions between a commander and his chief of staff were elucidated by a successful practitioner of both roles,

1551:, though both were well-trained soldiers. Other armies were commanded by highly experienced staff officers, for example 1536: 1084:, was appointed Chief of the General Staff. Under his control, the existing staff system was expanded and consolidated. 1077: 733: 720: 516: 352: 5835: 5592: 3044: 2337: 2181: 2064: 1748: 1684: 287: 5962: 5897: 5617: 5607: 5548: 5455: 3278: 491: 460: 165: 86: 2259: 1574:

The Schlieffen Plan was scuttled when the shaken Moltke ordered the German right wing in France to retire during the

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in 1870–1871. That outcome highlighted poor French administration and planning, and lack of professional education.

6425: 6178: 6168: 6138: 5932: 5530: 5495: 5445: 2388: 1811: 1756: 1523: 1225: 1166: 1142: 1047: 566: 325: 321: 5470: 3175: 46: 6577: 6264: 5661: 1668:. General Staff officers continued to play major roles in the nation, most strikingly when former chief of staff 1575: 1348: 1339:

to meet this eventuality. The Plan committed Germany to an early offensive against France while Russia was still

1300: 1257: 1081: 506: 68: 5825: 1936:

Officers" were appointed to positions normally occupied by General Staff officers in new or rebuilt formations.

973:

opened nearby. The General War School trained selected officers for three years. One of its first directors was

5440: 5400: 5355: 3607: 1896: 1783: 1719: 1295:

the Prussian General Staff became the Imperial German General Staff, with seconded general staff officers from

816: 317: 5535: 2103: 2666: 1380:

Staff's solution for all outside difficulties, and absolved them from thinking of war in its wider aspects."

6037: 5791: 5749: 5721: 5671: 5430: 5385: 2845: 2193: 2076: 1892: 1850: 1807: 1766: 1608: 1384: 1091:

for his personal training as General Staff officers. They attended theoretical studies, annual manoeuvres, "

889: 576: 486: 5967: 3321: 1949: 1708: 1656:("troop office"), and selected many General Staff officers to fill the available places. The War Academy ( 1616: 1292: 1249: 1172:

In contrast to the Prussian staff, Austrian staff officers gained their posts either by membership of the

962: 804: 581: 1992:

Most General Staff officers are graduates of the Federal Armed Forces Command and General Staff Academy (

391: 6084: 2921: 2639: 2142: 1494: 1324: 820: 455: 356: 1793:

The commander must be supported by obedient, independent and critical advising General Staff officers (

2966: 2800: 158: 6269: 5219: 5132: 4591: 3898: 3747: 3148: 2730: 2596: 2545: 2393: 1945: 1779: 1632: 1588: 1579: 1357: 1316: 1266: 1130: 1096: 990: 934: 843: 785: 706: 661: 364: 263: 1068: 3234: 2773: 1740: 1669: 1555:

was given command of the Eighth Army, the only one facing the Russians invading East Prussia, with

1552: 1369: 1320: 1234: 1158: 1052: 1025: 974: 884: 847: 823:

attempted to suppress the institution. It nevertheless survived to play its accustomed part in the

368: 1914:"), which had charge of all new troops being organized in Germany for the field army. They set up 1511:

In August 1914, following the pre-war mobilization plan, most of the General Staff, including the

93: 4945: 3984: 3512: 1916: 1744: 1304: 912: 571: 197: 4808: 4269:. Translated by J. H. Morgan. McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY. 1915. pp. 2–. GGKEY:E9XBKUES5B3. 1906:

Opposition to Hitler nevertheless continued, including among the General Staff officers of the

1754:

The armed forces command structure was changed by Hitler in 1938, with an Armed Forces HQ (the

796:

in existence. It was distinguished by the formal selection of its officers by intelligence and

5185: 5166: 5140: 5118: 5088: 5059: 5031: 4974: 4955: 4931: 4891: 4854: 4833: 4814: 4781: 4740: 4707: 4683: 4599: 4514: 4451: 4316: 4312: 4046: 1876: 1834: 1296: 1245: 1230: 1173: 1162: 986: 824: 701: 4040: 1871:

Before and during the early part of the war, some General Staff officers, notably the Chief,

5271: 4796: 4445: 4264: 3976: 3902: 3883: 3879: 3833: 2939: 2422: 2271: 2154: 1911: 1900: 1888: 1556: 1312: 945: 793: 679: 561: 307: 4921: 4804: 4800: 3573: 3567: 3062: 2984: 2978: 2861: 2818: 2812: 2434: 1647: 1636: 1563: 1353: 1336: 1244:

The result of the strategic preparation by Moltke (and diplomatic maneuvers by Chancellor

1102: 1024:

Some graduates were not enthusiastic about the first year of their training. For example,

773: 221: 148: 3926: 400: 4989: 4870:

The Marne, 1914 : the opening of World War I and the battle that changed the world

3753: 3623: 1880: 1715: 1660:) was abolished, but training of General Staff officers continued, dispersed among the 376: 5056:

Twilight of the Gods: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II

6571: 5012: 4949: 4848: 4701: 4470: 3793: 3528: 3436: 3191: 2678: 2015:). Moreover, "lower-rank officers are frequently superiors of higher-rank officers". 1838: 1743:, and false accusations of homosexuality against the commander in chief of the army, 1253: 953:

contingencies and requiring only a signature and a date stamp to be put into effect.

880: 839: 808: 781: 684: 251: 209: 1968:) in Hamburg or Munich, followed by several years of line duty. Officers from other 1703:, and adaptations of former designs produced in conquered countries, thus producing 1029:

came "in touch with men of science as well as those in the state and court service.

17: 4763: 3485: 3105: 3056: 1872: 1866: 1817: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1340: 1216: 828: 797: 372: 233: 1072:

General Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Chief of the General Staff from 1857 to 1888

5112: 4703:

War Made New : Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today

1149:

was to ensure a better (though not infallible) system for appointing commanders.

3799: 3442: 3364: 1884: 1731: 1603: 1522:

The need for the system was promptly demonstrated when Supreme Commander Kaiser

1399:

in Berlin and the general staffs of the corps and division HQs. The head of the

297: 35: 5232: 1928:. But most line officers and the bulk of the General Staff refused to obey the 1526:

proposed to concentrate against Russia, not France. Chief of the General Staff

1449:

9th Department: Netherland, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, German Colonies

5215: 1956: 1652: 1643: 1283: 1198: 1092: 812: 275: 2011:

retains the German army's tradition of mission-oriented command and control (

5144: 4722:

Hans Delbrück and the German Military Establishment: War Images in Conflict.

4603: 1903:, but finally decided Hitler was untouchable until Germany met a "setback". 1825: 1727: 1692: 1680: 1602:

Superior German staff work at division, corps and army level throughout the

1193: 1121:

Staff itself had a powerful effect on Prussian, and later German, politics.

1018: 1718:, the Nazi party's political militia. When Hitler suppressed the SA in the 1932:

plotters; when Hitler was known to be alive, the coup collapsed entirely.

5207: 5154:

The Brain of an Army : A Popular Account of the German General Staff

4697: 900: 1001:

On October 1, 1859, the General War School was renamed the War Academy (

993:— was one of the distinguishing features of the Prussian General Staff. 3988: 1344: 1190: 1186: 1134: 989:, rather than setting a narrow set of rules such as those laid down by 5597: 5114:

The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866

1504: 1106: 978: 335: 169: 3980: 5104:

Oberst Max Bauer : Generalstabsoffizier in Zwielicht 1869–1929

4772:

largely derivative in nature (Goerlitz and others) but easy reading

3964: 1960:, General Heusinger, spoke at the opening of the new Army Academy ( 5216:"Not the Stuff of Legend: The German High Command in World War II" 4916:. Translated by C. W. Bangert. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1067: 5011:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1664:(Military District) headquarters but overseen by tutors from the 1969: 1707:, unlike the smaller variety of standard small arms used by the 1383:

The General Staff mistakenly predicted that China would win the

1361: 5236: 27:

Full-time body at the head of the Prussian Army and German Army

4768:

A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1897–1945

1844:

After 1941, OKH was largely responsible for operations on the

1615:

flooding into France. The Germans were overwhelmed during the

1087:

Each year, Moltke selected the best twelve graduates from the

899:

In 1806, the Prussian Army was routed by French Armies led by

789: 29: 5137:

The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945

4881:. Translated by F. A. Holt. New York: Harper & Brothers. 4596:

The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945

4756:

Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen Neidhardt von Gneisenau

5020:

Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War.

4680:

The Blitzkrieg Era and the German General Staff, 1865–1941

4338:

History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present

788:, responsible for the continuous study of all aspects of 3927:"UNDERSTANDING THE PRUSSIAN-GERMAN GENERAL STAFF SYSTEM" 1631:

The victors' fear was encapsulated by the clause in the

4737:

1864 : the forgotten war that shaped modern Europe

4309:

Die Hohenzollern. Band 2 – Dynastie im säkularen Wandel

5028:

Why the Allies Won: Explaining Victory in World War II

4997:. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. 4991:

Understanding the Prussian-German General Staff System

1705:

an arsenal filled with an array of incompatible pieces

1650:. He camouflaged the General Staff by renaming it the 537:

Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs

3698:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (OKW)

1841:) responsible only to themselves or to Hitler alone. 1080:, a widely travelled officer who was a confidante of 6598:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

5074:

Wilhelm Groener, Officering and the Schlieffen Plan.

3965:"Observations on the German General Staff pp. 29–34" 1587:

in aggressively intervening in German political and

1331:

To meet such a threat, Schlieffen and his successor

1248:) was complete Prussian victory. After the victory, 1060:

armies which had almost doubled in size since 1871.

6545: 6520: 6473: 6388: 6343: 6102: 6066: 6046: 5809: 5635: 5577: 5557: 5279: 1313:

rapprochement between the United Kingdom and France

346: 341: 331: 313: 303: 293: 239: 185: 177: 134: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1395:The General Staff was divided between the central 6593:Military units and formations established in 1814 5156:(2nd ed.). Westminster: Archibald Constable. 4682:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1954:On May 15, 1957, the first chief of staff of the 919:appointed Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Prime Minister 628:Prussian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic 5022:Cambridge, GB: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 1471:10th Department: Austria-Hungary and the Balkans 811:in 1871. It came to be regarded as the home of 5163:Chief of Staff: Napoleonic Wars to World War I 4850:History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945 4513:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 93, 94. 3387:Chiefs of Staff of the Army High Command (OKH) 1376:single-minded, brilliant military specialist. 1356:argues that the Prussian army now favored the 1137:'s conflict with Prussia and Austria over the 1133:(1864), the political origins of which lay in 5248: 4988:Millotat, Oberst i.G. Christian O.E. (1992). 4729:Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning. 4042:History Of The German General Staff 1657–1945 4034: 4032: 1181:Prussian staff analysis and army improvements 977:, who served until 1830. His monumental work 741: 8: 5226:, available at the official YouTube channel 4906:Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. 3894: 3892: 1887:, when Britain and France were opposed. But 542:Ministry of Agriculture, Domains and Forests 532:Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Public Works 140: 3878:Committed suicide at the conclusion of the 1747:. (The combined scandals were known as the 1468:1st Department: Scandinavia, Russia, Turkey 780:), was a full-time body at the head of the 6524: 6477: 6106: 5813: 5639: 5283: 5255: 5241: 5233: 5184:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. 4724:Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1985. 3925:Christian O.E. Millntot (March 20, 1992). 3701: 3390: 3010: 2887: 2499: 2030: 1833:, Hitler's friend and political colleague 1479:Military History Department I: Recent wars 1424:Military History Department II: Older wars 1343:and also required the invasion of neutral 748: 734: 386: 157: 5117:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5087:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5045:Seeckt, General-Colonel Hans von (1929). 4830:Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings 4471:Treaty of Versailles, Part V, Article 160 4444:Captain Larry D. Bruns (15 August 2014). 957:Selection and education of staff officers 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4533: 4116: 4095: 4083: 3958: 3956: 3954: 1889:France and Britain capitulated at Munich 1498: 1446:3rd Department: France and Great Britain 1282: 5228:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 4598:. London: Macmillan. pp. 470–472. 3917: 3867:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 3845: 3709: 3398: 3018: 2895: 2507: 2038: 1730:with Austria and the occupation of the 389: 5004:from the original on October 14, 2016. 4927:War in the Age of Intelligent Machines 4045:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88–. 1438:4th Department: Foreign Fortifications 1360:theory, which gave preeminence to the 1323:indefinitely, the General Staff under 131: 4853:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 2023:† denotes people who died in office. 1672:was elected Reichspräsident in 1925. 1364:and to its autonomy, compared to the 7: 3714:Chef des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht 2027:Chiefs of the Prussian General Staff 1335:drew up and continually refined the 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5165:. New York: Naval Institute Press. 4511:Manstein: Hitler's greatest general 4447:German General Staff In World War I 3939:from the original on April 22, 2019 3863:Inspector General of the Bundeswehr 1457:5th Department: Operational studies 163:Great General Staff building on the 6401:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5076:PhD, Georgetown University, 2006. 3403:Chefs des Oberkommandos des Heeres 2496:Chiefs of the German General Staff 1545:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1541:Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf 25: 4758:(2 ed.). Berlin: H. Walther. 4340:, Oxford, pp. 34–55, 202–206 3829:Glossary of German military terms 1724:remilitarization of the Rhineland 1222:Chief of Staff of the French Army 5182:The Real German War Plan 1904–14 5006: 4971:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons 4914:The Life of Crown Prince William 4877:Hindenburg, Marshal von (1921). 4039:Herbert Giersch (5 March 2019). 3780: 3734: 3655: 3606: 3554: 3511: 3468: 3423: 3347: 3304: 3260: 3217: 3174: 3131: 3088: 3043: 2965: 2920: 2844: 2799: 2756: 2711: 2665: 2622: 2577: 2532: 2460: 2421: 2375: 2336: 2297: 2258: 2219: 2180: 2141: 2102: 2063: 1829:. The commander in chief of the 1764:) placed over the army command ( 879:(General Staff Service) for the 399: 280: 268: 256: 244: 226: 214: 202: 190: 34: 5745:Secretariat of National Defense 2675:von Moltke, Helmuth the Younger 2229:von Gneisenau, August Neidhardt 1849:Hitler dismissed Field Marshal 1537:Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia 1421:6th Department: Annual Maneuver 1279:From unification to World War I 969:, on the same day that the new 45:needs additional citations for 4951:History of the First World War 4362:van Creveld 1977, pp. 109–141. 3705: 3394: 3014: 2891: 2685:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 2503: 2233:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 2034: 1619:, and eventually agreed to an 1578:. Soon Moltke was replaced by 1528:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 1460:8th Department: Kriegsakademie 1333:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 623:Prussian three-class franchise 361:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 1: 4450:. Verdun Press. pp. 9–. 4307:Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2003). 2900:Erster Generalquartiermeister 2542:von Moltke, Helmuth the Elder 2512:Chefs des Großen Generalstabs 2470:von Moltke, Helmuth the Elder 2389:Johann Wilhelm von Krauseneck 2043:Chefs des Großen Generalstabs 1621:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1549:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg 1407:. Beneath them were the five 987:philosophy underlying warfare 807:and the establishment of the 6406:Independent State of Croatia 5263:Chiefs of defence by country 5224:Inside Hitler's High Command 5083:Van Creveld, Martin (1977). 4792:(New York: Crown ISBN shown) 4678:Addington, Larry H. (1971). 4137:Wilkinson 1895, pp. 151–152. 3270:von Hammerstein-Equord, Kurt 3121:2 years, 10 months 2884:First Quartermasters-General 2655:14 years, 328 days 2567:17 years, 205 days 2552:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2489:13 years, 103 days 2474:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2411:19 years, 105 days 2311:Johann Rühle von Lilienstern 2307:von Lilienstern, Johann Rühe 1530:and Generalquartiermeister, 1503:The German General Staff in 1287:William II with his generals 1078:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 517:Ministry of Interior Affairs 353:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 6583:Military history of Germany 5152:Wilkinson, Spenser (1895). 5106:. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag. 4908:Novato, CA: Presidio, 1993. 3852:Nephew of Moltke the Elder. 3337:2 years, 334 days 3279:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord 3250:2 years, 246 days 3164:2 years, 8 months 2789:2 years, 308 days 2701:8 years, 256 days 2612:2 years, 181 days 2450:9 years, 147 days 2346:von Müffling, Karl Freiherr 2092:2 years, 108 days 1893:Army C-in-C von Brauchitsch 1415:Chief of the General Staff 1139:Schleswig–Holstein question 512:Minister of Foreign Affairs 6614: 6058:Republic of China (Taiwan) 3770:7 years, 93 days 3544:1 year, 260 days 3501:4 years, 23 days 3458:3 years, 61 days 3380:1 year, 273 days 3207:1 year, 3 months 3007:Chiefs of the Troop Office 2955:2 years, 58 days 2746:1 year, 350 days 2365:8 years, 18 days 2350:Karl Freiherr von Müffling 1966:Universität der Bundeswehr 1943: 1864: 1812:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1805: 1757:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1492: 1432:2nd Department: Operations 1143:Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 881:Prusso-Brandenburgian army 326:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 322:Ministry of the Reichswehr 6527: 6480: 6109: 5816: 5642: 5286: 5268: 5218:(video) – lecture by Dr. 4969:McElwee, William (1974). 4872:. New York: Random House. 4847:Goerlitz, Walter (1985). 4739:. London: Profile Books. 4735:Buk-Swienty, Tom (2015). 4380:Liddell Hart 1930, p. 45. 4146:Wilkinson (1895), p. 162. 3932:. U.S. Army War College. 3294:1 year, 31 days 1576:First Battle of the Marne 1252:as the Prussia-dominated 697:1932 Prussian coup d'état 156: 139: 6451:Republic of Serb Krajina 5331:Central African Republic 5111:Wawro, Geoffrey (1997). 4930:. New York: Zone Books. 4912:Jonas, Klaus W. (1961). 4886:Howard, Michael (1961). 4770:. London: Prentice Hall. 4434:Dupuy 1977, pp. 186–187. 4311:(in German). Stuttgart: 2190:von Scharnhorst, Gerhard 2073:von Scharnhorst, Gerhard 1784:Imperial Defence College 1760:, usually contracted to 1720:Night of the Long Knives 1454:Oberquartiermeister III 817:aftermath of World War I 656:Administrative divisions 594:House of Representatives 318:Prussian Ministry of War 5750:Secretariat of the Navy 5209:Operations Upon the Sea 5180:Zuber, Terence (2011). 5161:Zabecki, David (2008). 5047:Gedanken eines Soldaten 5026:Overy, Richard (1996). 4904:Hughes, Daniel J., ed. 4888:The Franco-Prussian War 4868:Herwig, Holger (2009). 4805:Denis Crispin Twitchett 4754:Delbrück, Hans (1894). 4336:Raff, Diethher (1988), 4236:McElwee, pp.54, 299–300 4164:Hindenburg 1921, p. 66. 4128:Wilkinson 1895, p. 160. 2385:von Krauseneck, Wilhelm 2194:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 2077:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 1851:Walther von Brauchitsch 1808:Oberkommando des Heeres 1767:Oberkommando des Heeres 1749:Blomberg–Fritsch affair 1465:Oberquartiermeister IV 1443:Oberquartiermeister II 1385:First Sino-Japanese War 965:Allgemeine Kriegsschule 921:Baron vom und zum Stein 890:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 702:Reichsstatthaltergesetz 6144:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4832:. London: Frank Cass. 4828:Foley, Robert (2004). 4810:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911 4509:Melvin, Mungo (2010). 4008:Chandler 1996, p. 502. 3963:Dale O. Smith (1963). 3669:General der Infanterie 3023:Chefs des Truppenamtes 2934:General der Infanterie 2725:General der Infanterie 2635:General der Kavallerie 2632:von Schlieffen, Alfred 2591:General der Kavallerie 1950:Army Command (Germany) 1799: 1617:Hundred Days Offensive 1572: 1508: 1476:Oberquartiermeister V 1429:Oberquartiermeister I 1405:Generalquartiermeister 1288: 1276: 1208: 1073: 999: 944:In 1816, the reformer 805:unification of Germany 777: 766:Prussian General Staff 141: 69:"German General Staff" 5772:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5486:São Tomé and Príncipe 5351:Republic of the Congo 5139:. London: Macmillan. 5133:Wheeler-Bennett, John 5054:Stone, David (2011). 4890:. London: Routledge. 4780:. Toronto: Stoddart. 4776:Dyer, Gwynne (1985). 4592:Wheeler-Bennett, John 4490:Stone 2011, pp. 61–65 4481:Stone 2011, pp.48–49. 4389:Fairbank et.al. 1978. 4173:Howard 1961, pp.60–61 3882:, along with General 2721:von Falkenhayn, Erich 2640:Alfred von Schlieffen 2587:von Waldersee, Alfred 2447:7 October 1857 † 1998:im Generalstabsdienst 1791: 1695:. A new War Academy ( 1567: 1517:Oberste Heeresleitung 1502: 1495:Oberste Heeresleitung 1325:Alfred von Schlieffen 1286: 1271: 1203: 1071: 995: 917:Frederick William III 838:Until the end of the 502:Deputy Prime Minister 456:House of Hohenzollern 357:Alfred von Schlieffen 6073:Democratic Kampuchea 6023:United Arab Emirates 5102:Vogt, Adolf (1974). 4731:New York: Berg, 1991 4706:. New York: Gotham. 4499:Stone 2011, pp.76–77 4416:Seeckt 1929, p. 163. 4315:. pp. 174–175. 4107:Dupuy pp. 24–25, 28. 4074:Dupuy (1977), p. 38. 3861:Later served as the 3748:Generalfeldmarschall 3227:von Blomberg, Werner 2769:Generalfeldmarschall 2766:von Hindenburg, Paul 2731:Erich von Falkenhayn 2597:Alfred von Waldersee 2546:Generalfeldmarschall 1946:Army Staff (Germany) 1780:National War College 1642:s armed forces, the 1633:Treaty of Versailles 1580:Erich von Falkenhayn 1513:Oberquartiermeisters 1482:Archives and Library 1409:Oberquartiermeisters 1317:Alfred von Waldersee 1267:mission-type tactics 1258:Wilhelm I of Prussia 1131:Second Schleswig War 991:Antoine-Henri Jomini 971:University of Berlin 963:General War School ( 894:August von Gneisenau 875:introduced the term 844:Second French Empire 762:German General Staff 690:German General Staff 365:Erich von Falkenhayn 264:Imperial German Army 54:improve this article 18:German general staff 6588:Military of Prussia 6347:limited recognition 6050:limited recognition 5782:Trinidad and Tobago 5647:Antigua and Barbuda 5561:limited recognition 4973:. London: Purnell. 4946:Liddell Hart, Basil 3975:(1). Academia: 28. 3235:Werner von Blomberg 2774:Paul von Hindenburg 2206:28 June 1813 † 1741:Werner von Blomberg 1670:Paul von Hindenburg 1559:as chief of staff. 1553:Paul von Hindenburg 1435:Railroad Department 1321:Metropolitan France 1250:Germany was unified 1235:Franco-Prussian War 1211:Franco-Prussian War 1159:Austro-Prussian War 1053:Franco-Prussian War 1026:Paul von Hindenburg 975:Carl von Clausewitz 885:Frederick the Great 848:Franco-Prussian War 770:Great General Staff 768:and officially the 527:Ministry of Justice 522:Ministry of Finance 483:General Directorate 466:Heirs to the throne 392:Politics of Prussia 369:Paul von Hindenburg 135:Great General Staff 5702:Dominican Republic 5072:Stoneman, Mark R. 5049:. Berlin: Mittler. 5018:Mombauer, Annika. 4797:John King Fairbank 4288:Dupuy, pp. 113–114 4227:Wawro, pp. 283–284 4182:Stone 2011, p. 29. 4026:Boot 2006, p. 122. 4017:Dupuy 1977, p. 20. 1917:Operation Valkyrie 1745:Werner von Fritsch 1509: 1418:Central Department 1401:Großer Generalstab 1397:Großer Generalstab 1289: 1227:Maréchal de France 1215:The government of 1152: 1074: 877:Generalstabsdienst 778:Großer Generalstab 497:Minister President 198:Kingdom of Prussia 142:Großer Generalstab 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6516: 6515: 6469: 6468: 6098: 6097: 5805: 5804: 5631: 5630: 5366:Equatorial Guinea 5220:Geoffrey Megargee 5206:Franz Edelsheim, 5191:978-0-7524-5664-5 5037:978-0-7126-7453-9 4713:978-1-59240-222-9 4616:Stone, pp.301–310 4581:Stone, pp.108–112 4563:Stone, pp.314–315 4554:Stone, pp.228–229 4545:Stone, pp.350–351 4520:978-0-297-84561-4 4457:978-1-78289-498-8 4407:Jonas 1961, p. 92 4322:978-3-17-012097-6 4313:Kohlhammer Verlag 4086:, pp. 31–32. 4052:978-0-429-71792-5 3820: 3819: 3806: 3760: 3695: 3694: 3688:2 May 1945 † 3681: 3636: 3630: 3586: 3580: 3538:24 September 1942 3535: 3498:24 September 1942 3492: 3449: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3334:30 September 1933 3328: 3288:30 September 1929 3285: 3247:30 September 1929 3241: 3198: 3155: 3112: 3069: 3004: 3003: 2991: 2946: 2930:Ludendorff, Erich 2881: 2880: 2868: 2825: 2780: 2740:14 September 1914 2737: 2698:14 September 1914 2691: 2646: 2603: 2558: 2493: 2492: 2480: 2441: 2402: 2356: 2317: 2278: 2268:von Grolman, Karl 2239: 2200: 2161: 2151:von Rauch, Gustav 2122: 2083: 1623:with the Allies. 1532:Hermann von Stein 1246:Otto von Bismarck 1174:Austrian nobility 1163:Albrecht von Roon 1036:Size of the staff 873:Frederick William 825:German rearmament 821:victorious Allies 813:German militarism 764:, originally the 758: 757: 567:National Assembly 382: 381: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6605: 6578:Staff (military) 6525: 6500:Papua New Guinea 6478: 6446:Republika Srpska 6421:Imperial Germany 6107: 5814: 5640: 5603:Ethiopian Empire 5284: 5272:Chief of Defence 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5212:at gutenberg.org 5195: 5176: 5157: 5148: 5128: 5107: 5098: 5069: 5050: 5041: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4984: 4965: 4941: 4922:Landa, Manuel de 4917: 4901: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4843: 4824: 4791: 4771: 4764:Dupuy, Trevor N. 4759: 4750: 4727:Bucholz, Arden. 4720:Bucholz, Arden. 4717: 4693: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4279:Dupuy, pp. 77–88 4277: 4271: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4245:Dupuy, pp. 88–92 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4155:Vogt 1974, p. 3. 4153: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4036: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3969:Military Affairs 3960: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3922: 3906: 3903:Nuremberg trials 3896: 3887: 3884:Wilhelm Burgdorf 3880:Battle of Berlin 3876: 3870: 3865:(1957–1961) and 3859: 3853: 3850: 3834:Staff (military) 3804: 3791: 3784: 3758: 3745: 3738: 3707: 3702: 3679: 3666: 3659: 3632: 3628: 3617: 3610: 3582: 3578: 3565: 3564:Heusinger, Adolf 3558: 3533: 3522: 3515: 3495:1 September 1938 3490: 3479: 3472: 3447: 3434: 3427: 3396: 3391: 3369: 3358: 3351: 3326: 3315: 3308: 3283: 3271: 3264: 3239: 3228: 3221: 3196: 3185: 3178: 3153: 3142: 3135: 3110: 3099: 3092: 3067: 3054: 3053:von Seeckt, Hans 3047: 3016: 3011: 2989: 2976: 2975:Groener, Wilhelm 2969: 2944: 2940:Erich Ludendorff 2931: 2924: 2893: 2888: 2866: 2855: 2854:von Seeckt, Hans 2848: 2823: 2810: 2809:Groener, Wilhelm 2803: 2778: 2767: 2760: 2735: 2722: 2715: 2689: 2676: 2669: 2644: 2633: 2626: 2601: 2588: 2581: 2556: 2543: 2536: 2505: 2500: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2439: 2432: 2431:von Reyher, Karl 2425: 2400: 2397: 2386: 2379: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2276: 2272:Karl von Grolman 2269: 2262: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2159: 2155:Gustav von Rauch 2152: 2145: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2036: 2031: 1994:Führungsakademie 1912:Replacement Army 1901:Schwarze Kapelle 1683:, including the 1641: 1609:Spring Offensive 1557:Erich Ludendorff 1366:civilian control 1153:Seven Weeks' War 1125:War with Denmark 1064:Moltke the Elder 1043:des Generalstabs 946:Karl von Grolman 750: 743: 736: 492:State Chancellor 403: 387: 286: 284: 283: 274: 272: 271: 262: 260: 259: 250: 248: 247: 232: 230: 229: 220: 218: 217: 208: 206: 205: 196: 194: 193: 161: 152: 144: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6557: 6541: 6512: 6465: 6396:Austria–Hungary 6384: 6370:Northern Cyprus 6346: 6339: 6094: 6062: 6049: 6042: 5801: 5627: 5573: 5560: 5553: 5275: 5264: 5261: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5179: 5173: 5160: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5110: 5101: 5095: 5082: 5066: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5025: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4968: 4962: 4954:. London: Pan. 4944: 4938: 4920: 4911: 4898: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4807:, eds. (1978). 4801:Kwang-Ching Liu 4795: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4734: 4714: 4696: 4690: 4677: 4673: 4671:Printed sources 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218:McElwee, p. 107 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3981:10.2307/1983946 3962: 3961: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3897: 3890: 3877: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3825: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3764:4 February 1938 3761: 3757: 3751: 3744:Keitel, Wilhelm 3743: 3740: 3739: 3724:Time in office 3700: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3616:Guderian, Heinz 3615: 3612: 3611: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3574:Adolf Heusinger 3571: 3568:Generalleutnant 3563: 3560: 3559: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3413:Time in office 3389: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3331:31 October 1930 3325: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3291:31 October 1930 3282: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3244:27 January 1927 3238: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3204:27 January 1927 3195: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3072:11 October 1919 3066: 3063:Hans von Seeckt 3060: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3033:Time in office 3009: 2994:30 October 1918 2988: 2985:Wilhelm Groener 2982: 2979:Generalleutnant 2974: 2971: 2970: 2952:26 October 1918 2943: 2937: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2910:Time in office 2886: 2865: 2862:Hans von Seeckt 2859: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2822: 2819:Wilhelm Groener 2816: 2813:Generalleutnant 2808: 2805: 2804: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2734: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2649:7 February 1891 2643: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2609:7 February 1891 2600: 2594: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2561:18 January 1871 2555: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2522:Time in office 2498: 2486:18 January 1871 2477: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2438: 2435:Karl von Reyher 2430: 2427: 2426: 2405:29 January 1829 2399: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2362:29 January 1829 2359:11 January 1821 2353: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2323:11 January 1821 2314: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2275: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2236: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2197: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2080: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2053:Time in office 2029: 2021: 1952: 1944:Main articles: 1942: 1875:, considered a 1869: 1863: 1814: 1806:Main articles: 1804: 1795:Fuehrergehilfen 1782:or the British 1648:Hans von Seeckt 1639: 1637:Weimar Republic 1629: 1627:Interwar period 1564:Hans von Seeckt 1507:, November 1918 1497: 1491: 1393: 1354:Manuel de Landa 1337:Schlieffen Plan 1281: 1213: 1183: 1169:and destroyed. 1155: 1127: 1103:Austrian Empire 1066: 1038: 959: 935:mission tactics 913:Peace of Tilsit 883:in 1640. While 869: 864: 784:and later, the 754: 725: 721:Other countries 712: 711: 675: 667: 666: 657: 649: 648: 643: 618: 617: 601: 600: 557: 549: 548: 507:Ministry of War 479: 478: 452: 451: 445: 437: 436: 435: 415: 394: 385: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 348: 324: 320: 281: 279: 278: 269: 267: 266: 257: 255: 254: 245: 243: 227: 225: 224: 222:Weimar Republic 215: 213: 212: 203: 201: 200: 191: 189: 173: 164: 146: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6570: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6532:European Union 6528: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6441:Russian Empire 6438: 6436:Ottoman Empire 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6411:Czechoslovakia 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6330:United Kingdom 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6164:Czech Republic 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6079: 6077:Imperial Japan 6074: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Bophuthatswana 5585: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5213: 5202: 5201:External links 5199: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5177: 5172:978-1591149903 5171: 5158: 5149: 5129: 5123: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5080: 5070: 5065:978-1844861361 5064: 5051: 5042: 5036: 5023: 5016: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4960: 4942: 4936: 4918: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4883: 4879:Out of my life 4874: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4825: 4819: 4793: 4786: 4773: 4760: 4751: 4745: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4694: 4688: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4664:, pp. 23. 4654: 4652:, pp. 11. 4642: 4640:, pp. 19. 4630: 4618: 4609: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4526: 4519: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4463: 4456: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4350:Zuber (1911), 4343: 4328: 4321: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4256: 4254:McElwee, p. 46 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4119:, pp. 37. 4109: 4100: 4098:, pp. 32. 4088: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4051: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3950: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3901:following the 3888: 3871: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3754:Wilhelm Keitel 3741: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3624:Heinz Guderian 3613: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3521:Zeitzler, Kurt 3518: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455:31 August 1938 3453: 3450: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374:1 October 1933 3372: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3184:Wetzell, Georg 3181: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949:29 August 1916 2947: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2851: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2836: 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2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2112:von Hake, Karl 2109: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2013:Auftragstaktik 1962:Heeresakademie 1941: 1938: 1897:Carl Goerdeler 1881:Czechoslovakia 1865:Main article: 1862: 1859: 1857:predecessors. 1835:Hermann Göring 1803: 1800: 1776:Kriegsakademie 1697:Kriegsakademie 1658:Kriegsakademie 1628: 1625: 1597:Kriegsakademie 1593:Kriegsakademie 1539:, paired with 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1392: 1389: 1280: 1277: 1231:Edmond Le Bœuf 1212: 1209: 1182: 1179: 1154: 1151: 1126: 1123: 1089:Kriegsakademie 1082:King William I 1065: 1062: 1048:im Generalstab 1037: 1034: 1003:Kriegsakademie 958: 955: 939:Auftragstaktik 915:in 1807, King 909:Battle of Jena 868: 865: 863: 860: 756: 755: 753: 752: 745: 738: 730: 727: 726: 724: 723: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 693: 692: 682: 676: 674:Related topics 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 645: 644: 642: 641: 635: 630: 625: 619: 616: 615: 612: 608: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 590: 589: 579: 577:House of Lords 569: 564: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 494: 489: 487:State Ministry 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 469: 468: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 434: 433: 428: 423: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 396: 395: 390: 383: 380: 379: 377:Heinz Guderian 350: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 315: 311: 310: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 241: 237: 236: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 162: 154: 153: 137: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6610: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6521:Supranational 6519: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:South Ossetia 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6090:South Vietnam 6088: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:United States 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:British Egypt 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Guinea-Bissau 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5124:9780521629515 5120: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5094:0-521-21730-X 5090: 5086: 5085:Supplying War 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013:public domain 5000: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4980:0-253-31075-X 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4961:0-330-23354-8 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4937:0-942299-76-0 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4897:0-415-02787-X 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4860:0-8133-0195-5 4856: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4839:0-7146-4999-6 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4820:9780521220293 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787:0-517-55615-4 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4746:9781781252765 4742: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4689:0-8135-0704-9 4685: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4662:Millotat 1992 4658: 4655: 4651: 4650:Millotat 1992 4646: 4643: 4639: 4638:Millotat 1992 4634: 4631: 4628:, pp. 8. 4627: 4626:Millotat 1992 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4536:, pp. 3. 4535: 4534:Millotat 1992 4530: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4398:Zabecki, p. 7 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4297:Dupuy, p. 116 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4209:McElwee, p.50 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4191:McElwee, p.67 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4117:Millotat 1992 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096:Millotat 1992 4092: 4089: 4085: 4084:Millotat 1992 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4065:Delbrück 1894 4062: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794:Generaloberst 3788: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3645:250 days 3644: 3642:28 March 1945 3641: 3638: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619:Generaloberst 3614: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3529:Kurt Zeitzler 3525: 3524:Generaloberst 3519: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3481:Generaloberst 3478:Halder, Franz 3476: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3437:Generaloberst 3431: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3314:Adam, Wilhelm 3312: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3192:Georg Wetzell 3188: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3158:February 1923 3157: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118:February 1923 3117: 3115:26 March 1920 3114: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3098:Heye, Wilhelm 3096: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3078:167 days 3077: 3075:26 March 1920 3074: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3006: 3000:258 days 2999: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2857:Generaloberst 2852: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2679:Generaloberst 2673: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2320:November 1819 2319: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2284:November 1819 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2248:340 days 2247: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2116:Karl von Hake 2110: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883:to seize the 1882: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1846:Eastern Front 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:prizes of war 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1646:, was led by 1645: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:economic life 1586: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368:advocated by 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254:German Empire 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1004: 998: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 966: 956: 954: 950: 947: 942: 940: 936: 930: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 867:Early history 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 849: 845: 841: 840:German Empire 836: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:German Empire 806: 801: 799: 795: 794:general staff 791: 787: 783: 782:Prussian Army 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 731: 729: 728: 722: 719: 718: 716: 715: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 691: 688: 687: 686: 685:Prussian Army 683: 681: 678: 677: 671: 670: 663: 660: 659: 653: 652: 640: 637: 636: 634: 633: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 595: 592: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582:State Council 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 553: 552: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 484: 481: 480: 477: 467: 464: 463: 462: 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 441: 440: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 411: 410: 407: 406: 402: 398: 397: 393: 388: 384:Military unit 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351: 345: 340: 337: 334: 330: 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 309: 306: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 277: 265: 253: 252:Prussian Army 242: 238: 235: 223: 211: 210:German Empire 199: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 167: 160: 155: 150: 143: 138: 133: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6456:Soviet Union 6431:East Germany 6426:Nazi Germany 6420: 6415: 6380:Transnistria 6018:Turkmenistan 5988:Saudi Arabia 5511:South Africa 5501:Sierra Leone 5311:Burkina Faso 5270: 5223: 5222:, author of 5208: 5181: 5162: 5153: 5136: 5113: 5103: 5084: 5073: 5055: 5046: 5027: 5019: 4990: 4970: 4950: 4925: 4913: 4905: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4849: 4829: 4809: 4777: 4767: 4755: 4736: 4728: 4721: 4702: 4679: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4612: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4572:Stone, p.316 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4529: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4466: 4446: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4200:Howard, p.25 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4112: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4041: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3992:. 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Retrieved 3920: 3874: 3869:(1961–1964). 3857: 3848: 3816:10 days 3798: 3792: 3790:Jodl, Alfred 3752: 3746: 3713: 3691:31 days 3685:1 April 1945 3673: 3667: 3639:21 July 1944 3633: 3622: 3618: 3596:41 days 3593:21 July 1944 3590:10 June 1944 3583: 3572: 3566: 3541:10 June 1944 3527: 3523: 3486:Franz Halder 3484: 3480: 3441: 3435: 3433:Beck, Ludwig 3402: 3363: 3360:Generalmajor 3359: 3357:Beck, Ludwig 3322:Wilhelm Adam 3320: 3317:Generalmajor 3316: 3276: 3273:Generalmajor 3272: 3233: 3230:Generalmajor 3229: 3201:October 1925 3190: 3187:Generalmajor 3186: 3161:October 1925 3147: 3144:Generalmajor 3143: 3106:Wilhelm Heye 3104: 3101:Generalmajor 3100: 3061: 3057:Generalmajor 3055: 3022: 2997:15 July 1919 2983: 2977: 2938: 2932: 2899: 2874:15 July 1919 2860: 2856: 2817: 2811: 2772: 2768: 2729: 2723: 2683: 2677: 2638: 2634: 2595: 2589: 2550: 2544: 2511: 2472: 2433: 2387: 2348: 2309: 2270: 2242:28 June 1813 2231: 2192: 2153: 2125:17 June 1810 2114: 2089:17 June 1810 2086:1 March 1808 2075: 2042: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1905: 1873:Franz Halder 1870: 1867:20 July plot 1861:20 July plot 1855: 1843: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818:World War II 1815: 1802:World War II 1794: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1737: 1713: 1696: 1691:, and a new 1677:Adolf Hitler 1674: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1630: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1391:Organization 1382: 1378: 1374: 1330: 1309: 1290: 1272: 1263: 1243: 1239: 1226: 1217:Napoleon III 1214: 1204: 1184: 1171: 1156: 1146: 1128: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1098:Kriegsspiele 1097: 1088: 1086: 1075: 1058: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1031: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 982: 964: 960: 951: 943: 938: 931: 898: 876: 870: 856: 852: 837: 833: 829:World War II 802: 798:proven merit 769: 765: 761: 759: 689: 475: 448: 414:Constitution 373:Franz Halder 314:Part of 234:German Reich 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6553:Warsaw Pact 6495:New Zealand 6345:states with 6315:Switzerland 6260:Netherlands 6048:states with 5978:Philippines 5918:South Korea 5913:North Korea 5851:PR of China 5821:Afghanistan 5712:El Salvador 5559:states with 5516:South Sudan 5411:Ivory Coast 5030:. Pimlico. 4425:Herwig 2009 4371:Landa 1991. 3813:23 May 1945 3810:13 May 1945 3805:(1890–1946) 3800:Alfred Jodl 3759:(1882–1946) 3721:Left office 3718:Took office 3680:(1898–1945) 3665:Krebs, Hans 3629:(1888–1954) 3579:(1897–1982) 3534:(1895–1963) 3491:(1884–1972) 3452:1 July 1935 3448:(1880–1944) 3443:Ludwig Beck 3410:Left office 3407:Took office 3377:1 July 1935 3370:(1880–1944) 3365:Ludwig Beck 3327:(1877–1949) 3284:(1878–1943) 3240:(1878–1946) 3197:(1869–1947) 3154:(1871–1942) 3141:Hasse, Otto 3111:(1869–1947) 3068:(1866–1936) 3030:Left office 3027:Took office 2990:(1867–1939) 2945:(1865–1937) 2907:Left office 2904:Took office 2877:8 days 2871:7 July 1919 2867:(1866–1936) 2834:4 days 2831:7 July 1919 2828:3 July 1919 2824:(1867–1939) 2786:3 July 1919 2779:(1847–1934) 2736:(1861–1922) 2690:(1848–1916) 2645:(1833–1913) 2602:(1832–1904) 2557:(1800–1891) 2519:Left office 2516:Took office 2479:(1800–1891) 2444:13 May 1848 2440:(1786–1857) 2408:13 May 1848 2401:(1774–1850) 2392: [ 2355:(1775–1851) 2316:(1780–1847) 2281:3 June 1814 2277:(1777–1843) 2245:3 June 1814 2238:(1760–1831) 2199:(1755–1813) 2160:(1774–1841) 2121:(1768–1835) 2082:(1755–1813) 2050:Left office 2047:Took office 1920:, in which 1885:Sudetenland 1877:coup d'état 1732:Sudetenland 1489:World War I 1301:Württemberg 1293:unification 1147:post mortem 1015:kommandiert 786:German Army 632:Referendum 614:Referendums 556:Legislature 332:Garrison/HQ 298:Active duty 288:German Army 166:Königsplatz 6572:Categories 6461:Yugoslavia 6255:Montenegro 6232:Luxembourg 6129:Azerbaijan 6028:Uzbekistan 6008:Tajikistan 5928:Kyrgyzstan 5908:Kazakhstan 5856:East Timor 5831:Bangladesh 5569:Somaliland 5496:Seychelles 5461:Mozambique 5451:Mauritania 5436:Madagascar 5326:Cape Verde 5058:. Conway. 3913:References 3767:8 May 1945 3675:Hans Krebs 3149:Otto Hasse 2203:March 1813 2167:March 1813 2164:March 1812 2128:March 1812 2019:Leadership 2009:Bundeswehr 2002:Bundeswehr 1986:Bundeswehr 1981:Bundeswehr 1977:Bundeswehr 1957:Bundeswehr 1940:Bundeswehr 1922:Ersatzheer 1908:Ersatzheer 1666:Truppenamt 1662:Wehrkreise 1653:Truppenamt 1644:Reichswehr 1524:Wilhelm II 1493:See also: 1370:Clausewitz 1341:mobilising 1274:expedient. 1199:fog of war 1167:Königgrätz 983:Vom Kriege 819:, and the 587:Presidents 476:Government 444:Leadership 349:commanders 342:Commanders 276:Reichsheer 240:Allegiance 80:newspapers 6485:Australia 6237:Macedonia 6227:Lithuania 6085:Manchukuo 6081:Mengjiang 5998:Sri Lanka 5993:Singapore 5866:Indonesia 5797:Venezuela 5757:Nicaragua 5717:Guatemala 5652:Argentina 4698:Boot, Max 3994:April 22, 3943:April 22, 3710:Portrait 3399:Portrait 3019:Portrait 2896:Portrait 2508:Portrait 2039:Portrait 1831:Luftwaffe 1826:Luftwaffe 1728:Anschluss 1693:Air Force 1681:Wehrmacht 1613:Americans 1349:Reichstag 1194:artillery 1115:Abteilung 1093:war rides 1076:In 1857, 1019:Max Bauer 707:Abolition 662:Provinces 611:Elections 181:1806–1945 110:June 2016 6355:Abkhazia 6300:Slovenia 6295:Slovakia 6275:Portugal 6149:Bulgaria 6013:Thailand 5973:Pakistan 5953:Mongolia 5948:Maldives 5943:Malaysia 5846:Cambodia 5777:Suriname 5762:Paraguay 5732:Honduras 5692:Colombia 5662:Barbados 5636:Americas 5613:Transkei 5608:Rhodesia 5549:Zimbabwe 5526:Tanzania 5381:Ethiopia 5376:Eswatini 5356:Djibouti 5346:DR Congo 5321:Cameroon 5306:Botswana 5145:72387321 5135:(1967). 5078:abstract 4999:Archived 4948:(1930). 4924:(1991). 4766:(1977). 4700:(2006). 4604:72387321 4594:(1967). 3934:Archived 3899:Executed 3823:See also 2209:3 months 1930:Valkyrie 1926:Valkyrie 1358:Jominian 905:marshals 901:Napoleon 449:Monarchy 6509:Vanuatu 6474:Oceania 6416:Prussia 6360:Artsakh 6335:Vatican 6325:Ukraine 6280:Romania 6247:Moldova 6212:Ireland 6208:Iceland 6204:Hungary 6194:Georgia 6189:Germany 6179:Finland 6174:Estonia 6169:Denmark 6154:Croatia 6139:Belgium 6134:Belarus 6124:Austria 6119:Armenia 6114:Albania 6033:Vietnam 5958:Myanmar 5938:Lebanon 5826:Bahrain 5792:Uruguay 5741:Mexico 5737:Jamaica 5707:Ecuador 5672:Bolivia 5657:Bahamas 5536:Tunisia 5506:Somalia 5491:Senegal 5476:Nigeria 5466:Namibia 5456:Morocco 5426:Liberia 5421:Lesotho 5371:Eritrea 5341:Comoros 5316:Burundi 5291:Algeria 3989:1983946 2287:5 years 2131:2 years 1975:In the 1899:of the 1345:Belgium 1305:Bavaria 1256:; King 1187:Cavalry 1135:Denmark 926:Blücher 907:at the 862:History 815:in the 572:Landtag 562:Estates 347:Notable 186:Country 172:in 1900 94:scholar 6546:former 6389:former 6365:Kosovo 6320:Turkey 6310:Sweden 6290:Serbia 6285:Russia 6270:Poland 6265:Norway 6251:Monaco 6222:Latvia 6199:Greece 6184:France 6159:Cyprus 6103:Europe 6067:former 5923:Kuwait 5903:Jordan 5893:Israel 5841:Brunei 5836:Bhutan 5722:Guyana 5682:Canada 5677:Brazil 5667:Belize 5593:Ciskei 5584:Biafra 5578:former 5545:Zambia 5541:Uganda 5481:Rwanda 5441:Malawi 5401:Guinea 5391:Gambia 5296:Angola 5280:Africa 5188: 5169: 5143: 5121: 5091: 5062: 5034: 4977: 4958: 4934: 4894: 4857: 4836: 4817: 4784: 4743: 4710: 4686: 4602: 4517: 4454: 4352:passim 4319: 4049: 3987: 3634:Acting 3584:Acting 3277:Baron 2326:1 year 2170:1 year 1726:, the 1709:Allies 1687:, the 1505:Kassel 1297:Saxony 1191:rifled 1107:France 979:On War 774:German 680:Junker 336:Berlin 294:Branch 285: 273: 261: 249: 231: 219: 207: 195: 178:Active 170:Berlin 149:German 145: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6505:Tonga 6305:Spain 6242:Malta 6217:Italy 6038:Yemen 6003:Syria 5983:Qatar 5963:Nepal 5898:Japan 5861:India 5727:Haiti 5687:Chile 5623:Zaire 5618:Venda 5521:Sudan 5471:Niger 5431:Libya 5416:Kenya 5396:Ghana 5386:Gabon 5361:Egypt 5301:Benin 5002:(PDF) 4995:(PDF) 3985:JSTOR 3937:(PDF) 3930:(PDF) 3840:Notes 2396:] 1675:When 1640:' 1291:With 308:Staff 101:JSTOR 87:books 6537:NATO 6490:Fiji 5968:Oman 5933:Laos 5888:Iraq 5881:IRGC 5871:Iran 5810:Asia 5767:Peru 5697:Cuba 5531:Togo 5446:Mali 5336:Chad 5186:ISBN 5167:ISBN 5141:OCLC 5119:ISBN 5089:ISBN 5060:ISBN 5032:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4956:ISBN 4932:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4855:ISBN 4834:ISBN 4815:ISBN 4782:ISBN 4741:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4684:ISBN 4600:OCLC 4515:ISBN 4452:ISBN 4317:ISBN 4047:ISBN 3996:2019 3945:2019 2007:The 1970:NATO 1948:and 1895:and 1810:and 1689:Navy 1685:Army 1547:and 1362:Army 1303:and 1157:The 1129:The 1105:and 892:and 827:and 760:The 639:1931 461:King 431:1920 426:1850 421:1848 304:Type 73:news 5876:AJA 4778:War 3977:doi 3706:No. 3395:No. 3015:No. 2892:No. 2504:No. 2175:(1) 2035:No. 1772:OKH 1770:or 1762:OKW 1751:.) 1604:war 1585:OHL 903:'s 790:war 56:by 6574:: 4803:; 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