2635:, 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was DM 10 on 16 April 1991, followed by DM 50 on 30 September 1991. Next was the DM 20 note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the DM 5, DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations on 27 October 1992. The DM 500, and DM 1000 denominations were rarely seen in circulation due to value and all were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new
455:
413:
1978:
505:
1185:
availability of consumer goods is seen as a giant success story by most historians of the present, the perception at the time was a different one: prices were so high that average people could not afford to shop, especially since prices were free-ranging but wages still fixed by law. Therefore, in the summer of 1948 a giant wave of strikes and demonstrations swept over West
Germany, leading to an incident in Stuttgart where strikers were met by US tanks ("Stuttgarter Vorfälle"). Only after the wage-freeze was abandoned, Deutschmark and free-ranging prices were accepted by the population.
302:
476:
2617:
unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a DM 200 denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician
Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.
1376:. In 1950, cupronickel DM1 coins were released, while a cupronickel DM2 and a .625 silver DM5 were released in 1951. Cupronickel replaced silver in the DM5 in 1975. The DM2 and DM5 coins have often been used for commemorative themes, though typically only the generic design for the DM5 is intended for circulation. Commemorative silver DM10 coins have also been issued which have periodically found their way into circulation. Unlike other European countries, Germany retained the use of the smallest coins (1pf and 2pf) until adoption of the euro.
102:
2416:
2075:
2042:
between 1963 and 1974 in fear if the
Eastern Bloc would start systematically counterfeiting the BBk I series of banknotes to cripple the economy, then they would quickly be replaced by emergency notes. Another reserve series for West Berlin (BBk IIa) was commissioned on 1 July 1963, consisting of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 115 million West Berlin banknotes were printed, total value 4 billion marks. 15 billion marks worth of the banknotes were held in Bundesbank's custom-built
6650:
1176:
place unofficially. The reform replaced the old money with the new
Deutsche Mark at the rate of one new per ten old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was the prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $ 1.4 billion in
6686:
2854:
2847:
5027:
538:
398:
1805:
1704:
1637:
4835:
3045:
5051:
348:
2994:
2987:
2944:
2896:
4763:
2745:
2793:
434:
5039:
2704:
2697:
1519:
1492:
1741:
1546:
6167:
6155:
6143:
1465:
1436:
1407:
6674:
1604:
3365:
333:
2903:
6662:
2752:
2800:
364:
317:
1575:
2084:
were in circulation. Starting in 1976, banknotes were equipped with machine-readable feature - a colorless inorganic oxide mixture applied to the security thread. Banknotes featuring that were designated BBk Ia within the
Bundesbank. All banknotes of the third series bore the penalty for counterfeiting and forgery on the upper right corner of the reverse, from
3100:
1372:(Federal Republic of Germany) appeared on the coins. These coins were issued in denominations of 1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, and 50pf. The 1pf and 2pf coins were struck in bronze clad steel (although during some years the 2pf was issued in solid bronze) while 5pf and 10pf were brass clad steel and the 50-pfennig was in
1782:. Unlike other countries (such as Australia) there was no attempt or proposal suggested for the withdrawal of the 1pf and 2pf coins. Both coins were still in circulation in 2001 and supermarkets in particular still marked prices to the nearest pfennig. This penchant for accuracy continues with the euro (while
2083:
Typical security features at the time were guilloches, a multi-level head watermark and a security thread. Note numbers that fluoresced under UV light and green, yellow, and blue. 27 fluorescent fibers embedded in the paper appeared on most banknotes; however, some specimens without these features
1119:
During the first two years of occupation the occupying powers of France, United
Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union were not able to successfully negotiate a possible currency reform in Germany. Due to the strains between the Allies each zone was governed independently as regards monetary
2115:. The third series banknotes ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995, when the fourth series notes had been in circulation for 3–5 years. There were a total of five issues of the third series, main differences being the dates, and signatures of the Presidents and Vice Presidents of Bundesbank:
2070:
and the states' central banks merging to form the
Bundesbank, new banknotes were being designed, as "Bank deutscher Länder" on the previous series was no longer correct. The previous series' notes had been made out of less durable paper and had a rather short life. While previously damaged notes
1175:
Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking
2041:
The notes with a value greater than DM 200 were rarely seen. A reserve series (BBk II) was commissioned on 1 July 1960, consisting of DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 banknotes. 670 million BBk II banknotes in value of 25 billion marks were printed. The notes were printed
995:
circulation, with one poll from 2011 showing a narrow majority of
Germans favouring the currency's restoration (although only a minority believed this would bring any economic benefit). Polls in the early 2020s indicated only a minority of Germans supported reintroduction of the Deutsche Mark.
994:
has guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely, and one may do so in person at any branch of the
Bundesbank in Germany. Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail. In 2012, it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in
2616:
The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances and so, in the late 1980s, the
Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained
1143:
A few weeks later Erhard, acting against orders, issued an edict abolishing many economic controls which had been originally implemented by the Nazis, and which the Allies had not removed. He did this, as he often confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British, and French
2036:
technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a DM200 denomination, to decrease the use of DM 100 banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the DM 100 and
1184:
Marshall plan funding overcame bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were removed in 1949), and opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for higher prices. While the
542:
2095:
The third series banknotes entered circulation on 10 February 1961, with the DM 20 note. DM 100 and DM 50 followed next year, and DM 5 and DM 10 in 1963. High-denomination DM 1000 and DM 500 followed in 1964 and 1965, respectively.
1315:), in preparation for unification on 3 October 1990. East German marks were exchanged for Deutsche Marks at a rate of 1:1 for the first M 4,000 and 2:1 for larger amounts. Before reunification, each citizen of East Germany coming to West Germany was given
1213:) was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West. In July 1948, a completely new series of East German mark banknotes was issued.
1818:
to issue, in 2001, a special .999 pure gold DM 1 coin commemorating the end of the German mark. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel DM 1 coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read
1180:
money coming in from the United States, which primarily was used for investment. In addition, the Marshall plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices, and take account of the wider market.
2029:, depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painters, and buildings. There were denominations of DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50, DM 100, DM 500 and DM 1,000. The series ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995.
2078:
The penalty for counterfeiting and forgery of banknotes (imprisonment at least two years) appeared on the upper right corner of the reverse of all third series banknotes. Note this is the post-1970 variant, featuring "Freiheitsstrafe" instead of
1124:(in effect until July 1947), which forbade the US military governor "to take any steps to strengthen German financial structure". As a consequence a separate monetary reform in the U.S. zone was not possible. Each of the Allies printed its
3597:
2021:
and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5pf and 10pf, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100 marks. The last of the banknotes (DM 5 and DM 10) were phased out by 31 July
1342:. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy was the foundation of the
1851:
include the mint marks A (Berlin) and B (Vienna). The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in 1990 following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the
3787:
1837:
was the issuing authority in this case. A total of one million gold DM 1 coins were minted (200,000 at each of the five mints) and were sold beginning in mid-2001 through German coin dealers on behalf of the
1319:(welcome money), a per capita allowance of DM 100 in cash. The government of Germany and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German mark and the German mark.
857:
3894:
3543:
1140:. Large amounts were exchanged for 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ to 65pf. In addition, each person received a per capita allowance of DM 60 in two parts, the first being DM 40 and the second DM 20.
983:
states, where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 1 March 2002.
1869:
s continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins. These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany.
1350:. However, it should be remembered that "hard" is relative only if it is compared to other currencies, as in its 53-year history, the purchasing power of the German mark was reduced by over 70%.
1063:
was based on gold rather than silver (at 2.79 marks per gram of fine gold), a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the mark of 3 marks = 1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion.
2628:
representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the DM 500 and DM 1000 denominations), a see-through registration device and ultraviolet-visible security features.
3153:
2601:
4116:
4009:
6204:
883:
1346:'s present policy towards the euro. The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in 1993, when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the
2090:
Wer Banknoten nachmacht oder verfälscht, oder nachgemachte oder verfälschte sich verschafft und in Verkehr bringt, wird mit Zuchthaus/Freiheitsstrafe nicht unter zwei Jahren bestraft.
3665:
1155:
trade (where cigarettes were used as currency). Although the new currency was initially only distributed in the three western occupation zones outside Berlin, the move angered the
2092:" ("Who falsifies or counterfeits banknotes, or procures falsified or counterfeit banknotes and releases them into circulation, is liable to imprisonment for at least two years".
1267:
rejected in a referendum the proposal to turn it into a "European territory". Despite French pre-referendum claims that a "no" vote would mean that the Saar would remain a French
3784:
967:
fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1. In 1999, the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the euro; its
5913:
5159:
4711:
3499:
1327:
4155:
3695:
6197:
3807:
3961:
3725:
6741:
6123:
5336:
1847:
German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. D indicates Munich, F Stuttgart, G Karlsruhe and J Hamburg. Coins minted during the
1794:
1027:
4026:
685:
975:
remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be
6726:
6190:
5429:
3908:
6736:
6601:
4565:
4103:
4006:
758:
3254:
do not take the plural in German when used with numbers (like all names of units), the singular being used to refer to any amount of money (e.g.
439:
6746:
6706:
5227:
5212:
2352:
1144:
occupation authorities were closed that day. He was sure that if he had done it when they were open, they would have countermanded the order.
6118:
5135:
4704:
3893:
Jörg Roesler: Die Stuttgarter Vorfälle vom Oktober 1948. Zur Entstehung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschlands, in:
3492:
2037:
DM 500 denominations. In 1997–1998, new versions of DM 50, DM 100 and DM 200 were issued with improved security elements.
1092:
510:
6581:
3897:, No I/2007; Uwe Fuhrmann: Stuttgart 48 und die soziale Marktwirtschaft, in: Fuhrman et. a. (eds.): Ignoranz und Inszenierung, Münster 2012
3635:
3201:
form) is capitalized because it is part of a proper name, while the noun "Mark", like all German nouns, is always capitalized. The English
1159:
authorities, who regarded it as a threat. The Soviets promptly cut off all road, rail and canal links between the three western zones and
3657:
6721:
6506:
5692:
2620:
The new security features were: a windowed security thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermarks, microprinting,
6341:
6593:
5921:
481:
460:
4283:
4053:
2002:, DM 1, DM 2, DM 5, DM 10, DM 20, DM 50 and DM 100, with two designs of DM 20 and DM 50.
37:
This article is about the mark issued by the Federal Republic of Germany. For the mark issued by the German Democratic Republic, see
6539:
6479:
3833:
940:
3939:
1167:. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well.
6716:
5902:
5785:
5217:
4697:
4503:
3485:
1347:
1249:. It became a source of national pride and an anchor for the country's economic prosperity, particularly during the years of the
963:
and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year. On 31 December 1998, the
770:
5434:
1895:('sixer') could refer to a coin of 5pf. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre-1871 currencies of the previously independent
6419:
6711:
4728:
4632:
4535:
2814:
1338:
The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the
1977:
6731:
5294:
4952:
2074:
964:
6640:
4153:
6586:
5951:
5319:
5268:
5258:
3687:
2304:
487:
466:
6564:
5971:
5936:
5931:
5722:
4430:
4176:
3519:
2631:
First to be issued were the DM 100 and DM 200 denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "
2238:"Deutsche Bundesbank" copyright notice with year of the denomination's first issue added on the bottom of the reverse
1636:
5424:
1304:
1198:
679:
3804:
101:
6751:
5687:
5314:
5253:
5128:
3969:
3717:
4079:
5881:
5591:
4199:
3306:
3271:
3228:
3183:
2415:
1703:
876:
850:
5644:
2067:
1361:
1229:
1603:
5774:
5273:
5100:
4662:
2584:
2573:
2495:
2346:
1982:
161:
4773:
6618:
6606:
6576:
5987:
5891:
5649:
5169:
4985:
4783:
4140:
3344:
Before the switch to the euro, the Deutsche Mark was the largest international reserve currency after the
2621:
1194:
1023:
617:
4927:
3205:"Deutschmark" has a slightly different spelling and one syllable fewer (possibly due to the frequency of
6464:
6301:
6158:
5717:
5697:
5606:
5586:
5444:
5207:
5184:
5164:
4247:
4205:
3631:
1343:
663:
417:
4803:
4234:
2878:
1740:
1545:
673:
2071:
could be replaced from reserve stocks, this stock was also coming to an end, necessitating a reprint.
1291:. On 9 July 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar franc at a ratio of 100 francs = DM 0.8507.
5946:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5639:
5616:
5121:
4840:
4463:
3395:
3345:
3008:
2766:
2640:
2539:
2529:
2479:
1300:
604:
516:
31:
4288:
3377:
6072:
5875:
5859:
5769:
5747:
5737:
5682:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5344:
5326:
4751:
4111:
4030:
1777:
1680:
1518:
1491:
1322:
France and the United Kingdom were opposed to German reunification, and attempted to influence the
1264:
1236:
1147:
The introduction of the new currency was intended to protect western Germany from a second wave of
1035:
1031:
1013:
1009:
989:
753:
577:
6166:
6154:
6142:
4191:
International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006),
3588:
Derek Boothby (January–March 2004). "The Political Challenges of Administering Eastern Slavonia".
6690:
6457:
6170:
5992:
5654:
5621:
5596:
5581:
5576:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5449:
5010:
4778:
4607:
4528:
3991:
3876:
3868:
3851:
3609:
3514:
3474:
3300:
3238:
3222:
3195:
3192:
3174:
2484:
2233:
2213:
2108:
1464:
1435:
1406:
1073:
743:
42:
4263:
4221:
3627:
2643:
on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colours were changed slightly to hamper counterfeiting.
1574:
6514:
6286:
6214:
6077:
5611:
5561:
5556:
5439:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5289:
4960:
4937:
4922:
4917:
4865:
4313:
4309:
4259:
4251:
4217:
4209:
3829:
3529:
3524:
2964:
2868:
2718:
2579:
2386:
2309:
2228:
2208:
2192:
2043:
1896:
1853:
1790:
for example, price to the nearest 5 cents) with the 1-cent coin still encountered in Germany.
1276:
1251:
3216:
In Germany and other German speaking countries, the currency's name was often abbreviated as
6613:
6351:
6082:
6062:
6057:
5926:
5830:
5601:
5571:
5566:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5349:
4912:
4875:
4647:
4642:
4592:
4449:
4377:
4293:
3860:
3601:
3352:
3339:
3191:
is the same as the singular. In German, the adjective "deutsche" (adjective for "German" in
2853:
2846:
2727:
2176:"Zuchthaus" has been replaced with "Freiheitsstrafe" following 1969 Great Penal Code Reform
2151:
1308:
1202:
1060:
1017:
911:
83:
38:
2032:
The fourth (BBk III/III a) was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in
6519:
6358:
6274:
6092:
5941:
5304:
5044:
5005:
4756:
4720:
4549:
4159:
4013:
3811:
3791:
3188:
3076:
2828:
2100:
2085:
2051:
2017:, as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the
1804:
1670:
1660:
1164:
863:
650:
612:
148:
67:
6379:
5835:
4380:
since 1 January 1999, with DM coins and banknotes being the German appearance of the euro
6666:
6623:
6544:
6499:
6321:
6314:
6294:
6097:
6037:
6022:
6017:
5459:
5359:
5263:
5076:
5038:
5015:
5000:
4980:
4870:
4855:
4828:
4736:
4612:
4602:
4484:
4327:
3931:
3849:
Sauermann, Heinz (1950). "The Consequences of the Currency Reform in Western Germany".
3441:
3066:
2917:
2636:
2187:
2171:
2018:
2009:, an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the
1242:
1148:
551:
528:
491:
445:
424:
6182:
3318:(), but the singular could also be used instead with no difference in meaning. (e.g.:
6700:
6654:
6569:
6552:
6393:
6373:
6331:
6309:
6279:
6087:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5845:
5804:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5354:
5190:
4970:
4818:
4746:
4597:
4521:
3880:
3773:"Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948"
3748:"RTL/ntv Trendbarometer: Sehnsucht nach der D-Mark geringer als noch vor zehn Jahren"
3059:
3021:
2437:
2146:
1675:
1665:
1177:
1137:
1039:
762:
547:
524:
495:
4297:
1951:
is less widespread. In northern Germany the DM 5 coin used to be also called a
6678:
6472:
6412:
6146:
6102:
6067:
6052:
6047:
6027:
5840:
5825:
5809:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5026:
4995:
4965:
4942:
4850:
4834:
4808:
4652:
4637:
4513:
4453:
4412:
4331:
3452:
3428:
3276:
3044:
2960:
2014:
1992:
The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of DM
1886:
1848:
1798:
1766:
1732:
1690:
1685:
1623:
1595:
1566:
1323:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1156:
1152:
976:
893:
569:
520:
353:
322:
3373:
3209:
in English, or due to English's lack of adjectival endings), and a plural form in
2993:
2986:
2943:
2895:
2770:
1205:(also named "Deutsche Mark" from 1948 to 1964 and colloquially referred to as the
1081:, the mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the
4192:
3562:
6042:
5467:
5419:
5414:
5237:
4900:
4793:
4768:
4678:
3063:
2872:
2792:
2744:
2166:
2104:
1787:
1373:
1160:
1078:
834:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
337:
3747:
2703:
2696:
1939:
name. Both usages are only regional and may not be understood in areas where a
6487:
6452:
5376:
5222:
5066:
5020:
4905:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4860:
4823:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4416:
3864:
3661:
3605:
3598:
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations
3538:
3198:
2969:
2443:
2026:
1618:
1284:
1233:("Bank of the German States") assumed responsibility, followed in 1957 by the
1107:
1101:
1083:
960:
4255:
4213:
4172:
4016:
Withdrawn on 1 July 1958 over confusion with the similarly designed DM 1
688:, formed by Staatliche Münze Karlsruhe (G) and Staatliche Münze Stuttgart (F)
5232:
5174:
5061:
5056:
4798:
4788:
4741:
4657:
3990:
The sculptor Richard Martin Werner designed the woman relief after his wife
3025:
3017:
3012:
2818:
2632:
2535:
2055:
2010:
1954:
1326:
to stop it. However, in late 1989 France extracted German commitment to the
1246:
1088:
667:
17:
4762:
2447:
1927:
s would be converted into 10pf of the mark, hence 10pf coins inherited the
1844:. The issue price varied by the dealer but averaged approximately US$ 165.
2902:
6524:
6494:
5518:
5179:
5050:
5032:
4932:
4845:
4544:
4426:
3463:
3206:
3202:
2397:
1880:
1812:
On 27 December 2000, the German government enacted a law authorizing the
1280:
1121:
1095:
occurred and the currency became exclusively made up of paper money. The
980:
972:
889:
112:
3613:
2799:
2751:
6557:
6531:
5309:
5084:
4975:
4813:
4582:
4317:
3872:
3533:
3099:
2921:
2775:
2625:
2033:
1960:
1900:
1783:
1125:
979:
immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contrast to the other
949:
897:
369:
306:
225:
205:
189:
3372:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
1774:
The weights and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of the
1136:
The Deutsche Mark was officially introduced on Sunday 20 June 1948 by
6445:
6407:
6400:
6365:
4499:
3070:
2722:
2393:
2112:
2047:
956:
4289:
Historical US Dollars to German Marks currency conversion, 1913–2005
4173:"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)"
1030:
issued a variety of different currencies, the most common being the
726:
4689:
3909:"Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification"
5299:
4278:
3288:
3279:
form or to refer to a small number of D-Mark coins or bills, e.g.
2926:
2824:
2491:
2073:
1976:
1803:
402:
635:
6432:
5758:
5669:
5631:
5144:
4990:
4387:
4373:
3406:
1245:
at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of
1120:
matters. The US occupation policy was governed by the directive
1056:
968:
901:
6186:
5117:
4693:
4517:
1969:
and this expression is now used for the €2 coin in the region.
1863:) and 1 July 1991, East German coins in denominations up to 50
41:. For the currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914, see
5113:
4241:
4134:
3544:
List of commemorative coins of the Federal Republic of Germany
3358:
1860:
1271:
it in fact resulted in the incorporation of the Saar into the
920:
721:
716:
3828:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 511–13.
923:
3895:
Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
3351:
The percental composition of currencies of official foreign
1945:
coin did not exist before 1871. In particular, the usage of
929:
3767:
3765:
2099:
The banknotes were printed exclusively in West Germany; in
1808:
Obverse view of the 2001 special gold issue of the DM1 coin
711:
592:
2025:
The third series (I/Ia BBk) was introduced in 1960 by the
1877:
In colloquial German the 10pf coin was sometimes called a
1303:
of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of
4326:
intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of
3932:"Germany's neighbors try to redeem their 1989 negativity"
3803:
Tyler Cowen, "The Marshall Plan: myths and realities" in
4027:"Deutsche Mark coins - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
3242:) with the latter term also often used in English. Like
640:
4133:
Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Federal Republic of Germany".
4204:, Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main:
3805:
U.S. Aid to the Developing World, A Free Market Agenda
2005:
The second series (BdL) was introduced in 1948 by the
6638:
1801:
but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles.
941:
932:
3106:
2197:
Machine-readable "M" feature, now designated BBk Ia
1241:. The Deutsche Mark earned a reputation as a strong
917:
6111:
5980:
5960:
5867:
5858:
5818:
5794:
5783:
5756:
5706:
5667:
5630:
5517:
5510:
5458:
5375:
5368:
5335:
5282:
5246:
5200:
5152:
5093:
5075:
4951:
4727:
4671:
4575:
4558:
1795:
commemorative silver DM 5 and DM 10 coins
926:
914:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
752:
742:
737:
697:
649:
626:
603:
585:
567:
562:
381:
284:
279:
269:
262:
252:
242:
235:
222:
215:
202:
195:
174:
167:
160:
147:
139:
131:
126:
118:
111:
55:
3718:"Most Germans want Deutsche mark back, poll shows"
1299:The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the
1022:A mark had been the currency of Germany since its
904:in 2002. In English, it was typically called the "
5160:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
2624:(viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a
1988:There were four series of German mark banknotes:
1358:The first Deutsche Mark coins were issued by the
3688:"Why are Germans still using the deutsche mark?"
1330:in return for support for German reunification.
1287:, which was in a currency union at par with the
4359:except of the state of the Saarland (1957–1959)
4353:21 (24 W-Berlin) June 1948 – 30 June 1990
3262:). Sometimes, a very colloquial plural form of
2315:A branch with oak leaves and acorns symbolizes
2054:, the rest was stored in Bundesbank's vault in
1077:, was introduced in 1873. With the outbreak of
1038:. By 1857, both currencies were linked to the
6198:
5129:
4705:
4529:
3493:
1366:in 1948 and 1949. From 1950, the inscription
1189:Currency reform in the Soviet occupation zone
75:
8:
4350:Currency of West Germany (incl. West Berlin)
4236:Review of the International Role of the Euro
3628:"Determination of the euro conversion rates"
1964:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1890:
1878:
1864:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1775:
1367:
1359:
1234:
987:
575:
59:
50:
4462:currency union (1 July 1990) preparing the
4139:. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.
3750:(in German). Presseportal. 28 December 2021
1592:Denomination between rye stalks and grapes
896:from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified
6205:
6191:
6183:
6124:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
5864:
5791:
5514:
5372:
5136:
5122:
5114:
4712:
4698:
4690:
4568:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
4536:
4522:
4514:
3962:"Coins of the Federal Republic of Germany"
3500:
3486:
1635:
948:). One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100
30:"DEM" redirects here. For other uses, see
1026:in 1871. Before that time, the different
6223:
4425:currency union (9 July 1959), after the
4302:
2645:
2243:
2117:
2062:Banknotes of the third series (BBk I/Ia)
1981:One Deutsche Mark (1948), first series,
1378:
1115:Early military occupation following WWII
275:1pf, 2pf, 5pf, 10pf, 50pf, DM1, DM2, DM5
6645:
6602:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
4566:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
4475:2 GDR marks = 1 DM above 4000 GDR marks
4284:Overview of German Mark from BBC online
3775:, Rutgers University Press, 1964 p. 145
3554:
3314:does have a commonly used plural form:
759:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
393:
297:
49:
6600:
6551:
6431:
6386:
6119:European Financial Stability Facility
5310:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
4496:
4480:
4445:
4408:
4383:
4362:
4348:
4305:
3942:from the original on 11 November 2009
3907:Binyon, Michael (11 September 2009).
3698:from the original on 13 December 2014
3305:
3270:
3227:
3182:
2434:Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son
2383:Portrait of Elsbeth Tucher, née Pusch
875:
849:
511:Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
27:Currency of Germany from 1948 to 2002
7:
6582:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5511:Coins by country with minting rights
4367:1 July 1990 – 31 December 2001
4194:The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves
4143:from the original on 29 August 2012.
4052:Zeitung, Süddeutsche (17 May 2010).
3826:History of Modern Germany since 1815
3638:from the original on 1 December 2007
1793:There were a considerable number of
1105:(RM) from 15 November 1923, and the
900:from 1990 until the adoption of the
6508:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
5693:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
4122:from the original on 9 August 2019.
3668:from the original on 3 January 2015
3287:("The lovely money again", with an
3168:The German name of the currency is
1797:, which actually had the status of
1151:and to stop the rampant barter and
686:Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg
248:DM5, DM10, DM20, DM50, DM100, DM200
6595:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5922:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
5320:European payments initiative (EPI)
3330:). The official form is singular.
2570:Portrait of Dr. Johannes Scheyring
1275:on 1 January 1957. The new German
482:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
461:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
25:
6742:2002 disestablishments in Germany
6540:Independent State of Croatia kuna
4440:100 Francs = 0.8507 Deutsche Mark
4341:1 DM = 1 RM (either) below 600 RM
4054:"DM-Mark-Scheine mit Sammlerwert"
3299:
3283:("Just give me a few marks") and
1933:name and 5pf coins inherited the
1171:Economics of 1948 currency reform
546:(1996–1998, in parallel with the
515:(1993–1995, in parallel with the
486:(1991–1996, in parallel with the
465:(1992–1998, in parallel with the
444:(1996–2002, in parallel with the
423:(1992–2002, in parallel with the
106:Deutsche Mark banknotes from 1989
6684:
6672:
6660:
6648:
6165:
6153:
6141:
5315:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
5218:European System of Central Banks
5049:
5037:
5025:
4833:
4761:
4330:and stop the rampant barter and
3728:from the original on 21 May 2020
3363:
3294:The subdivision unit is spelled
3237:
3221:
3173:
3098:
3043:
2992:
2985:
2942:
2901:
2894:
2852:
2845:
2798:
2791:
2750:
2743:
2702:
2695:
2414:
1861:currency union with East Germany
1739:
1702:
1602:
1573:
1563:Denomination between oak leaves
1544:
1517:
1509:Denomination between rye stalks
1490:
1482:Denomination between rye stalks
1463:
1455:Denomination between rye stalks
1434:
1426:Denomination between rye stalks
1405:
1348:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
1259:Currency union with the Saarland
910:
536:
503:
474:
453:
432:
411:
396:
362:
346:
331:
315:
300:
100:
6727:Currencies replaced by the euro
4294:Historical banknotes of Germany
2432:Portrait of Hans Urmiller from
1539:Woman planting an oak seedling
1449:1968–2001: Bronze-plated steel
1420:1950–2001: Copper-plated steel
6737:1948 establishments in Germany
4633:German South West African Mark
4508:1999 – 31 December 2001
4493:political and economic reasons
4403:1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark
4345:and each person received 40 DM
3930:Ben Knight (8 November 2009).
2612:Banknotes of the fourth series
1963:the DM 2 coin was called
1754:
1750:
1720:
1716:
1650:
1646:
1418:1948–1949: Bronze-plated steel
1:
6747:Currencies introduced in 1948
6707:Currencies with ISO 4217 code
5295:Economy of the European Union
3152:For table standards, see the
2600:For table standards, see the
1283:maintained its currency, the
1071:The first mark, known as the
1059:of pure silver. Although the
965:Council of the European Union
6588:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
6421:Kosovo and Western Macedonia
5425:2 € commemorative coins
5259:European Stability Mechanism
4104:"Kursfähige Bundesbanknoten"
3966:Coin and banknote collection
3154:banknote specification table
2602:banknote specification table
2305:Portrait of a Venetian Woman
1307:in July 1990, replacing the
1132:Currency reform of June 1948
488:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
467:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
6565:Republic of Serbian Krajina
5932:European Monetary Institute
4473:at par up to 4000 GDR marks
4177:International Monetary Fund
3814:, Heritage Foundation, p.65
3563:"Kosovo adopts Deutschmark"
3520:German adoption of the euro
3281:Gib mir mal ein paar Märker
2815:Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
2526:Portrait of a beardless man
1921:into 6. After 1871, 12 old
1273:Federal Republic of Germany
1042:, a silver coin containing
6768:
6722:Modern obsolete currencies
5786:Other extant EU currencies
5632:Monetary agreement with EU
3337:
3164:Spelling and pronunciation
3150:
3092:
3069:, historical buildings of
3011:, historical buildings of
2963:, historical buildings of
2920:, historical buildings of
2871:, historical buildings of
2817:, historical buildings of
2769:, historical buildings of
2721:, historical buildings of
2494:with stretched-out wings (
1828:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1369:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1199:German Democratic Republic
1007:
955:It was first issued under
801:Replaced by euro, non cash
771:EU Exchange Rate Mechanism
36:
29:
6622:
6605:
6585:
6575:
6568:
6556:
6538:
6530:
6518:
6498:
6493:
6451:
6441:
6438:
6426:
6392:
6389:
6364:
6350:
6313:
6293:
6278:
6273:
6226:
6221:
6136:
5759:Countries and territories
5688:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5430:Other commemorative coins
5254:Stability and Growth Pact
4343:1 DM = 10 RM above 600 RM
3865:10.1017/S0034670500045009
3824:Tipton, Frank B. (2003).
3606:10.1163/19426720-01001005
3324:dreißig (thirty) Pfennige
3075:The 'German Dictionary',
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2598:
2402:the world of German music
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1865:
1859:Between 1 July 1990 (the
1840:
1833:
1814:
1776:
1708:
1579:
1235:
988:
832:
727:Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints
576:
99:
76:
60:
6112:Former fiscal provisions
5882:European Monetary System
5672:using euro per agreement
4279:Coins of the Third Reich
3658:"Exchanging DM for euro"
3328:dreißig (thirty) Pfennig
3285:Die lieben Märker wieder
2353:Training ship Gorch Fock
664:Bayerisches Hauptmünzamt
6717:Economy of West Germany
5761:using euro unilaterally
5274:European Fiscal Compact
4953:Obsolete and historical
4663:South West African mark
4396:deployment of euro cash
2585:Romanesque architecture
2574:Lucas Cranach the Elder
2347:Lucas Cranach the Elder
1909:was subdivided into 12
1126:own occupation currency
959:in 1948 to replace the
680:Staatliche Münze Berlin
641:Giesecke & Devrient
618:Giesecke & Devrient
6619:Republika Srpska dinar
6607:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6577:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5988:European Currency Unit
5674:without minting rights
5170:European banking union
4170:For 1995–99, 2006–22:
3187:); its plural form in
3184:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk]
2500:German state awareness
2357:German cosmopolitanism
2135:Notable other changes
2080:
1985:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1935:
1929:
1891:
1879:
1873:Colloquial expressions
1827:
1821:
1809:
1368:
1360:
1263:The population in the
1197:of Germany (later the
1195:Soviet occupation zone
851:[ˈdɔʏtʃəˈmaʁk]
811:Replaced by euro, cash
440:Republic of Montenegro
6712:Currencies of Germany
6466:Kingdom of Montenegro
6303:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
6159:European Union portal
5708:Potential adoption by
5698:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5445:Europa coin programme
5208:European Central Bank
5165:Capital Markets Union
4298:East German banknotes
4248:European Central Bank
4246:, Frankfurt am Main:
4206:European Central Bank
3632:European Central Bank
3260:dreißig (thirty) Mark
3180:German pronunciation:
2077:
2068:Bank deutscher Länder
2007:Bank deutscher Länder
1983:Allied military issue
1980:
1807:
1362:Bank deutscher Länder
1344:European Central Bank
1230:Bank deutscher Länder
1218:Bank deutscher Länder
1087:, especially as high
6732:Currencies of Europe
5981:Preceding currencies
5947:European debt crisis
5337:International status
4464:German reunification
4158:14 July 2014 at the
3992:Gerda Johanna Werner
3771:Nicholas Balabkins,
3600:: 37–51 (15 pages).
3346:United States dollar
3009:Maria Sibylla Merian
2877:Partial view of the
2767:Carl Friedrich Gauss
2641:EURion constellation
2540:Rhineland-Palatinate
2530:Hans Maler zu Schwaz
1295:German reunification
1099:was replaced by the
1024:original unification
888:), was the official
517:United States dollar
32:DEM (disambiguation)
6481:Occupied Montenegro
5962:Previous EU members
5876:Snake in the tunnel
5327:Euro Currency Index
5094:Generic placeholder
4364:Currency of Germany
4112:Deutsche Bundesbank
4031:Deutsche Bundesbank
3794:Accessed 2015-01-04
3275:was used either as
2648:
2343:Beardless Young Man
2246:
2119:
1822:Deutsche Bundesbank
1696:denomination below
1681:Franz Josef Strauss
1629:denomination below
1503:Brass-plated steel
1476:Brass-plated steel
1237:Deutsche Bundesbank
1227:Later in 1948, the
1222:Deutsche Bundesbank
1036:South German gulden
1032:North German thaler
1014:South German gulden
1010:North German thaler
990:Deutsche Bundesbank
877:[ˈdeːˌmaʁk]
748:1.4%, December 2001
578:Deutsche Bundesbank
357:(July–October 1990)
52:
6459:Montenegrin perper
6213:Currencies of the
6171:Numismatics portal
5993:Austrian schilling
5670:Non-EU territories
5345:Proposed eurobonds
4485:Yugoslav new dinar
4175:. Washington, DC:
4012:2018-04-27 at the
3852:Review of Politics
3810:2011-01-22 at the
3790:2017-01-24 at the
3724:. 5 October 2011.
3634:. 1 January 1999.
3569:. 3 September 1999
3515:Economy of Germany
3355:from 1995 to 2022.
3229:[ˈdeːmaʁk]
2879:Würzburg Residence
2658:Value in Euros (€)
2646:
2485:Christoph Amberger
2452:German civic pride
2244:
2234:Helmut Schlesinger
2214:Helmut Schlesinger
2118:
2081:
2044:underground bunker
1986:
1810:
674:Hamburgische Münze
383:Unofficial user(s)
254: Rarely used
43:German mark (1871)
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6625:FR Yugoslav dinar
6515:German Reichsmark
6288:Kingdom of Serbia
6215:former Yugoslavia
6180:
6179:
6132:
6131:
6078:Portuguese escudo
5854:
5853:
5663:
5662:
5506:
5505:
5435:Identifying marks
5290:Economy of Europe
5247:Fiscal provisions
5111:
5110:
4687:
4686:
4672:As a denomination
4628:German Rentenmark
4623:German Reichsmark
4618:German Papiermark
4512:
4511:
4494:
4476:
4467:
4441:
4434:
4404:
4397:
4381:
4360:
4346:
4335:
4250:, December 2005,
4136:The Banknote Book
3590:Global Governance
3539:German Reichsmark
3530:German Papiermark
3525:German euro coins
3481:
3480:
3385:
3384:
3353:exchange reserves
3320:ein (one) Pfennig
3307:[ˈpfɛnɪç]
3161:
3160:
3157:
3093:Hologram variant
2965:Frankfurt am Main
2869:Balthasar Neumann
2719:Bettina von Arnim
2633:Frankfurt am Main
2622:intaglio printing
2609:
2608:
2605:
2580:Limburg Cathedral
2480:Sebastian Münster
2242:
2241:
2109:Giesecke+Devrient
2086:German penal code
1854:German euro coins
1772:
1771:
1447:1949–1968: Bronze
1265:Saar Protectorate
1252:Wirtschaftswunder
957:Allied occupation
866:"), abbreviated "
839:
838:
555:
532:
499:
470:
449:
428:
407:
374:
358:
342:
327:
311:
290:None, previously:
271: Freq. used
244: Freq. used
16:(Redirected from
6759:
6752:Currency symbols
6689:
6688:
6687:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6626:
6614:Republika Srpska
6596:
6589:
6509:
6502:
6482:
6475:
6467:
6460:
6435:
6422:
6415:
6396:
6382:
6376:
6354:
6353:Macedonian denar
6348:
6344:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6282:
6224:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6184:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6083:Sammarinese lira
6073:Monégasque franc
6063:Luxembourg franc
6058:Lithuanian litas
5927:Delors Committee
5916:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5865:
5831:Hungarian forint
5798:
5792:
5683:Saint Barthélemy
5515:
5373:
5350:Reserve currency
5138:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5103:
5053:
5041:
5029:
4908:
4837:
4765:
4721:Currency symbols
4714:
4707:
4700:
4691:
4648:New Guinean mark
4643:Lodz Ghetto mark
4593:East German mark
4538:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4489:
4469:
4466:(3 October 1990)
4458:
4436:
4433:(1 January 1957)
4421:
4399:
4392:
4378:money of account
4369:
4355:
4337:
4322:
4303:
4267:
4258:
4245:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4203:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4115:. January 1986.
4108:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3815:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3694:. 19 July 2012.
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3472:
3461:
3450:
3439:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3340:Reserve currency
3334:Reserve currency
3310:), which unlike
3309:
3303:
3274:
3272:[ˈmɛʁkɐ]
3241:
3231:
3225:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3151:
3102:
3047:
2996:
2989:
2946:
2905:
2898:
2856:
2849:
2802:
2795:
2754:
2747:
2728:Brandenburg Gate
2706:
2699:
2649:
2599:
2418:
2247:
2152:Heinrich Troeger
2120:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1968:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:s, hence half a
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1884:
1868:
1867:
1849:Second World War
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1781:
1780:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1606:
1577:
1548:
1521:
1494:
1467:
1438:
1409:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1309:East German mark
1240:
1239:
1203:East German mark
1111:(ℛ︁ℳ︁) in 1924.
1061:German gold mark
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1018:German gold mark
993:
992:
944:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
887:
886:
885:
879:
861:
860:
859:
853:
848:
825:
823:
812:
802:
795:31 December 1998
792:
791:Fixed rate since
782:
775:
700:
629:
599:
596:
594:
588:
581:
580:
572:
545:
541:
540:
539:
514:
508:
507:
506:
485:
479:
478:
477:
464:
458:
457:
456:
443:
437:
436:
435:
422:
416:
415:
414:
405:
401:
400:
399:
384:
372:
368:
366:
365:
356:
352:
350:
349:
340:
336:
335:
334:
325:
321:
319:
318:
309:
305:
304:
303:
287:
286:Official user(s)
272:
255:
245:
228:
208:
186:
185:
184:
180:
155:
104:
94:
87:
79:
78:
71:
63:
62:
53:
39:East German mark
21:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6624:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6520:Slovenian tolar
6507:
6504:
6500:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6433:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6394:
6381:Occupied Serbia
6380:
6374:
6359:North Macedonia
6352:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6275:North Macedonia
6217:
6211:
6181:
6176:
6128:
6107:
6093:Slovenian tolar
5976:
5965:
5963:
5956:
5942:Black Wednesday
5912:
5908:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5886:
5850:
5814:
5796:
5788:
5779:
5763:
5760:
5752:
5711:
5710:other countries
5709:
5702:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5659:
5626:
5502:
5454:
5364:
5331:
5305:Euro calculator
5278:
5242:
5196:
5148:
5142:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5089:
5071:
4947:
4906:
4723:
4718:
4688:
4683:
4667:
4571:
4554:
4542:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4457:
4447:
4435:
4420:
4410:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4368:
4366:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4321:
4307:
4275:
4270:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4197:
4190:
4189:For 1999–2005:
4188:
4184:
4179:. 3 April 2023.
4171:
4169:
4165:
4160:Wayback Machine
4152:
4148:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4014:Wayback Machine
4005:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3911:. London: Times
3906:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3812:Wayback Machine
3802:
3798:
3792:Wayback Machine
3783:
3779:
3770:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3511:
3506:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3342:
3336:
3256:eine (one) Mark
3189:standard German
3179:
3166:
3077:Alte Bibliothek
3050:178×83 mm
2999:170×80 mm
2951:162×77 mm
2908:154×74 mm
2859:146×71 mm
2805:138×68 mm
2757:130×65 mm
2709:122×62 mm
2614:
2560:180×90 mm
2544:German chivalry
2516:170×85 mm
2468:160×80 mm
2423:150×75 mm
2373:140×70 mm
2333:130×65 mm
2294:120×60 mm
2225:2 January 1980
2205:2 January 1980
2163:2 January 1970
2143:2 January 1960
2132:Vice President
2101:Bundesdruckerei
2064:
2052:Rheinland-Pfalz
1998:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1875:
1694:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Kurt Schumacher
1668:
1663:
1661:Konrad Adenauer
1627:
1448:
1419:
1356:
1336:
1297:
1261:
1225:
1191:
1173:
1165:Berlin Blockade
1163:, starting the
1134:
1117:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1020:
1006:
1001:
942:
913:
909:
882:
881:
880:
856:
855:
854:
846:
821:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
773:
733:
732:
731:
706:
698:
693:
692:
691:
658:
645:
636:Bundesdruckerei
627:
622:
613:Bundesdruckerei
591:
586:
568:
558:
537:
535:
504:
502:
475:
473:
454:
452:
433:
431:
412:
410:
397:
395:
392:
391:
382:
377:
363:
361:
347:
345:
332:
330:
316:
314:
301:
299:
296:
295:
285:
270:
253:
243:
223:
203:
182:
178:
177:
175:
153:
107:
95:
92:
90:
81:
65:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6545:Croatian dinar
6542:
6537:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6501:Yugoslav krone
6497:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6470:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6430:
6425:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6349:
6323:SFR Yugoslavia
6316:Yugoslav dinar
6312:
6307:
6296:Yugoslav dinar
6292:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6162:
6150:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6098:Spanish peseta
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6023:Finnish markka
6020:
6018:Estonian kroon
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5972:United Kingdom
5968:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5906:
5895:
5879:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5789:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5723:Czech Republic
5720:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5360:World currency
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Euro Plus Pact
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5201:Administration
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5077:Cryptocurrency
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:German ostmark
4610:
4605:
4603:Finnish markka
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4495:
4478:
4477:
4443:
4442:
4406:
4405:
4382:
4361:
4347:
4328:hyperinflation
4301:
4300:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4273:External links
4271:
4269:
4268:
4226:
4182:
4163:
4146:
4125:
4095:
4080:"GERMANY F.R."
4071:
4058:Süddeutsche.de
4044:
4018:
3999:
3983:
3972:on 8 July 2009
3953:
3936:Deutsche Welle
3922:
3899:
3886:
3859:(2): 175–196.
3841:
3834:
3816:
3796:
3777:
3761:
3739:
3709:
3679:
3649:
3619:
3580:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3338:Main article:
3335:
3332:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3073:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3015:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2918:Clara Schumann
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:European beech
2821:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:First Printing
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2637:euro banknotes
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2488:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2390:
2387:Albrecht Dürer
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2350:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:Albrecht Dürer
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2229:Karl Otto Pöhl
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:Karl Otto Pöhl
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:Karl Otto Pöhl
2190:
2188:Otmar Emminger
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:Otmar Emminger
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2088:section 146: "
2066:In 1957, with
2063:
2060:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2019:Bank of France
2003:
1974:
1971:
1874:
1871:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1749:Cupro-nickel (
1747:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1657:
1656:26.75 mm
1654:
1645:Cupro-nickel (
1643:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1615:26.75 mm
1613:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:19.25 mm
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1355:
1352:
1335:
1332:
1328:Monetary Union
1317:Begrüßungsgeld
1296:
1293:
1260:
1257:
1255:in the 1950s.
1243:store of value
1224:
1215:
1190:
1187:
1172:
1169:
1149:hyperinflation
1133:
1130:
1116:
1113:
1093:hyperinflation
1068:
1065:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
837:
836:
830:
829:
826:
817:
816:
813:
807:
806:
805:1 January 1999
803:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
777:
776:
767:
766:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
735:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
708:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699: Website
695:
694:
690:
689:
683:
677:
671:
660:
659:
656:
655:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
632:
630:
628: Website
624:
623:
621:
620:
615:
609:
607:
601:
600:
589:
587: Website
583:
582:
573:
565:
564:
560:
559:
557:
556:
552:Yugoslav dinar
533:
529:Yugoslav dinar
500:
492:Croatian dinar
471:
450:
446:Yugoslav dinar
429:
425:Yugoslav dinar
408:
389:
388:
387:
385:
379:
378:
376:
375:
359:
343:
328:
312:
293:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
264:
260:
259:
258:DM500, DM1,000
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
237:
233:
232:
229:
220:
219:
217:
213:
212:
209:
200:
199:
197:
193:
192:
187:
172:
171:
169:
165:
164:
158:
157:
151:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:
105:
97:
96:
91:
89:
88:
73:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6764:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6646:
6642:
6627:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:Krajina dinar
6566:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6554:
6553:Croatian kuna
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6436:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6395:Serbian dinar
6383:
6377:
6375:Serbian dinar
6372:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6333:FR Yugoslavia
6325:
6318:
6311:
6310:Bulgarian lev
6308:
6305:
6298:
6290:
6283:
6281:Serbian dinar
6276:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:Slovak koruna
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Greek drachma
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Dutch guilder
6011:
6009:
6008:Cypriot pound
6006:
6004:
6003:Croatian kuna
6001:
5999:
5998:Belgian franc
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5907:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5846:Swedish krona
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:Bulgarian lev
5803:
5802:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5666:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5369:Denominations
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:ECB president
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5191:Euro-Skulptur
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Estonian mark
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Deutsche Mark
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4384:Succeeded by:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3835:0-520-24050-2
3831:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:Bundesbank.de
3781:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3465:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3400:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3378:MediaWiki.org
3375:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:Deutsche Mark
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3171:
3170:Deutsche Mark
3163:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:) symbolizes
2497:
2496:Federal Eagle
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:Barthel Beham
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:German nature
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Karl Blessing
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:, whereas in
1957:
1956:
1949:
1937:
1931:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:). Likewise,
1888:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1763:Denomination
1762:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:Denomination
1728:
1725:
1715:.625 silver (
1714:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:Ludwig Erhard
1672:
1667:
1666:Theodor Heuss
1662:
1658:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:Cupro-nickel
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:25.5 mm
1588:
1586:Cupro-nickel
1585:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:23.5 mm
1559:
1557:Cupro-nickel
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:Denomination
1535:
1532:
1530:Cupro-nickel
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:21.5 mm
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:18.5 mm
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:16.5 mm
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:Dates issued
1387:
1385:Denomination
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:reunification
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:Marshall Plan
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:Ludwig Erhard
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1040:Vereinsthaler
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:German states
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
946:
937:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
878:
873:
869:
865:
858:
852:
844:
843:Deutsche Mark
835:
831:
827:
818:
814:
808:
804:
798:
794:
788:
785:13 March 1979
784:
778:
772:
768:
764:
763:Bulgarian lev
760:
757:
755:
751:
747:
745:
741:
736:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
702:
696:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
661:
654:
652:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
631:
625:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
590:
584:
579:
574:
571:
566:
561:
553:
549:
548:Croatian kuna
544:
534:
530:
526:
525:Croatian kuna
522:
518:
513:
512:
501:
497:
496:Croatian kuna
493:
489:
484:
483:
472:
468:
463:
462:
451:
447:
442:
441:
430:
426:
421:
420:
419:FR Yugoslavia
409:
404:
394:
386:
380:
371:
360:
355:
344:
339:
329:
324:
313:
308:
298:
289:
283:
278:
274:
268:
265:
261:
257:
251:
247:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:
221:
218:
214:
210:
207:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
173:
170:
166:
163:
162:Denominations
159:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
103:
98:
85:
74:
69:
61:Deutsche Mark
58:
57:
54:
51:Deutsche Mark
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6474:Italian lira
6427:
6414:Albanian lek
6164:
6152:
6147:Money portal
6140:
6103:Vatican lira
6068:Maltese lira
6053:Latvian lats
6048:Italian lira
6032:
6028:French franc
5841:Romanian leu
5836:Polish złoty
5826:Czech koruna
5810:Danish krone
5655:Vatican City
5440:Starter kits
5189:
4653:Polish marka
4638:Hamburg mark
4587:
4548:
4498:Currency of
4497:
4490:
4483:
4481:Preceded by:
4470:
4459:
4448:
4446:Preceded by:
4437:
4431:West Germany
4422:
4413:French franc
4411:
4409:Preceded by:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4338:
4332:black market
4323:
4308:
4306:Preceded by:
4235:
4229:
4193:
4185:
4166:
4149:
4135:
4128:
4110:
4098:
4088:23 September
4086:. Retrieved
4082:
4074:
4064:23 September
4062:. Retrieved
4057:
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4021:
4002:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3965:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3935:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3902:
3889:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3825:
3819:
3799:
3780:
3772:
3752:. Retrieved
3742:
3732:24 September
3730:. Retrieved
3721:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3622:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3566:
3557:
3453:Japanese yen
3429:French franc
3417:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3295:
3293:
3291:undertone).
3284:
3280:
3277:hypocoristic
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3232:) or simply
3217:
3215:
3210:
3169:
3167:
3107:As previous
2961:Paul Ehrlich
2865:Olive Green
2647:1989 series
2630:
2619:
2615:
2583:
2569:
2543:
2525:
2499:
2477:
2451:
2433:
2401:
2382:
2356:
2342:
2316:
2303:
2262:Description
2245:1960 series
2184:1 June 1977
2098:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:"Zuchthaus".
2065:
2040:
2015:French franc
2006:
1987:
1876:
1858:
1846:
1825:(instead of
1811:
1799:legal tender
1792:
1773:
1767:German eagle
1733:German eagle
1695:
1691:German eagle
1686:Willy Brandt
1628:
1624:German eagle
1596:German eagle
1567:German eagle
1391:Composition
1357:
1339:
1337:
1324:Soviet Union
1321:
1316:
1313:Mark der DDR
1312:
1305:East Germany
1298:
1289:French franc
1277:member state
1269:protectorate
1262:
1250:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1153:black market
1146:
1142:
1135:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1021:
985:
977:legal tender
954:
905:
894:West Germany
871:
867:
842:
840:
833:
815:1 March 2002
717:Hamburg mint
570:Central bank
521:French franc
509:
480:
459:
438:
418:
354:East Germany
323:West Germany
280:Demographics
47:
18:German marks
6691:Numismatics
6428:German mark
6043:Irish pound
6033:German Mark
5937:Enlargement
5602:Netherlands
5238:Euro summit
4729:Circulating
4608:German mark
4559:Circulating
4429:had joined
4376:existed as
4083:banknote.ws
4060:(in German)
4033:(FAQ). 2021
4007:Sammler.com
3995:(in German)
3722:reuters.com
3692:theweek.com
3642:20 February
3418:German mark
3374:Phabricator
3146:31/12/2001
3131:31/12/2001
3116:31/12/2001
3088:31/12/2001
3085:27/10/1992
3036:31/12/2001
3033:27/10/1992
2980:31/12/2001
2937:31/12/2001
2927:Grand Piano
2889:31/12/2001
2840:31/12/2001
2786:31/12/2001
2738:31/12/2001
2735:27/10/1992
2690:Withdrawal
2664:Description
2639:), and the
2582:symbolizes
2542:symbolizes
2478:Cosmograph
2450:symbolizes
2400:symbolizes
2361:21/10/1963
2355:symbolizes
2285:Withdrawal
2256:Paper color
2253:Dimensions
2167:Karl Klasen
2105:West Berlin
1903:), where a
1788:Netherlands
1760:29 mm
1726:29 mm
1684:1994–2001:
1679:1990–2001:
1674:1988–2001:
1669:1979–1993:
1664:1970–1987:
1659:1969–1987:
1533:20 mm
1374:cupronickel
1209:—literally
1161:West Berlin
1079:World War I
1004:Before 1871
906:Deutschmark
722:Berlin mint
712:Munich mint
595:.bundesbank
448:until 2002)
427:until 2002)
406:(1999–2002)
373:(1990–2002)
341:(1949–1990)
338:West Berlin
326:(1949–1990)
310:(1948–1949)
77:German mark
6701:Categories
6488:Montenegro
6453:Montenegro
6269:territory
5952:Withdrawal
5775:Montenegro
5650:San Marino
5592:Luxembourg
5498:500 €
5493:200 €
5488:100 €
5223:Eurosystem
4679:Merk Scots
4553:or similar
4545:Currencies
4504:Montenegro
4417:Saar Franc
4314:Rentenmark
4310:Reichsmark
4296:including
3946:9 November
3754:9 December
3662:Bundesbank
3550:References
3199:nominative
3079:in Berlin
2977:1/10/1990
2970:Microscope
2934:1/10/1990
2886:30/9/1991
2837:20/3/1992
2827:pen and a
2783:16/4/1991
2661:Main color
2655:Dimensions
2594:30/6/1995
2591:27/7/1964
2587:in Germany
2551:30/6/1995
2548:26/4/1965
2507:30/6/1995
2504:26/2/1962
2459:30/6/1995
2456:18/6/1962
2444:Holstentor
2409:30/6/1995
2406:10/2/1961
2364:30/6/1995
2324:30/6/1995
2259:Main color
2129:President
2027:Bundesbank
1885:(compare:
1841:Bundesbank
1834:Bundesbank
1831:), as the
1815:Bundesbank
1778:Bundesbank
1746:1975–2001
1712:1951–1974
1709:DM 5
1642:1969–2001
1619:Max Planck
1609:1957–1971
1583:1951–1956
1580:DM 2
1554:1950–2001
1551:DM 1
1527:1949–2001
1512:Oak sprig
1500:1949–2001
1485:Oak sprig
1473:1949–2001
1458:Oak sprig
1444:1949–2001
1429:Oak sprig
1415:1948–2001
1340:Bundesbank
1285:Saar franc
1108:Reichsmark
1102:Rentenmark
1097:Papiermark
1084:Papiermark
1008:See also:
961:Reichsmark
862:; "German
828:DM 1.95583
666:, Munich (
6347:1999-2003
6337:1992-1999
6327:1944-1992
6227:territory
5587:Lithuania
5483:50 €
5478:20 €
5473:10 €
5460:Banknotes
5450:Euro mint
5355:Petroeuro
5233:Eurogroup
5175:Euro sign
4658:Saar mark
4266:(online).
4264:1725-6593
4256:1725-2210
4224:(online).
4222:1725-6534
4214:1607-1484
3881:145428438
3672:4 January
3396:US dollar
3143:1/8/1997
3140:2/1/1996
3128:1/8/1997
3125:2/1/1996
3113:2/2/1998
3110:2/1/1996
3082:1/8/1991
3030:1/8/1991
3026:Butterfly
3018:Dandelion
3013:Nuremberg
2974:2/1/1989
2931:2/1/1989
2883:2/1/1989
2834:1/8/1991
2819:Meersburg
2780:2/1/1989
2771:Göttingen
2732:1/8/1991
2536:Burg Eltz
2321:6/5/1963
2056:Frankfurt
2011:US Dollar
1973:Banknotes
1955:Heiermann
1899:(notably
1394:Diameter
1334:Stability
1247:inflation
1089:inflation
1067:1873–1948
973:banknotes
754:Pegged by
744:Inflation
738:Valuation
668:Mint mark
236:Banknotes
6525:Slovenia
6495:Slovenia
5964:and euro
5718:Bulgaria
5617:Slovenia
5612:Slovakia
5607:Portugal
5519:Eurozone
5468:5 €
5420:2 €
5415:1 €
5269:Six pack
5185:Language
5180:Eurozone
4427:Saarland
4156:Archived
4141:Archived
4117:Archived
4010:Archived
3940:Archived
3915:30 April
3808:Archived
3788:Archived
3726:Archived
3702:27 April
3696:Archived
3666:Archived
3636:Archived
3614:27800508
3509:See also
3464:Renminbi
3442:Sterling
3316:Pfennige
3207:silent e
3203:loanword
3196:singular
3193:feminine
3053:€511.29
3022:Inchworm
3002:€255.65
2954:€102.26
2873:Würzburg
2667:Date of
2398:clarinet
2265:Date of
1942:groschen
1930:groschen
1918:groschen
1906:groschen
1881:groschen
1400:Obverse
1397:Reverse
1281:Saarland
1220:and the
1211:Eastmark
1122:JCS 1067
1074:Goldmark
1034:and the
981:eurozone
950:pfennigs
890:currency
822:1 €
563:Issuance
113:ISO 4217
6667:Germany
6641:Portals
6558:Croatia
6532:Croatia
5868:General
5860:History
5743:Romania
5733:Hungary
5728:Denmark
5640:Andorra
5572:Ireland
5562:Germany
5552:Finland
5547:Estonia
5537:Croatia
5532:Belgium
5527:Austria
5283:Economy
5153:General
4583:AM-Mark
4576:Defunct
4491:Reason:
4460:Reason:
4452:of the
4423:Reason:
4394:Reason:
4324:Reason:
4318:AM-Mark
3873:1405052
3573:22 June
3534:Notgeld
3376:and on
3296:Pfennig
3060:Wilhelm
2957:Orange
2922:Leipzig
2911:€51.13
2862:€25.56
2808:€10.23
2776:Sextant
2763:Purple
2681:Reverse
2678:Obverse
2675:Reverse
2672:Obverse
2626:Braille
2576:(1529)
2563:Yellow
2532:(1521)
2519:Yellow
2487:(1552)
2440:(1525)
2426:Yellow
2389:(1499)
2349:(1500)
2312:(1505)
2279:Reverse
2276:Obverse
2273:Reverse
2270:Obverse
2107:and in
2034:forgery
1997:⁄
1961:Bavaria
1948:sechser
1936:sechser
1924:pfennig
1912:pfennig
1901:Prussia
1892:sechser
1866:pfennig
1786:or the
1784:Finland
1723:37.5%)
1279:of the
1207:Ostmark
1201:), the
1193:In the
1091:, then
1051:⁄
999:History
898:Germany
847:German:
824: =
605:Printer
370:Germany
307:Trizone
226:Pfennig
224:
211:Pfennig
206:Pfennig
204:
190:Pfennig
181:⁄
176:
168:Subunit
156:
84:English
6655:Europe
6549:
6536:
6446:Kosovo
6442:
6439:
6408:Kosovo
6401:Serbia
6390:
6387:
6370:
6366:Serbia
6343:Serbia
5911:
5900:
5889:
5770:Kosovo
5748:Sweden
5738:Poland
5645:Monaco
5582:Latvia
5567:Greece
5557:France
5542:Cyprus
5228:Ecofin
5147:topics
4547:named
4500:Kosovo
4471:Ratio:
4438:Ratio:
4401:Ratio:
4339:Ratio:
4262:
4254:
4220:
4212:
4037:2 June
3879:
3871:
3832:
3612:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3289:ironic
3268:Märker
3248:D-Mark
3218:D-Mark
3071:Kassel
3056:Brown
2760:€5.11
2723:Berlin
2715:Green
2712:€2.56
2566:Brown
2448:Lübeck
2429:Brown
2396:and a
2394:violin
2379:Green
2376:Green
2300:Green
2297:Green
2123:Issue
2113:Munich
2048:Cochem
1966:Zwickl
1897:states
1719:62.5%
1382:Image
1157:Soviet
1016:, and
943:DOYTCH
872:D-Mark
870:" or "
765:at par
543:UNTAES
527:, and
494:, and
367:
351:
320:
216:Symbol
196:Plural
149:Symbol
140:Plural
93:D-Mark
80:
72:
68:German
64:
6679:Money
5819:Other
5622:Spain
5597:Malta
5577:Italy
5377:Coins
5300:Eonia
4371:Note:
4357:Note:
4334:trade
4120:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
3976:2 May
3877:S2CID
3869:JSTOR
3610:JSTOR
3596:(1).
3475:Other
3301:masc.
3067:Grimm
3064:Jacob
2914:Blue
2831:tree
2825:quill
2811:Aqua
2687:Issue
2652:Image
2492:eagle
2474:Blue
2471:Blue
2339:Blue
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