5420:
77:
34:
5432:
461:
The exact details of the shift are unknown, and it may have progressed in a variety of ways before arriving at the final situation. The three stages listed above show the progression of a "pull chain", in which each change leaves a "gap" in the phonological system that "pulls" other phonemes into it
508:
Once the sounds described by Grimm's law had changed, only one type of voiced consonant was left, with no distinction between voiced stops and voiced fricatives. They eventually became stops at the start of a word (for the most part), as well as after a nasal consonant, but fricatives elsewhere.
483:, which is followed by a minority of linguists. This theoretical framework assumes that PIE "voiced stops" were actually voiceless to begin with, so that the second phase did not actually exist as such, or was not actually devoicing but was losing some other articulatory feature like
1907:
Most examples of this occurred with obstruents preceded by *s (resulting in *sp, *st, *sk, *skʷ), or obstruents followed by *t (giving *ft, *ss, *ht, *ht) or *s (giving *fs, *ss, *hs, *hs). The latter change was frequent in suffixes, and became a phonotactic restriction known as the
509:
Whether they were plosives or fricatives at first is therefore not clear. The voiced aspirated stops may have first become voiced fricatives, before becoming stops under certain conditions. But they may also have become stops at first, then become fricatives in most positions later.
2367:
The
Germanic "sound laws", combined with regular changes reconstructed for other Indo-European languages, allow one to define the expected sound correspondences between different branches of the family. For example, Germanic (word-initial) *b- corresponds regularly to Latin
1903:
When two obstruents occurred in a pair, the first was changed according to Grimm's law, if possible, while the second was not. If either of the two was voiceless, the whole cluster was devoiced, and the first obstruent also lost its labialisation, if it was present.
495:
phonetics (see below), which are easier to explain within the glottalic theory framework when Grimm's law is formulated in this manner. Additionally, aspirated stops are known to have changed to fricatives when transiting between Proto-Indo-European and
1912:. This rule remained productive throughout the Proto-Germanic period. The cluster *tt became *ss (as in many Indo-European daughter languages), but this was often restored analogically to *st later on.
248:
and extended it to include standard German. He noticed that many words had consonants different from what his law predicted. These exceptions defied linguists for several decades, until Danish linguist
462:
to fill the gap. Alternatively, the shift may have occurred as a “push chain”, where the sounds changed in reverse order, with each change "pushing" the next forward to avoid merging the phonemes.
5147:
2420:(faithfully reflected in Sanskrit and modified in various ways elsewhere), and the latter set to PIE *p- (shifted in Germanic, lost in Celtic, but preserved in the other groups mentioned here).
1892:). The first phase left the phoneme repertoire of the language without voiceless stops, the second phase filled this gap, but created a new one, and so on until the chain had run its course.
743:
Further changes following Grimm's law, as well as sound changes in other Indo-European languages, can occasionally obscure the law's effects. The most illustrative examples are used here.
516:. Verner's law caused the voiceless fricatives that resulted from the Grimm's law changes to become voiced under certain conditions, creating apparent exceptions to the rule. For example:
1421:
1333:
1177:
1110:
2694:
1776:
1670:
938:
5298:
1520:
1600:
5467:
4651:
1485:
856:
5472:
771:
1634:
5477:
1019:
5482:
5228:
4787:
1814:
5462:
3231:
1263:
907:
711:
voiced by Verner's law fell together with this sound and developed identically, compare the words for 'she-wolf': from Middle High German
5246:
5066:
1374:
817:
2578:
1290:
984:
160:
1561:
1224:
1142:
479:
This sequence would lead to the same result. This variety of Grimm's law is often suggested in the context of Proto-Indo-European
5156:
2687:
1733:
1069:
4967:
3616:
94:
402:
Here each sound moves one position to the right to take on its new sound value. Within Proto-Germanic, the sounds denoted by
98:
5316:
141:
5219:
4958:
4510:
113:
45:
5384:
4769:
4742:
4644:
4540:
3710:
3672:
3657:
2984:
189:
41:
5093:
4814:
4520:
4380:
3730:
3689:
3679:
2680:
2480:
1868:
This process appears strikingly regular. Each phase involves one single change which applies equally to the labials (
2544:
120:
5307:
4895:
4832:
4823:
2896:
87:
5435:
5359:
5325:
4237:
667:, due to the labial element before a labial vowel being lost in Proto-Indo-European, which continued to act as a
5183:
4515:
4469:
4464:
4388:
3998:
3982:
3861:
3720:
127:
55:
4296:
465:
The steps could also have occurred somewhat differently. Another possible sequence of events could have been:
244:
and Greek, and to the full range of consonants involved. In 1822, Jacob Grimm put forth the rule in his book
5423:
5367:
5138:
5057:
4805:
4751:
4720:
4637:
4454:
4398:
4393:
4313:
3986:
3936:
3694:
3236:
3054:
2738:
2726:
623:
213:
51:
2346:, and this then becomes preaspirated in Icelandic. Thus, the of the modern Icelandic form is not Germanic
5255:
4985:
4850:
4693:
4459:
3941:
3907:
3525:
3341:
3201:
3041:
2936:
2534:
2355:
2347:
2279:
2138:
2134:
2130:
601:
578:
571:
229:
225:
109:
5030:
4931:
4617:
4581:
3849:
3842:
3794:
3564:
3535:
3504:
3467:
3392:
3241:
3149:
3062:
2923:
2885:
2460:
2424:
4082:
2957:
699:
appears in certain cases (possibly through dissimilation when another labial consonant followed?) like
5402:
4949:
4940:
4586:
4566:
4535:
4408:
4268:
4242:
4143:
4014:
3832:
3424:
3251:
3213:
3208:
3082:
3029:
2787:
1909:
240:
in 1806. In 1818, Rasmus Rask extended the correspondences to other Indo-European languages, such as
5457:
5210:
4711:
4525:
4072:
3917:
3761:
3715:
3649:
3402:
3164:
3049:
2962:
2760:
205:
5334:
5165:
4760:
4571:
4423:
4413:
4368:
4130:
4057:
3954:
3799:
3774:
3769:
3662:
3490:
3375:
3196:
2974:
2969:
2948:
2909:
2713:
2703:
2509:
2468:
2439:
2322:
294:
Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated stops become Proto-Germanic voiced stops or fricatives (as
224:
Grimm's law was the first discovered systematic sound change, creating historical phonology as a
5281:
4495:
2549:
3414:
5375:
5343:
4922:
4545:
4344:
4260:
4253:
4208:
4152:
3912:
3902:
3885:
3880:
3784:
3667:
3546:
3346:
3307:
3287:
3125:
3017:
2999:
2851:
2574:
2538:
2527:
5393:
5102:
5084:
4976:
4913:
4877:
4500:
4291:
4225:
4181:
4176:
4125:
4117:
3922:
3890:
3837:
3826:
3739:
3611:
3606:
3448:
3387:
3177:
3159:
2994:
2755:
2747:
2606:
2521:
2506:
2499:
2485:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2126:
672:
480:
500:, so representing a plausible potential change from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic.
134:
5237:
5120:
5075:
4904:
4868:
4859:
4841:
4796:
4530:
4323:
4230:
4213:
4198:
4193:
4186:
3895:
3804:
3789:
3744:
3596:
3559:
3551:
3530:
3517:
3497:
3483:
3246:
3223:
3154:
3144:
3136:
2916:
2594:
4994:
4490:
582:
513:
512:
Around the same time as the Grimm's law sounds shifted, another change occurred known as
492:
254:
5012:
4886:
4702:
4660:
4611:
4505:
4437:
4329:
4203:
3873:
3640:
3579:
3358:
3315:
3272:
3189:
3184:
3073:
3023:
2874:
2825:
2780:
2773:
2495:
2142:
2119:
668:
484:
274:
209:
193:
5451:
5111:
5039:
4676:
4576:
4561:
4403:
4159:
4110:
3927:
3866:
3779:
3725:
3684:
3622:
3569:
3453:
3380:
2810:
2491:
644:
at first, but the further development is unclear. In that position, it became either
288:
278:
17:
4430:
3854:
3818:
3751:
3574:
3397:
3370:
3353:
3297:
3256:
2838:
2817:
2434:
2428:
497:
204:. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and
63:
4077:
265:
Grimm's law consists of three parts, forming consecutive phases in the sense of a
5192:
4670:
4337:
4247:
4220:
4092:
4038:
3946:
3628:
3589:
3172:
2867:
2831:
2766:
442:, and likewise for the others. The voiceless fricatives are customarily spelled
266:
250:
201:
197:
76:
2459:. The present pronunciations have further changed, like many English varieties
2414:
and to zero (no initial consonant) in Celtic. The former set goes back to PIE *
5351:
5289:
5201:
5129:
5021:
5003:
4778:
4087:
4067:
3432:
3102:
2803:
2663:
281:
185:
5174:
4273:
4136:
4021:
3584:
3365:
3320:
3292:
3118:
2642:
2624:
2610:
295:
4097:
2423:
One of the more conspicuous present surface correspondences is the
English
302:
This chain shift (in the order 3, 2, 1) can be abstractly represented as:
5048:
4062:
3410:
2381:
488:
241:
4103:
3699:
3601:
2512:
was also affected by a similar process, leading to a high frequency of
2450:
2443:
59:
2530:, another Indo-European language, has experienced a similar evolution.
707:(provided that the proposed explanations are correct). Proto-Germanic
4629:
3406:
2672:
811:(pa), Serbo-Croatian: "pod" ("under; floor") and "peta" as in "heel"
469:
Voiceless stops are allophonically aspirated under most conditions.
3324:
4633:
4366:
3980:
2724:
2676:
70:
1787:
640:
Word-initially, the most plausible reflex is labiovelar stop
585:
article for a more detailed explanation of this discrepancy.
418:
were stops in some environments and fricatives in others, so
40:
This article contains characters used to write reconstructed
5148:
The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was
2350:'s direct descendant. The same ancestry holds for Icelandic
2118:
Some linguists dispute the origin of the word "scold", but
606:
through Verner's law) further changed with various sorts:
2410:
corresponds to Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Slavic and Baltic
719:, one can reconstruct Proto-Germanic nominative singular
581:
in another (apparently violating Grimm's law). See the
287:
Proto-Indo-European voiced stops become Proto-Germanic
2122:, among others, proposed *skʷetlo as the assumed root.
2467:, though the spellings reflect the history more; see
2454:
2415:
2385:
2374:
2287:
2081:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1800:
1774:
1725:
1668:
1626:
1598:
1553:
1518:
1477:
1419:
1366:
1331:
1261:
1175:
1108:
1079:
1061:
1017:
936:
854:
769:
593:
437:
431:
425:
419:
394:
388:
382:
376:
369:
363:
357:
351:
344:
338:
332:
326:
318:
312:
306:
5266:
4731:
4684:
4554:
4478:
4447:
4379:
4311:
4169:
4050:
4006:
3997:
3817:
3760:
3648:
3639:
3544:
3516:
3475:
3466:
3441:
3423:
3334:
3306:
3280:
3271:
3222:
3135:
3110:
3101:
3040:
2935:
2884:
2859:
2850:
2746:
2737:
2597:(1995). "Gothic 'bagms' and Old Icelandic 'ylgr'".
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2573:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 49.
269:. The phases are usually constructed as follows:
2432:and the corresponding Latin and Romance digraph
472:Voiced stops become unaspirated voiceless stops.
196:in the first millennium BC, first discovered by
44:words (for an explanation of the notation, see
491:. This alternative sequence also accounts for
4645:
2688:
2002:
1709:
1468:
969:
806:
232:first noted the correspondence between Latin
8:
1542:, Russian: мёд (mjod), Serbo-Croatian: мед (
1053:), Serbo-Croatian (Kajkavian dialect): кај (
574:in one word (following Grimm's law), but as
1049:, Serbo-Croatian (Torlakian dialect): кvo (
192:(PIE) stop consonants as they developed in
4652:
4638:
4630:
4376:
4363:
4003:
3994:
3977:
3645:
3472:
3277:
3107:
2856:
2743:
2734:
2721:
2695:
2681:
2673:
2494:, a similar evolution differentiating the
629:Following vowels, it seems to have become
5299:The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm
592:that had arisen from Proto-Indo-European
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2537:language following something similar is
2151:
1917:
745:
2561:
633:, presumably through a fricative stage
56:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1439:) ("member of a brotherhood"), Latin:
614:it was preserved as a labiovelar stop
475:All aspirated stops become fricatives.
4788:The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs
2321:
618:, but later changed to a plain velar
27:Sound shift in the Germanic languages
7:
5431:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
3257:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2003:
1710:
1469:
970:
807:
683:(as suggested by the connection of
5247:The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats
4616:Languages between parentheses are
968:), Serbo-Croatian: kuče, Persian:
755:Non-Germanic (unshifted) cognates
200:but systematically put forward by
25:
2129:, later have an unrelated change
2021:, Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian:
1443:, Russian, Serbo-Croatian: брат (
5430:
5419:
5418:
5157:The Three Little Men in the Wood
2524:, which did not change this way.
1874:) and their equivalent dentals (
524:("brother") > Proto-Germanic
75:
32:
5468:History of the English language
4968:The King of the Golden Mountain
2299:, West Frisian, Dutch, German:
2237:, West Frisian, Dutch, German:
1899:Behaviour in consonant clusters
1455:, Old Church Slavonic: братръ (
547:("father") > Proto-Germanic
86:needs additional citations for
5473:History of the German language
4620:of the language on their left.
1766:, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish:
1714:(ğaz), Serbo-Croatian: гуска (
1663:(all meaning "ascend, climb")
1510:, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish:
1009:, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish:
273:Proto-Indo-European voiceless
1:
5478:History of the Dutch language
5220:The Twelve Dancing Princesses
4511:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2469:Interrogative word: Etymology
2125:Several languages, including
679:Perhaps the usual reflex was
46:Proto-Indo-European phonology
5483:Proto-Indo-European language
4770:Cat and Mouse in Partnership
4541:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3232:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2342:regularly becomes Old Norse
2149:Examples with following *t:
1961:Danish, Norwegian, Swedish:
1915:Examples with preceding *s:
1080:
781:Ancient Greek: πούς, ποδός (
764:Germanic (shifted) examples
458:in the context of Germanic.
5463:Germanic language histories
5317:Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics
5094:The Singing, Springing Lark
4815:The Elves and the Shoemaker
4521:High German consonant shift
2647:Online Etymology Dictionary
2629:Online Etymology Dictionary
2481:High German consonant shift
1614:, Ancient Greek: στείχειν (
1132:, Serbo-Croatian: ја̏бука (
659:The regular reflex next to
656:during late Proto-Germanic.
277:change into Proto-Germanic
5499:
5308:Once Upon a Brothers Grimm
4896:The Goose-Girl at the Well
4833:The Four Skillful Brothers
4824:The Fisherman and His Wife
3059:Westlauwers–Terschellings
2712:According to contemporary
2455:
2416:
2386:
2375:
2288:
2082:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1726:
1669:
1627:
1618:Russian: ступать/ступить (
1599:
1554:
1519:
1478:
1420:
1367:
1332:
1262:
1176:
1109:
1062:
1018:
937:
855:
770:
594:
438:
432:
426:
420:
395:
389:
383:
377:
370:
364:
358:
352:
345:
339:
333:
327:
319:
313:
307:
178:First Germanic Sound Shift
5413:
4667:
4603:
4375:
4362:
4284:
4238:Southern Schleswig Danish
3993:
3976:
2733:
2720:
2710:
2520:, and can be compared to
1435:, Ancient Greek: φρατήρ (
886:), Serbo-Croatian: три̑ (
62:combining characters and
5184:Town Musicians of Bremen
4516:West Germanic gemination
4470:Ancient Belgian language
4465:Germanic parent language
4409:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3531:Austrian Standard German
2545:Stigler's law of eponymy
2166:Ancient Greek: κλέπτης (
974:(sag), Russian: собака (
5368:German Fairy Tale Route
5139:Snow-White and Rose-Red
4806:The Dog and the Sparrow
4752:The Brave Little Tailor
2668:Encyclopædia Britannica
2611:10.1075/nowele.25.04kui
2569:Campbell, Lyle (2004).
2453:. These both come from
2406:, etc., while Germanic
1534:, Homeric Greek: μέθυ (
1494:, West Frisian, Dutch:
1355:, Serbo-Croatian: жив (
846:, Norwegian, Swedish:
797:) "under", Lithuanian:
663:would likely have been
214:Indo-European languages
5360:American McGee's Grimm
5256:The Wonderful Musician
4986:Little Red Riding Hood
4577:Preterite-present verb
4460:Proto-Germanic grammar
4414:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3526:German Standard German
3202:East Frisian Low Saxon
2571:Historical linguistics
2363:Correspondences to PIE
2334:, from Proto-Germanic
2155:Non-Germanic examples
1921:Non-Germanic examples
1886:) and rounded velars (
1847:, Icelandic, Faroese:
1696:("swan"), Lithuanian:
1688:, Ancient Greek: χήν (
1651:, Icelandic, Faroese:
1506:, Icelandic, Faroese:
1399:, Icelandic, Faroese:
1311:, Icelandic, Faroese:
1005:, Icelandic, Faroese:
866:Ancient Greek: τρεῖς (
838:, Icelandic, Faroese:
230:Friedrich von Schlegel
226:historical linguistics
5067:The Robber Bridegroom
5031:Pied Piper of Hamelin
4932:The Hut in the Forest
4582:Grammatischer Wechsel
3565:Namibian Black German
3536:Swiss Standard German
3505:Early New High German
3063:Mainland West Frisian
2924:Harlingerland Frisian
2326:comes from Old Norse
2261:, Greek: νύξ, νυκτ- (
2216:Ancient Greek: ὀκτώ (
1655:, Danish, Norwegian:
1582:, Danish, Norwegian:
1249:, Danish, Norwegian:
948:Ancient Greek: κύων (
563:Here, the same sound
5403:The Grimm Variations
4950:Jorinde and Joringel
4941:The Jew Among Thorns
4721:Deutsches Wörterbuch
4587:Indo-European ablaut
4567:Germanic strong verb
4536:Germanic spirant law
3673:Southeast Limburgish
3169:Gelders-Overijssels
2798:Irish Middle English
2788:Early Modern English
2273:Hittite (genitive):
1910:Germanic spirant law
1277:, Greek: γελανδρός (
749:Proto-Indo-European
723:, genitive singular
543:Proto-Indo-European
520:Proto-Indo-European
176:, also known as the
95:improve this article
18:Germanic sound shift
5211:The Twelve Brothers
4712:Deutsche Mythologie
4694:Grimms' Fairy Tales
4555:Synchronic features
4526:Germanic a-mutation
4479:Diachronic features
3829:in the broad sense
3762:East Central German
3716:Lorraine Franconian
3690:Transylvanian Saxon
3650:West Central German
3425:East Low Franconian
3335:West Low Franconian
2440:interrogative words
2438:, notably found in
2062:, Old High German:
2041:, Danish, Swedish:
1347:, Russian: живой (
1203:, Russian: десять (
588:The early Germanic
190:Proto-Indo-European
42:Proto-Indo-European
5326:The Brothers Grimm
5166:The Three Spinners
4761:Brother and Sister
4661:The Brothers Grimm
4572:Germanic weak verb
4381:Language subgroups
3731:Pennsylvania Dutch
3680:Moselle Franconian
3658:Central Franconian
3491:Middle High German
3242:Central Pomeranian
3197:Northern Low Saxon
2910:Wangerooge Frisian
2704:Germanic languages
2510:Hungarian language
2265:Sanskrit: नक्तम् (
2161:Germanic examples
1993:, Russian: стать (
1927:Germanic examples
1704:), Russian: гусь (
555:, Old High German
532:, Old High German
456:⟨hw⟩
416:⟨gw⟩
253:explained them in
246:Deutsche Grammatik
5445:
5444:
5344:The Sisters Grimm
5229:The Water of Life
4923:Hansel and Gretel
4627:
4626:
4612:extinct languages
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4546:Great Vowel Shift
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4307:
4306:
4153:Greenlandic Norse
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3903:Southern Bavarian
3886:Northern Bavarian
3862:Highest Alemannic
3813:
3812:
3547:standard variants
3462:
3461:
3308:Standard variants
3267:
3266:
3126:Middle Low German
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
2897:Saterland Frisian
2314:
2313:
2203:Old High German:
2170:), Old Prussian:
2115:
2114:
1866:
1865:
1839:, Old Icelandic:
1167:, Crimean Gothic
1120:Russian: яблоко (
1041:, Russian: что (č
452:⟨h⟩
448:⟨þ⟩
444:⟨f⟩
412:⟨g⟩
408:⟨d⟩
404:⟨b⟩
212:of certain other
171:
170:
163:
145:
52:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
5490:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5406:
5397:
5394:The 10th Kingdom
5388:
5385:Once Upon a Time
5379:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5347:
5338:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5277:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5103:The Six Servants
5097:
5088:
5085:The Seven Ravens
5079:
5070:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4977:King Thrushbeard
4971:
4962:
4959:The Juniper Tree
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4914:Hans My Hedgehog
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4878:The Golden Goose
4872:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4631:
4404:Elbe (Irminonic)
4377:
4364:
4292:Mainland Gutnish
4182:Swedish dialects
4144:Middle Icelandic
4118:Middle Norwegian
4007:Historical forms
4004:
3995:
3978:
3937:South Franconian
3923:Hutterite German
3891:Central Bavarian
3711:Rhine Franconian
3646:
3476:Historical forms
3473:
3388:Surinamese Dutch
3281:Historical forms
3278:
3111:Historical forms
3108:
2860:Historical forms
2857:
2744:
2735:
2722:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2595:Kuiper, F. B. J.
2591:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2500:Standard Italian
2486:Glottalic theory
2458:
2457:
2419:
2418:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2357:
2349:
2325:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2100:; West Frisian:
2085:
2084:
2029:; West Frisian:
2006:
2005:
1918:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1823:, West Frisian:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1742:, West Frisian:
1729:
1728:
1713:
1712:
1674:
1673:
1630:
1629:
1604:
1603:
1570:, East Frisian:
1557:
1556:
1524:
1523:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1425:
1424:
1383:, West Frisian:
1370:
1369:
1337:
1336:
1299:, West Frisian:
1283:gelmenis, gelumà
1267:
1266:
1181:
1180:
1151:, West Frisian:
1114:
1113:
1083:
1065:
1064:
1023:
1022:
973:
972:
942:
941:
882:, Russian: три (
860:
859:
826:, West Frisian:
810:
809:
793:, Russian: под (
775:
774:
746:
605:
599:
598:
580:
573:
481:glottalic theory
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
379:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
354:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
329:
322:
321:
316:
315:
310:
309:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
58: instead of
36:
35:
21:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5366:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5282:Göttingen Seven
5280:
5273:
5262:
5253:
5244:
5238:The White Snake
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5121:Sleeping Beauty
5118:
5109:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5076:Rumpelstiltskin
5073:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4905:The Grave Mound
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4869:The Golden Bird
4866:
4860:Godfather Death
4857:
4848:
4842:The Frog Prince
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4797:Doctor Know-all
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4680:
4663:
4658:
4628:
4623:
4591:
4550:
4531:Germanic umlaut
4496:Holtzmann's law
4474:
4443:
4371:
4350:
4303:
4280:
4214:South Jutlandic
4199:Danish dialects
4165:
4046:
3989:
3960:
3942:East Franconian
3896:Viennese German
3809:
3790:Silesian German
3756:
3745:Central Hessian
3635:
3560:Namibian German
3549:
3540:
3518:Standard German
3512:
3498:New High German
3484:Old High German
3458:
3437:
3419:
3330:
3302:
3263:
3247:East Pomeranian
3237:Brandenburgisch
3224:East Low German
3218:
3145:Dutch Low Saxon
3137:West Low German
3131:
3089:
3055:Schiermonnikoog
3036:
2931:
2917:Wursten Frisian
2880:
2846:
2729:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2550:Grassmann's law
2496:Tuscan dialects
2477:
2365:
2338:. The Germanic
2323:[nouht]
2269:), Lithuanian:
2193:, Greek: ἄττα (
2141:in the case of
1997:), Lithuanian:
1901:
1895:
1889:kʷ, gʷ, gʷʰ, hʷ
1806:
1786:Homeric Greek:
1620:stupat'/stupit'
1538:), Lithuanian:
1447:), Lithuanian:
1281:), Lithuanian:
1191:, Greek: δέκα (
1124:), Lithuanian:
1100:, Norwegian:
1088:"), Icelandic:
1045:), Lithuanian:
916:, Old Frisian:
890:), Lithuanian:
761:Proto-Germanic
741:
727:, from earlier
506:
504:Further changes
455:
451:
447:
443:
415:
411:
407:
403:
289:voiceless stops
263:
222:
210:stop consonants
188:describing the
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
69:
68:
67:
50:Without proper
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5427:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5364:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5013:Old Hildebrand
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4887:The Goose Girl
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4707:
4703:Deutsche Sagen
4698:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Proto-Germanic
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4330:Crimean Gothic
4319:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4204:Insular Danish
4201:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4187:Rinkebysvenska
4184:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4033:Old East Norse
4030:
4028:Old West Norse
4018:
4010:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3981:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:South Tyrolean
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3850:High Alemannic
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3641:Central German
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3580:Barossa German
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:French Flemish
3351:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3273:Low Franconian
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:Westereendersk
3068:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2875:Middle Frisian
2871:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:Modern English
2777:
2774:Middle English
2770:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2658:External links
2656:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2616:
2586:
2579:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2503:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2449:) such as the
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2284:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2228:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2123:
2120:Julius Pokorny
2113:
2112:
2086:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2015:
2012:
1978:
1977:
1949:West Frisian:
1943:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1900:
1897:
1864:
1863:
1817:
1812:
1797:
1784:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1678:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1622:) "walk/step"
1608:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1528:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1459:), Old Welsh:
1429:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1341:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1211:, Lithuanian:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1118:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1027:
1024:
1014:
1013:
987:
982:
979:
946:
943:
939:*ḱwón- ~ *ḱun-
933:
932:
910:
905:
902:
864:
861:
851:
850:
820:
815:
812:
779:
776:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
740:
737:
715:and Old Norse
691:and Old Irish
677:
676:
669:surface filter
657:
638:
627:
561:
560:
541:
505:
502:
485:glottalization
477:
476:
473:
470:
400:
399:
374:
349:
324:
300:
299:
292:
285:
262:
259:
221:
218:
194:Proto-Germanic
184:, is a set of
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
54:, you may see
38:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5437:
5428:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5112:The Six Swans
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5040:The Queen Bee
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4677:Wilhelm Grimm
4673:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Germanic verb
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Sievers's law
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:Reconstructed
4446:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4261:Middle Danish
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:Old Icelandic
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:Old Norwegian
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3928:Gottscheerish
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:Walser German
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:Low Alemannic
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:High Prussian
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Erzgebirgisch
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Luxembourgish
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:Klezmer-loshn
3620:
3618:
3617:Scots Yiddish
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3454:Meuse-Rhenish
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:Kleverlandish
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:Central Dutch
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Stellingwarfs
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:Wood Frisian
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2937:North Frisian
2934:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Anglo-Frisian
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2580:0-262-53267-0
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Tuscan gorgia
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:for details.
2470:
2466:
2464:
2461:reducing the
2452:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:, Icelandic:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:núks, nukt-),
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:, Icelandic:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:, Icelandic:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:, Icelandic:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:), Sanskrit:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:Old English:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:"walk, step"
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:, Icelandic:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:), Sanskrit:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:, Norwegian:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:, Icelandic:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:, Icelandic:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
940:
935:
934:
931:
928:, Icelandic:
927:
923:
920:, Old Saxon:
919:
915:
911:
909:
906:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
853:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
816:
813:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
744:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
673:boukólos rule
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
625:
624:West Germanic
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
607:
604:
597:
591:
586:
584:
577:
570:
566:
558:
554:
551:(Old English
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:(Old English
527:
523:
519:
518:
517:
515:
510:
503:
501:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
459:
375:
350:
325:
305:
304:
303:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
272:
271:
270:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
236:and Germanic
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
162:
154:
151:February 2024
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
110:"Grimm's law"
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:
43:
19:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5358:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5274:
5004:Mother Holle
4995:Mary's Child
4719:
4710:
4701:
4692:
4675:
4669:
4607:
4491:Verner's law
4485:
4436:
4431:Gotho-Nordic
4429:
4422:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4312:
4297:Fårö Gutnish
4259:
4252:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4116:
4109:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4013:
3953:
3855:Swiss German
3819:Upper German
3752:Amana German
3726:Volga German
3695:Hunsrückisch
3621:
3575:Unserdeutsch
3570:Berlinerisch
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3442:Cover groups
3398:Mohawk Dutch
3393:Jersey Dutch
3371:East Flemish
3354:West Flemish
3298:Middle Dutch
3252:Low Prussian
3124:
3117:
3083:Terschelling
3067:Clay Frisian
3042:West Frisian
3030:Wiedingharde
3022:
3010:
2970:Heligolandic
2947:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2886:East Frisian
2873:
2866:
2839:Middle Scots
2837:
2830:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2667:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2605:(1): 63–88.
2602:
2598:
2589:
2570:
2564:
2535:Austronesian
2517:
2513:
2462:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2278:
2277:(pronounced
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2148:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2049:Lithuanian:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:, Sanskrit:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1936:Lithuanian:
1933:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1793:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1719:
1715:
1708:), Persian:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1412:
1411:, Norwegian
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Lithuanian:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:, Sanskrit:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:, Sanskrit:
1034:
1030:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
975:
965:
961:
957:
956:, Sanskrit:
953:
949:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
899:
898:, Albanian:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:, Sanskrit:
875:
871:
867:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
742:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
678:
664:
660:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
630:
619:
615:
611:
602:
595:
589:
587:
583:Verner's law
575:
568:
564:
562:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:Verner's law
511:
507:
498:Proto-Italic
493:Verner's law
489:ejectiveness
478:
464:
460:
401:
301:
264:
255:Verner's law
245:
237:
233:
228:discipline.
223:
181:
177:
173:
172:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
39:
5335:Grimm Tales
5275:Grimm's law
5193:Trusty John
4671:Jacob Grimm
4506:Kluge's law
4486:Grimm's law
4269:Dalecarlian
4248:Perkerdansk
4221:East Danish
4039:Old Gutnish
4015:Proto-Norse
3955:Langobardic
3947:Vogtlandian
3775:Upper Saxon
3629:Lachoudisch
3590:Lotegorisch
3468:High German
3214:Westphalian
3209:Eastphalian
3173:Achterhooks
3050:Hindeloopen
2985:Bökingharde
2954:Föhr–Amrum
2868:Old Frisian
2832:Early Scots
2767:Old English
2664:Grimm's law
2096:Norwegian:
2092:Icelandic:
2001:, Persian:
1969:, Faroese:
1965:Icelandic:
1883:k, g, gʰ, h
1880:), velars (
1877:t, d, dʰ, þ
1871:p, b, bʰ, f
1851:, Swedish:
1762:, Faroese:
1718:), Polish:
1616:steíkhein),
1590:, Swedish:
1546:), Polish:
1467:, Persian:
1463:, Latvian:
1407:, Swedish:
1359:), Polish:
1323:, Swedish:
1287:*g > k
1253:, Swedish:
1245:, Faroese:
1221:*d > t
1163:, Swedish:
1139:*b > p
1092:, Faroese:
1078:, Gothic:
981:*k > h
904:*t > þ
830:, German:
814:*p > f
805:, Persian:
801:, Latvian:
787:pēs, pedis,
783:poús, podós
567:appears as
267:chain shift
251:Karl Verner
202:Jacob Grimm
198:Rasmus Rask
182:Rask's rule
174:Grimm's law
66:characters.
5458:Sound laws
5452:Categories
5352:Fairy tale
5290:Grim Tales
5202:The Turnip
5130:Snow White
5058:The Riddle
5022:Old Sultan
4779:Cinderella
4338:Burgundian
4254:Old Danish
4243:Gøtudanskt
4226:Bornholmsk
4088:Vestlandsk
4068:Kebabnorsk
3805:Halcnovian
3770:Thuringian
3433:Limburgish
3403:Stadsfries
3376:Brabantian
3103:Low German
2949:Eiderstedt
2804:Fingallian
2556:References
2317:Icelandic
2303:, Gothic:
2259:nox, noct-
2241:, Gothic:
2220:), Irish:
2207:, Gothic:
2108:, German:
2037:, German:
2025:, Gothic:
1973:, Gothic:
1957:, German:
1855:, Danish:
1835:, Gothic:
1831:, German:
1796:) "voice"
1754:, German:
1647:, German:
1610:Sanskrit:
1578:, German:
1530:Sanskrit:
1502:, Gothic:
1498:, German:
1473:(barádar)
1451:, Polish:
1431:Sanskrit:
1428:"brother"
1422:*bʰréh₂tēr
1403:, Danish:
1395:, Gothic:
1391:, German:
1385:kwik, kwyk
1375:*kwi(k)waz
1315:, Danish:
1307:, German:
1237:, Gothic:
1215:, Polish:
1207:), Welsh:
1195:), Irish:
1128:, Gaulish
1096:, Danish:
1001:, Gothic:
997:, German:
952:), Latin:
924:, Gothic:
894:, Polish:
870:), Latin:
842:, Danish:
834:, Gothic:
789:Sanskrit:
785:), Latin:
733:*wulgwijōz
600:(and from
522:*bʰréh₂tēr
430:indicates
296:allophones
282:fricatives
206:fricatives
186:sound laws
121:newspapers
5175:Thumbling
4851:The Gnome
4618:varieties
4610:indicate
4424:Northwest
4369:Philology
4274:Elfdalian
4209:Jutlandic
4131:Icelandic
4106:(written)
4100:(written)
4078:Trøndersk
4058:Norwegian
4022:Old Norse
3843:Coloniero
3827:Alemannic
3800:Wymysorys
3668:Colognian
3663:Ripuarian
3585:Rotwelsch
3415:Midslands
3366:Zeelandic
3347:Hollandic
3321:Afrikaans
3293:Old Dutch
3119:Old Saxon
3018:Karrharde
3000:Goesharde
2981:Mainland
2714:philology
2295:English:
2257:, Latin:
2233:English:
2224:, Latin:
2211:"father"
2174:"hidden"
2172:au-klipts
2137:(or >
2104:, Dutch:
2088:English:
2058:English:
2033:, Dutch:
2017:English:
1985:, Irish:
1953:, Dutch:
1945:English:
1827:, Dutch:
1819:English:
1815:*singwaną
1750:, Dutch:
1738:English:
1659:, Gothic
1643:, Dutch:
1612:stighnoti
1574:, Dutch:
1566:English:
1490:English:
1387:, Dutch:
1379:English:
1371:> kw
1334:*gʷih₃wós
1303:, Dutch:
1295:English:
1279:gelandrós
1233:, Dutch:
1229:English:
1155:, Dutch:
1147:English:
1074:English:
1066:> hw
1033:, Irish:
993:, Dutch:
989:English:
960:, Welsh:
912:English:
874:, Welsh:
822:English:
725:*wulgijōz
279:voiceless
5424:Category
5049:Rapunzel
4743:Bearskin
4345:Vandalic
4288:Gutnish
4093:Vikværsk
4073:Sognamål
4063:Bergensk
3913:Cimbrian
3881:Bavarian
3838:Alsatian
3785:Lusatian
3721:Palatine
3411:Amelands
3288:Frankish
3178:Sallaans
3160:Gronings
3011:Southern
3004:Northern
2995:Halligen
2944:Insular
2761:dialects
2539:Chamorro
2528:Armenian
2475:See also
2465:-cluster
2382:Sanskrit
2372:, Greek
2358:as well.
2280:/nekʷts/
2184:"thief"
2180:Gothic:
2110:schelten
2106:schelden
1805:> gw
1777:*sengʷʰ-
1730:> g
1677:"goose"
1635:*stīganą
1631:> g
1601:*steygʰ-
1558:> d
1527:"honey"
1482:> b
1340:"alive"
1217:dziesięć
1117:"apple"
863:"three"
752:Meaning
739:Examples
689:*bidjaną
534:bruothar
261:Overview
242:Sanskrit
5436:Commons
4732:Notable
4608:Italics
4231:Scanian
4177:Swedish
4126:Faroese
4104:Nynorsk
4083:Valdris
3918:Mòcheno
3874:Swabian
3740:Hessian
3700:Hunsrik
3612:Western
3607:Eastern
3602:Yiddish
3552:creoles
3449:Bergish
3165:Drèents
3155:Tweants
3007:Central
2989:Mooring
2852:Frisian
2811:Kildare
2756:English
2643:"eight"
2625:"night"
2533:A rare
2522:Finnish
2451:five Ws
2425:digraph
2271:naktis,
2253:Irish:
2230:*kt→ht
2200:*tt→tt
2189:Latin:
2182:hliftus
2177:*pt→ft
2168:kleptēs
2158:Change
2127:English
2074:Irish:
2051:skurdus
2027:standan
2009:istâdan
2004:ايستادن
1981:Latin:
1975:speiwan
1971:spýggja
1959:speien,
1938:spjáuti
1934:spuere,
1932:Latin:
1924:Change
1837:siggwan
1807:(After
1783:"sing"
1700:(older
1686:*hanser
1680:Latin:
1671:*ǵʰans-
1661:steigan
1649:steigen
1645:stijgen
1496:broeder
1492:brother
1486:*brōþēr
1437:phrātēr
1291:*kaldaz
1273:Latin:
1270:"cold"
1205:desjat'
1187:Latin:
1178:*déḱm̥t
1126:obuolỹs
1122:jabloko
1111:*h₂ébōl
1029:Latin:
1026:"what"
985:*hundaz
857:*tréyes
778:"foot"
758:Change
729:*wulgwī
695:), but
671:. (See
545:*ph₂tḗr
538:bruodar
526:*brōþēr
220:History
135:scholar
60:Unicode
4324:Gothic
4194:Danish
4098:Bokmål
3597:Yenish
3407:Bildts
3190:Veluws
3185:Urkers
3024:Strand
2748:Anglic
2599:NOWELE
2577:
2507:Uralic
2447:-words
2401:Celtic
2397:Baltic
2393:Slavic
2336:*naht-
2267:naktam
2255:anocht
2102:skelle
2094:skáld,
2090:scold,
2068:skorta
2039:stehen
2023:standa
1955:spuwen
1861:sjunge
1853:sjunga
1849:syngja
1845:syngja
1841:syngva
1833:singen
1829:zingen
1825:sjonge
1734:*gans-
1702:žansis
1641:stīgan
1588:mjöður
1562:*meduz
1521:*médʰu
1512:broder
1508:bróðir
1504:broþar
1500:Bruder
1465:brālis
1457:bratr'
1449:brolis
1441:frāter
1433:bhrātṛ
1401:kvikur
1313:kaldur
1247:tíggju
1239:taíhun
1225:*tehun
1213:dešimt
1184:"ten"
1143:*aplaz
1134:jȁbuka
1130:abalom
1007:hundur
976:sobaka
945:"dog"
721:*wulbī
693:guidid
610:After
549:*faðēr
530:broþor
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
5376:Grimm
5267:Other
4734:tales
4685:Works
4438:South
4389:North
3999:North
3983:North
3325:Kaaps
3316:Dutch
2963:Amrum
2904:Weser
2826:Scots
2498:from
2352:átta'
2328:nǫ́tt
2305:nahts
2301:Nacht
2297:night
2275:nekuz
2243:ahtáu
2235:eight
2143:Dutch
2133:>
2098:skald
2076:scéal
2064:scurz
2060:short
2035:staan
2031:stean
2019:stand
1999:stoti
1995:stat'
1983:stāre
1967:spýja
1951:spije
1947:spew,
1857:synge
1794:omphē
1740:goose
1716:guska
1698:žąsis
1694:hamsa
1684:<
1682:anser
1657:stige
1653:stíga
1572:meede
1540:medus
1536:methu
1532:mádhu
1470:برادر
1461:braut
1413:kvikk
1409:kvick
1389:kwiek
1381:quick
1353:jīvá-
1349:živoj
1345:gyvas
1264:*gel-
1201:daśan
1197:deich
1189:decem
1165:äpple
1157:appel
1149:apple
1070:*hwat
1020:*kʷód
1003:hunds
991:hound
964:(pl.
954:canis
926:þreis
922:thrīe
914:three
908:*þrīz
868:treîs
840:fótur
836:fōtus
818:*fōts
772:*pṓds
713:wülbe
687:<
557:fatar
553:fæder
275:stops
142:JSTOR
128:books
64:Latin
4399:West
4394:East
4314:East
4170:East
4160:Norn
4051:West
3987:East
3985:and
3550:and
3545:Non-
2975:Sylt
2958:Föhr
2893:Ems
2818:Yola
2727:West
2575:ISBN
2516:and
2505:The
2490:The
2356:/tt/
2332:nátt
2319:nótt
2309:nótt
2292:→ht
2247:átta
2239:acht
2226:octō
2222:ocht
2218:oktō
2209:atta
2205:atto
2195:átta
2191:atta
2139:/sx/
2131:/sk/
2055:*sk
2014:*st
1987:stad
1963:spy,
1942:*sp
1821:sing
1789:ὀμφή
1756:Gans
1752:gans
1748:guos
1744:goes
1706:gus'
1690:chēn
1592:mjöd
1584:mjød
1576:mede
1568:mead
1548:miód
1453:brat
1445:brat
1405:kvik
1397:qius
1393:keck
1361:żywy
1325:kall
1321:kald
1317:kold
1309:kalt
1305:koud
1301:kâld
1297:cold
1275:gelū
1235:tien
1193:déka
1169:apel
1161:epli
1153:apel
1098:hvad
1094:hvat
1090:hvað
1076:what
1031:quod
1011:hund
999:Hund
995:hond
958:śván
950:kýōn
930:þrír
918:thrē
896:trzy
892:trỹs
872:trēs
828:foet
824:foot
803:pēda
799:pėda
791:pāda
717:ylgr
705:wife
703:and
701:warm
596:*gʷʰ
454:and
414:and
208:and
114:news
4674:·
2666:at
2607:doi
2417:bʰ-
2408:*f-
2399:or
2387:bʰ-
2376:pʰ-
2370:*f-
2348:/h/
2340:*ht
2289:kʷt
2135:/ʃ/
2083:skʷ
2043:stå
1991:sta
1802:gʷʰ
1768:gås
1764:gás
1760:gæs
1720:gęś
1711:غاز
1580:Met
1544:med
1357:živ
1255:tio
1243:tíu
1231:ten
1209:deg
1102:hva
1086:hwa
1055:kaj
1051:kvo
1047:kas
1039:kád
1035:cad
966:cŵn
900:tre
888:trȋ
884:tri
880:tri
876:tri
848:fot
844:fod
832:Fuß
795:pod
709:*hw
685:bid
652:or
642:*gʷ
635:*ɣʷ
622:in
616:*gw
603:*kʷ
590:*gw
579:/ð/
572:/θ/
487:or
439:b/β
378:gʷʰ
323:→ ɸ
180:or
97:by
5454::
2645:.
2627:.
2603:25
2601:.
2463:wh
2456:kʷ
2445:wh
2435:qu
2429:wh
2412:p-
2404:b-
2395:,
2391:,
2380:,
2354:s
2344:tt
2330:,
2283:)
2197:)
2145:).
2011:)
1859:,
1843:,
1811:)
1746:,
1727:gʰ
1628:gʰ
1555:dʰ
1479:bʰ
1368:gʷ
1251:ti
1136:)
1084:("
1081:ƕa
1063:kʷ
1057:)
1043:to
978:)
971:سگ
962:ci
808:پا
735:.
731:,
697:*w
681:*b
665:*g
661:*u
654:*b
650:*g
648:,
646:*w
631:*w
620:*g
612:*n
576:*d
569:*þ
565:*t
450:,
446:,
436:→
433:bʰ
424:→
421:bʰ
410:,
406:,
396:xʷ
393:→
390:kʷ
387:→
384:gʷ
381:→
368:→
362:→
356:→
353:gʰ
343:→
337:→
331:→
328:dʰ
317:→
311:→
308:bʰ
298:).
257:.
216:.
48:).
5258:"
5254:"
5249:"
5245:"
5240:"
5236:"
5231:"
5227:"
5222:"
5218:"
5213:"
5209:"
5204:"
5200:"
5195:"
5191:"
5186:"
5182:"
5177:"
5173:"
5168:"
5164:"
5159:"
5155:"
5150:"
5146:"
5141:"
5137:"
5132:"
5128:"
5123:"
5119:"
5114:"
5110:"
5105:"
5101:"
5096:"
5092:"
5087:"
5083:"
5078:"
5074:"
5069:"
5065:"
5060:"
5056:"
5051:"
5047:"
5042:"
5038:"
5033:"
5029:"
5024:"
5020:"
5015:"
5011:"
5006:"
5002:"
4997:"
4993:"
4988:"
4984:"
4979:"
4975:"
4970:"
4966:"
4961:"
4957:"
4952:"
4948:"
4943:"
4939:"
4934:"
4930:"
4925:"
4921:"
4916:"
4912:"
4907:"
4903:"
4898:"
4894:"
4889:"
4885:"
4880:"
4876:"
4871:"
4867:"
4862:"
4858:"
4853:"
4849:"
4844:"
4840:"
4835:"
4831:"
4826:"
4822:"
4817:"
4813:"
4808:"
4804:"
4799:"
4795:"
4790:"
4786:"
4781:"
4777:"
4772:"
4768:"
4763:"
4759:"
4754:"
4750:"
4745:"
4741:"
4653:e
4646:t
4639:v
4333:)
4327:(
3413:/
3409:/
3405:/
3327:)
3323:(
2696:e
2689:t
2682:v
2649:.
2631:.
2613:.
2609::
2583:.
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