418:
27:
1482:
2290:
437:
2234:
1293:
451:
57:
46:
321:
had a German degree. In 2009, there were about 30,000 Syrians living in
Germany. More than six million Syrians have left their homes as part of the civil war in the country. In 2021, there were approximately 868,000 people from Syria living in Germany, the vast majority of whom arrived in the country
254:
in Syria, which ended in
January 2021. The Berlin Prosecutor General's Office opened an investigation at the end of January 2017 into allegations that the Syrian embassy in Berlin had issued passports without verification but with an extra fee. In February 2021, Assad supporter Eyad A. was sentenced
230:
was closed in 2012. Germany joined economic sanctions against the Assad regime and cut diplomatic contacts with the Syrian government to a minimum. In addition, several Syrian diplomats were expelled from the country, including the Syrian ambassador to
Germany in May 2012 after the
316:
Major migration between the countries first occurred in the 1960s as part of the close partnership between East
Germany and Syria. A total of 4000 Syrian students studied in West and East Germany, and in 2009, 22 percent of professors at the
377:
Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war, Germany has provided humanitarian aid amounting to more than 10 billion euros up to 2022, making it one of the leading donor countries. The German government has worked with partners such as the
235:. Unlike other Western countries such as the United States, however, diplomatic relations were not severed. In the context of the crisis in Syria, Germany provided billions of dollars in humanitarian assistance and took in large numbers of
167:(GDR) were expanded, and by the mid-1960s the two countries had become close partners even before official diplomatic relations were established in 1969. The GDR provided extensive economic aid to Syria, which was ruled by the
939:
1671:
1331:
1281:
931:
2267:
2222:
877:
2115:
390:. The focus has been on supporting refugees in Syria and neighboring countries. Aid was also provided to stabilize regions in northern Syria that had been occupied by the
255:
by a
Regional Court to four and a half years in prison for war crimes committed in the Syrian civil war, marking the first international conviction for charges involving "
369:
due to its cultural sites and was also visited by many
Germans. Since 2019, some tourists from Germany have been traveling to the country again, despite travel warnings.
2095:
2588:
1326:
417:
1868:
1002:
1198:
1151:
1807:
1274:
1123:
2442:
2125:
2215:
283:
1259:
145:
1661:
163:
After the FRG's diplomatic recognition of Israel in 1965, Syria severed diplomatic relations with the FRG. Instead, informal relations with the
2180:
2176:
2171:
179:
and their Syrian equivalents were modeled on the GDR, influencing the Syrian state into the 21st century. With the coming to power of the less
1993:
2647:
2200:
1267:
298:
against detainees and in the killing of 58 individuals. In July 2023, German police basted a major captagon network in the southern state of
2657:
2375:
2053:
1888:
26:
2610:
2606:
2582:
729:
Massimiliano
Trentin (November 2021), "State-led Development: The Privileged Linkage between East Germany and Ba'athist Syria, 1965–1972",
479:
1958:
1576:
2652:
2208:
379:
2626:
2543:
1762:
1441:
1077:
2309:
2074:
2043:
1983:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1602:
1446:
1361:
2145:
2432:
2135:
2110:
1978:
1963:
1848:
1812:
1792:
1687:
1612:
1436:
1401:
1391:
1381:
771:
528:"The 'Responsibility to Prosecute' Core International Crimes? The Case of German Universal Jurisdiction and the Syrian Government"
1242:
2533:
2407:
2069:
1953:
1777:
1767:
1747:
1647:
1636:
1586:
1561:
1496:
1176:
2184:
2345:
2340:
2028:
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2003:
1923:
1873:
1797:
1742:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1627:
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1526:
1501:
1456:
1346:
1321:
2189:
2150:
803:
474:
2422:
2360:
2314:
2048:
2008:
1973:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
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1843:
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1722:
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1607:
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1431:
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1416:
1406:
1396:
1371:
1341:
1311:
954:
2100:
2473:
2417:
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2330:
2038:
2018:
2013:
1998:
1988:
1948:
1918:
1908:
1883:
1802:
1787:
1692:
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1667:
1622:
1617:
1556:
1541:
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1356:
1316:
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464:
323:
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2513:
2503:
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2463:
2397:
2335:
2279:
2274:
2262:
2252:
2079:
2033:
1968:
1943:
1822:
1757:
1727:
1677:
1642:
1632:
1546:
1521:
1451:
1411:
1376:
1366:
1351:
1336:
2140:
1481:
2523:
2518:
2498:
2488:
2437:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2304:
1737:
1697:
1657:
1652:
1571:
1531:
1461:
1386:
1220:
133:
2238:
1471:
1010:
469:
164:
2559:
2528:
2508:
2447:
2427:
2355:
2350:
2257:
350:
Syria's economic performance plummeted with the start of the civil war in 2011, and the country was placed under
207:
172:
2412:
2370:
2365:
855:
407:
355:
187:
in 1970, relations with the GDR were eventually scaled back, and relations with the FRG were resumed in 1974.
351:
275:
256:
2166:
2120:
318:
215:
497:
Chen, Chern (2018). "Former Nazi
Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56".
211:
199:
149:
1025:
612:
Trentin, Massimiliano (2008). "'Tough negotiations'. The two
Germanys in Syria and Iraq, 1963–74".
569:"State-led Development: The Privileged Linkage between East Germany and Ba'athist Syria, 1965–1972"
251:
195:
168:
141:
77:
2564:
977:
828:
706:
656:
629:
555:
527:
514:
484:
327:
311:
157:
1102:
1052:
907:
779:
754:
698:
600:
547:
387:
271:
97:
2577:
2105:
744:
734:
690:
621:
590:
580:
539:
506:
366:
223:
93:
442:
295:
236:
203:
191:
109:
89:
302:, run by two Syrian-born men who were involved in production and smuggling of captagon.
1030:
833:
456:
339:
184:
136:. After the war, Syria declared independence on April 17, 1946. Former officers of the
2289:
436:
2641:
878:"Neue Identität: Syrische Botschaft soll Pässe gegen "Extragebühr" ausgestellt haben"
710:
633:
559:
518:
391:
232:
683:"Former Nazi Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56"
359:
335:
267:
129:
125:
694:
510:
962:
682:
331:
899:
2130:
739:
625:
585:
568:
543:
432:
279:
247:
911:
783:
758:
702:
604:
551:
1199:"Zehn Jahre Konflikt in Syrien – Sieben Fragen an die deutsche Außenpolitik"
383:
259:" committed by individual linked to the Government of Syria during the war.
243:
180:
137:
113:
132:, but was captured by British and anti-German French forces in 1941 in the
124:. In 1934, the consulate was transformed into a consulate general. During
227:
749:
595:
1292:
299:
287:
263:
198:
on a state visit in Berlin. The meeting was about a peace plan for the
144:. In 1952, diplomatic relations were established between Syria and the
117:
81:
50:
978:"Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021"
829:"Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021"
657:"Germany grapples with its identity crisis on Syria | DW | 14.03.2021"
1152:"Dark Tourism: Länder wie Irak, Südsudan oder Syrien locken Urlauber"
955:"German court finds Syrian colonel guilty of crimes against humanity"
88:. Germany closed its Damascus embassy and stopped its recognition of
358:. Economic relations with Germany are therefore weak. The bilateral
2233:
176:
121:
85:
61:
932:"German court convicts Syrian colonel of crimes against humanity"
291:
219:
153:
2204:
1263:
1003:"German police arrest Syrians in Bavaria captagon factory bust"
1053:"Zahlen und Fakten: Syrer in Deutschland - gut integriert?"
278:. Anwar Raslan had served as a colonel under the notorious
128:, Syria was briefly under control of the German-dependent
733:(in German), vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 581–596,
689:(in German), vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 732–751,
210:
proclaimed the motto "change through cooperation". After
175:
in Syria, and Syrian security forces were trained by the
804:"Welle von Ausweisungen gegen Botschafter Syriens | NZZ"
403:
Germany had an embassy in
Damascus (closed since 2012).
1026:"Deutsch-deutsche Spuren in Syrien | DW | 26.10.2009"
900:"Urteil gegen Eyad A.: Rechtsgeschichte aus Koblenz"
2619:
2599:
2552:
2456:
2323:
2297:
2245:
2159:
2088:
2062:
1831:
1595:
1489:
1304:
33:
96:, but has never completely cut relations with the
1177:"Humanitäre Hilfe in Syrien bleibt lebenswichtig"
856:"Bundestag verlängert Bundeswehr-Einsatz im Irak"
2589:International reactions to the Syrian civil war
171:. For example, GDR advisors helped establish a
152:(1958-1961), Syria operated a joint embassy in
1078:"Ausländer aus Syrien in Deutschland bis 2021"
2216:
1275:
1124:"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel"
140:were involved as advisors in building up the
8:
286:and was charged with organizing large-scale
246:voted to authorize the participation of the
222:to Berlin in 2002/03. With the start of the
19:
362:amounted to only 60 million euros in 2021.
148:(FRG) were established. At the time of the
2223:
2209:
2201:
1282:
1268:
1260:
772:"Staatsbesuch: Berlin sagt Assad Hilfe zu"
284:Ba'athist General Intelligence Directorate
748:
738:
594:
584:
365:Before the civil war, Syria was a major
647:
413:
18:
930:Westendarp, Louis (13 January 2022).
7:
2583:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
2126:East Germany–United States relations
876:Berliner Zeitung (27 January 2017).
380:United Nations World Food Programme
262:In January 2022, a German court in
14:
2151:Foreign relations of East Germany
2146:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
1221:"Deutsche Vertretungen in Syrien"
2288:
2232:
1480:
1291:
687:The International History Review
532:Global Responsibility to Protect
499:The International History Review
449:
435:
416:
55:
44:
25:
1150:Fabian von Poser (2022-01-31),
953:Hill, Jenny (13 January 2022).
226:in 2011, the German embassy in
2190:Germany and the United Nations
1009:. 20 July 2023. Archived from
976:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
655:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
567:Trentin, Massimiliano (2021).
206:. German Development Minister
116:to represent its interests in
1:
2101:German entry into World War I
1024:Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).
898:Sabine am Orde (2021-02-26),
827:Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com).
731:Contemporary European History
695:10.1080/07075332.2017.1367705
573:Contemporary European History
511:10.1080/07075332.2017.1367705
2648:Foreign relations of Germany
2607:Diplomatic missions of Syria
2570:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
2172:Foreign ministers of Germany
1298:Foreign relations of Germany
465:Foreign relations of Germany
330:include political scientist
274:, declaring him guilty over
183:oriented Syrian nationalist
2141:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
146:Federal Republic of Germany
2674:
2653:Foreign relations of Syria
2239:Foreign relations of Syria
1672:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
470:Foreign relations of Syria
309:
194:visited German Chancellor
190:In 2001, Syrian President
177:Ministry of State Security
165:German Democratic Republic
2286:
1478:
778:(in German). 2001-07-11.
740:10.1017/S0960777321000369
681:Chern Chen (2018-08-08),
626:10.1080/14682740802222155
586:10.1017/S0960777321000369
544:10.1163/1875984X-01104003
423:Syrian Embassy in Berlin.
266:sentenced Syrian officer
242:On December 4, 2015, the
208:Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
173:centrally-planned economy
67:
54:
43:
24:
2116:Soviet Union before 1941
1327:Central African Republic
1103:"Wiederaufbau in Syrien"
810:(in German), 29 May 2012
526:Rankin, Melinda (2019).
480:Arab League-EU relations
356:industrialized countries
324:Refugee Crisis 2015/2016
2658:Germany–Syria relations
1131:Statistisches Bundesamt
276:crimes against humanity
257:crimes against humanity
92:in 2012 because of the
74:Germany–Syria relations
20:Germany–Syria relations
2185:Ambassadors of Germany
2177:Diplomatic missions of
2167:Federal Foreign Office
2121:Inner German relations
1869:Bosnia and Herzegovina
319:University of Damascus
134:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2560:Arab–Israeli conflict
904:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
250:in the international
2443:United Arab Emirates
1808:United Arab Emirates
808:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
338:and football player
212:German Reunification
200:Middle East conflict
150:United Arab Republic
2600:Diplomatic missions
398:Diplomatic missions
367:tourist destination
252:anti-ISIL coalition
142:Syrian armed forces
78:bilateral relations
21:
16:Bilateral relations
2565:Lebanese Civil War
485:Syrians in Germany
475:Syria-EU relations
346:Economic relations
312:Syrians in Germany
224:civil war in Syria
214:, Syria moved its
2635:
2634:
2198:
2197:
2111:China before 1941
1241:Auswärtiges Amt.
1219:Auswärtiges Amt.
1197:Auswärtiges Amt.
1175:Auswärtiges Amt.
965:on 23 March 2023.
942:on 21 March 2023.
408:Embassy in Berlin
388:Save the Children
272:life imprisonment
156:with Egypt under
98:Syrian government
71:
70:
2665:
2578:Syrian civil war
2376:Kurdistan Region
2292:
2268:Sahrawi Republic
2237:
2236:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2106:Munich Agreement
1662:Kurdistan Region
1484:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1013:on 22 July 2023.
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
973:
967:
966:
961:. Archived from
950:
944:
943:
938:. Archived from
927:
921:
920:
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918:
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614:Cold War History
608:
598:
588:
563:
522:
459:
454:
453:
452:
445:
440:
439:
420:
373:Humanitarian aid
233:Massacre of Hula
196:Gerhard Schröder
126:Second World War
94:Syrian civil war
59:
58:
48:
47:
29:
22:
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2199:
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2155:
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1994:North Macedonia
1827:
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1300:
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986:
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854:tagesschau.de.
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491:Further reading
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443:Politics portal
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348:
322:as part of the
314:
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296:sexual violence
237:Syrian refugees
204:development aid
192:Bashar al-Assad
106:
90:Bashar Al-Assad
60:
56:
49:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2627:European Union
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1889:Czech Republic
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268:Anwar Raslan
261:
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130:Vichy regime
107:
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72:
2572:(1976–2005)
2534:Switzerland
2408:North Korea
2075:New Zealand
2044:Switzerland
1984:Netherlands
1773:South Korea
1753:Philippines
1733:North Korea
1603:Afghanistan
1447:South Sudan
1362:Ivory Coast
1245:(in German)
1223:(in German)
1201:(in German)
1179:(in German)
1158:(in German)
1105:(in German)
1084:(in German)
1059:(in German)
1034:(in German)
987:16 December
880:(in German)
858:(in German)
776:Der Spiegel
666:16 December
354:by Western
332:Bassam Tibi
202:and German
169:Baath Party
2642:Categories
2346:Bangladesh
2341:Azerbaijan
2181:in Germany
2136:Yugoslavia
2131:Ostpolitik
2096:Arab world
2089:Historical
1979:Montenegro
1964:Luxembourg
1849:Azerbaijan
1813:Uzbekistan
1793:Tajikistan
1688:Kazakhstan
1613:Bangladesh
1437:Somaliland
1402:Mozambique
1392:Mauritania
1382:Madagascar
1249:2022-10-14
1227:2022-10-14
1205:2022-10-14
1183:2022-10-14
1162:2022-10-14
1136:2022-09-30
1109:2022-10-14
1088:2022-10-15
1063:2022-10-15
1057:www.zdf.de
1038:2022-10-14
917:2022-10-14
884:2022-10-14
862:2022-10-14
840:2022-10-14
814:2022-10-14
789:2022-10-15
716:2022-10-14
642:References
310:See also:
280:Branch 251
248:Bundeswehr
2423:Palestine
2361:Indonesia
2315:Venezuela
2070:Australia
1954:Lithuania
1778:Sri Lanka
1768:Singapore
1748:Palestine
1648:Indonesia
1637:Hong Kong
1587:Venezuela
1562:Nicaragua
1497:Argentina
912:0931-9085
784:2195-1349
759:0960-7773
711:158837784
703:0707-5332
634:218576332
605:0960-7773
560:210458363
552:1875-984X
519:158837784
384:Red Cross
352:sanctions
306:Migration
244:Bundestag
181:socialist
138:Wehrmacht
114:consulate
2611:in Syria
2553:Disputes
2474:Bulgaria
2418:Pakistan
2403:Malaysia
2331:Abkhazia
2298:Americas
2029:Slovenia
2024:Slovakia
2004:Portugal
1924:Holy See
1874:Bulgaria
1798:Thailand
1743:Pakistan
1718:Mongolia
1713:Maldives
1708:Malaysia
1628:Cambodia
1567:Paraguay
1527:Colombia
1502:Barbados
1490:Americas
1472:Zimbabwe
1457:Tanzania
1347:Ethiopia
1332:DR Congo
1322:Cameroon
1243:"Syrien"
1156:Die Welt
1082:Statista
1007:New Arab
959:BBC News
936:Politico
429:See also
239:itself.
228:Damascus
80:between
76:are the
2585:(2016–)
2539:Ukraine
2514:Romania
2504:Hungary
2494:Germany
2484:Denmark
2479:Croatia
2469:Belarus
2464:Austria
2398:Lebanon
2336:Armenia
2280:Tunisia
2275:Somalia
2263:Morocco
2253:Algeria
2063:Oceania
2049:Ukraine
2009:Romania
1974:Moldova
1939:Ireland
1934:Iceland
1929:Hungary
1914:Georgia
1904:Finland
1899:Estonia
1894:Denmark
1879:Croatia
1864:Belgium
1859:Belarus
1854:Austria
1844:Armenia
1839:Albania
1818:Vietnam
1723:Myanmar
1703:Lebanon
1608:Bahrain
1582:Uruguay
1552:Jamaica
1537:Ecuador
1507:Bolivia
1432:Somalia
1427:Senegal
1417:Nigeria
1407:Namibia
1397:Morocco
1372:Liberia
1342:Eritrea
1312:Algeria
300:Bavaria
288:torture
264:Koblenz
216:embassy
118:Lebanon
104:History
82:Germany
51:Germany
2524:Serbia
2519:Russia
2499:Greece
2489:France
2457:Europe
2438:Turkey
2393:Kuwait
2388:Jordan
2383:Israel
2305:Mexico
2246:Africa
2039:Sweden
2019:Serbia
2014:Russia
1999:Poland
1989:Norway
1949:Kosovo
1919:Greece
1909:France
1884:Cyprus
1832:Europe
1803:Turkey
1788:Taiwan
1693:Kuwait
1683:Jordan
1668:Israel
1623:Brunei
1618:Bhutan
1557:Mexico
1542:Guyana
1517:Canada
1512:Brazil
1467:Uganda
1422:Rwanda
1357:Guinea
1317:Angola
1305:Africa
982:DW.COM
910:
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661:DW.COM
632:
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382:, the
158:Nasser
2529:Spain
2509:Italy
2448:Yemen
2428:Qatar
2356:India
2351:China
2258:Egypt
2160:Other
2080:Tonga
2034:Spain
1969:Malta
1944:Italy
1823:Yemen
1783:Syria
1758:Qatar
1728:Nepal
1678:Japan
1643:India
1633:China
1547:Haiti
1522:Chile
1452:Sudan
1412:Niger
1377:Libya
1367:Kenya
1352:Ghana
1337:Egypt
1127:(PDF)
707:S2CID
630:S2CID
556:S2CID
515:S2CID
218:from
122:Syria
86:Syria
62:Syria
2413:Oman
2371:Iraq
2366:Iran
2324:Asia
1738:Oman
1698:Laos
1658:Iraq
1653:Iran
1596:Asia
1572:Peru
1532:Cuba
1462:Togo
1387:Mali
989:2021
908:ISSN
780:ISSN
755:ISSN
699:ISSN
668:2021
601:ISSN
548:ISSN
292:rape
220:Bonn
154:Bonn
120:and
84:and
745:hdl
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
