German wine - Knowledge (XXG)

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late 1960s Silvaner was overtaken by the high-yielding Müller-Thurgau, which in turn started to lose ground in the 1980s. From the mid-1990s, Riesling became the most planted variety, a position it probably had never enjoyed before on a national level. Red grapes in Germany have experienced several ups and downs. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, there was a downward trend, which was reversed around 1980. From mid-1990s and during the next decade, there was an almost explosive growth of plantation of red varieties. Plantings was shared between traditional Spätburgunder and a number of new

2165: 3054:(QmP) wines made from grapes of higher ripeness. As ripeness increases, the fruit characteristics and price increase. Categories within Prädikatswein are Kabinett, Spätlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese, Trockenbeerenauslese and Eiswein. Wines of these categories can not be chaptalized. All these categories within Prädikatswein are solely linked to minimum requirements of potential alcohol. While these may correlate with harvest time, there are no legally defined harvest time restrictions anymore. 459:, Germanic viticulture was practiced primarily, although not exclusively, on the western side of Rhine. Charlemagne is supposed to have brought viticulture to Rheingau. The eastward spread of viticulture coincided with the spread of Christianity, which was supported by Charlemagne. Thus, in Medieval Germany, churches and monasteries played the most important role in viticulture, and especially in the production of quality wine. Two Rheingau examples illustrate this: archbishop 4015: 5295: 5003: 4233: 157: 596:

vineyards further, leading to the establishment of many cooperatives. However, many notable and world-famous wineries in Germany have managed to acquire or hold enough land to produce wine not only for domestic consumption, but also export. After the battle of Waterloo and Napoleon’s final defeat, the Rhineland (which encompasses the viticultural regions Mosel, Mittelrhein, Nahe and Ahr) fell to Prussia, while the Palatinate (Pfalz) fell to Bavaria.

141: 133: 345: 2907: 36: 4027: 2359: 2349: 2994: 820:– the second largest producing region in Germany, with production of very varied styles of wine (especially in the southern half), where red wine has been on the increase. The northern half of the region is home to many well-known Riesling producers with a long history, which specialize in powerful Riesling wines in a dry style. Until 1995, it was known in German as 653: 2726: 2716: 263:. (The only wine style not commonly produced is fortified wine.) Due to the northerly location of the German vineyards, the country has produced wines quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Between the 1950s and the 1980s German wine was known abroad for cheap, sweet or semi-sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as 3208:

15 931 vineyard owners. Two digit decreases of operating owners change the structure. Many smaller vineyard owners do not pursue viticulture as a full-time occupation, but rather as a supplement to other agriculture or to hospitality. It is not uncommon for a visitor to a German wine region to find that a small family-owned

677:) categories. Those regions, with a few exceptions overlap, with the quality wine regions. To make a clear distinction between the quality levels, the regions and subregions for different quality levels have different names on purpose, even when they are allowed to be produced in the same geographical area. 3228:

A total of 5,864 vineyard owners owned more than 5 ha each in 2016, accounting for 81% of Germany's total vineyard surface, and it is in this category that the full-time vintners and commercial operations are primarily found. However, truly large wineries, in terms of their own vineyard holdings, are

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In general, the ripeness classifications of German wines reflect minimum sugar content in the grape (also known as "potential alcohol" = the amount of alcohol resulting from fermenting all sugar in the juice) at the point of harvest of the grape. They have nothing to do with the sweetness of the wine

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is the benchmark grape in Germany and covers the most area in German vineyards. It is an aromatic variety with a high level of acidity that can be used for dry, semi-sweet, sweet and sparkling wines. The drawback to Riesling is that it takes 130 days to ripen and, in marginal years, the Riesling crop

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soils, and the best wines are grown in dramatic-looking steep vineyards directly overlooking the rivers. This region produces wine that is light in body due to lower alcohol levels, crisp, of high acidity and with pronounced mineral character. The only region to stick to Riesling wine with noticeable

286:), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as the 3207:

oriented vineyard owners. The 1999 viticultural survey counted 68 598 vineyard owners, down from 76 683 in Western Germany in 1989/90, for an average size of 1.5 ha. Most of the 40 625 operators of less than 0.5 ha should likely be classified as hobby winemakers. The 2016 viticultural survey counted

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wines ("dry berries selection") are made from grapes of an even higher potential alcohol level, generally reachable only with the help of Botrytis. The grapes used for Trockenbeerenauslese have reached an even more raisin-like state than those used for Beerenauslese. Due to the high concentration of

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varieties may be cultivated in Germany – 100 are released for white wine production and 35 for red wine production. According to the international image, Germany is still considered a region for white wine production. Since the 1980s, demand for German red wine has constantly increased, and this has

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Custom-free access to the vast Prussian markets in the east and the growing industrial clusters on the Ruhr and protection from non-Prussian competitors, including from southern German regions such Baden, Württemberg, Palatinate and Rheinhessen, fostered Mosel, Rhine, Nahe and Ahr winemakers, due to

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them. In 1801, all German states west of the Rhine river were incorporated into the French state. This included the wine regions Ahr, Mosel, Nahe, Rheinhessen, and Pfalz, i.e., the vast majority of German wine production. Since then the Napoleonic inheritance laws in Germany broke up the parcels of

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has its own wine. Smaller grape-growers who do not wish to, or are unable to, commercialise their own wine have several options available: sell the grapes (either on the market each harvest year, or on long-term contract with larger wineries looking to supplement their own production), deliver the

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or Rhenish Hesse – the largest production area in Germany. Once known as Liebfraumilch land, but a quality revolution has taken place since the 1990s. Mixed wine styles and both red and white wines. The best Riesling wines are similar to Palatinate Riesling – dry and powerful. Despite its name, it

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The German wine regions are some of the most northerly in the world. The main wine-producing climate lies below the 50th parallel, which runs through the regions Rheingau and Mosel. Above this line the climate becomes less conducive to wine production, but there are still some vineyards above this

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is another subtle, fairly neutral, but quite old grape variety that was Germany's most planted until the 1960s and after that has continued to lose ground. It has however remained popular in Franconia and Rheinhessen, where it is grown on chalky soils to produce powerful dry wines with a slightly

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During the last century several changes have taken place with respect to the most planted varieties. Until the early 20th century, Elbling was Germany's most planted variety, after which it was eclipsed by Silvaner during the middle of the 20th century. After a few decades in the top spot, in the

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For several centuries of the Medieval era, the vineyards of Germany (including Alsace) expanded, and is believed to have reached their greatest extent sometime around 1500, when perhaps as much as four times the present vineyard surface was planted. Basically, the wine regions were located in the

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and of enormous aromatic concentration. While primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at

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wines are noticeably sweet; except for the high category Prädikatsweine of type Beerenauslese and above, lieblich wines from Germany are usually of the low Tafelwein category. The number of German wines produced in a lieblich style has dropped markedly since the style went out of fashion in the

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in the frozen state. The ice stays in the press during pressing and hence a concentrated juice flows off the press leading to higher potential alcohol levels, which in turn generally result in sweet wines due to the high potential alcohol. The taste differs from the other high-level wines since

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effects to moderate the temperature. The soil is slate in the steep valleys, to absorb the sun's heat and retain it overnight. On the rolling hills the soil is lime and clay dominated. The great sites are often extremely steep so they catch the most sunlight, but they are difficult to harvest

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As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as

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is known to have grown on upper Rhine back to historic time, and it is possible (but not documented) that Roman-era German viticulture was started using local varieties. Many viticultural practices were however taken from other parts of the Roman empire, as evidenced by Roman-style

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The wine regions in Germany usually referred to are the 13 defined regions for quality wine. The German wine industry has organised itself around these regions and their division into districts. However, there are also a number of regions for the insignificant table wine

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At one point the Church controlled most of the major vineyards in Germany. Quality instead of quantity become important and spread quickly down the river Rhine. In the 1800s, Napoleon took control of all the vineyards from the Church, including the best, and divided and

3095:, which perforates the skin of the grape forcing water to drip out and all remaining elements to concentrate. Due to the high potential alcohol level required for this category of ripeness, these wines are generally made into sweet wines and can make good dessert wines. 2337:, the state governments are responsible for drawing up lists of grape varieties allowed in wine production. The varieties listed below are officially permitted for commercial cultivation. The lists include varieties permitted only for selected experimental cultivation. 830:– a small region at a bend in the Rhine that provide excellent conditions for winegrowing. The oldest documented references to Riesling come from the Rheingau region and it is the region where many German winemaking practices have originated, such as the use of 3135:

wines are off-dry and have 9–18 grams/liter of residual sugar. Due to the high acidity ("crispness") of many German wines, the taste profile of many halbtrocken wines fall within the "internationally dry" spectrum rather than being appreciably sweet.

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The vineyards are extremely small compared to New World vineyards and wine making is dominated by craft rather than industry wines. This makes the lists of wines produced long and complex, and many wines hard to obtain as production is so limited.

2205:. Unlike the long ripening time of Riesling, this grape variety only requires 100 days to ripen, can be planted on more sites, and is higher yielding. However, this grape has a more neutral flavour than Riesling, and as the main ingredient of 3252:) had 70 ha. This means that most of the high-ranking German wineries each only produces around 100,000 bottles of wine per year. That production is often distributed over, say, 10–25 different wines from different vineyards, of different 884:– a traditional red wine region, where grape varieties Trollinger (the region's signature variety), Schwarzriesling and Lemberger outnumber the varieties that dominate elsewhere. One of two wine regions in the state of Baden-Württemberg. 152:. These vineyards are located in the southwestern part of the region Rheingau at a bend in the river. These vineyards are planted with Riesling grapes, with some Spätburgunder (Pinot noir), and produce some of the finest wine in Germany. 3080:

wines ("select harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Auslese is the third level of reserve grape

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wines ("late harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Spatlese is the second level of reserve grape

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ravaging Germany in the 17th century, to the dissolution of the monasteries, where much of the winemaking know-how was concentrated, in those areas that accepted the Protestant reformation, and to the climatic changes of the

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its reputation has taken a beating together with that wine variety. Germany's most planted variety from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, it has been losing ground for a number of years. Dry Müller-Thurgau is usually labeled

404:, whose reign can be dated two centuries later than these knives, is generally considered the founder of German viticulture, but for solid documentation of winemaking on German soil, we must go to around 370 AD, when 2955:

methods. With an average annual growth rate of 25 percent and a cultivated area of more than 7,000 hectares, Germany ranks in place six worldwide. The market share of organic wine is between four and five percent.

749:. Noted for growing many varieties on chalky soil and for producing powerful dry Silvaner wines. In Germany, only Franconia and certain small parts of the Baden region are allowed to use the distinctive flattened 3062:

wines are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Kabinett is the first level of reserve grape

3721: 3703: 3507: 2279:– a "new crossing" that has become much appreciated in Germany since it is easy to grow and gives dark-coloured, full-bodied, fruity and tannic wines of a style that used to be hard to produce in Germany. 834:

designations. Dominated by Riesling with some Spätburgunder. The Rheingau Riesling style is in-between Mosel and the Palatinate and other southern regions, and at its finest combines the best aspects of

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Many grape varieties commonly associated with German wines have been documented back to the 14th or 15th century. Riesling has been documented from 1435 (close to Rheingau), and Pinot noir from 1318 on

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in Rheingau, when the courier delivering the harvest permission was delayed for two weeks, with the result that most of the grapes in Johannisberg's Riesling-only vineyard had been affected by

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Because of the northerly climate, there has been a search for suitable grape varieties (particularly frost resistant and early harvesting ones), and many crosses have been developed, such as

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system traditional to the Palatinate, where it was widely used until the 18th century. In an all-wooden version (without the steel wires), this system is supposed to date back to Roman times.

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where volcanic origins give very varied soils. Mixed grape varieties but the best-known producers primarily grow Riesling, and some of them have achieved world reputation in recent years.

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used for low-quality white wine yield up to 150–200 hl/ha, while quality-conscious producers who strive to produce well-balanced wines of concentrated flavours rarely exceed 50 hl/ha.

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wines ("berry selection") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. The concentration of the grape juice may have been facilitated by a fungus

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knives found in the vicinity of Roman garrisons, dating from the 1st century AD. However, it is not absolutely certain that these knives were used for viticultural purposes. Emperor

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same places as today, but more lands around the rivers, and land further upstream Rhine's tributaries, was cultivated. The subsequent decline can be attributed to locally produced

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resulted in a doubling of the vineyards used for red wine. Nowadays, over 35% of the vineyards are cultivated with red grapes. Some of the red grapes are also used to produce

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Riesling (17.0%), Müller-Thurgau (16.4%), Dornfelder (12.7%), Silvaner (8.6%), Pinot gris (6.3%), Pinot Noir (5.5%), Pinot blanc (4.7%), Portugieser (4.5%), Kerner (3.1%),

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Many of the best vineyards in Germany are steep vineyards overlooking rivers, where mechanisation is impossible and a lot of manual labour is needed to produce the wine.

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White grape varieties account for 66% of the area planted in Germany. Principal varieties are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too.

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allowed. Most of the land is cultivated with Pinot family. That include Pinot Noir (Spätburgunder), Pinot Gris (Grauburgunder) and Pinot Blanc (Weissburgunder).

614: 3042:) wines from a defined appellation with the exception of Liebfraumilch, which can be blended from several regions and still be classified as Qualitätswein. 3116:) wine is made grapes that freeze naturally on the vine and have to reach the same potential alcohol level as Beerenauslese. The grapes are harvested and 991:

Riesling (24.8%), Dornfelder (12.7%), Müller-Thurgau (8.6%), Pinot noir (7.1%), Pinot gris (6.5%), Portugieser (6.3%), Pinot blanc (5.2%), Kerner (3.6%)

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received what is today known as Rheinhessen. Many of the best vineyards were transferred to the new states, where they were wrapped up as state domains.

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sugar in the raisin-like grape, these wines can only be made in a sweet style and make extremely sweet, concentrated and usually quite expensive wines.

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reveals much information about the wine's origin, the minimum ripeness of the grapes used for the wine, as well as the dryness/sweetness of the wine.

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Almost nothing is known of the style or quality of "German" wines that were produced in the Roman era, with the exception of the fact that the poet

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grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced,

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Riesling (28.6%), Müller-Thurgau (12.8%), Dornfelder (10.2%); Pinot gis (7.2%), Pinot blanc (6.7%), Pinot noir (6.6%), Silvaner (5.4%)

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Germany produces wines in many styles: dry, semi-sweet and sweet white wines, rosé wines, red wines and sparkling wines, called

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annually, corresponding to 1.3 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth-largest wine-producing country in the world.

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becoming the everyday beverage in northern Germany in the 16th century, leading to a partial loss of market for wine, to the

57: 3869: 3225:. Those who own vineyards in truly good locations also have the option of renting them out to larger producers to operate. 6694: 6470: 6332: 6236: 6135: 5330: 5255: 3975: 3817: 1571: 100: 4005: 6714: 6442: 6312: 5816: 5697: 5260: 4187: 881: 769:– along the middle portions of river Rhine, primarily between the regions Rheingau and Mosel, and dominated by Riesling. 72: 53: 6509: 6422: 5874: 5537: 4119: 1545: 686: 3022:) is mostly consumed in the country and not exported. Generally used for blended wines that can not be Qualitätswein. 2925:

Since it can be difficult to get ripe grapes in such a northernly location as Germany, the sugar maturity of grapes (

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Red wine has always been hard to produce in the German climate, and in the past was usually light-colored, closer to

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Pinot noir (34.5%), Müller-Thurgau (15.5%), Pinot gris (12.9%), Pinot blanc (9.4%), Gutedel (7.0%), Riesling (6.8)%

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German wine classification is sometimes the source of confusion. However, to those familiar with the terms used, a

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in Germany), or sell the wine in bulk to winemaking firms that use them in "bulk brands" or as a base wine for

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before the harvest began. Unexpectedly, these "rotten grapes" gave a very good sweet wine, which was termed

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in the winegrowing region of Baden is Germany's warmest location. One of two wine regions in the state of

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and all wines must be fermented dry if chaptalised. To balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called

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Per cent share of common grape varieties in Germany 1964–2007. Data taken from German Wine Statistics.

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mechanically. The slopes are also positioned facing the south or south-west to angle towards the sun.

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Red wine varieties account for 34% of the plantations in Germany but has increased in recent years.

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Trollinger (19.4%), Riesling (18.7%), Lemberger (15.2%), Pinot Meunier (12.8%), Pinot noir (11.6%)

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Müller-Thurgau (15.0%), Pinot blanc (14.1%), Riesling (9.07%), Dornfelder (6.9%), Silvaner (6.7%)

6790: 6783: 6638: 6603: 6490: 6475: 6405: 6383: 6359: 6287: 6221: 6151: 6062: 5981: 5950: 5859: 5836: 5602: 5385: 5175: 4680: 4157: 2842: 2764: 2447: 1854: 1300:). These regions have the following relationship to each other, and to the quality wine regions: 803: 3032:) comes from a larger designation and again doesn't play an important role in the export market. 2442: 2432: 512: 309:. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often 156: 6744: 6719: 6666: 6613: 6427: 6199: 5991: 5129: 5076: 4660: 4597: 4127: 3957: 3942: 3927: 3912: 3897: 3785: 3745: 3666: 3551: 3456: 3002: 2832: 2697: 2626: 2571: 2536: 2516: 2452: 2407: 2372: 2201:

is an alternative grape to Riesling that growers have been using, and is one of the so-called

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or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in

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On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine.

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All about The History of the County of Katzenelnbogen and the First Riesling of the World.

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http://michael-liebert.de/weintipps/schloss-reinhartshausen-lergenmueller-neuer-besitzer/

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after fermentation, which is one of the most common mis-perceptions about German wines.

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Weingut Lergenmüller Hainfeld (Palatinate), 110 ha; and Schloss Reinhartshausen, 80 ha

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Out of all the grape varieties listed below, only 20 have a significant market share.

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B rather than A, which results in higher minimum required maturity of grapes and less

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refers to dry wine. These wines have less than 9 grams/liter of residual sugar.

3085: 2930: 2911: 2852: 2808: 2561: 2501: 2466: 2387: 2300: 2249: 2206: 1988: 1727: 845: 536: 416:, where he in enthusiastic terms described the steep vineyards on the river Moselle. 365: 295: 287: 264: 231: 282:. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry ( 234:. Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the 6437: 6112: 6107: 6082: 6077: 5976: 5930: 5775: 5718: 5682: 5677: 5662: 5652: 5612: 5597: 5552: 5532: 5501: 5446: 5441: 4981: 4572: 4510: 4500: 4453: 3954:

The Finest Wines of Germany: A Regional Guide to the Best Producers and Their Wines

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Mosel, Palatinate, Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Nahe, Mittelrhein, Hessische Bergstraße

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system. These laws, introduced in 1971, define the designations still used today.

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Müller-Thurgau (14.6%), Riesling (14.2%), Pinot blanc (11.8%), Pinot gris (9.4%)

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residual sweetness as the "standard" style, although dry wines are also produced.

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Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of

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In the Mosel region, such as here close to the village of Zell, vines are often

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on the other side of Rhine. What is generally considered Germany's oldest city,

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There are also several terms to identify the grower and producers of the wine:

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and its tributaries, often sheltered by mountains. The rivers have significant

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The wines have historically been predominantly white, and the finest made from

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averaging around 64–99 hl/ha, a high figure in international comparison. Some

2886: 2813: 2788: 2749: 2655: 2402: 2377: 2358: 2348: 2287: 2276: 2270: 2234: 2214: 1904: 1830: 1753: 1621:

Most common grape varieties in Germany (2022 situation, all varieties >1%)

772: 480: 468: 393: 318: 314: 248: 239: 223: 219: 17: 6267: 5915: 5496: 5081: 4971: 4951: 4887: 4867: 4857: 4817: 4755: 4637: 4577: 4478: 3395: 2993: 2857: 2725: 2715: 2687: 2640: 2606: 2486: 2437: 2422: 2254: 2117: 2057: 568: 3988: 652: 298:, which are the leading export markets both in terms of volume and value. 4827: 4822: 4812: 4705: 4685: 4652: 4617: 4547: 4463: 4426: 4338: 4333: 4318: 4104: 4084: 3604: 3113: 3058: 2891: 2672: 2611: 2526: 2334: 2227: 2190: 2082: 1804: 1650: 540: 528: 409: 405: 333: 310: 271: 235: 165: 3946: 380:, was founded as a Roman garrison and is situated directly on the river 6546: 5966: 5910: 5832: 5280: 5086: 4837: 4690: 4665: 4592: 4441: 4328: 4247: 4213: 4094: 3249: 3108: 3076: 2551: 2471: 2417: 2109: 1609: 857: 776: 746: 580: 524: 397: 381: 325: 302: 283: 279: 199: 175: 161: 3649:

Weinverordnung (WeinV 1995), updated until Art. 1 V v. 11.3.2008 I 383

3524:

Wein.de (German Agricultural Society): 13 winegrowing areas in Germany

523:

in Hattenheim. The most grown variety in medieval Germany was however

432:

surviving into the 18th century in some parts of Germany, such as the

5245: 5208: 4832: 4720: 4715: 2827: 2739: 2596: 2311: 875: 709: 211: 3240:

Classé château. Of the ten wineries considered as Germany's best by

243:

slightly more than a third of the total surface. For the red wines,

5801: 3309:

Weingut Friedrich Kiefer Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl (Baden), 110 ha

182:

and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the

5905: 5315: 4745: 4700: 4670: 4323: 3261: 3204: 3163: 2992: 1604: 853: 796: 788: 760: 632: 516: 377: 215: 207: 179: 3523: 3172:

refers to a maturing and bottling facility, a bottler or shipper.

2936:

German vintners on average crop their vineyards quite high, with

560:

that made viticulture difficult or impossible in marginal areas.

4297: 4253: 3665:. Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Arima publishing. pp. 259–260. 3222: 896:) which are further broken down into collective vineyard sites ( 871: 548: 260: 203: 187: 5805: 5319: 5033: 4270: 4251: 4041: 3121:

Botrytis infection is usually lower, ideally completely absent.

1199:

Pinot noir (64.7%), Riesling (8.2%), Pinot Noir Précoce (6.2%)

4037: 3229:

rare in Germany. Hardly any German wineries reach the size of

3039: 2968: 699: 332:

in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as

29: 5926:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

5029: 1695:

Rheinhessen, Baden, Franconia, Mosel, Saale-Unstrut, Sachsen

3981: 3879:

Weingut Lergenmüller – new owner of Schloss Reinhartshausen.

3744:, Third Edition, pp. 630-631, Oxford University Press 2006, 3233:

companies, and only a few are of the same size as a typical

1292:), three of which are divided into two or three subregions ( 396:

finds that may indicate early German viticulture are curved

3272:

By April 2014, the ten largest German wine producers were:

1721:

Baden, Palatinate, Rheinhessen, Württemberg, Rheingau, Ahr

1251:

Riesling (66.2%), Pinot noir (9.4%), Müller-Thurgau (5.1%)

198:) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 3805:(Organic wine is booming stronger) retrieved 15 June 2020. 3455:

Third Edition, pp. 304-308, Oxford University Press 2006,

3162:

refers to a winegrowing and wine-producing estate, rather

1644:

Major regions (with large plantations or high proportion)

1095:

Müller-Thurgau (26.4%), Silvaner (24.1%), Bacchus (12.1%)

691:

There are 13 defined regions ("Anbaugebiete") in Germany:

3391:

Roll out the riesling, German wines are making a comeback

1277:

Riesling (43.8%), Pinot gris (10.8%), Pinot noir (10.2%)

1069:

Riesling (61.3%), Müller-Thurgau (11.6%), Elbling (5.6%)

900:) of which there are 167. The individual vineyard sites ( 218:. The total wine production is usually around 10 million 3858:

List of wineries indicating the biggest German producers

3780:

Walter Hillebrand, Heinz Lott & Franz Pfaff (2003).

3188:

refers to a grower/producer wine that is estate bottled.

842:

lies in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, not in Hesse.

226:

accounts for almost two thirds of the total production.

4266: 3771:

subtle, shapely & stylish, retrieved 9 August 2018.

3719:

German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2006–2007

3701:

German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2005–2006

3689:

German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2023–2024

3378:

German Wine Institute, German Wine Statistics 2019–2020

795:. The Mosel region is dominated by Riesling grapes and 3894:

Wine Snobbery: An Insiders Guide to the Booze Business

3285:

Weingut Heinz Pfaffmann, Walsheim (Palatinate), 150 ha

3244:

in 2007, nine had 10,2 — 19 ha of vineyards, and one (

3140:

wines are slightly more sweet than halbtrocken wines.

759:(Hessian Mountain Road) – a small region in the state 4003: 3288:

Hessische Staatsweingüter Eltville (Rheingau), 140 ha

2706: 2339: 631:

The wines are all produced around rivers, mainly the

336:, which retain acidity even at high ripeness levels. 3904:. Chapter 8 on history of sweetness in German wines. 6637: 6508: 6382: 6254: 6181: 6144: 6123: 6005: 5959: 5883: 5852: 5843: 5753: 5732: 5706: 5515: 5404: 5353: 5238: 5222: 5194: 5146: 5128: 5095: 5067: 4934: 4896: 4791: 4768: 4651: 4538: 4526: 4419: 4347: 4304: 4204:

Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter

4196: 4118: 4075: 3615: 3613: 3550:Third Edition, p. 59, Oxford University Press 2006 2231:

earthy and rustic but also food-friendly character.

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3373: 3371: 3369: 3297:Staatlicher Hofkeller Würzburg (Franconia), 120 ha 519:and from 1470 in Rheingau, where the monks kept a 2997:A German wine bottle, designed for Rheingau wine 860:, and Germany's northernmost winegrowing region. 3300:Weingut Anselmann Edesheim (Palatinate), 115 ha 3451:Entry on "German History" in J. Robinson (ed) 3380:(PDF-file; 700 kB). Retrieved 9 May 2022. 712:, and the only German wine region situated in 604:high tariff barriers for all other producers. 5817: 5331: 5045: 4282: 4053: 3684: 3682: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3203:The German wine scene consists of many small 8: 3834:Wein-Plus Glossar: Hessische Staatsweingüter 1898:Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Mosel, Württemberg 745:river, and the only wine region situated in 615:effects of climate change on wine production 5936:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 3505:German Wine Institute: Wine growing regions 3294:Bischöfliche Weingüter Trier (Mosel), 95 ha 1824:Rheinhessen, Franconia, Saale-Unstrut, Ahr 6514: 6388: 6260: 6187: 5849: 5824: 5810: 5802: 5338: 5324: 5316: 5052: 5038: 5030: 4535: 4289: 4275: 4267: 4248: 4060: 4046: 4038: 3860:, germanwines.de, retrieved 14 April 2015. 3784:, 13th edition. Mainz: Fachverlag Fraund. 914: 3651:, § 1 for Tafelwein and § 2 for Landwein. 3416:, 5 September 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022. 3050:, recently (August 1, 2007) renamed from 2947:Many wines in Germany are produced using 563:An important event took place in 1775 at 368:times, to sometime from 70 to 270 CE/AD ( 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3399:, 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022. 3291:Markgraf von Baden Salem (Baden), 140 ha 2905: 2163: 1617: 1302: 651: 447:mentions red German wine around AD 570. 343: 313:-aged) are produced from grapes such as 274:. Many wines have been sweet and low in 186:era. Approximately 60 percent of German 155: 139: 131: 5230:Clarification and stabilization of wine 4010: 3663:Rheingold – The German wine renaissance 3365: 1288:There are seven regions for Tafelwein ( 938: 317:and Spätburgunder, the German name for 3621:"2017 / 2018 Deutscher Wein Statistik" 3605:http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/ 2868: 2824: 2785: 2736: 2723: 2637: 2548: 2458: 2369: 2356: 1786:Pinot blanc, Weißer Burgunder, Klevner 3569:"Your 2022 guide to Baden Wine Route" 3424: 3422: 3036:Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete 2933:have played a great role in Germany. 1735:Pinot gris, Grauer Burgunder Ruländer 1296:) each, and 21 regions for Landwein ( 1147:Riesling (78.3%), Pinot noir (12.3%) 892:) are broken down into 39 districts ( 660:in the characteristic round bottles ( 364:in present-day Germany dates back to 174:is primarily produced in the west of 7: 3410:How German Wine Found Its Sweet Spot 3150:Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3630:. Deutsches Weininstitut GmbH. 2017 2979:, may be added after fermentation. 626:Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute 471:, the ground of which later became 423:, the forerunner of the cultivated 328:in them, caused both by the lesser 1589:, outside the quality wine regions 1563:, outside the quality wine regions 783:) and its tributaries, the rivers 25: 4314:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 2708: 2341: 1624: 1315:Corresponding quality wine region 698:– a small region along the river 583:in 1787, laid the ground for the 348:Vine trellising according to the 5293: 5001: 4231: 4025: 4013: 3848:, accessed on December 16, 2007. 3836:, accessed on December 16, 2007. 3824:, accessed on December 16, 2007. 3595:, accessed on December 16, 2007. 3514:, accessed on February 17, 2008. 3495:, accessed on February 17, 2008. 3479:, accessed on February 17, 2008. 2724: 2714: 2357: 2347: 714:European Union wine growing zone 34: 6028:German revolutions of 1848–1849 5997:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 3846:Wein-Plus Glossar: Bürklin-Wolf 3304:Bürgerspital zum Heiligen Geist 3194:refers to a bottler or shipper. 1747:Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Mosel 848:– one of two regions in former 463:(reigning 1089–1109) founded a 45:needs additional citations for 6013:Early modern period, 1500–1800 5901:List of early Germanic peoples 3742:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 3548:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 3453:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2735: 2368: 2213:Grauer Burgunder or Ruländer ( 2160:Grape variety trends over time 2134: 2106: 2079: 2054: 2029: 2005: 1976: 1952: 1926: 1901: 1876: 1851: 1827: 1801: 1775: 1772:Rheinhessen, Palatinate, Nahe 1750: 1724: 1698: 1672: 1647: 1284:Tafelwein and Landwein regions 791:, and was previously known as 1: 6136:History of Germany since 1990 5256:Glossary of viticulture terms 2914:on individual wooden stakes, 2710: 2343: 1873:Palatinate, Rheinhessen, Ahr 1465:Bayerischer Bodensee-Landwein 194:, where 6 of the 13 regions ( 5261:Glossary of winemaking terms 3803:Bio-Wein boomt immer stärker 3306:Würzburg (Franconia), 110 ha 3282:, Würzburg (Franken), 170 ha 2720: 2353: 1290:Weinbaugebiete für Tafelwein 451:From Medieval times to today 190:is produced in the state of 3952:Reinhardt, Stephan (2012). 3937:Langenbach, Alfred (1962). 3815:Weinguide.de: Unsere Besten 3429:The wine regions of Germany 2147: 2144: 2124: 2121: 2097: 2094: 2069: 2066: 2044: 2041: 2020: 2017: 1995: 1992: 1967: 1964: 1942: 1939: 1916: 1913: 1891: 1888: 1866: 1863: 1842: 1839: 1817: 1814: 1791: 1788: 1765: 1762: 1740: 1737: 1714: 1711: 1688: 1685: 1662: 1659: 687:List of German wine regions 6864: 6043:North German Confederation 6023:Confederation of the Rhine 5181:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 3052:Qualitätswein mit Prädikat 2989:German wine classification 2986: 2967:is allowed only up to the 2326: 1322: 684: 160:Steep vineyards along the 6777: 6517: 6391: 6263: 6190: 5289: 5271:History of the wine press 5161:Sparkling wine production 4995: 4264: 4227: 3990:"Germany, Wines of" 3922:Hallgarten, S.F. (1981). 3782:Taschenbuch der Rebsorten 3260:), owned by the state of 3258:Hessische Staatsweingüter 2709: 2342: 1620: 1498: 1495: 1486: 1470: 1467: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1325: 6195:Administrative divisions 5266:Wine tasting descriptors 4987:Wine tasting descriptors 4916:Phenolic content in wine 4808:Alternative wine closure 4392:Great French Wine Blight 3978:by German Wine Institute 3593:Wein-Plus Glossar: Pfalz 2713: 2346: 2333:According to the German 2181:Common white wine grapes 1534:Mitteldeutscher Landwein 1427:Saarländischer Landwein 247:, the domestic name for 5156:Malolactic fermentation 3996:The American Cyclopædia 3907:Brook, Stephen (2006). 3268:Largest German wineries 2354:permitted white grapes 2329:List of grape varieties 531:also being common, and 164:, close to the village 136:The German wine regions 6843:Agriculture in Germany 6456:Science and technology 6157:History of Brandenburg 6048:Unification of Germany 6038:Frankfurt Constitution 5538:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3987:Weyman, C. S. (1879). 3939:German Wines and Vines 3350:Agriculture in Germany 3242:Gault Millau Weinguide 3215:winemaking cooperative 3180:winemaking cooperative 2998: 2919: 2902:Viticultural practices 2261:Common red wine grapes 2169: 1587:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1580:Mecklenburger Landwein 1554:Brandenburger Landwein 1482:Schwäbischer Landwein 1457:Regensburger Landwein 1397:Starkenburger Landwein 763:dominated by Riesling. 665: 467:abbey on slopes above 353: 168: 153: 137: 27:Wine making in Germany 6093:Flight and expulsions 4957:Wine and food pairing 3982:German Wine Institute 3892:Barr, Andrew (1988). 3740:in J. Robinson (ed), 3148:In recent years, the 2996: 2929:) as measured by the 2909: 2721:permitted red grapes 2167: 1507:Taubertäler Landwein 939:Most grown varieties 741:– around portions of 655: 608:Geography and climate 543:also being recorded. 390:eponymous wine region 347: 159: 143: 135: 6765:World Heritage Sites 6443:German states by GDP 6033:German Confederation 4608:Muscat of Alexandria 4143:Hessische Bergstraße 4110:Trockenbeerenauslese 3909:The Wines of Germany 3546:in J. Robinson (ed) 3231:New World winemaking 3219:Winzergenossenschaft 3176:Winzergenossenschaft 3100:Trockenbeerenauslese 2960:Winemaking practices 2916:Einzelpfahlerziehung 1518:Sächsischer Landwein 1400:Hessische Bergstraße 1375:Rheinischer Landwein 1340:Rheinburgen-Landwein 1256:Hessische Bergstraße 757:Hessische Bergstraße 673:) and country wine ( 565:Schloss Johannisberg 473:Schloss Johannisberg 445:Venantius Fortunatus 305:or the red wines of 192:Rhineland-Palatinate 54:improve this article 6401:Automobile industry 5987:Carolingian dynasty 5921:History of the Huns 5186:Yeast in winemaking 5138:Carbonic maceration 3661:Bird, Owen (2005). 3573:www.winetourism.com 3490:Wein-Plus Glossar: 3473:Wein-Plus Glossar: 3414:The Washington Post 3246:Weingut Robert Weil 3015:Deutscher Tafelwein 2323:Permitted varieties 2220:Weisser Burgunder ( 1798:- bgcolor="FFA07A" 1603:Overall nearly 135 1432:Landwein der Ruwer 1353:Rheingauer Landwein 1309:Tafelwein subregion 921:Vineyard area (ha) 806:– around the river 681:German wine regions 479:donated land above 144:Steep vineyards on 6471:Telecommunications 6152:History of Prussia 6068:Revolution of 1918 6063:War guilt question 5982:Carolingian Empire 5951:Sack of Rome (410) 5860:History of Germany 5176:Traditional method 4977:Wine personalities 4681:Cabernet Sauvignon 3976:German Wine Manual 3875:2013-04-20 at the 3820:2007-12-14 at the 3767:2017-04-29 at the 3724:2011-07-18 at the 3706:2011-07-18 at the 3529:2007-10-29 at the 3510:2008-02-07 at the 3199:Industry structure 3026:Deutscher Landwein 2999: 2920: 2765:Cabernet Sauvignon 2448:Gelber Muskateller 2170: 1855:Blauer Portugieser 1493:Badischer Landwein 1422:Landwein der Saar 1411:Landwein der Mosel 1364:Nahegauer Landwein 888:These 13 regions ( 775:– along the river 725:Kaiserstuhl region 666: 455:Before the era of 430:trellising systems 354: 350:Pfälzer Kammertbau 251:, is in the lead. 178:, along the river 169: 154: 138: 6820: 6819: 6773: 6772: 6504: 6503: 6418:Chemical Triangle 6378: 6377: 6365:Political parties 6313:Foreign relations 6250: 6249: 6177: 6176: 6088:Allied occupation 5992:Holy Roman Empire 5799: 5798: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5077:Late harvest wine 5027: 5026: 4764: 4763: 4661:Alicante Bouschet 4409:Judgment of Paris 4245: 4244: 3003:German wine label 2899: 2898: 2833:Muskat-Trollinger 2732: 2731: 2705: 2704: 2627:Roter Muskateller 2408:Ehrenbreitsteiner 2365: 2364: 2299:Schwarzriesling ( 2195:tends to be poor. 2157: 2156: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1564: 1329:Ahrtaler Landwein 1281: 1280: 936:Individual sites 933:Collective sites 852:along the rivers 729:Baden-Württemberg 656:German wine from 553:Thirty Years' War 477:Adalbert of Mainz 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6855: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6750:Prussian virtues 6515: 6423:Economic history 6389: 6283: 6261: 6212:Cities and towns 6188: 6168:Baden Revolution 5972:Treaty of Verdun 5941:Marcomannic Wars 5896:Migration Period 5891:Germanic peoples 5875:Military history 5850: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5317: 5298: 5297: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5006: 5005: 4921:Proteins in wine 4588:Grüner Veltliner 4536: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4000: 3992: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3759: 3753: 3734: 3728: 3716: 3710: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3502: 3496: 3492:Kloster Eberbach 3487: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3449: 3432: 3426: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3375: 2728: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2693:Weißer Burgunder 2669: 2361: 2351: 2344: 2340: 1618: 1585:In the state of 1584: 1559:In the state of 1558: 1386:Pfälzer Landwein 1306:Tafelwein region 1303: 915: 912:Data from 2016. 904:) number 2,658. 874:in the state of 793:Mosel-Saar-Ruwer 521:Clebroit-Wyngart 497:Kloster Eberbach 487:, sent out from 475:. His successor 461:Ruthard of Mainz 148:overlooking the 146:Rüdesheimer Berg 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6848:Wine by country 6823: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6769: 6633: 6584:Life expectancy 6500: 6374: 6345:Law enforcement 6281: 6246: 6173: 6140: 6119: 6103:Divided Germany 6073:Weimar Republic 6001: 5967:Frankish Empire 5955: 5879: 5845: 5839: 5830: 5800: 5795: 5749: 5728: 5702: 5628:North Macedonia 5511: 5400: 5349: 5347:Wine by country 5344: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5300:Wine portal 5292: 5285: 5276:History of wine 5234: 5218: 5190: 5142: 5124: 5105:Deacidification 5091: 5063: 5058: 5028: 5023: 5008:Wine portal 5000: 4991: 4930: 4892: 4797: 4787: 4760: 4647: 4628:Sauvignon blanc 4563:Cayetana blanca 4531: 4529:grape varieties 4522: 4415: 4343: 4300: 4295: 4260: 4246: 4241: 4238:Wine portal 4230: 4223: 4192: 4114: 4071: 4066: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4012: 4004: 3986: 3972: 3967: 3941:. Vista Books. 3888: 3886:General sources 3883: 3877:Wayback Machine 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3822:Wayback Machine 3813: 3809: 3801:Thomas Brandl, 3800: 3796: 3779: 3775: 3769:Wayback Machine 3760: 3756: 3735: 3731: 3726:Wayback Machine 3717: 3713: 3708:Wayback Machine 3699: 3695: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3628:germanwines.de/ 3623: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3541: 3537: 3531:Wayback Machine 3522: 3518: 3512:Wayback Machine 3503: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3471: 3467: 3450: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3389:Andrew Ellson, 3388: 3384: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3325:Flurbereinigung 3316: 3270: 3201: 2991: 2985: 2971:level, not for 2962: 2949:organic farming 2904: 2863:Schwarzriesling 2663: 2632:Sauvignon blanc 2582:Perle von Csaba 2443:Früher Malingre 2393:Blauer Silvaner 2383:Auxerrois blanc 2331: 2325: 2269:Spätburgunder ( 2263: 2245:Sauvignon blanc 2183: 2162: 1980:Schwarzriesling 1956:Sauvignon blanc 1812:Grüner Silvaner 1638:Area (hectares) 1601: 1599:Grape varieties 1572:Stargarder Land 1312:Landwein region 1298:Landweingebiete 1286: 910: 689: 683: 650: 610: 598:Hesse Darmstadt 511:, from 1335 in 507:under the name 453: 374:Germanic tribes 359: 342: 257: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6861: 6859: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6838:German cuisine 6835: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6681:Cultural icons 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6461:Stock exchange 6458: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6098:Denazification 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5870:Historiography 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5698:United Kingdom 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558:Czech Republic 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5166:Sugars in wine 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5115:Chaptalization 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4942:Classification 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4926:Sugars in wine 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4898:Wine chemistry 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873:Wine dispenser 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4676:Cabernet Franc 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4643:Welschriesling 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4598:Müller-Thurgau 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4365:Ancient Greece 4362: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4077:Classification 4073: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4022: 4002: 4001: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3970:External links 3968: 3966: 3965: 3962:978-0520273221 3950: 3935: 3920: 3917:978-1840007916 3905: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3807: 3794: 3773: 3754: 3729: 3711: 3693: 3678: 3671: 3653: 3641: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3560: 3535: 3516: 3497: 3482: 3465: 3433: 3418: 3408:Jason Wilson, 3401: 3382: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330:Old World wine 3327: 3322: 3320:German cuisine 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3266: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3173: 3167: 3166:than industry. 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3105: 3096: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3043: 3033: 3023: 2987:Main article: 2984: 2983:Classification 2981: 2965:Chaptalization 2961: 2958: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2760:Cabernet Mitos 2757: 2755:Cabernet Dorsa 2752: 2747: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2602:Reichensteiner 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2543:Muskat-Ottonel 2540: 2537:Müller-Thurgau 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453:Gewürztraminer 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2199:Müller-Thurgau 2196: 2182: 2179: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091:Gewürztraminer 2088: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1676:Müller-Thurgau 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1318:Number on map 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 967: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 941: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 909: 908:Sorted by size 906: 886: 885: 879: 861: 843: 836: 825: 811: 801: 770: 764: 754: 732: 721: 718:chaptalisation 703: 682: 679: 649: 646: 622:Müller-Thurgau 609: 606: 558:Little Ice Age 505:Lake Constance 495:, who founded 452: 449: 425:Vitis vinifera 370:Agri Decumates 358: 355: 341: 338: 256: 253: 128: 127: 110:September 2023 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 18:Germany (wine) 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6860: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624:Social issues 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Ethnic groups 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:Reunification 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:German Empire 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754:South America 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5724:United States 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707:North America 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:Liechtenstein 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:Acids in wine 4909: 4907: 4906:Aroma of wine 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4770:Major regions 4767: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726:Montepulciano 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4219:Liebfraumilch 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4209:Oechsle scale 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4178:Saale-Unstrut 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4100:Beerenauslese 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932:0-9507410-0-0 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902:0-571-15060-8 3899: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3790:3-921156-53-X 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750:0-19-860990-6 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672:1-84549-079-7 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556:0-19-860990-6 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461:0-19-860990-6 3458: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3335:Austrian wine 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186:Gutsabfüllung 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3086:Beerenauslese 3083: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3047:Prädikatswein 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:Prädikatswein 2970: 2966: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2931:Oechsle scale 2928: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2882:Tauberschwarz 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Spätburgunder 2870: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2809:Helfensteiner 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2799:Frühburgunder 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2712: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2622:Roter Gutedel 2620: 2618: 2617:Roter Elbling 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2522:Mariensteiner 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2467:Grauburgunder 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301:Pinot Meunier 2298: 2295: 2294:Blaufränkisch 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Liebfraumilch 2204: 2203:new crossings 2200: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1990: 1989:Pinot Meunier 1986: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1937:Blaufränkisch 1936: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:Weißburgunder 1776: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728:Grauburgunder 1725: 1720: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702:Spätburgunder 1699: 1694: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1546:Niederlausitz 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537:Saale-Unstrut 1536: 1533: 1531: 1529:Saale-Unstrut 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1512:Albrechtsburg 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1443:Landwein Main 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152:Saale-Unstrut 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 968: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 942: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 913: 907: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846:Saale-Unstrut 844: 840: 837: 833: 829: 826: 823: 819: 815: 812: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 758: 755: 753:bottle shape. 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704: 701: 697: 694: 693: 692: 688: 680: 678: 676: 672: 663: 659: 654: 647: 645: 641: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 618: 617:are growing. 616: 613:line and the 607: 605: 601: 599: 594: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 554: 550: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 450: 448: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:archeological 392:. The oldest 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Ancient Roman 363: 357:Early history 356: 351: 346: 339: 337: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 296:Great Britain 293: 289: 288:United States 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 265:Liebfraumilch 262: 254: 252: 250: 246: 245:Spätburgunder 241: 237: 233: 232:Liebfraumilch 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 167: 163: 158: 151: 147: 142: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 69:"German wine" 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6798:Bibliography 6672:Coat of arms 6652:Architecture 6629:Trade unions 6609:Prostitution 6569:Homelessness 6532:Demographics 6481:Trade unions 6448: 6438:German model 6411:Central bank 6355:Conservatism 6318:Human rights 6303:Court system 6298:Constitution 6278: 6124:Contemporary 6113:West Germany 6108:East Germany 6083:World War II 6078:Nazi Germany 6018:18th-century 5977:East Francia 5931:Cimbrian War 5577: 5386:South Africa 5291: 5148:Fermentation 4999: 4982:Wine tasting 4603:Muscat blanc 4573:Chenin blanc 4370:Ancient Rome 4229: 4068: 3994: 3953: 3938: 3924:German Wines 3923: 3908: 3893: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3810: 3797: 3781: 3776: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3714: 3696: 3662: 3656: 3644: 3632:. Retrieved 3627: 3600: 3588: 3577:. Retrieved 3575:. 2022-09-02 3572: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3519: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3452: 3404: 3394: 3385: 3280:Juliusspital 3271: 3257: 3253: 3241: 3227: 3218: 3213:grapes to a 3209: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3178:refers to a 3175: 3170:Weinkellerei 3169: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3107: 3098: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3035: 3030:country wine 3025: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2972: 2963: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2794:Dunkelfelder 2532:Morio-Muskat 2492:Irsay Oliver 2462:Goldriesling 2332: 2264: 2202: 2189: 2184: 2171: 2136: 2076:Rheinhessen 2002:Württemberg 1987:Müllerrebe, 1949:Württemberg 1923:Württemberg 1614: 1602: 1297: 1294:Untergebiete 1293: 1289: 1287: 911: 901: 897: 893: 890:Anbaugebiete 889: 887: 867: 850:East Germany 831: 821: 817: 792: 780: 738: 690: 674: 670: 667: 642: 637:microclimate 630: 619: 611: 602: 589: 577:late harvest 562: 545: 520: 508: 501: 454: 442: 433: 424: 418: 413: 385: 360: 349: 323: 300: 278:, light and 269: 258: 228: 196:Anbaugebiete 195: 171: 170: 145: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6833:German wine 6599:Pornography 6574:Immigration 6537:Drug policy 6449:Mittelstand 6396:Agriculture 6360:Nationalism 6333:Transgender 6217:Earthquakes 6164:, 1583-1588 6162:Cologne War 6058:World War I 5960:Middle Ages 5946:Gothic Wars 5745:New Zealand 5688:Switzerland 5633:Netherlands 5482:Philippines 5251:Wine bottle 5223:Other steps 5214:Wine cellar 5171:Süssreserve 4863:Wine cellar 4853:Wine bottle 4794:accessories 4792:Packaging, 4751:Tempranillo 4380:Noah's wine 4360:Phoenicians 4306:Viticulture 4188:Württemberg 4173:Rheinhessen 4148:Mittelrhein 4069:German wine 3475:Pinot noir' 3248:, owned by 3133:Halbtrocken 2977:Süssreserve 2927:must weight 2877:St. Laurent 2843:Portugieser 2664: [ 2646:Schönburger 2413:Ehrenfelser 2317:St. Laurent 2292:Lemberger ( 2283:Portugieser 2222:Pinot blanc 2137:Grand total 1561:Brandenburg 1468:Württemberg 1378:Rheinhessen 1344:Mittelrhein 1323:Rhein-Mosel 1230:Mittelrhein 1022:Württemberg 944:Rheinhessen 902:Einzellagen 882:Württemberg 839:Rheinhessen 767:Mittelrhein 751:Bocksbeutel 662:Bocksbeutel 593:secularized 485:Cistercians 483:in 1135 to 465:Benedictine 457:Charlemagne 362:Viticulture 292:Netherlands 255:Wine styles 220:hectoliters 172:German wine 150:river Rhine 6827:Categories 6760:Television 6745:Philosophy 6720:Literature 6579:Irreligion 6564:Healthcare 6527:Corruption 6293:Chancellor 6282:(military) 6279:Bundeswehr 5658:San Marino 5623:Montenegro 5608:Luxembourg 5462:Kazakhstan 5422:Azerbaijan 5130:Maceration 5120:Wine press 5110:Destemming 5061:Winemaking 4967:Wine fraud 4962:Wine fault 4947:Oenophilia 4883:Wine label 4878:Wine glass 4843:Port tongs 4741:Sangiovese 4736:Pinot noir 4696:Douce noir 4623:Rkatsiteli 4568:Chardonnay 4558:Catarratto 4532:by acreage 4506:Biodynamic 4469:Aromatized 4258:winemaking 4163:Palatinate 3738:"Silvaner" 3579:2022-11-04 3356:References 3345:Winemaking 3340:Swiss wine 3081:selection. 3072:selection. 3063:selection. 3020:table wine 2953:biodynamic 2887:Trollinger 2814:Heroldrebe 2789:Dornfelder 2750:Blauburger 2656:Siegerrebe 2497:Johanniter 2403:Chardonnay 2378:Arnsburger 2327:See also: 2288:Trollinger 2277:Dornfelder 2271:Pinot noir 2235:Chardonnay 2215:Pinot gris 2101:increasing 2073:increasing 2051:Franconia 2048:decreasing 1999:decreasing 1971:increasing 1946:increasing 1905:Trollinger 1895:decreasing 1870:decreasing 1846:increasing 1831:Chardonnay 1821:decreasing 1795:increasing 1769:decreasing 1754:Dornfelder 1744:increasing 1709:Pinot noir 1692:decreasing 1666:increasing 1632:Synonym(s) 1389:Palatinate 970:Palatinate 930:Districts 822:Rheinpfalz 814:Palatinate 685:See also: 575:, meaning 537:Räuschling 481:Hattenheim 469:Geisenheim 438:Palatinate 434:Kammertbau 319:Pinot noir 315:Dornfelder 249:Pinot noir 224:White wine 80:newspapers 6715:Libraries 6695:Festivals 6542:Education 6486:Transport 6451:companies 6370:President 6308:Elections 6273:Bundesrat 6268:Bundestag 6237:Mountains 6205:Districts 6183:Geography 5916:Visigoths 5853:Overviews 5761:Argentina 5740:Australia 5477:Palestine 5082:Noble rot 4972:Winemaker 4952:Sommelier 4888:Wine rack 4868:Wine cork 4858:Wine cave 4848:Screw cap 4818:Corkscrew 4783:New World 4778:Old World 4756:Zinfandel 4731:Mourvèdre 4638:Trebbiano 4578:Colombard 4479:Noble rot 4459:Fortified 4437:Sparkling 4404:New World 4138:Franconia 3736:Entry on 3542:Entry on 3396:The Times 3361:Citations 3238:Grand Cru 2942:crossings 2858:Rotberger 2819:Lemberger 2688:Veltliner 2641:Scheurebe 2607:Rieslaner 2592:Prinzipal 2539:(Rivaner) 2487:Huxelrebe 2438:Freisamer 2433:Fontanara 2423:Faberrebe 2373:Albalonga 2255:Scheurebe 2175:crossings 2118:Chasselas 2058:Scheurebe 1930:Lemberger 1504:Burgengau 1487:Oberrhein 1446:Franconia 1074:Franconia 898:Großlagen 735:Franconia 671:Tafelwein 569:noble rot 513:Affenthal 493:Champagne 489:Clairvaux 421:wild vine 388:) in the 202:(252,000 6807:Category 6725:Internet 6710:Language 6700:Folklore 6619:Religion 6594:Pensions 6589:Naturism 6466:Taxation 6350:Lobbying 6323:Intersex 6256:Politics 5865:Timeline 5844:General 5837:articles 5781:Paraguay 5673:Slovenia 5668:Slovakia 5643:Portugal 5543:Bulgaria 5497:Thailand 5412:Abkhazia 5391:Tanzania 5371:Ethiopia 5097:Pressing 5019:Glossary 4935:Industry 4828:Jug wine 4823:Decanter 4813:Box wine 4711:Isabella 4706:Grenache 4686:Carignan 4633:Sémillon 4618:Riesling 4613:Palomino 4356:Ancient 4339:Vineyard 4334:Veraison 4319:Oenology 4168:Rheingau 4090:Spätlese 4085:Kabinett 3873:Archived 3818:Archived 3765:Archived 3762:Silvaner 3722:Archived 3704:Archived 3527:Archived 3508:Archived 3314:See also 3254:Prädikat 3235:Bordeaux 3217:(called 3210:Gasthaus 3192:Abfüller 3142:Lieblich 3138:Feinherb 3114:ice wine 3092:Botrytis 3068:Spätlese 3059:Kabinett 3028:(German 3018:(German 2892:Zweigelt 2673:Silvaner 2651:Septimer 2612:Riesling 2572:Osteiner 2527:Merzling 2517:Kernling 2477:Hibernal 2428:Findling 2335:wine law 2228:Silvaner 2210:Rivaner. 2191:Riesling 2151:constant 2128:constant 2083:Traminer 2024:constant 1920:constant 1805:Silvaner 1718:constant 1651:Riesling 1635:Area (%) 1490:Römertor 1408:Moseltal 1356:Rheingau 1126:Rheingau 924:% White 894:Bereiche 832:Prädikat 828:Rheingau 675:Landwein 585:Prädikat 573:Spätlese 541:Traminer 529:Silvaner 509:Klebroth 410:Bordeaux 406:Ausonius 334:Riesling 330:ripeness 311:barrique 272:Riesling 236:Riesling 200:hectares 6784:Outline 6690:Fashion 6677:Cuisine 6639:Culture 6604:Poverty 6547:Germans 6510:Society 6491:Welfare 6476:Tourism 6433:Exports 6406:Banking 6384:Economy 6288:Cabinet 6227:Islands 6222:Geology 6145:Regions 5911:Teutons 5884:Ancient 5846:History 5833:Germany 5791:Uruguay 5766:Bolivia 5733:Oceania 5693:Ukraine 5648:Romania 5618:Moldova 5593:Ireland 5588:Hungary 5578:Germany 5573:Georgia 5563:Denmark 5548:Croatia 5533:Belgium 5528:Austria 5523:Albania 5507:Vietnam 5467:Lebanon 5417:Armenia 5396:Tunisia 5381:Namibia 5376:Morocco 5361:Algeria 5281:Terroir 5239:Related 5087:Vintage 5069:Harvest 5014:Outline 4838:Muselet 4800:storage 4691:Cinsaut 4666:Barbera 4593:Macabeo 4553:Aligoté 4511:Organic 4501:Natural 4454:Dessert 4399:Georgia 4349:History 4329:Terroir 4324:Species 4214:Trocken 4197:Related 4120:Regions 4105:Eiswein 4095:Auslese 4032:Germany 4006:Portals 3947:5530662 3544:"Baden" 3250:Suntory 3160:Weingut 3145:1980s. 3129:Trocken 3118:pressed 3109:Eiswein 3077:Auslese 2912:trained 2775:Deckrot 2683:Staufer 2661:Silcher 2587:Phoenix 2552:Nobling 2507:Kanzler 2472:Gutedel 2418:Elbling 2398:Bronner 2388:Bacchus 2250:Bacchus 2148:103 391 2110:Gutedel 2033:Bacchus 1683:Rivaner 1626:Variety 918:Region 868:Sachsen 858:Unstrut 777:Moselle 747:Bavaria 739:Franken 658:Franken 648:Regions 624:in the 581:Auslese 527:, with 525:Elbling 436:in the 414:Mosella 398:pruning 382:Moselle 340:History 326:acidity 284:trocken 280:unoaked 276:alcohol 176:Germany 162:Moselle 94:scholar 6812:Portal 6667:Cinema 6647:Anthem 6614:Racism 6428:Energy 6242:Rivers 6200:States 6170:, 1848 6006:Modern 5835: 5771:Brazil 5719:Mexico 5714:Canada 5683:Sweden 5663:Serbia 5653:Russia 5638:Poland 5583:Greece 5568:France 5553:Cyprus 5516:Europe 5502:Turkey 5492:Taiwan 5457:Jordan 5447:Israel 5427:Bhutan 5354:Africa 5246:Winery 5209:Solera 4833:Kvevri 4721:Merlot 4716:Malbec 4516:Kosher 4492:Other 4447:Orange 4420:Styles 4387:France 4183:Saxony 3960: 3945: 3930: 3915: 3900: 3788: 3748: 3669: 3554: 3459: 3412:, in: 3393:, in: 2938:yields 2848:Regent 2828:Merlot 2780:Domina 2770:Dakapo 2740:Acolon 2698:Würzer 2678:Sirius 2597:Regner 2567:Ortega 2557:Optima 2512:Kerner 2482:Hölder 2312:Merlot 2307:Regent 2240:Kerner 2131:Baden 2009:Regent 1880:Kerner 1715:11 512 1689:10 970 1663:24 410 1521:Saxony 1476:Neckar 1462:Lindau 1437:Bayern 1204:Saxony 927:% Red 876:Saxony 864:Saxony 710:Alsace 533:Muscat 412:wrote 402:Probus 307:Alsace 290:, the 212:France 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6791:Index 6755:Sport 6740:Names 6735:Music 6730:Media 6685:Dance 6557:Women 6522:Crime 6496:Women 6232:Lakes 5906:Goths 5776:Chile 5678:Spain 5613:Malta 5598:Italy 5487:Syria 5472:Nepal 5452:Japan 5437:India 5432:China 5366:Egypt 5196:Aging 4746:Syrah 4701:Gamay 4671:Bobal 4583:Glera 4548:Airén 4540:White 4496:Table 4484:Straw 4474:Fruit 4432:White 4375:China 4254:Wines 4153:Mosel 4133:Baden 3634:9 May 3624:(PDF) 3262:Hesse 3205:craft 3164:craft 2853:Rondo 2838:Palas 2804:Hegel 2745:André 2668:] 2577:Perle 2562:Orion 2502:Juwel 2145:100.0 2125:1 065 2114:white 2098:1 120 2087:white 2070:1 483 2062:white 2045:1 558 2037:white 2021:1 618 1996:1 698 1968:1 923 1960:white 1943:1 929 1917:1 940 1892:2 032 1884:white 1867:2 295 1843:2 731 1835:white 1818:4 419 1809:white 1792:6 181 1783:white 1766:6 812 1741:8 094 1732:white 1680:white 1655:white 1641:Trend 1629:Color 1605:grape 1496:Baden 1454:Donau 1414:Mosel 1326:Rhein 1048:Mosel 1025:11306 999:15812 996:Baden 973:23590 947:26628 854:Saale 835:both. 818:Pfalz 797:slate 789:Ruwer 781:Mosel 773:Mosel 761:Hesse 706:Baden 633:Rhine 517:Baden 386:Mosel 378:Trier 240:sweet 216:Italy 208:Spain 204:acres 184:Roman 180:Rhine 166:Ürzig 101:JSTOR 87:books 6705:Flag 6662:Arts 6328:LGBT 5786:Peru 5442:Iran 5405:Asia 4798:and 4527:Top 4442:Rosé 4298:Wine 4256:and 4158:Nahe 4020:Wine 3958:ISBN 3943:OCLC 3928:ISBN 3913:ISBN 3898:ISBN 3786:ISBN 3746:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3636:2022 3552:ISBN 3457:ISBN 3223:Sekt 2108:19. 2081:18. 2056:17. 2031:16. 2007:15. 1978:14. 1954:13. 1928:12. 1903:11. 1878:10. 1712:11.1 1686:10.6 1660:23.6 1610:rosé 1440:Main 1367:Nahe 1129:3125 1103:4205 1100:Nahe 1077:6107 1051:8796 872:Elbe 856:and 808:Nahe 804:Nahe 787:and 785:Saar 743:Main 723:The 549:beer 539:and 419:The 303:rosé 294:and 261:Sekt 188:wine 73:news 6657:Art 6340:Law 5204:Oak 4653:Red 4464:Ice 4427:Red 4128:Ahr 3040:QbA 2969:QbA 2951:or 2122:1.0 2095:1.1 2067:1.4 2042:1.5 2018:1.6 2013:red 1993:1.6 1984:red 1965:1.9 1940:1.9 1934:red 1914:1.9 1909:red 1889:2.0 1864:2.2 1859:red 1853:9. 1840:2.6 1829:8. 1815:4.3 1803:7. 1789:6.0 1777:6. 1763:6.6 1758:red 1752:5. 1738:7.8 1726:4. 1706:red 1700:3. 1674:2. 1649:1. 1540:11 1524:12 1471:13 1381:10 1332:Ahr 1259:461 1248:111 1233:467 1207:499 1181:563 1178:Ahr 1155:765 1144:120 1118:312 1092:211 1066:507 1040:207 1014:315 988:330 962:442 866:or 816:or 737:or 700:Ahr 696:Ahr 515:in 491:in 408:of 214:or 56:by 6829:: 3993:. 3956:. 3926:. 3911:. 3896:. 3681:^ 3626:. 3612:^ 3571:. 3436:^ 3421:^ 3368:^ 2666:de 1612:. 1499:2 1449:3 1417:6 1403:4 1392:8 1370:7 1359:9 1348:5 1335:1 1274:24 1265:21 1262:79 1245:11 1239:15 1236:85 1222:16 1213:18 1210:82 1196:43 1187:83 1184:17 1170:20 1161:25 1158:75 1141:11 1135:15 1132:85 1109:24 1106:76 1089:22 1083:19 1080:81 1063:20 1054:91 1037:20 1031:69 1028:31 1011:15 1005:41 1002:59 985:25 979:36 976:64 959:24 953:29 950:71 535:, 499:. 440:. 321:. 267:. 210:, 5825:e 5818:t 5811:v 5339:e 5332:t 5325:v 5053:e 5046:t 5039:v 4796:, 4290:e 4283:t 4276:v 4061:e 4054:t 4047:v 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