25:
587:(WARF). WARF and Geron did not charge academics to study human stem cells but did charge commercial users. In 2001 WARF came under public pressure to widen access to human stem-cell technology, and they launched legal action against Geron Corporation to recover some of the previously sold rights. The two sides agreed that Geron would keep the rights to only three cell types.
227:
207:
187:
167:
610:
As an interim measure, on
January 23, 2007, WARF relaxed the stem cell patents, allowing industry-sponsored research at academic and non-profit institutions without a license. WARF will allow easier and simpler cost free cell transfers among researchers and would not require a license or agreement
606:
stem cell pioneer James
Thomson's techniques (currently patents held by WARF) are rendered obvious by a 1990 paper and two textbooks. The outcome of this legal challenge was particularly relevant to the Geron Corporation as it can only license patents that are upheld. The patents were ultimately
598:. They contended that two of the patents granted to WARF are invalid because they cover a technique published in 1992 for which a patent had already been granted to an Australian researcher. Another part of the challenge came from the molecular biologist
551:
As of
October 2010 and November 2010, One of Geron's most highly publicized trial therapy products has been GRNOPC1, a stem cell therapy designed to heal severe spinal cord injuries. The cells in the GRNOPC1 therapy have been coaxed into becoming early
717:
1139:"A Study to Evaluate Imetelstat (GRN163L) in Transfusion-Dependent Subjects With IPSS Low or Intermediate-1 Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) That is Relapsed/Refractory to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent (ESA) Treatment"
721:
1158:"A Randomized Open-Label, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate Imetelstat (GRN163L) Versus Best Available Therapy (BAT) in Patients With Intermediate-2 or High-risk Myelofibrosis (MF) Refractory to Janus Kinase (JAK)-Inhibitor"
566:
In early 2013 BioTime, whose CEO at the time was Geron founder
Michael D. West, acquired 400 patents and other intellectual property related to embryonic stem cells from Geron and later went on to restart the trial.
563:. For every GRNOPC1 cell that is injected in the patient, they become six to ten cells in a few months. In October 2011 updated results on four patients were released. The trial was discontinued in Nov 2011.
1465:
News: Geron
Presents New Data That Document Progress in Development of Therapeutic Products from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business
1089:
1257:
Fauce, Steven
Russell; Jamieson, Beth D.; Chin, Allison C.; Mitsuyasu, Ronald T.; Parish, Stan T.; Ng, Hwee L.; Ramirez Kitchen, Christina M.; Yang, Otto O.; Harley, Calvin B.; Effros, Rita B. (2008).
455:
In addition to testing drug candidates that exploit cancer cell's dependence on telomerase, Geron is researching the possible applications of activating the enzyme in normal cells to delay cellular
1512:
623:
stem cell and cloning area, Geron
Corporation was asked to testify about its technology before the U.S. Congress. In 2001, when Congress was attempting to ban all forms of cloning, then Geron
1500:
962:
Brennan, Sarah K.; Wang, Qiuju; Tressler, Robert; Harley, Calvin; Go, Ning; Bassett, Ekaterina; Huff, Carol Ann; Jones, Richard J.; Matsui, William; Swarbrick, Alexander (1 September 2010).
1891:
1881:
1906:
386:, GRN163L was active against both CD138+ and CD138neg cancer stem cells and eliminated the colony forming potential of both by five weeks. Similarly, GRN163L inhibited the
1896:
519:
progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cell lines. Studies have shown significant restoration of mobility in animals with spinal injuries that received cells.
1394:
534:. In tests with diabetic mice, 80% of the mice given GRNIC1 were still alive in 50 days while the entire control group, which was given no treatment, perished.
680:
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1911:
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400:
removed the full clinical hold on imetelstat and declared the company's clinical development plan as acceptable. In 2014, Geron licensed imetelstat to
1059:
487:
Geron originally investigated telomerase as a means of understanding and modifying human aging. However, Geron has ceased aging research of any kind.
768:
1113:
63:
484:. In October 2010 Intertek/AAC Labs, an ISO 17025 internationally recognized lab, found the largest component of TA-65 to be cycloastragenol.
1820:
1548:
1418:"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury"
584:
603:
321:
416:
is currently in two Phase 3 trials: NCT02598661, a study of the drug's ability to reduce the transfusion requirements of patients with
1530:
496:
1041:
742:
1022:
801:
1901:
1370:
964:"Telomerase Inhibition Targets Clonogenic Multiple Myeloma Cells through Telomere Length-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms"
879:
580:
1731:
1402:
392:
clonogenic growth of CD138neg
Multiple Myeloma Cancer Stem Cells isolated from the bone marrow aspirates of patients with
1476:
1566:
503:
testing of GRNOPC1 in humans. GRNOPC1 is an embryonic stem cell based drug that is designed to treat specific forms of
922:
328:. The company was incorporated in 1990 and began doing business in 1992. John A. Scarlett was appointed CEO in 2011.
1843:"House Hearing, 107th Congress - The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 and The Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001"
1067:
1757:
1687:
417:
383:
595:
1842:
874:
Hall, Stephen (2003). "Merchants of
Immortality: Chasing the New Dream of Life Extension". Houghton Mifflin.
936:
624:
301:
281:
123:
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893:
446:, was in phase II clinical trials for brain cancer but discontinued based on preliminary results in 2012.
1232:
620:
472:
421:
1090:"Geron Announces Fast Track Designation Granted to Imetelstat for Lower Risk myelodysplastic syndromes"
420:(MDS), and NCT04576156, an investigation of the drug's effect on the overall survival of patients with
1321:
1060:"Geron Announces Global Strategic Collaboration with Janssen to Develop and Commercialize Imetelstat"
975:
523:
1218:
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at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison. The patents on the other three cell types are owned by the
576:
1828:
375:
Geron Corporation has sponsored human clinical trials of several potential anti-cancer products.
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504:
481:
95:
435:. Geron's progress with telomerase vaccines attracted a modest monetary investment in 2005 from
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875:
843:
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317:
1259:"Telomerase-Based Pharmacologic Enhancement of Antiviral Function of Human CD8 T Lymphocytes"
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515:. This trial does not involve direct use of stem cells however, as GRNOPC1 is composed of
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284:, California which specializes in developing and commercializing therapeutic products for
62:
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38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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459:. The company is in the early stages of developing a telomerase based treatment for
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1204:
1114:"Geron shares crater as Janssen bows out of imetelstat pact once worth up to $ 935M"
655:
1433:
575:
Geron Corporation initially held exclusive rights to three cell types derived from
332:
1157:
1138:
826:
Hayflick L (1965). "The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains".
627:
Thomas Okarma spoke before Congress to preserve cloning for therapeutic purposes.
362:
In 2017, Geron staff received the highest median pay in California, at $ 500,250.
331:
The company's Scientific and Clinical Advisory Board has included Nobel laureates
1640:
1623:
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988:
1735:
1477:"Geron Announces Record Date for Distribution of Asterias Series A Common Stock"
560:
556:
547:
Human embryonic stem cells clinical trials § Geron Spinal Cord Injury Trial
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American Analytical Chemistry Laboratories Analysis Document #100710-236 of
1042:"'New chapter' as Geron lands potential $ 935M imetelstat deal with Janssen"
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In October 2006, a legal challenge was mounted to overturn these patents by
1649:
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847:
526:
that are still in the preclinical phase, including GRNCM1, a treatment for
1513:"Geron (GERN) updates Clinical Data from GRNOPC1 Spinal Cord Injury Trial"
531:
476:. Geron has granted a license to Telomerase Activation Sciences to sell
388:
408:
by the FDA for certain patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. In 2018,
681:"Anti-ageing drugs are coming that could keep you healthier for longer"
464:
325:
320:. They secured initial venture capital investments in the company from
1175:
Harley, Calvin B. (March 2008). "Telomerase and cancer therapeutics".
427:
A trial of GRNVAC1, a telomerase vaccine being used on patients with
382:(GRN163L) is a drug that targets telomerase. In studies conducted at
285:
87:
1334:
1309:
1188:
769:"BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Quest for Infinite Youth Raises Hopes and Cash"
537:
Geron sold its human stem cell research assets to Asterias in 2013.
1549:"BioTime acquires stem cell assets from Geron, raises $ 10 million"
579:, as the result of paying for the research originally conducted by
1357:
477:
199:
1776:"Wisconsin Group Eases Stem Cell Patent Restrictions After FTCR"
512:
611:
from California's taxpayer-funded stem cell research program.
460:
397:
313:
146:
140:
18:
1395:"Despite Bush Veto, Stem Cell Research Abounds - Forbes.com"
1821:"Online Extra: Thomas Okarma: Don't Ban Stem-Cell Research"
1688:"A patent challenge for human embryonic stem cell research"
743:"Human tests of Geron's spinal-cord medication put on hold"
1416:
Keirstead HS, Nistor G, Bernal G, et al. (May 2005).
1219:"Geron plans stock offering, Merck buying $ 18M in shares"
1605:"How a University's Patents May Limit Stem-Cell Research"
252:
1864:
1371:"Geron to sell embryonic stem cell business to BioTime"
913:"This Map Shows the Best-Paying Company In Every State"
802:"Chip Scarlett's skills may pay off - again - at Geron"
1603:
Regalado, Antonio; Hamilton, David P. (18 July 2006).
1567:"Funding windfall rescues abandoned stem-cell trial"
480:, the telomerase activator agent also derived from
247:
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607:upheld when the reexamination concluded in 2008.
1892:Cancer organizations based in the United States
592:The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights
412:returned the rights to imetelstat to Geron.
8:
1882:Biotechnology companies of the United States
55:
1907:Biotechnology companies established in 1990
1758:"Stem cell scientists shout out hallelujah"
1501:CNN Rachel Meade Reports (October 13, 2010)
894:"Scientists Give Cell Apparent Immortality"
1023:"Why Geron Corporation Shares Skyrocketed"
61:
54:
1897:Companies based in Menlo Park, California
1639:
1441:
1333:
1284:
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997:
987:
1624:"Groups Challenge Key Stem Cell Patents"
925:from the original on September 30, 2020.
700:"A Blood Test Offers Clues to Longevity"
157:Cancer drugs (currently in human trials)
1803:"Geron's Cloning Quandary - Forbes.com"
1310:"Lawsuit challenges anti-ageing claims"
718:"SEC Schedule 13G, filed Feb. 17, 1999"
660:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
647:
522:Geron also has several other embryonic
1040:Fitzhugh, Michael (17 November 2014).
442:GRN1005, an LRP-directed conjugate of
892:Monmaney, Terence (14 January 1998).
351:divide for a limited number of times
7:
585:Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
495:On January 23, 2009, Geron received
322:Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
1714:"Stem Cell Patents Come Under Fire"
1584:Westhoff, Julia (22 January 2002).
594:and the non-profit patent-watchdog
347:, known for discovering that human
1686:Loring, Jeanne (8 November 2007).
1308:Borrell, Brendan (2 August 2012).
767:Binstock, Robert H. (2003-07-22).
404:. In 2017, imetelstat was granted
14:
1912:1990 establishments in California
1847:U.S. Government Publishing Office
1801:Herper, Matthew (April 5, 2001).
1756:Somers, Terri (23 January 2007).
1720:. Associated Press. 19 July 2006.
1667:"Groups Target Stem Cell Patents"
1233:"Geron Scraps GRN1005, Cuts Jobs"
1064:Investor Relations: Press Release
1531:"Geron's Stem Cell Program Sold"
1156:Geron Corporation (2020-12-23).
1137:Geron Corporation (2021-01-04).
1021:Alex Planes (November 3, 2014).
800:Leuty, Ron (30 September 2011).
698:Pollack, Andrew (May 18, 2011).
559:, a type of cell that insulates
226:
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206:
205:
186:
185:
166:
165:
23:
1718:Center for Genetics and Society
1369:Ron Leuty (November 15, 2012).
911:Salisbury, Ian (May 29, 2018).
604:University of Wisconsin–Madison
265:Footnotes / references
1586:"WARF, Geron reach settlement"
1434:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0311-05.2005
656:"Geron 2021 10K Annual Report"
530:, and GRNIC1, a treatment for
16:American biotechnology company
1:
1827:. 2 June 2003. Archived from
1665:Eli Kintisch (18 July 2006).
1622:Kintisch, E. (21 July 2006).
1515:. 20 Oct 2011. Archived from
463:called TAT0002, which is the
1641:10.1126/science.313.5785.281
1553:San Francisco Business Times
1375:San Francisco Business Times
1276:10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7400
989:10.1371/journal.pone.0012487
862:"Geron Corporation 10K 1996"
840:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9
806:San Francisco Business Times
1762:The San Diego Union-Tribune
943:. National Cancer Institute
396:. On November 3, 2014, the
1930:
1700:10.1038/stemcells.2007.113
828:Experimental Cell Research
544:
139:John Scarlett (President,
1692:Nature Reports Stem Cells
1263:The Journal of Immunology
1237:Zacks Investment Research
263:
60:
32:This article needs to be
619:As a participant in the
596:Public Patent Foundation
418:myelodysplastic syndrome
384:Johns Hopkins University
1094:GlobeNewswire News Room
1066:. Geron. Archived from
302:Foster City, California
124:Foster City, California
1902:Life sciences industry
193:-$ 116 million (2021)
96:Russell 2000 Component
1177:Nature Reviews Cancer
473:Astragalus propinquus
451:Telomerase activation
1732:"WARF press release"
1405:on February 4, 2007.
1221:. 12 September 2005.
1088:Corporation, Geron.
1070:on September 5, 2015
577:embryonic stem cells
524:stem cell treatments
233:$ 126 million (2021)
213:$ 226 million (2021)
1609:Wall Street Journal
1326:2012Natur.488...18B
980:2010PLoSO...512487B
941:NCI Drug Dictionary
937:"Imetelstat Sodium"
491:Stem cell therapies
431:was carried out at
296:Company information
280:company located in
239:Number of employees
173:1.39 million (2021)
57:
1555:. January 7, 2013.
1537:. October 2, 2013.
773:The New York Times
637:Maia Biotechnology
621:then-controversial
505:spinal cord injury
499:approval to begin
1782:. 23 January 2007
1590:The Badger Herald
1269:(10): 7400–7406.
898:Los Angeles Times
687:. April 24, 2019.
581:Dr. James Thomson
406:fast track status
318:AgeX Therapeutics
308:Mary C. West and
304:, was founded by
274:Geron Corporation
271:
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56:Geron Corporation
53:
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1868:
1867:
1865:Official website
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720:. Archived from
714:
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677:
671:
670:
668:
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652:
602:who stated that
470:in Chinese herb
394:multiple myeloma
371:Cancer therapies
345:Leonard Hayflick
300:Geron, based in
259:
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1831:on 22 May 2011.
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1573:. June 3, 2014.
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517:oligodendrocyte
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468:cycloastragenol
453:
433:Duke University
429:prostate cancer
410:Janssen Biotech
402:Janssen Biotech
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366:Drug candidates
310:Michael D. West
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