96:
1243:, which is a measure used to indicate the balance of males to females in a population, is calculated by taking the number of males divided by the number of females, and multiplying by 100. Therefore, the sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. In 2010, there were 90.5 males per 100 females in the 65-year-old population. However, this represented an increase from 1990 when there were 82.7 males per 100 females, and from 2000 when the sex ratio was 88.1. Although the gender gap between men and women has narrowed, women continue to have a greater life expectancy and lower mortality rates at older ages relative to men. For example, the
1406:, which offers its older members many opportunities for meaningful participation. Weakness: Some aging persons cannot maintain a middle-aged lifestyle, due to functional limitations, lack of income, or lack of a desire to do so. Many older adults lack the resources to maintain active roles in society. On the flip side, some elders may insist on continuing activities in late life that pose a danger to themselves and others, such as driving at night with low visual acuity or doing maintenance work to the house while climbing with severely arthritic knees. In doing so, they are denying their limitations and engaging in unsafe behaviors.
120:
1260:, all geographic regions demonstrated positive growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. The most rapid growth in the population of adults aged 65 years and older was evident in the West (23.5%), which showed an increase from 6.9 million in 2000 to 8.5 million in 2010. Likewise, in the population aged 85 years and older, the West (42.8%) also showed the fastest growth and increased from 806,000 in 2000 to 1.2 million in 2010. It is worth highlighting that
1451:
postindustrial societies. Dramatic reductions in mortality, morbidity, and fertility over the past several decades have so shaken up the organization of the life course and the nature of educational, work, family, and leisure experiences that it is now possible for individuals to become old in new ways. The configurations and content of other life stages are being altered as well, especially for women. In consequence, theories of age and aging will need to be reconceptualized.
3895:
1083:, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, nursing, medicine, criminology, dentistry, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, economics, political science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology.
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increase from 5.3 million to 21 million by 2050. Adults aged 85–89 years constituted the greatest segment of the oldest-old in 1990, 2000, and 2010. However, the largest percentage point increase among the oldest-old occurred in the 90- to 94-year-old age group, which increased from 25.0% in 1990 to 26.4% in 2010.
1459:
According to this theory, which was developed beginning in the 1960s by Derek Price and Robert Merton and elaborated on by several researchers such as Dale
Dannefer, inequalities have a tendency to become more pronounced throughout the aging process. A paradigm of this theory can be expressed in the
1226:
will be aged 65 years and older by 2025. Moreover, by 2050, it is predicted that, for the first time in United States history, the number of individuals aged 60 years and older will be greater than the number of children aged 0 to 14 years. Those aged 85 years and older (oldest-old) are projected to
1255:
The number and percentage of older adults living in the United States vary across the four different regions (Northeast, Midwest, West, and South) defined by the United States census. In 2010, the South contained the greatest number of people aged 65 years and older and 85 years and older. However,
1091:
on society, and the design of residential spaces for older people that facilitate the development of a sense of place or home. Dr. Lawton, a behavioral psychologist at the
Philadelphia Geriatric Center, was among the first to recognize the need for living spaces designed to accommodate the elderly,
1476:
The field emerged in the 1930s during the first studies on behavioral and social gerontology. In the 1970s and 1980s, research confirmed the importance of the physical and social environment in understanding the aging population and improved the quality of life in old age. Studies of environmental
1421:
Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for
1397:
was developed and elaborated by Cavan, Havighurst, and
Albrecht. According to this theory, older adults' self-concept depends on social interactions. In order for older adults to maintain morale in old age, substitutions must be made for lost roles. Examples of lost roles include retirement from a
1221:
generation began to turn 65 in 2011. Recently, the population aged 65 years and older has grown at a faster rate than the total population in the United States. The total population increased by 9.7%, from 281.4 million to 308.7 million, between 2000 and 2010. However, the population aged 65 years
1434:
that define "age strata". There are two differences among strata: chronological age and historical experience. This theory makes two arguments. 1. Age is a mechanism for regulating behavior and as a result determines access to positions of power. 2. Birth cohorts play an influential role in the
1401:
Activity is preferable to inactivity because it facilitates well-being on multiple levels. Because of improved general health and prosperity in the older population, remaining active is more feasible now than when this theory was first proposed by
Havighurst nearly six decades ago. The activity
2021:
Burch, John B.; Augustine, Alison D.; Frieden, Leslie A.; Hadley, Evan; Howcroft, T. Kevin; Johnson, Ron; Khalsa, Partap S.; Kohanski, Ronald A.; Li, Xiao L.; Macchiarini, Francesca; Niederehe, George; Oh, Young S.; Pawlyk, Aaron C.; Rodriguez, Henry; Rowland, Julia H.; Shen, Grace L.; Sierra,
1529:
regulations) and showed how law should look more closely to the social and psychological aspects of its real-life operation. Other streams within jurisprudential gerontology also encouraged physicians and lawyers to try to improve their cooperation and better understand how laws and regulatory
1417:
was developed by
Cumming and Henry. According to this theory, older adults and society engage in a mutual separation from each other. An example of mutual separation is retirement from the workforce. A key assumption of this theory is that older adults lose "ego-energy" and become increasingly
1418:
self-absorbed. Additionally, disengagement leads to higher morale maintenance than if older adults try to maintain social involvement. This theory is heavily criticized for having an escape clause—namely, that older adults who remain engaged in society are unsuccessful adjusters to old age.
1450:
Also reflecting the life course focus, consider the implications for how societies might function when age-based norms vanish—a consequence of the deinstitutionalization of the life course—and suggest that these implications pose new challenges for theorizing aging and the life course in
1264:
was the only state that experienced a reduction in the number of people aged 65 years and older, and declined from 152,402 in 2000 to 151,881 in 2010. Conversely, all states exhibited an increase in the population of adults aged 85 years and older from 2000 to 2010.
1512:
Jurisprudential gerontology (sometimes referred to as "geriatric jurisprudence") is a specialization within gerontology that looks into the ways laws and legal structures interact with the aging experience. The field started from legal scholars in the field of
1086:
The multidisciplinary nature of gerontology means that there are a number of sub-fields which overlap with gerontology. There are policy issues, for example, involved in government planning and the operation of nursing homes, investigating the effects of an
1315:
said that in case of suitable funding and involvement of specialists there is a 50% chance, that in 25–30 years humans will have technology saving people from dying of old age, regardless of the age at which they will be at that time. His idea is to repair
1238:
There has been a considerable disparity between the number of men and women in the older population in the United States. In both 2000 and 2010, women outnumbered men in the older population at every single year of age (e.g., 65 to 100 years and over). The
2134:
Kohanski, R. A.; Deeks, S. G; Gravekamp, C; Halter, J. B; High, K; Hurria, A; Fuldner, R; Green, P; Huebner, R; MacChiarini, F; Sierra, F (2016). "Reverse geroscience: How does exposure to early diseases accelerate the age-related decline in health?".
1464:". Advantages and disadvantages in early life stages have a profound effect throughout the life span. However, advantages and disadvantages in middle adulthood have a direct influence on economic and health status in later life.
2536:
Soares JP, Cortinhas A, Bento T, Leitão JC, Collins AR, Gaivão I, Mota MP. Aging and DNA damage in humans: a meta‐analysis study. Aging (Albany NY). 2014 Jun;6(6):432-9. doi: 10.18632/aging.100667. PMID 25140379; PMCID:
1217:. However, this population continued to grow throughout the 20th century and reached 31.2, 35, and 40.3 million people in 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively. Notably, in the United States and across the world, the
1472:
Environmental gerontology is a specialization within gerontology that seeks an understanding and interventions to optimize the relationship between aging persons and their physical and social environments.
2591:
As a multidisciplinary field engaged in basic and applied research and practice, social gerontology's major aim is to improve the lives of older people and to ameliorate problems associated with age and
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4285:
1256:
proportionately, the
Northeast contains the largest percentage of adults aged 65 years and older (14.1%), followed by the Midwest (13.5%), the South (13.0%), and the West (11.9%). Relative to the
1230:
With the rapid growth of the aging population, social work education and training specialized in older adults and practitioners interested in working with older adults are increasingly in demand.
95:
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4352:
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1311:
by intervening in aging processes or even eliminate aging per se. Some argue that aging fits the criteria of disease, therefore aging is disease and should be treated as disease. In 2008
4392:
1197:
With the population of people over 60 years old expected to be some 22% of the world's population by 2050, assessment and treatment methods for age-related disease burden—the term
4357:
1477:
gerontology indicate that older people prefer to age in their immediate environment, whereas spatial experience and place attachment are important for understanding the process.
4217:
1517:, which found that looking into legal issues of older persons without a broader inter-disciplinary perspective does not provide the ideal legal outcome. Using theories such as
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4227:
4222:
1386:
Several theories of aging are developed to observe the aging process of older adults in society as well as how these processes are interpreted by men and women as they age.
4402:
4362:
1447:
aging occurs from birth to death. Aging involves social, psychological, and biological processes. Additionally, aging experiences are shaped by cohort and period effects.
1324:
all that can be repaired using modern technology, allowing people to live until time when technology progress will allow to cure deeper damage. This concept got the name "
1277:, over the course of the 20th and 21st centuries the field of gerontology has sub-divided into multiple specific disciplines focused on increasingly narrow aspects of the
5149:
4445:
4435:
4322:
4342:
1343:
Social gerontology is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults. Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in
1159:, tended to increase in every century since the 14th, society tended to consider caring for an elderly relative as a family issue. It was not until the coming of the
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reported that there were approximately twice as many women as men living in the United States at 89 years of age (361,309 versus 176,689, respectively).
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2939:"Physical-social environments and aging population from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications in Latin America"
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53:
3015:"Therapeutic Jurisprudence and End-of-Life Medical Care: Physician Perceptions of a Statute's Impact Medical Law 15 Medicine and Law 1996"
64:
1331:
A meta analysis of 36 studies concluded that there is an association between age and DNA damage in humans, a finding consistent with the
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disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people.
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began organizing gerontology as its own field in the 1940s, later being involved in starting a US government agency on aging—the
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and older increased by 15.1% during the same period. It has been estimated that 25% of the population in the United States and
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Bengtson, Vern L.; Allen, Katherine R. (1993), Boss, Pauline; Doherty, William J.; LaRossa, Ralph; Schumm, Walter R. (eds.),
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process, its evolutionary origins, and potential means to intervene in the process. Aim of biogerontology is to prevent
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1378:. Those who study the demography of the human life span differ from those who study the social demographics of aging.
1179:
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139:
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VickyRN. (August 2, '09). Theories of Aging (Part 3) - Sociological
Theories. Retrieved Friday, April 20, 2012, from
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1731:"The Unexpected Outcomes of Anti-Aging, Rejuvenation, and Life Extension Studies: An Origin of Modern Therapies"
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Al-Qayrawani (Algizar, c. 898–980) wrote on the aches and conditions of the elderly. His scholarly work covers
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2972:"Natural landscape and healthy aging in place: The case of the Cumbres of Monterrey National Park in Mexico"
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in the next several decades. In 1900, there were 3.1 million people aged 65 years and older living in the
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Environmental
Gerontology in Europe and Latin America. Policies and perspectives on environment and aging
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2765:"Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: cross-fertilizing age and social science theory"
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
31:
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Because issues of life span and life extension need numbers to quantify them, there is an overlap with
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especially those with
Alzheimer's disease. As an academic discipline the field is relatively new. The
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1914:
1521:, jurisprudential scholars critically examined existing legal institutions (e.g. adult guardianship,
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2329:
The Gerontological Prism: Developing Interdisciplinary Bridges: Developing Interdisciplinary Bridges
2087:"Physiological geroscience: Targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity"
119:
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Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Focus on Aging context: Socio-Physical Environments
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1966:
where it refers to the conversation of old men (colloquium senile). See Krug, 1838, p. 453-454.
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1167:, who himself lived to be 102, believed that aging itself should be a science to be studied.
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2363:"Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy"
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created the first PhD, master's and bachelor's degree programs in gerontology in 1975.
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that ideas shifted in favor of a societal care-system. Some early pioneers, such as
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2620:
2462:"Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases"
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2460:; Matveyev, Yuri; Alekseev, Aleksey; Cortese, Franco; Ioviţă, Anca (July 2020).
1673:. Translated by Mitchell, P. Chalmers. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
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Webster, N. (2003). Webster's new American dictionary. New York: HarperCollins.
1480:
Some research indicates that the physical-social environment is related to the
1430:
According to this theory, older adults born during different time periods form
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2028:
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1959:
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1303:
Biogerontology is the special sub-field of gerontology concerned with the
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3050:
Doron, Israel; Meenan, Helen (2012). "Time for Geriatric Jurisprudence".
2970:
Sanchez-Gonzalez, D.; Adame-Rivera, LM.; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V. (2018).
1865:"Ibn al-Jazzār, Abū Ja'far Ahmad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Abī Khālid (d. 979/369)"
1111:
2998:
2578:
2548:
1895:
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4817:
4687:
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2619:. In Bond, J.; Peace, S. M.; Dittmann-Kohli, F.; Westerhof, G. (eds.).
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1963:
1832:"Ibn Al Jazzar and the Kairouan médical school of the tenth century AD"
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1979:. National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health. 2018
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1019:
2024:"Advances in Geroscience: Impact on Healthspan and Chronic Disease"
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society to continue functioning after valuable older members die.
1145:
1073:
1039:
27:
Study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging
2085:
Seals, Douglas R.; Justice, Jamie N.; Larocca, Thomas J. (2015).
1795:
Howell, Trevor H. (1987). "Avicenna and His Regimen of Old Age".
1152:(died 910) also wrote works on the treatments for forgetfulness.
1976:
4629:
3964:
3134:
1120:(1025) offered instruction for the care of the aged, including
2839:
Environmental Gerontology: Making Meaningful Places in Old Age
2547:
Putney, Norella M.; Alley, Dawn E.; Bengtson, Vern L. (2005).
1950:
An earlier usage, however, was recorded by German philosopher
977:
974:
36:
1110:, several physicians wrote on issues related to Gerontology.
3960:
3130:
1530:
institutions affect health and well-being of older persons.
1251:
Geographic distribution of older adults in the United States
2660:"The Life Course Perspective Applied to Families over Time"
1958:. According to Krug, the term Gerontologia is found in the
998:
992:
54:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
995:
986:
971:
1504:) contributes to active and healthy aging in the place.
2305:
1079:), meaning "study of". The field is distinguished from
60:
2891:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 384.
2841:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 320.
2816:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 284.
2812:
Sanchez-Gonzalez, D.; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V. (2016).
2647:
http://allnurses-breakroom.com/showthread.php?t=412760
2410:
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2018-08-01).
1692:
Grignolio, Andrea; Franceschi, Claudio (2012-06-15).
1007:
968:
989:
983:
5096:
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4258:
4200:
4189:
4099:
3998:
3793:
3718:
3527:
3367:
3284:
3234:
3196:
1942:
The nature of man. Studies in optimistic philosophy
1772:
Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective
1670:
The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy
980:
2701:
2549:"Social Gerontology as Public Sociology in Action"
2412:"Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease"
2258:2008 Older Americans: Key indicators of Well-Being
1632:
2887:Wahl, H-W.; Scheidt, R.J.; Windley, P.G. (2004).
1956:General Dictionary of the Philosophical Sciences
2976:Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles
2914:Aging and Place: Perspectives, Policy, Practice
1443:According to this theory, which stems from the
2225:Taylor, Albert W.; Johnson, Michel J. (2008).
4641:
3976:
3146:
2708:. Vol. 10. New York: Pantheon. pp.
2666:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 469–504,
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
940:
99:Older adults playing cards in Amsterdam, 1970
8:
2862:Scheidt, Rick J.; Schwarz, Benyamin (2013).
1694:"History of Research into Ageing/Senescence"
2837:Rowles, Graham D.; Bernard, Miriam (2013).
1774:(9th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
1462:the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
4648:
4634:
4626:
4197:
3983:
3969:
3961:
3364:
3153:
3139:
3131:
2137:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2002:. University of Southern California - News
947:
933:
118:
102:
5114:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2997:
2987:
2954:
2780:
2664:Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods
2386:
2164:
2110:
2047:
1155:While the number of aged humans, and the
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
5150:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
2228:Physiology of Exercise and Healthy Aging
1455:Cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory
1294:
94:
2617:"Ch. 4: Social theory and social aging"
2416:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
2022:Felipe; Wise, Bradley C. (8 May 2014).
1977:"About the National Institute on Aging"
1623:
1209:The world is forecast to undergo rapid
1171:coined the term "gerontology" in 1903.
1094:USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology
110:
2743:
2733:
2625:(3rd ed.). SAGE. pp. 68–84.
2063:
5109:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2326:Clair, Jeffrey M. (26 October 2018).
2284:"Institute for Geriatric Social Work"
1639:. New York: Greenwood Press. p.
1188:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
3918:
2912:Andrews, GJ.; Phillips, DR. (2005).
2866:. New York: Routledge. p. 338.
2864:Environmental Gerontology. What Now?
2516:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 15.
2466:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
1124:and remedies for problems including
3930:
2510:; Rae, Michael (October 14, 2008).
2286:. Boston University. Archived from
1921:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1871:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1770:Hooyman, N.R.; Kiyak, H.A. (2011).
1402:theory is applicable for a stable,
1201:emerged in the early 21st century.
2916:. London: Routledge. p. 272.
2615:Phillipson, C.; Baars, J. (2007).
2302:"Geriatric Social Work Initiative"
2000:"In memoriam: James E. Birren, 97"
25:
2943:Revista de Geografía Norte Grande
2214:. U.S. Census Bureau. C2010BR-09.
1998:Newcomb, Beth (15 January 2016).
1192:Gerontological Society of America
1184:University of Southern California
4126:Biodemography of human longevity
3943:
3929:
3917:
3894:
3893:
3104:
2769:J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci
1919:Islamic culture and medical arts
1541:Academic journals on gerontology
1182:—programs in gerontology at the
964:
914:
41:
2956:10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006
2700:Rowe, J.W.; Kahn, R.L. (1998).
1611:Timeline of senescence research
1190:, and as past president of the
500:Peace, war, and social conflict
3123:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1706:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955
1:
2428:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6
2361:Stambler, Ilia (2017-10-01).
2070:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1944:. London: Heinemann. p.
1729:Stambler, Ilia (2014-06-17).
1591:List of life extension topics
1496:(such as natural therapeutic
2937:Sanchez-Gonzalez, D (2015).
2763:Dannefer D (November 2003).
2672:10.1007/978-0-387-85764-0_19
2205:"The Older Population: 2010"
2103:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282665
1869:Islamic Medical Manuscripts
1508:Jurisprudential gerontology
1234:Gender differences with age
1180:National Institute on Aging
5171:
4067:research into centenarians
3817:Human environmental impact
3013:Kapp, Marshall B. (1996).
2203:Werner, Carrie A. (2010).
1435:process of social change.
1333:DNA damage theory of aging
1299:The hand of an older adult
1288:
1064:
1063:), meaning "old man", and
1050:
171:Human environmental impact
29:
4663:
4136:Longevity escape velocity
4023:aging-associated diseases
3890:
3168:
2571:10.1007/s12108-005-1018-9
2478:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230
2091:The Journal of Physiology
1635:Dictionary of Gerontology
1519:therapeutic jurisprudence
1468:Environmental gerontology
1426:Age stratification theory
1398:job or loss of a spouse.
1326:longevity escape velocity
1042:. The word was coined by
4615:Longest-living organisms
3254:Structural functionalism
2782:10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327
2554:The American Sociologist
2508:de Grey, Aubrey D. N. J.
1940:Metchnikoff, E. (1903).
1915:"Specialized literature"
1382:Social theories of aging
265:Structural functionalism
3826:Industrial revolutions
3274:Symbolic interactionism
1566:Clinical geropsychology
1445:life course perspective
1404:post-industrial society
285:Symbolic interactionism
180:Industrial revolutions
4723:Biological engineering
4610:Transhumanist politics
4528:Immortality in fiction
4506:Biological immortality
4050:cognitive epidemiology
3264:Social constructionism
2261:. 2008. Archived from
1809:10.1093/ageing/16.1.58
1300:
1165:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1018:) is the study of the
275:Social constructionism
100:
63:by rewriting it in an
4808:Developmental biology
4783:Computational biology
4763:Cellular microbiology
4414:regions by continents
4033:negligible senescence
4028:degenerative diseases
3871:Social stratification
3753:Conversation analysis
3310:Cultural anthropology
3300:Comparative sociology
3226:Sociological practice
2379:10.14336/AD.2017.0130
2040:10.1093/gerona/glu041
1952:Wilhelm Traugott Krug
1901:July 6, 2008, at the
1749:10.1089/rej.2013.1527
1736:Rejuvenation Research
1631:Harris, D.K. (1988).
1576:Financial gerontology
1298:
1174:Modern pioneers like
1161:Industrial Revolution
1117:The Canon of Medicine
1044:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
650:Conversation analysis
225:Social stratification
98:
32:Gerontology (journal)
30:For the journal, see
5028:Reproductive biology
4913:Mathematical biology
4838:Evolutionary biology
4788:Conservation biology
4259:regions of countries
4079:LGBT life expectancy
3320:Historical sociology
3113:at Wikimedia Commons
1415:Disengagement theory
1410:Disengagement theory
1140:, how to strengthen
5145:Branches of biology
4813:Ecological genetics
4657:Branches of biology
4600:Longevity insurance
4518:Digital immortality
4144:calorie restriction
4131:Indefinite lifespan
4121:Anti-aging movement
4091:Biomarkers of aging
3881:Social cycle theory
3340:Social anthropology
3330:Political sociology
3221:Sociological theory
2563:Springer Publishing
2149:2016NYASA1386...30K
1494:natural environment
1309:age-related disease
1194:(founded in 1945).
1128:. Arabic physician
235:Social cycle theory
106:Part of a series on
5104:History of biology
5038:Structural biology
5023:Relational biology
4848:Generative biology
4843:Freshwater biology
4250:World macroregions
4149:Diet and longevity
3950:Society portal
3851:Social environment
3475:race and ethnicity
3325:Industrial society
3126:. Merriam-Webster.
2989:10.21138/bage.2514
2458:Khaltourina, Daria
2231:. Human Kinetics.
2212:2010 Census Briefs
2157:10.1111/nyas.13297
2034:(Suppl 1): S1–S3.
1502:therapeutic garden
1439:Life course theory
1339:Social gerontology
1301:
1205:Aging demographics
1107:Islamic Golden Age
1046:in 1903, from the
921:Society portal
544:History of science
525:Race and ethnicity
205:Social environment
101:
65:encyclopedic style
52:is written like a
5122:
5121:
5043:Synthetic biology
4923:Molecular biology
4778:Cognitive biology
4623:
4622:
4454:
4453:
4174:stem-cell therapy
4086:Maximum life span
3958:
3957:
3846:Social complexity
3778:Social experiment
3523:
3522:
3350:Social psychology
3109:Media related to
3064:10.1159/000335324
2873:978-0-415-62616-3
2823:978-3-319-21418-4
2681:978-0-306-44264-3
2632:978-1-4129-0020-1
2367:Aging and Disease
2339:978-1-351-84123-8
2238:978-0-7360-5838-4
1830:Ammar, S (1998).
1665:Metchnikoff, Élie
1581:Gerontotechnology
1492:. Precisely, the
957:
956:
675:Social experiment
555:Social psychology
200:Social complexity
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
5162:
5155:1900s neologisms
4768:Chemical biology
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4466:Longevity claims
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4062:supercentenarian
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3773:Network analysis
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3355:Sociolinguistics
3345:Social movements
3269:Social darwinism
3206:Public sociology
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1546:Aging and memory
1305:biological aging
1211:population aging
1169:Élie Metchnikoff
1150:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1144:, and causes of
1089:aging population
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4074:Life expectancy
4013:Longevity myths
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3335:Rural sociology
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3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:stratification
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:Related fields
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3114:
3100:
3099:External links
3097:
3094:
3093:
3042:
3005:
2962:
2949:(60): 97–114.
2929:
2923:978-0415481656
2922:
2904:
2898:978-0826117342
2897:
2879:
2872:
2854:
2848:978-0826108135
2847:
2829:
2822:
2804:
2775:(6): S327–37.
2755:
2744:|journal=
2719:978-0375400452
2718:
2692:
2680:
2650:
2638:
2631:
2596:
2539:
2529:
2523:978-0312367077
2522:
2499:
2449:
2402:
2373:(5): 583–589.
2353:
2338:
2318:
2293:
2290:on 2010-07-11.
2275:
2244:
2237:
2217:
2188:
2166:2027.42/135360
2126:
2077:
2013:
1990:
1968:
1932:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1856:
1822:
1797:Age and Ageing
1787:
1781:978-0205763139
1780:
1762:
1743:(3): 297–305.
1721:
1715:978-0470016176
1714:
1684:
1656:
1649:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Life extension
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1509:
1506:
1469:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1369:social science
1340:
1337:
1313:Aubrey de Grey
1291:Biogerontology
1289:Main article:
1286:
1285:Biogerontology
1283:
1270:
1267:
1252:
1249:
1235:
1232:
1206:
1203:
1101:
1098:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
862:
861:
858:
857:
711:
710:
696:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
320:Astrosociology
317:
312:
307:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
178:
173:
168:
166:Human behavior
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
108:
107:
91:
90:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5167:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Phylogenetics
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Human biology
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Chronobiology
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Biotechnology
4746:
4744:
4743:Biostatistics
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Eternal youth
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:Oldest people
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4446:South America
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:North America
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:South America
4226:
4224:
4223:North America
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:Topic outline
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3892:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Social equity
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Globalization
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Computational
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:consciousness
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3288:and subfields
3283:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Social theory
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:"Gerontology"
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3032:
3028:
3025:(2): 201–17.
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2982:(76): 20–51.
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2749:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:. Routledge.
2331:
2330:
2322:
2319:
2308:on 2019-01-13
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2265:on 2013-02-10
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1650:9780313252877
1646:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Oldest people
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:nursing homes
1524:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1377:
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5033:Sociobiology
5013:Protistology
4978:Photobiology
4973:Pharmacology
4963:Parasitology
4958:Paleontology
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4918:Microbiology
4867:
4828:Epidemiology
4798:Cytogenetics
4758:Cell biology
4738:Biosemiotics
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4708:Biogeography
4703:Biochemistry
4698:Bacteriology
4693:Astrobiology
4511:Regeneration
4363:South Africa
4169:rejuvenation
4159:nanomedicine
4154:gene therapy
4039:
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3866:Social power
3768:Mathematical
3748:Ethnographic
3728:Quantitative
3495:small groups
3368:Sociology of
3295:Anthropology
3235:Perspectives
3121:
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2257:
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310:Architecture
304:
248:Perspectives
220:Social power
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5135:Gerontology
5083:Xenobiology
5078:Virophysics
5048:Systematics
5003:Primatology
4948:Ornithology
4888:Ichthyology
4873:Herpetology
4868:Gerontology
4833:Epigenetics
4793:Cryobiology
4683:Agrostology
4673:Aerobiology
4668:Abiogenesis
4498:Immortality
4057:Centenarian
4040:Gerontology
3936:WikiProject
3738:Comparative
3733:Qualitative
3700:Baudrillard
3550:Tocqueville
3445:immigration
3420:environment
3305:Criminology
3111:Gerontology
3052:Gerontology
1523:end of life
1367:, or other
1345:social work
1275:disciplines
1258:Census 2000
1245:Census 2010
1199:geroscience
1038:aspects of
960:Gerontology
876:Terminology
845:Baudrillard
721:Tocqueville
635:Comparative
630:Qualitative
600:Victimology
430:Immigration
415:Generations
330:Criminology
5129:Categories
5068:Toxicology
5063:Teratology
5008:Proteomics
4993:Physiology
4933:Neontology
4898:Lipidology
4893:Immunology
4863:Geobiology
4823:Embryology
4803:Dendrology
4733:Biophysics
4713:Biogeology
4481:by country
4378:Tajikistan
4343:Kazakhstan
4201:by country
4018:Senescence
3900:Categories
3841:Popularity
3794:Key themes
3758:Historical
3510:technology
3315:Demography
3259:Positivism
3036:2018-03-20
2687:2022-11-18
2565:: 88–104.
2537:PMC4100806
2472:: 111230.
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2348:1275064008
2312:2010-05-20
2269:2013-01-04
1960:Colloquies
1845:(1): 3–4.
1618:References
1498:landscapes
1376:demography
1361:demography
1353:psychology
1269:Sub-fields
1081:geriatrics
1036:biological
901:By country
655:Historical
580:Technology
520:Punishment
505:Philosophy
480:Mathematic
470:Literature
435:Industrial
425:Historical
350:Demography
270:Positivism
195:Popularity
150:Key themes
4983:Phycology
4968:Pathology
4953:Osteology
4943:Nutrition
4903:Mammalogy
4878:Histology
4595:Blue zone
4353:Palestine
4271:Australia
4266:Argentina
3992:Longevity
3763:Interview
3545:Martineau
3450:knowledge
3410:education
3405:economics
3162:Sociology
3072:0304-324X
2746:ignored (
2736:cite book
2494:214779653
1896:Al Jazzar
1525:care, or
1515:elder law
1482:longevity
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1241:sex ratio
1146:mortality
1032:cognitive
717:Martineau
660:Interview
585:Terrorism
565:Sociology
510:Political
450:Knowledge
370:Education
112:Sociology
5097:See also
5073:Virology
5058:Taxonomy
4998:Pomology
4928:Mycology
4858:Genomics
4853:Genetics
4678:Agronomy
4476:verified
4398:shortest
4218:Americas
4190:Lists of
4140:Methods
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3822:Identity
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355:Deviance
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4276:Belgium
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4208:World
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