386:
2912:
2870:
1006:
57:
1211:'t Hooft is most famous for his contributions to the development of gauge theories in particle physics. The best known of these is the proof in his PhD thesis that Yang–Mills theories are renormalizable, for which he shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics. For this proof he introduced (with his adviser Veltman) the technique of dimensional regularization.
1347:
In the 1980s, 't Hooft's attention was drawn to the subject of gravity in 3 spacetime dimensions. Together with Deser and Jackiw he published an article in 1984 describing the dynamics of flat space where the only local degrees of freedom were propagating point defects. His attention returned to this
890:
was an (emeritus) professor of theoretical physics at
Utrecht University, and his mother married a maritime engineer. Following his family's footsteps, he showed interest in science at an early age. When his primary school teacher asked him what he wanted to be when he grew up, he replied, "a man who
957:
In 1969, 't Hooft started on his doctoral research with
Martinus Veltman as his advisor. He would work on the same subject Veltman was working on, the renormalization of Yang–Mills theories. In 1971 his first paper was published. In it he showed how to renormalize massless Yang–Mills fields, and was
910:
After Gerard 't Hooft passed his high school exams in 1964, he enrolled in the physics program at
Utrecht University. He opted for Utrecht instead of the much closer Leiden, because his uncle was a professor there and he wanted to attend his lectures. Because he was so focused on science, his father
978:. Soon 't Hooft's second paper was ready to be published, in which he showed that Yang–Mills theories with massive fields due to spontaneous symmetry breaking could be renormalized. This paper earned them worldwide recognition, and would ultimately earn the pair the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics.
1036:
at the time, that like gravitation and electrodynamics, their intensity should decrease with increasing distance between the interacting particles; such conventional behaviour with distance was unable to explain the results of deep inelastic scattering, whereas 't Hooft's calculations could.
1383:, and assumed that this must be the result of the semi-classical treatment of Hawking, and that it should not appear in a full theory of quantum gravity. He proposed that it might be possible to study some of the properties of such a theory, by assuming that such a theory was unitary.
1119:
In 1999 't Hooft shared the Nobel prize in
Physics with his thesis adviser Veltman for "elucidating the quantum structure of the electroweak interactions in physics". Before that time his work had already been recognized by other notable awards. In 1981, he was awarded the
1323:
When
Veltman and 't Hooft moved to CERN after 't Hooft obtained his PhD, Veltman's attention was drawn to the possibility of using their dimensional regularization techniques to the problem of quantizing gravity. Although it was known that perturbative
1075:, while his second daughter, Ellen Marga, was born in 1978 after he returned to Utrecht, where he was made full professor. In the academic year 1987–1988 't Hooft spent a sabbatical in the Boston University Physics Department along with
5446:
5180:
2879:
973:
The world took little notice, but
Veltman was excited because he saw that the problem he had been working on was solved. A period of intense collaboration followed in which they developed the technique of
1203:'t Hooft's research interest can be divided in three main directions: 'gauge theories in elementary particle physics', 'quantum gravity and black holes', and 'foundational aspects of quantum mechanics'.
954:, whereas practical calculations and experiments showed that this was the primary form of decay. The resolution of the problem was completely unknown at the time, and 't Hooft was unable to provide one.
5451:
1021:
could be described as a massless Yang–Mills theory, i.e. one of a type that he had just proved to be renormalizable and hence be susceptible to detailed calculation and comparison with experiment.
1017:
in Geneva, where he had a fellowship. He further refined his methods for Yang–Mills theories with
Veltman (who went back to Geneva). In this time he became interested in the possibility that the
911:
insisted that he join the
Utrechtsch Studenten Corps, a student association, in the hope that he would do something else besides studying. This worked to some extent; during his studies he was a
839:
5456:
5486:
5173:
1965:
5521:
1328:
was not completely renormalizible, they felt important lessons were to be learned by studying the formal renormalization of the theory order by order. This work would be continued by
5166:
401:
5516:
4943:
1890:
3432:
832:
5501:
2939:
2104:
1386:
Using this approach he has argued that near a black hole, quantum fields could be described by a theory in a lower dimension. This led to the introduction of the
1163:
479:
179:
5476:
898:, an educational method that suited him well. He excelled at science and mathematics courses. At the age of sixteen he won a silver medal in the second Dutch
825:
1171:
1128:, awarded every four years in recognition of the most important contributions in theoretical physics. In 1995, he was one of the first recipients of the
1360:, and showing how the model could be quantized. More recently he proposed generalizing this piecewise flat model of gravity to 4 spacetime dimensions.
475:
5491:
5240:
5068:
5481:
5511:
3497:
1166:(KNAW) since 1982, where he was made academy professor in 2003. He is also a foreign member of many other science academies, including the French
915:
with their rowing club "Triton" and organized a national congress for science students with their science discussion club "Christiaan
Huygens".
5546:
5441:
4936:
221:
2855:
5551:
5531:
5383:
5049:
1990:
1969:
1537:
1503:
1449:
1175:
5541:
3425:
1250:
in one lower dimension. By solving the theory in one space and one time dimension, 't Hooft was able to derive a formula for the masses of
5461:
2932:
2897:
1403:
1222:
in QCD, i.e. the observational fact that only color neutral particles are observed at low energies. This led him to the discovery that
5471:
3441:
2305:
1312:
943:
1278:
125:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
4929:
1476:
505:
1577:
1214:
After his PhD, he became interested in the role of gauge theories in the strong interaction, the leading theory of which is called
402:
1265:
at low energies not present in the normal theory. Studying instanton solutions of Yang–Mills theories, 't Hooft discovered that
5506:
5204:
3418:
2016:
5526:
5496:
5466:
5315:
4985:
3549:
3303:
2925:
1894:
1380:
870:. He was the middle child of a family of three. He comes from a family of scholars. His great uncle was Nobel prize laureate
5013:
1582:
1422:. In 2016 he published a book length exposition of his ideas which, according to 't Hooft, has encountered mixed reactions.
967:
1414:
explanation underlying quantum mechanics. Using a speculative model he has argued that such a theory could avoid the usual
1063:
In 1974, 't Hooft returned to
Utrecht where he became assistant professor. In 1976, he was invited for a guest position at
1266:
1148:
801:
449:
405:
400:
2075:
4681:
4605:
3632:
3271:
1929:
1419:
1282:
686:
3707:
922:. His uncle had grown to dislike the subject and in particular its practitioners, so when it became time to write his
406:
403:
395:
2100:
1044:
urged him to publish this result; but 't Hooft did not, and the result was eventually rediscovered and published by
918:
In the course of his studies he decided he wanted to go into what he perceived as the heart of theoretical physics,
413:
404:
4324:
4089:
975:
875:
411:
396:
360:
355:
and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. His contributions to physics include a proof that gauge theories are
161:
145:
141:
4981:
4492:
3387:
3372:
3149:
1777:
1029:
412:
1654:
5195:
4962:
4452:
4400:
4248:
3117:
2008:
1080:
1024:
According to 't Hooft's calculations, this type of theory possessed just the right kind of scaling properties (
766:
696:
393:
1167:
390:
1132:, the highest award available to scientists in the Netherlands. In the same year he was also honoured with a
5091:
4520:
4508:
4432:
4304:
3866:
3715:
3656:
3382:
3097:
1333:
467:
337:
1261:
contributions in QCD. His calculation showed that these contributions lead to an interaction between light
394:
5436:
5355:
5323:
5290:
5038:
5024:
4536:
4504:
4165:
3981:
3874:
3573:
3445:
3392:
3139:
2416:
Deser, S.; Jackiw, R.; 't Hooft, G. (1984). "Three-dimensional Einstein gravity: Dynamics of flat space".
1375:, it appeared that the evaporation of these objects violated a fundamental property of quantum mechanics,
1247:
1235:
1215:
1137:
1092:
1057:
716:
601:
541:
471:
333:
329:
270:
214:
2620:
Stephens, C. R.; 't Hooft, G.; Whiting, B. F. (1994). "Black hole evaporation without information loss".
1124:, possibly the most prestigious prize in physics after the Nobel prize. Five years later he received the
1033:
935:
391:
157:
4797:
4613:
4484:
4416:
4328:
4264:
3608:
3398:
3328:
3186:
2949:
1387:
591:
364:
321:
149:
121:
398:
5431:
5339:
4713:
4645:
4300:
4061:
3933:
3797:
3754:
3695:
3541:
3046:
2745:
2692:
2639:
2586:
2533:
2470:
2425:
2390:
2355:
2317:
2268:
2233:
2198:
2159:
1848:
1719:
1684:
1243:
1187:
1179:
990:
919:
501:
441:
228:
113:
2224:'t Hooft, G. (1976). "Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudoparticle".
389:
4749:
4625:
4244:
4121:
4081:
4041:
3785:
3781:
3676:
3593:
3521:
3196:
3056:
3052:
2973:
2852:
1376:
1353:
1144:
1045:
963:
776:
736:
551:
536:
419:
248:
1994:
1337:
1005:
407:
5408:
5400:
5347:
4781:
4573:
4516:
4460:
4448:
4404:
4348:
4340:
4260:
4240:
3377:
3332:
2780:
2761:
2735:
2708:
2682:
2655:
2629:
2602:
2576:
2549:
2523:
2496:
1872:
1562:
1543:
1522:
The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Fundamental Theories of Physics, 185)
1025:
1018:
626:
397:
325:
258:
103:
4909:
3461:
3344:
2514:'t Hooft, G. (1993). "Canonical quantization of gravitating point particles in 2+1 dimensions".
129:
2888:
1613:
1349:
894:
After primary school Gerard attended the Dalton Lyceum, a school that applied the ideas of the
410:
5536:
5269:
5257:
5005:
4789:
4737:
4685:
4669:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4577:
4472:
4424:
4420:
4376:
4316:
4292:
4232:
4205:
4073:
4065:
4037:
3850:
3746:
3537:
3247:
3216:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3070:
3022:
2998:
2819:
Baldwin, Melinda (2017-07-11). "Q&A: Gerard 't Hooft on the future of quantum mechanics".
1951:
1864:
1812:
1572:
1533:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1407:
1368:
1274:
1219:
883:
761:
691:
656:
586:
581:
546:
521:
497:
493:
280:
5158:
2808:
1915:
1755:
408:
392:
5392:
5057:
4873:
4829:
4825:
4488:
4476:
4392:
4384:
4137:
4129:
4093:
4029:
4021:
3973:
3882:
3793:
3723:
3529:
3261:
3062:
3018:
3012:
2969:
2826:
2753:
2700:
2647:
2594:
2541:
2486:
2478:
2441:
2433:
2398:
2363:
2284:
2276:
2241:
2206:
2167:
1856:
1802:
1792:
1735:
1727:
1692:
1587:
1525:
1491:
1464:
1437:
1391:
1289:
931:
746:
741:
641:
616:
576:
433:
377:
265:
133:
2325:
1159:
has been named in his honor, and he has written a constitution for its future inhabitants.
409:
399:
5307:
5220:
4901:
4893:
4857:
4721:
4701:
4609:
4548:
4440:
4388:
4364:
4280:
4272:
4209:
4181:
4097:
4001:
3813:
3640:
3481:
3469:
3410:
3324:
3307:
3281:
3241:
3206:
3129:
3080:
3042:
3036:
2963:
2859:
1415:
1364:
1325:
1152:
939:
887:
791:
676:
666:
661:
651:
611:
606:
566:
453:
356:
352:
284:
153:
117:
4994:
4017:
3565:
2917:
938:, a relatively fringe subject at the time because it was thought that these could not be
806:
2911:
2900:
Lecture delivered at the Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on May 7, 2008
2869:
2757:
2749:
2696:
2643:
2590:
2537:
2474:
2429:
2394:
2359:
2321:
2272:
2237:
2202:
2163:
1852:
1723:
1688:
5076:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4793:
4777:
4769:
4693:
4677:
4653:
4637:
4544:
4524:
4464:
4228:
4105:
3989:
3965:
3917:
3858:
3773:
3703:
3664:
3624:
3589:
3505:
3338:
3145:
3133:
2990:
2883:
1807:
1301:
1192:
1133:
1084:
959:
731:
701:
646:
636:
621:
531:
437:
373:
316:
207:
993:
degree in 1972. In the same year he married his wife, Albertha A. Schik, a student of
17:
5425:
5331:
5299:
5249:
4905:
4853:
4845:
4821:
4765:
4761:
4741:
4725:
4697:
4629:
4408:
4372:
4256:
4193:
4141:
4077:
4057:
3993:
3953:
3941:
3921:
3890:
3513:
3473:
3352:
3297:
3277:
3155:
3076:
3004:
2821:
2651:
2606:
2553:
2545:
2500:
2437:
2402:
2367:
2280:
2210:
2171:
2047:
1876:
1731:
1696:
1567:
1411:
1357:
1329:
1239:
1227:
1129:
1125:
1076:
1053:
1041:
899:
871:
751:
706:
671:
526:
200:
193:
169:
137:
2779:
Gerard 't Hooft (2009). "Entangled quantum states in a local deterministic theory".
2765:
2712:
2659:
2482:
2346:'t Hooft, G. (1978). "On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement".
1968:. Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. 3 September 2014. Archived from
5278:
4970:
4889:
4885:
4841:
4809:
4805:
4657:
4641:
4336:
4308:
4288:
4177:
4157:
4149:
3977:
3898:
3805:
3672:
3581:
3557:
3485:
3293:
3267:
3237:
3233:
3192:
3032:
2994:
2903:
1547:
1341:
982:
811:
781:
756:
726:
596:
571:
556:
445:
344:
2726:'t Hooft, G. (2007). "A mathematical theory for deterministic quantum mechanics".
2061:
1947:
1710:'t Hooft, G. (1971). "Renormalizable Lagrangians for massive Yang–Mills fields".
1040:
When 't Hooft mentioned his results at a small conference at Marseilles in 1972,
5228:
5212:
4953:
4837:
4753:
4665:
4621:
4581:
4360:
4356:
4276:
4189:
4161:
3961:
3929:
3731:
3489:
3358:
3348:
3287:
3251:
3212:
3200:
3066:
2907:
2804:
1297:
1156:
1103:
On July 1, 2011 he was appointed Distinguished professor by Utrecht University.
1049:
895:
786:
771:
721:
681:
631:
288:
56:
35:
1785:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5371:
4813:
4729:
4709:
4552:
4500:
4113:
4049:
4005:
3842:
3758:
3648:
3616:
3255:
3028:
2598:
2079:
1860:
1529:
1372:
1305:
1121:
1097:
863:
796:
561:
348:
186:
165:
83:
31:
4921:
2830:
2245:
2108:
1933:
1868:
1468:
4201:
4173:
4009:
1797:
1311:
In 1986, he was finally able to show that instanton contributions solve the
1293:
1258:
867:
1816:
958:
able to derive relations between amplitudes, which would be generalized by
2864:
1234:, a fact which has proved important in the examination of the conjectured
3949:
2740:
1592:
1064:
994:
912:
2033:
2687:
1071:
as Morris Loeb lecturer. His eldest daughter, Saskia Anne, was born in
1068:
879:
2898:
TVO.org video – Gerard t'Hooft lectures on Science Fiction and Reality
2634:
2528:
1891:"Prof. dr. Gerard 't Hooft has been appointed Distinguished Professor"
1675:'t Hooft, G. (1971). "Renormalization of massless Yang–Mills fields".
2704:
2491:
2446:
2289:
2259:'t Hooft, G. (1974). "Magnetic monopoles in unified gauge theories".
1740:
1288:
As another piece in the color confinement puzzle 't Hooft introduced
1072:
951:
927:
2803:, Springer International Publishing, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41285-6,
2186:
2147:
2892:
2785:
2581:
1262:
1251:
1223:
1096:, where he sought to distance the journal from the controversy of
1004:
2846:
2126:
1495:
1441:
1111:
He is married to Albertha Schik (Betteke) and has two daughters.
2078:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
1270:
1014:
947:
5162:
4925:
3414:
2921:
2461:'t Hooft, G. (1992). "Causality in (2+1)-dimensional gravity".
1143:
Since his Nobel Prize, 't Hooft has received a slew of awards,
2381:'t Hooft, G. (1986). "How instantons solve the U(1) problem".
2009:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1147:
and honorary professorships. He was knighted commander in the
5447:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
930:) in 1968, 't Hooft turned to the newly appointed professor
384:
2567:'t Hooft, G. (2008). "A Locally Finite Model for Gravity".
1136:. In 2000, 't Hooft received the Golden Plate Award of the
2801:
The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
1300:. Using these operators he was able to classify different
1379:. 't Hooft refused to accept this problem, known as the
1032:
experiments. This was contrary to popular perception of
2310:
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters
1218:
or QCD. Much of his research focused on the problem of
5452:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1083:
and others arranged by the then new Department chair
1595:(Gerard 't Hooft is a main supporter of the project)
5382:
5289:
5268:
5239:
5194:
5067:
5048:
5023:
5004:
4980:
4961:
4562:
4219:
3908:
3686:
3452:
3317:
3226:
3165:
3090:
2983:
2956:
987:
The Renormalization procedure for Yang–Mills Fields
946:, a mismatch in the theory of the decay of neutral
926:(former name of the Dutch equivalent of a master's
276:
264:
254:
244:
175:
109:
99:
91:
66:
47:
5457:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1336:, who later found patterns in the renormalization
2148:"A planar diagram theory for strong interactions"
2673:Susskind, L. (1995). "The world as a hologram".
981:These two papers formed the basis of 't Hooft's
5487:Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
1013:After obtaining his doctorate 't Hooft went to
388:
5522:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
2105:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1402:'t Hooft has "deviating views on the physical
1348:model at various points in time, showing that
1285:, who independently obtained the same result.
1164:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
5174:
4937:
3426:
2933:
1207:Gauge theories in elementary particle physics
1056:in 1973, which led to their earning the 2004
833:
8:
2062:"9491 THOOFT — Constitution and Bylaws"
1090:In 2007 't Hooft became editor-in-chief for
1028:) that this theory should have according to
2306:"Particle spectrum in quantum field theory"
2120:
2118:
1930:"The 1981 Wolf Foundation Prize in Physics"
5189:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands
5181:
5167:
5159:
4944:
4930:
4922:
3433:
3419:
3411:
2940:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2868:
2853:How To Become a Good Theoretical Physicist
840:
826:
369:
336:"for elucidating the quantum structure of
55:
44:
5517:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2784:
2739:
2686:
2633:
2580:
2527:
2490:
2445:
2288:
2101:"Academy Professorships Programme - 2003"
1806:
1796:
1739:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1461:In Search of the Ultimate Building Blocks
1100:. 't Hooft held the position until 2016.
950:; formal arguments forbid the decay into
1993:. The Franklin Institute. Archived from
1655:"Gerardus 't Hooft — Autobiography"
1398:Fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics
1605:
1273:symmetry will lead to the existence of
372:
5502:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
1257:He also studied the role of so-called
328:, the Netherlands. He shared the 1999
222:High Energy and Particle Physics Prize
2728:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2028:
2026:
1418:arguments that would disallow such a
1410:". He believes that there could be a
1185:'t Hooft has appeared in season 3 of
1176:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
874:, and his grandmother was married to
315:
7:
5477:Academic staff of Utrecht University
2187:"A two-dimensional model for mesons"
1893:. Utrecht University. Archived from
1332:and another PhD student of Veltman,
1315:, the topic of his master's thesis.
1304:of QCD, which form the basis of the
2034:"Curriculum Vitae Gerard 't Hooft"
1269:a theory with SU(N) symmetry to a
1178:and the Britain and Ireland based
942:. His assignment was to study the
25:
2048:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
1932:. Wolf Foundation. Archived from
1916:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999"
1756:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004"
506:Physics beyond the Standard Model
5492:Officers of the Legion of Honour
1340:, which led to the discovery of
866:on July 5, 1946, but grew up in
320:; born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch
5482:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
2675:Journal of Mathematical Physics
2017:American Academy of Achievement
1319:Quantum gravity and black holes
1226:gauge theories simplify in the
1138:American Academy of Achievement
5512:Scientists from Utrecht (city)
5316:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1381:black hole information paradox
1:
5547:21st-century Dutch physicists
5442:20th-century Dutch physicists
2875:A Confrontation with Infinity
2758:10.1088/1742-6596/67/1/012015
2622:Classical and Quantum Gravity
2516:Classical and Quantum Gravity
2463:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1277:. These monopoles are called
1149:Order of the Netherlands Lion
450:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
5552:Recipients of Franklin Medal
5532:Dutch theoretical physicists
5205:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
2873:including the Nobel Lecture
2438:10.1016/0003-4916(84)90085-X
2403:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90117-1
2368:10.1016/0550-3213(78)90153-0
2281:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90486-6
2211:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90088-1
2172:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90154-0
1991:"Franklin Laureate Database"
1778:"The Dilemma of Attribution"
1732:10.1016/0550-3213(71)90139-8
1697:10.1016/0550-3213(71)90395-6
1578:Pauli–Villars regularization
1420:local hidden-variable theory
1172:National Academy of Sciences
1151:, and officer in the French
862:Gerard 't Hooft was born in
5542:People associated with CERN
1776:Politzer, H. David (2004).
1614:"Gerardus 't Hooft – Facts"
1279:'t Hooft–Polyakov monopoles
27:Dutch theoretical physicist
5568:
5462:Nobel laureates in Physics
2652:10.1088/0264-9381/11/3/014
2546:10.1088/0264-9381/10/8/022
1839:(2007). "Editorial note".
1791:(22). Nobel Web: 7789–93.
1009:Gerard 't Hooft at Harvard
976:dimensional regularization
966:, and become known as the
876:Pieter Nicolaas van Kampen
480:Standard Model mathematics
361:dimensional regularization
317:[ˈɣeːrɑrtətˈɦoːft]
162:Dimensional regularization
146:Minimal subtraction scheme
142:Black hole complementarity
126:'t Hooft–Polyakov monopole
29:
5472:Utrecht University alumni
5086:
3368:
2599:10.1007/s10701-008-9231-3
2483:10.1088/0264-9381/9/5/015
1861:10.1007/s10701-007-9187-8
1583:Slavnov–Taylor identities
1530:10.1007/978-3-319-41285-6
1520:'t Hooft, Gerard (2016).
1486:'t Hooft, Gerard (2014).
1459:'t Hooft, Gerard (1996).
1432:'t Hooft, Gerard (2008).
1313:Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly
1030:deep inelastic scattering
968:Slavnov–Taylor identities
944:Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly
343:His work concentrates on
294:
237:
61:'t Hooft in November 2008
54:
5014:Médecins Sans Frontières
2831:10.1063/pt.6.4.20170711a
2246:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432
1966:"NWO Spinoza Prize 1995"
1469:10.1017/CBO9781107340855
1248:conformal field theories
338:electroweak interactions
332:with his thesis advisor
5060:(Germany/United States)
3098:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
2799:Gerard 't Hooft, 2016,
2304:Polyakov, A.M. (1974).
1798:10.1073/pnas.0501644102
1334:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
468:Electroweak interaction
42:'t Hooft", not "Hooft".
5507:People from Den Helder
5384:Physiology or medicine
5356:Martinus J. G. Veltman
5324:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
5092:Nobel Prize recipients
5050:Physiology or Medicine
5039:Martinus J. G. Veltman
3446:Nobel Prize in Physics
2569:Foundations of Physics
1841:Foundations of Physics
1267:spontaneously breaking
1216:quantum chromodynamics
1162:He is a member of the
1093:Foundations of Physics
1058:Nobel Prize in Physics
1010:
989:, and he obtained his
472:Quantum chromodynamics
416:
334:Martinus J. G. Veltman
330:Nobel Prize in Physics
271:Martinus J. G. Veltman
215:Nobel Prize in Physics
138:Feynman–'t Hooft gauge
18:Gerardus 't Hooft
5527:Spinoza Prize winners
5497:Lorentz Medal winners
5467:Dutch Nobel laureates
3329:Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
2950:Wolf Prize in Physics
2185:'t Hooft, G. (1974).
2146:'t Hooft, G. (1974).
1653:'t Hooft, G. (1999).
1514:Academic publications
1488:Time in Powers of Ten
1388:holographic principle
1168:Académie des Sciences
1008:
934:, who specialized in
502:Neutrino oscillations
422:of the Standard Model
415:
365:holographic principle
322:theoretical physicist
150:Holographic principle
5340:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3118:Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1434:Playing with Planets
1426:Popular publications
1244:Anti-de Sitter space
1188:Through the Wormhole
1180:Institute of Physics
920:elementary particles
442:Quantum field theory
420:Elementary particles
229:Lomonosov Gold Medal
114:Quantum field theory
3057:Albert J. Libchaber
3053:Mitchell Feigenbaum
2974:Giuseppe Occhialini
2904:Gerard 't Hooft
2865:Gerard 't Hooft
2750:2007JPhCS..67a2015T
2697:1995JMP....36.6377S
2644:1994CQGra..11..621S
2591:2008FoPh...38..733T
2538:1993CQGra..10.1653T
2475:1992CQGra...9.1335T
2430:1984AnPhy.152..220D
2395:1986PhR...142..357T
2360:1978NuPhB.138....1T
2322:1974JETPL..20..194P
2273:1974NuPhB..79..276T
2238:1976PhRvD..14.3432T
2203:1974NuPhB..75..461T
2164:1974NuPhB..72..461T
2013:www.achievement.org
1853:2008FoPh...38....1T
1724:1971NuPhB..35..167T
1689:1971NuPhB..33..173T
1145:honorary doctorates
1046:Hugh David Politzer
1034:Yang–Mills theories
891:knows everything."
249:Theoretical physics
5409:Nikolaas Tinbergen
5401:Christiaan Eijkman
5348:Simon van der Meer
3333:Allan H. MacDonald
3304:Charles H. Bennett
3282:Robert P. Kirshner
3272:Juan Ignacio Cirac
2867:on Nobelprize.org
2858:2022-08-23 at the
1563:Asymptotic freedom
1283:Alexander Polyakov
1275:magnetic monopoles
1067:and a position at
1026:asymptotic freedom
1019:strong interaction
1011:
417:
326:Utrecht University
259:Utrecht University
122:'t Hooft condition
104:Utrecht University
5419:
5418:
5258:Tjalling Koopmans
5241:Economic sciences
5156:
5155:
5069:Economic Sciences
4919:
4918:
3408:
3407:
3248:Maximilian Haider
3183:Bertrand Halperin
3177:Masatoshi Koshiba
3173:Raymond Davis Jr.
3124:Benoît Mandelbrot
3112:Valentine Telegdi
3108:Maurice Goldhaber
3102:David J. Thouless
3071:Riccardo Giacconi
3047:Philippe Nozières
3023:Martin Lewis Perl
3009:Gerardus 't Hooft
2999:Kenneth G. Wilson
2948:Laureates of the
2681:(11): 6377–6396.
2418:Annals of Physics
2348:Nuclear Physics B
2261:Nuclear Physics B
2232:(12): 3432–3450.
2226:Physical Review D
2191:Nuclear Physics B
2152:Nuclear Physics B
2127:"Gerard 't Hooft"
2076:"Gerard 't Hooft"
1952:Leiden University
1758:. Nobel Web. 2004
1712:Nuclear Physics B
1677:Nuclear Physics B
1573:Hierarchy problem
1539:978-3-319-41284-9
1524:. Vol. 185.
1505:978-981-4489-80-5
1451:978-981-279-307-2
1369:Hawking radiation
1306:QCD phase diagram
1220:color confinement
936:Yang–Mills theory
924:doctoraalscriptie
884:Leiden University
878:, a professor of
850:
849:
498:Hierarchy problem
494:Strong CP problem
324:and professor at
298:
297:
281:Robbert Dijkgraaf
277:Doctoral students
239:Scientific career
158:Yang–Mills theory
16:(Redirected from
5559:
5412:
5404:
5396:
5393:Willem Einthoven
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5282:
5261:
5253:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5160:
5094:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4912:
4896:
4880:
4864:
4848:
4832:
4816:
4800:
4784:
4772:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4716:
4704:
4688:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4632:
4616:
4600:
4584:
4555:
4539:
4527:
4511:
4495:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4411:
4395:
4379:
4367:
4351:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4311:
4295:
4283:
4267:
4251:
4235:
4212:
4196:
4184:
4168:
4152:
4144:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4084:
4068:
4052:
4044:
4032:
4024:
4012:
3996:
3984:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3936:
3924:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3698:
3679:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3584:
3576:
3574:Kamerlingh Onnes
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3476:
3464:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3278:James D. Bjorken
3262:Jacob Bekenstein
3197:François Englert
3063:Herbert Friedman
3019:Leon M. Lederman
3013:Victor Weisskopf
2970:George Uhlenbeck
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2914:
2872:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2743:
2741:quant-ph/0604008
2723:
2717:
2716:
2705:10.1063/1.531249
2690:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2637:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2584:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2531:
2522:(8): 1653–1664.
2511:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2469:(5): 1335–1348.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2324:. Archived from
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2107:. Archived from
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1837:'t Hooft, Gerard
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1800:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1610:
1588:Superdeterminism
1551:
1509:
1482:
1455:
1392:Leonard Susskind
1367:'s discovery of
1352:would not cause
1292:, which are the
932:Martinus Veltman
842:
835:
828:
434:Particle physics
387:
378:particle physics
370:
319:
314:
266:Doctoral advisor
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
80:
76:
74:
59:
45:
41:
21:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5378:
5370:
5364:Gerard 't Hooft
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5308:Hendrik Lorentz
5306:
5298:
5285:
5277:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5235:
5227:
5221:Paul J. Crutzen
5219:
5211:
5203:
5190:
5187:
5157:
5152:
5090:
5082:
5063:
5044:
5033:Gerard 't Hooft
5019:
5000:
4976:
4957:
4950:
4920:
4915:
4899:
4883:
4867:
4851:
4835:
4819:
4803:
4787:
4775:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4719:
4707:
4691:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4635:
4619:
4603:
4587:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4542:
4530:
4514:
4505:Cohen-Tannoudji
4498:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4414:
4398:
4382:
4370:
4354:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4314:
4298:
4286:
4270:
4254:
4238:
4226:
4215:
4199:
4187:
4171:
4155:
4147:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4087:
4071:
4055:
4047:
4035:
4027:
4015:
3999:
3987:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3701:
3693:
3682:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3467:
3459:
3448:
3439:
3409:
3404:
3364:
3345:Anne L'Huillier
3325:Rafi Bistritzer
3313:
3308:Gilles Brassard
3242:Anton Zeilinger
3234:John F. Clauser
3222:
3207:Daniel Kleppner
3187:Anthony Leggett
3161:
3130:Vitaly Ginzburg
3086:
3081:Stephen Hawking
3043:Conyers Herring
3037:Theodore Maiman
2979:
2964:Chien-Shiung Wu
2952:
2946:
2860:Wayback Machine
2847:Gerard 't Hooft
2843:
2838:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2383:Physics Reports
2380:
2379:
2375:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1948:"Lorentz medal"
1946:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1558:
1540:
1519:
1516:
1506:
1485:
1479:
1458:
1452:
1431:
1428:
1416:Bell inequality
1400:
1365:Stephen Hawking
1326:quantum gravity
1321:
1240:string theories
1209:
1201:
1170:, the American
1155:. The asteroid
1153:Legion of Honor
1117:
1109:
1003:
908:
888:Nico van Kampen
860:
855:
846:
817:
816:
517:
509:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
483:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
457:
456:
454:Higgs mechanism
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
423:
414:
385:
353:quantum gravity
312:
287:
285:Herman Verlinde
283:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
168:
164:
160:
154:Renormalization
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:'t Hooft symbol
128:
124:
120:
118:Quantum gravity
116:
100:Alma mater
87:
81:
78:
72:
70:
62:
50:
49:Gerard 't Hooft
43:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5077:Robert Mundell
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4897:
4881:
4865:
4849:
4833:
4817:
4801:
4785:
4773:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4717:
4705:
4689:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4633:
4617:
4601:
4585:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4540:
4528:
4512:
4496:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4412:
4396:
4380:
4368:
4352:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4312:
4296:
4284:
4268:
4252:
4241:P. W. Anderson
4236:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4197:
4185:
4169:
4153:
4145:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4085:
4069:
4062:Goeppert Mayer
4053:
4045:
4033:
4025:
4013:
3997:
3985:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3937:
3925:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3789:
3786:C. D. Anderson
3777:
3769:
3762:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3699:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3477:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3342:
3339:Giorgio Parisi
3336:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3245:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3217:Peter Grünberg
3210:
3204:
3190:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3146:Yakir Aharonov
3143:
3137:
3134:Yoichiro Nambu
3127:
3121:
3115:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3026:
3016:
3002:
2991:Michael Fisher
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2884:Google Scholar
2877:
2862:
2850:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2837:
2836:
2811:
2792:
2771:
2718:
2688:hep-th/9409089
2665:
2628:(3): 621–648.
2612:
2575:(8): 733–757.
2559:
2506:
2453:
2408:
2389:(6): 357–712.
2373:
2338:
2296:
2267:(2): 276–284.
2251:
2216:
2197:(3): 461–863.
2177:
2158:(3): 461–470.
2138:
2114:
2111:on 2010-11-24.
2092:
2067:
2064:. G. 't Hooft.
2053:
2039:
2036:. G. 't Hooft.
2022:
2000:
1997:on 2010-06-01.
1982:
1957:
1939:
1936:on 2011-09-27.
1921:
1907:
1882:
1828:
1768:
1747:
1718:(1): 167–188.
1702:
1683:(1): 173–177.
1667:
1630:
1618:nobelprize.org
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1483:
1477:
1456:
1450:
1427:
1424:
1408:quantum theory
1404:interpretation
1399:
1396:
1358:timelike loops
1320:
1317:
1290:'t Hooft loops
1236:correspondence
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:Morgan Freeman
1134:Franklin Medal
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1085:Lawrence Sulak
1002:
999:
964:John C. Taylor
960:Andrei Slavnov
907:
904:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
438:Standard Model
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
418:
381:
380:
374:Standard Model
357:renormalizable
296:
295:
292:
291:
278:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
235:
234:
208:Franklin Medal
180:Heineman Prize
177:
173:
172:
111:
110:Known for
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
82:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5564:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Living people
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:Frits Zernike
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5300:Pieter Zeeman
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:Jan Tinbergen
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5058:Günter Blobel
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:(Netherlands)
5040:
5037:
5035:(Netherlands)
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:(Switzerland)
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4493:R. Richardson
4490:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:Chandrasekhar
4321:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:G. P. Thomson
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3716:O. Richardson
3712:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3550:Van der Waals
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3514:J. J. Thomson
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:Ferenc Krausz
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:Didier Queloz
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3156:Dan Shechtman
3154:
3151:
3150:Michael Berry
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3077:Roger Penrose
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:Freeman Dyson
3003:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:Physics Today
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:(1): 012015.
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2635:gr-qc/9310006
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2529:gr-qc/9305008
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2328:on 2019-07-09
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2128:
2125:'t Hooft, G.
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2082:on 2020-07-23
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1972:on 2015-06-29
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1897:on 2012-04-14
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Center vortex
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:9780521550833
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:deterministic
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:counter terms
1335:
1331:
1330:Stanley Deser
1327:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:magnetic dual
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Spinozapremie
1127:
1126:Lorentz Medal
1123:
1114:
1112:
1107:Personal life
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Howard Georgi
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:Frank Wilczek
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Kurt Symanzik
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
905:
903:
901:
900:Math Olympiad
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Frits Zernike
869:
865:
857:
852:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
426:
421:
383:
382:
379:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
310:
306:
302:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
201:Spinoza Prize
195:
194:Lorentz Medal
188:
181:
178:
174:
171:
170:1/N expansion
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:'t Hooft loop
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:, Netherlands
85:
79:(age 78)
69:
65:
58:
53:
46:
37:
33:
19:
5363:
5279:Tobias Asser
5122:
5032:
4995:Günter Grass
4971:Ahmed Zewail
4532:
4349:von Klitzing
4341:Van der Meer
3397:
3294:Michel Mayor
3268:Peter Zoller
3238:Alain Aspect
3193:Robert Brout
3140:John Wheeler
3033:Peter Hirsch
3008:
2995:Leo Kadanoff
2889:Publications
2880:Publications
2874:
2820:
2814:
2800:
2795:
2774:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2313:
2309:
2299:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2070:
2056:
2042:
2012:
2003:
1995:the original
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1942:
1934:the original
1924:
1918:. Nobel web.
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1885:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1820:. Retrieved
1788:
1784:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1750:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1521:
1496:10.1142/8786
1487:
1460:
1442:10.1142/6702
1433:
1401:
1385:
1362:
1346:
1342:supergravity
1322:
1310:
1298:Wilson loops
1287:
1256:
1229:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1186:
1184:
1161:
1142:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1081:Robert Jaffe
1062:
1039:
1023:
1012:
997:in Utrecht.
986:
983:dissertation
980:
972:
956:
940:renormalized
923:
917:
909:
893:
886:. His uncle
861:
711:
464:Constituents
446:Gauge theory
345:gauge theory
342:
308:
304:
300:
299:
255:Institutions
238:
77:July 5, 1946
5432:1946 births
5229:Ben Feringa
5213:Peter Debye
4954:Nobel Prize
4393:Steinberger
4309:K. Siegbahn
4301:Bloembergen
4022:Chamberlain
3755:Schrödinger
3665:M. Siegbahn
3594:W. H. Bragg
3590:W. L. Bragg
3388:Mathematics
3373:Agriculture
3359:Martin Rees
3349:Paul Corkum
3288:Yoseph Imry
3252:Harald Rose
3213:Albert Fert
3201:Peter Higgs
3067:Bruno Rossi
2908:INSPIRE-HEP
2805:Open access
1657:. Nobel web
1390:by him and
1373:black holes
1157:9491 Thooft
1050:David Gross
896:Dalton Plan
642:Chamberlain
490:Limitations
349:black holes
289:Max Welling
92:Nationality
36:family name
5426:Categories
5372:Andre Geim
4982:Literature
4910:L'Huillier
4874:Hasselmann
4830:Strickland
4798:Kosterlitz
4722:Perlmutter
4461:Brockhouse
4166:Schrieffer
4038:Hofstadter
3990:C. N. Yang
3747:Heisenberg
3724:De Broglie
3256:Knut Urban
3029:Erwin Hahn
2849:(homepage)
2424:(1): 220.
2354:(1): 1–2.
2332:2018-08-11
2132:2010-10-24
2086:2015-07-17
1976:2016-01-30
1901:2012-04-19
1847:(1): 1–2.
1822:2010-10-24
1762:2010-10-24
1661:2010-10-06
1601:References
1356:violating
1350:Gott pairs
1122:Wolf Prize
1098:ECE theory
864:Den Helder
858:Early life
612:Iliopoulos
522:Rutherford
516:Scientists
476:CKM matrix
430:Background
187:Wolf Prize
166:Renormalon
84:Den Helder
73:1946-07-05
32:Dutch name
30:This is a
5196:Chemistry
4997:(Germany)
4963:Chemistry
4956:laureates
4894:Zeilinger
4714:Novoselov
4682:Kobayashi
4606:Abrikosov
4453:J. Taylor
4433:de Gennes
4425:R. Taylor
4317:K. Wilson
4265:R. Wilson
4249:Van Vleck
4220:1976–2000
4210:Rainwater
4206:Mottelson
4182:Josephson
4130:Gell-Mann
4094:Schwinger
4082:Prokhorov
4042:Mössbauer
4002:Cherenkov
3994:T. D. Lee
3918:Cockcroft
3909:1951–1975
3708:C. Wilson
3687:1926–1950
3633:Guillaume
3522:Michelson
3482:Becquerel
3453:1901–1925
3442:Laureates
3383:Chemistry
3219:(2006–07)
3189:(2002–03)
3142:(1996–97)
3136:(1994–95)
3049:(1984–85)
3039:(1983–84)
2786:0908.3408
2607:189844967
2582:0804.0328
2554:119521701
2501:250821900
2492:1874/4627
2447:1874/4772
2290:1874/4686
1877:189843269
1869:0015-9018
1741:1874/4733
1623:20 August
1377:unitarity
1354:causality
1259:instanton
906:Education
868:The Hague
853:Biography
802:de Mayolo
747:Schwinger
687:Kobayashi
577:Gell-Mann
542:Sudarshan
5537:Mars One
5079:(Canada)
4902:Agostini
4790:Thouless
4782:McDonald
4770:Nakamura
4738:Wineland
4670:Grünberg
4626:Politzer
4610:Ginzburg
4598:Giacconi
4578:Ketterle
4533:'t Hooft
4517:Laughlin
4509:Phillips
4489:Osheroff
4417:Friedman
4389:Schwartz
4385:Lederman
4305:Schawlow
4281:Weinberg
4090:Tomonaga
3982:Brattain
3974:Shockley
3883:Blackett
3875:Appleton
3867:Bridgman
3814:Lawrence
3794:Davisson
3774:Chadwick
3657:Millikan
3641:Einstein
3530:Lippmann
3498:Rayleigh
3490:M. Curie
3486:P. Curie
3393:Medicine
2856:Archived
2766:15908445
2713:17316840
2660:15489828
1817:15911758
1593:Mars One
1556:See also
1281:, after
1238:between
1199:Research
1065:Stanford
995:medicine
913:coxswain
792:Guralnik
737:Politzer
712:'t Hooft
667:Weinberg
662:Majorana
652:Schwartz
617:Lederman
602:Anderson
592:Friedman
552:Anderson
547:Davis Jr
532:Chadwick
363:and the
309:'t Hooft
301:Gerardus
5291:Physics
5025:Physics
4973:(Egypt)
4890:Clauser
4854:Penrose
4838:Peebles
4794:Haldane
4762:Akasaki
4750:Englert
4742:Haroche
4726:Schmidt
4686:Maskawa
4638:Glauber
4630:Wilczek
4614:Leggett
4594:Koshiba
4574:Cornell
4565:present
4549:Kroemer
4545:Alferov
4537:Veltman
4521:Störmer
4441:Charpak
4421:Kendall
4405:Dehmelt
4373:Bednorz
4273:Glashow
4261:Penzias
4257:Kapitsa
4229:Richter
4202:A. Bohr
4178:Giaever
4158:Bardeen
4122:Alvarez
4106:Kastler
4098:Feynman
3978:Bardeen
3942:Zernike
3934:Purcell
3704:Compton
3649:N. Bohr
3538:Marconi
3470:Lorentz
3462:Röntgen
3444:of the
3399:Physics
2891:on the
2746:Bibcode
2693:Bibcode
2640:Bibcode
2587:Bibcode
2534:Bibcode
2471:Bibcode
2426:Bibcode
2391:Bibcode
2356:Bibcode
2318:Bibcode
2316:: 194.
2269:Bibcode
2234:Bibcode
2199:Bibcode
2160:Bibcode
2050:. NASA.
1849:Bibcode
1808:1142376
1720:Bibcode
1685:Bibcode
1548:7779840
1069:Harvard
952:photons
880:zoology
777:Englert
752:Wilczek
717:Veltman
692:Maskawa
647:Cabibbo
607:Glashow
582:Kendall
567:Feynman
527:Thomson
5411:(1973)
5403:(1929)
5395:(1924)
5374:(2010)
5366:(1999)
5358:(1999)
5350:(1981)
5342:(1981)
5334:(1953)
5326:(1913)
5318:(1910)
5310:(1902)
5302:(1902)
5281:(1911)
5260:(1975)
5252:(1969)
5231:(2017)
5223:(1995)
5215:(1936)
5207:(1901)
4906:Krausz
4900:2023:
4886:Aspect
4884:2022:
4878:Manabe
4870:Parisi
4868:2021:
4858:Genzel
4852:2020:
4846:Queloz
4836:2019:
4826:Mourou
4822:Ashkin
4820:2018:
4814:Thorne
4810:Barish
4804:2017:
4788:2016:
4778:Kajita
4776:2015:
4760:2014:
4748:2013:
4736:2012:
4720:2011:
4708:2010:
4692:2009:
4676:2008:
4664:2007:
4654:Mather
4652:2006:
4646:Hänsch
4636:2005:
4620:2004:
4604:2003:
4588:2002:
4582:Wieman
4572:2001:
4543:2000:
4531:1999:
4515:1998:
4499:1997:
4485:D. Lee
4483:1996:
4477:Reines
4471:1995:
4459:1994:
4447:1993:
4439:1992:
4431:1991:
4415:1990:
4401:Ramsey
4399:1989:
4383:1988:
4377:Müller
4371:1987:
4365:Rohrer
4361:Binnig
4355:1986:
4347:1985:
4337:Rubbia
4335:1984:
4329:Fowler
4323:1983:
4315:1982:
4299:1981:
4289:Cronin
4287:1980:
4271:1979:
4255:1978:
4239:1977:
4227:1976:
4200:1975:
4194:Hewish
4188:1974:
4172:1973:
4162:Cooper
4156:1972:
4148:1971:
4138:Alfvén
4136:1970:
4128:1969:
4120:1968:
4112:1967:
4104:1966:
4088:1965:
4074:Townes
4072:1964:
4066:Jensen
4058:Wigner
4056:1963:
4050:Landau
4048:1962:
4036:1961:
4030:Glaser
4028:1960:
4016:1959:
4000:1958:
3988:1957:
3972:1956:
3960:1955:
3948:1954:
3940:1953:
3928:1952:
3922:Walton
3916:1951:
3899:Powell
3897:1950:
3891:Yukawa
3889:1949:
3881:1948:
3873:1947:
3865:1946:
3857:1945:
3849:1944:
3841:1943:
3812:1939:
3804:1938:
3792:1937:
3780:1936:
3772:1935:
3753:1933:
3745:1932:
3730:1930:
3722:1929:
3714:1928:
3702:1927:
3696:Perrin
3694:1926:
3673:Franck
3671:1925:
3663:1924:
3655:1923:
3647:1922:
3639:1921:
3631:1920:
3623:1919:
3617:Planck
3615:1918:
3609:Barkla
3607:1917:
3588:1915:
3580:1914:
3572:1913:
3564:1912:
3556:1911:
3548:1910:
3536:1909:
3528:1908:
3520:1907:
3512:1906:
3506:Lenard
3504:1905:
3496:1904:
3480:1903:
3474:Zeeman
3468:1902:
3460:1901:
3361:(2024)
3355:(2022)
3341:(2021)
3335:(2020)
3310:(2018)
3300:(2017)
3290:(2016)
3284:(2015)
3274:(2013)
3264:(2012)
3258:(2011)
3244:(2010)
3209:(2005)
3203:(2004)
3179:(2000)
3158:(1999)
3152:(1998)
3126:(1993)
3120:(1992)
3114:(1991)
3104:(1990)
3083:(1988)
3073:(1987)
3059:(1986)
3025:(1982)
3015:(1981)
3001:(1980)
2976:(1979)
2966:(1978)
2764:
2711:
2658:
2605:
2552:
2499:
1875:
1867:
1815:
1805:
1546:
1536:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1302:phases
1263:quarks
1252:mesons
1242:in an
1228:large
1115:Honors
1073:Boston
1052:, and
1001:Career
928:thesis
807:Lattes
797:Kibble
757:Cronin
742:Reines
707:Yukawa
622:Maiani
597:Powell
587:Taylor
572:Rubbia
313:Dutch:
305:Gerard
245:Fields
232:(2010)
225:(1999)
218:(1999)
211:(1995)
204:(1995)
197:(1986)
190:(1981)
183:(1979)
176:Awards
34:; the
5270:Peace
5123:1999
5006:Peace
4952:1999
4842:Mayor
4806:Weiss
4766:Amano
4754:Higgs
4730:Riess
4702:Smith
4698:Boyle
4678:Nambu
4658:Smoot
4622:Gross
4590:Davis
4563:2001–
4553:Kilby
4465:Shull
4449:Hulse
4357:Ruska
4293:Fitch
4277:Salam
4174:Esaki
4150:Gabor
4114:Bethe
4078:Basov
4018:Segrè
4006:Frank
3966:Kusch
3954:Bothe
3930:Bloch
3859:Pauli
3843:Stern
3806:Fermi
3759:Dirac
3732:Raman
3677:Hertz
3625:Stark
3566:Dalén
3542:Braun
3318:2020s
3227:2010s
3166:2000s
3091:1990s
2984:1980s
2957:1970s
2893:arXiv
2882:from
2781:arXiv
2762:S2CID
2736:arXiv
2709:S2CID
2683:arXiv
2656:S2CID
2630:arXiv
2603:S2CID
2577:arXiv
2550:S2CID
2524:arXiv
2497:S2CID
1873:S2CID
1781:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
1363:With
1232:limit
1224:SU(N)
1191:with
948:pions
812:Zweig
787:Hagen
782:Brout
772:Higgs
767:Vleck
762:Fitch
732:Pauli
722:Gross
697:Mills
682:Salam
637:Nambu
632:Cowan
562:Dirac
557:Fermi
95:Dutch
5148:2004
5143:2003
5138:2002
5133:2001
5128:2000
5118:1998
5113:1997
5108:1996
5103:1995
5098:1994
4986:1999
4862:Ghez
4710:Geim
4666:Fert
4642:Hall
4525:Tsui
4473:Perl
4409:Paul
4245:Mott
4233:Ting
4190:Ryle
4142:Néel
4010:Tamm
3962:Lamb
3950:Born
3851:Rabi
3835:1942
3828:1941
3821:1940
3782:Hess
3766:1934
3739:1931
3601:1916
3582:Laue
3558:Wien
3378:Arts
1865:ISSN
1813:PMID
1625:2021
1534:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1271:U(1)
1246:and
1174:and
1015:CERN
962:and
727:Pais
702:Yang
677:Ward
657:Perl
627:Meer
537:Bose
67:Born
4694:Kao
4501:Chu
2906:on
2827:doi
2754:doi
2701:doi
2648:doi
2595:doi
2542:doi
2487:hdl
2479:doi
2442:hdl
2434:doi
2422:152
2399:doi
2387:142
2364:doi
2352:138
2285:hdl
2277:doi
2242:doi
2207:doi
2168:doi
1857:doi
1803:PMC
1793:doi
1789:102
1736:hdl
1728:doi
1693:doi
1526:doi
1492:doi
1465:doi
1438:doi
1406:of
1371:of
1296:of
991:PhD
882:at
672:Lee
376:of
340:".
156:of
38:is
5428::
4908:/
4904:/
4892:/
4888:/
4876:/
4872:/
4860:/
4856:/
4844:/
4840:/
4828:/
4824:/
4812:/
4808:/
4796:/
4792:/
4780:/
4768:/
4764:/
4752:/
4740:/
4728:/
4724:/
4712:/
4700:/
4696:/
4684:/
4680:/
4668:/
4656:/
4644:/
4640:/
4628:/
4624:/
4612:/
4608:/
4596:/
4592:/
4580:/
4576:/
4551:/
4547:/
4535:/
4523:/
4519:/
4507:/
4503:/
4491:/
4487:/
4475:/
4463:/
4451:/
4423:/
4419:/
4407:/
4403:/
4391:/
4387:/
4375:/
4363:/
4359:/
4339:/
4327:/
4307:/
4303:/
4291:/
4279:/
4275:/
4263:/
4259:/
4247:/
4243:/
4231:/
4208:/
4204:/
4192:/
4180:/
4176:/
4164:/
4160:/
4140:/
4096:/
4092:/
4080:/
4076:/
4064:/
4060:/
4040:/
4020:/
4008:/
4004:/
3992:/
3980:/
3976:/
3964:/
3952:/
3932:/
3920:/
3796:/
3784:/
3757:/
3706:/
3675:/
3592:/
3540:/
3488:/
3484:/
3472:/
3351:/
3347:/
3331:/
3327:/
3306:/
3296:/
3280:/
3270:/
3254:/
3250:/
3240:/
3236:/
3215:/
3199:/
3195:/
3185:/
3175:/
3148:/
3132:/
3110:/
3100:/
3079:/
3069:/
3065:/
3055:/
3045:/
3035:/
3031:/
3021:/
3011:/
3007:/
2997:/
2993:/
2972:/
2825:.
2760:.
2752:.
2744:.
2732:67
2730:.
2707:.
2699:.
2691:.
2679:36
2677:.
2654:.
2646:.
2638:.
2626:11
2624:.
2601:.
2593:.
2585:.
2573:38
2571:.
2548:.
2540:.
2532:.
2520:10
2518:.
2495:.
2485:.
2477:.
2465:.
2440:.
2432:.
2420:.
2397:.
2385:.
2362:.
2350:.
2314:20
2312:.
2308:.
2283:.
2275:.
2265:79
2263:.
2240:.
2230:14
2228:.
2205:.
2195:75
2193:.
2189:.
2166:.
2156:72
2154:.
2150:.
2117:^
2103:.
2025:^
2015:.
2011:.
1950:.
1871:.
1863:.
1855:.
1845:38
1843:.
1811:.
1801:.
1787:.
1783:.
1734:.
1726:.
1716:35
1714:.
1691:.
1681:33
1679:.
1633:^
1616:.
1542:.
1532:.
1498:.
1490:.
1471:.
1463:.
1444:.
1436:.
1394:.
1344:.
1308:.
1254:.
1195:.
1182:.
1140:.
1087:.
1079:,
1060:.
1048:,
985:,
970:.
902:.
367:.
359:,
351:,
347:,
307:)
75:)
5182:e
5175:t
5168:v
4988:)
4984:(
4945:e
4938:t
4931:v
3434:e
3427:t
3420:v
2941:e
2934:t
2927:v
2833:.
2829::
2807:-
2789:.
2783::
2768:.
2756::
2748::
2738::
2715:.
2703::
2695::
2685::
2662:.
2650::
2642::
2632::
2609:.
2597::
2589::
2579::
2556:.
2544::
2536::
2526::
2503:.
2489::
2481::
2473::
2467:9
2450:.
2444::
2436::
2428::
2405:.
2401::
2393::
2370:.
2366::
2358::
2335:.
2320::
2293:.
2287::
2279::
2271::
2248:.
2244::
2236::
2213:.
2209::
2201::
2174:.
2170::
2162::
2135:.
2089:.
2019:.
1979:.
1954:.
1904:.
1879:.
1859::
1851::
1825:.
1795::
1765:.
1744:.
1738::
1730::
1722::
1699:.
1695::
1687::
1664:.
1627:.
1550:.
1528::
1508:.
1494::
1481:.
1467::
1454:.
1440::
1230:N
841:e
834:t
827:v
311:(
303:(
71:(
40:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
